UN Specialized Agencies for Economics and Finance:

2) UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The goal is the development of international cooperation in e-ke, social. and cult. spheres + humanit. Problems. 54 members and 3 sessional committees: 1) economic; 2) social; 3) on programs and cooperation.

3) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - 1964. Location - Geneva. Main organ - conferences, cat. take place once every 4 years. The goal is the development of m / n trade in order to save money. progress. Raise attention - development. countries. (M / n forum through which developing countries resolve issues of technology transfer, debt, etc.).

4) Development Program (UNDP) - 1965. To assist the development countries and the growth of their eq. potential through the development of their nature. and people. resources. Main body - the governing board. 4 Regional Offices (for Asia and the Pacific, Arab State Africa, Lat Amer.). Main sphere - agriculture.

The main UN body coordinating all economic, social, humanitarian and cultural activities is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
ECOSOC 5 UN regional commissions are accountable: Economic Commission for Europe, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. These commissions study the economic and social problems of the respective regions and develop recommendations.
Thus, the Economic Commission for Europe sets as its main goal the strengthening of cooperation between European member states, conducts economic studies of an analytical nature on common problems, the state of the environment and living conditions, trade, industry and enterprise development.
In 1964, the UN General Assembly established the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which is called upon to consider issues related to international trade and development. UNCTAD paid considerable attention to the situation of the least developed countries.
Although the decisions of UNCTAD are not binding, they play a large role in shaping world public opinion, which is forced to take into account government bodies. In general, the activities of UNCTAD contribute to the development of international trade by establishing equal cooperation between states.
UNCTAD has become one of the important international economic forums, the recommendations and decisions of which have had a significant impact on world trade.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) is designed to assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition in implementing industrialization programs and strengthening their industrial capacity.

94. Specialized agencies of the United Nations and their functions.

United Nations specialized agencies- independent international organizations connected with the United Nations by a special cooperation agreement. Specialized institutions are created on the basis of intergovernmental agreements.

Name Location
World Meteorological Organization (WMO, WMO) Geneva
World Health Organization (WHO, WHO) Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, WIPO) Geneva
Universal Postal Union (UPU, UPU) Berne
International Association development (IDA, IDA) Washington
International Maritime Organization (IMO, IMO) London
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, ICAO) Montreal
International Labor Organization (ILO, ILO) Geneva
International Finance Corporation (IFC, IFC) Washington
international bank reconstruction and development (IBRD, IBRD) Washington
International Monetary Fund (IMF, IMF) Washington
International Telecommunication Union (ITU, ITU) Geneva
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD, IFAD) Rome
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, UNESCO) Paris
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, UNIDO) Vein
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, FAO) Rome
World Tourism Organization (WTO, WTO) Madrid

WMO- a specialized intergovernmental agency of the United Nations in the field of meteorology. It is the competent UN body for monitoring the state of the Earth's atmosphere and its interaction with the oceans.

WHO- a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 member states, whose main function lies in solving international health problems and protecting the health of the world's population.

WIPO- an international organization that administers a number of key international conventions in the field of intellectual property, primarily the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and works of art and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

UPU- an interstate organization for the provision and improvement of postal communications on the basis of the Universal Postal Union unified postal territory.It unites almost all countries of the world, including Russia.

IDA is a lending institution that is part of the World Bank Group.

IMO- an international intergovernmental organization, is a specialized agency of the UN, serves as an apparatus for cooperation and exchange of information on technical issues related to international merchant shipping.

ICAO- a specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international norms civil aviation and coordinating its development in order to improve safety and efficiency.

ILO- a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with regulatory issues labor relations.

IMF- Created in 1945. as a mechanism for monitoring the exchange rate system and gradually transformed into the most influential international org, regulating int. macroek-ku. Main fun-i - supervision of exchange rates and macroeconomics. policy of member countries and the development of int. the economy as a whole; provision of temporary financial assistance to countries experiencing difficulties in paying off their international debts as a result of an imbalance in the balance of payments; provision of technical assistance to the governments of member countries in the field of state. finance, statistics, banking regulation and balance of payments.

IFAD is a UN specialized agency dedicated to mobilizing financial resources to increase food production and improve the nutritional status of the poor in developing countries Oh. The main goal of IFAD is the elimination of rural poverty in developing countries. 75% of the world's poor live in countryside these countries, but only 4% of the funds allocated for support from the world community officially go to the development of the agricultural sector.

UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The main goals declared by the organization are to promote the strengthening of peace and security through the expansion of cooperation between states and peoples in the field of education, science and culture; ensuring justice and observance of the rule of law, universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, for all peoples, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.

FAO is an international organization under the auspices of the United Nations. Its mission is to alleviate the problem of poverty and hunger in the world by promoting agriculture, improving nutrition and solving the problem of food security - access to all and always the food necessary for an active and healthy life.

HERE- Establishment of the United Nations. Leading international organization in the field of tourism. The World Tourism Organization is dedicated to the development of sustainable and accessible tourism.

Before talking about the international economic organizations of the UN, it is necessary to clarify what the United Nations itself is.

The UN is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen peace, security, develop friendly relations and ensure cooperation between states. The UN Charter was preliminary developed at the Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944 by representatives of the USA, the USSR, Great Britain and China, and then at the founding conference in San Francisco it was signed on June 24, 1945 by the 51st country. The Charter entered into force on October 24, 1945. At the end of 1999, 188 states of the world were members of the UN.

The main organs of the United Nations are the following:

General Assembly (GA);

Security Council (SC);

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC);

Trusteeship Council (CO);

international Court;

Secretariat, Secretary General, High Commissioner for Human Rights.

The UN headquarters is located in New York. The official languages ​​of the UN are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French, while Arabic is also official in the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Economic and Social Council.

information centers The UN operates in 65 states of Europe, America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Necessary information can be obtained directly from New York.

The main body of the UN is the General Assembly, which consists of representatives of member states, each of which has one vote. The GA is authorized to discuss and make recommendations within the limits of the Charter on issues of international security and peace, international cooperation in the political, economic, social, cultural spheres, on human rights and fundamental freedoms. In addition, the GA determines the policy of the UN, its program, approves the budget, and holds conferences on important issues.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent members (Great Britain, China, Russia, USA and France) and 10 members elected by the GA for two years. The Security Council is the only body of the UN that can make decisions that are binding on all members of the UN. In the event of an aggravation of crises or armed conflicts, the Security Council uses a number of measures to resolve them by peaceful means - it makes recommendations, appoints a special commissioner, determines the principles of a peaceful settlement, and so on. When opposing sides are not ready to participate in the peace process of negotiations, the Security Council can take enforcement measures not related to the use of military force, - economic sanctions, embargoes, blockades, etc. If non-military sanctions are insufficient, then the Security Council decides to impose military sanctions, and then UN members provide their armed forces to carry out military sanctions under common command. ORN observer groups and UN peacekeeping forces, the so-called "blue helmets", are sent to the conflict area.

Economic and Social Council - main body for the coordination of economic and social activities of the United Nations - also has the functions and powers in the field of human rights. ECOSOC consists of 54 members who are elected for three years on the basis of geographical representation, with 18 annual re-elections. To carry out its tasks, it has several subsidiary committees and working groups. ECOSOC meets twice a year in New York and Geneva.

The Trusteeship Council was created to promote the progress of the population of the Trust Territories and its progressive development towards self-government and independence. Initially, there were 11 Trust Territories. But the process of decolonization since the 1960s has gradually reduced their numbers, and the last of them - Palau (Pacific Islands) - gained independence in 1994 from the hands of the United States. Therefore, the Secretary General in 1994 recommended the dissolution of this body, which had suspended its activities.

The International Sui was established in 1945 and, according to the UN Charter, is the main legal body of the United Nations. The court is located in The Hague, consists of 15 members elected for a nine-year term with the right to be re-elected; every three years, a third of the members of the court are re-elected. The International Court of Justice is open to all states and individuals. This UN body makes decisions and prepares advisory opinions upon request. Legal basis its activity is the UN Charter and international law.

The Secretariat employs more than 25 thousand people, works under the leadership of the Secretary General and is responsible for external current work. It conducts research, prepares negotiations and conferences, and informs public opinion. The secretariat has offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi.

The Secretary General - the chief administrative officer of the UN - is appointed to this position by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary General has the authority to draw the attention of the Security Council to any circumstance which, in his opinion, threatens the maintenance of international peace and security. The Secretary-General attends meetings of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council and submits annual reports to the GA.

In 1993, the United Nations created the post of High Commissioner for Human Rights. This commissioner is appointed General Secretary with the approval of the GA and is responsible for the work of the UN in the field of human rights.

The purpose of the UN activities in the economic field is multilateral cooperation in resolving international economic problems.

Such problems include:

Global economic problems of our time, covering the areas of macroeconomics, population, statistics, public administration and finance;

Assistance in the economic development of the least developed countries and countries with economies in transition;

Environmental Activities and Environmental Protection;

Providing humanitarian assistance in emergency situations;

Forecasting, analytical and information work on the state and prospects of development global economy, regional and country situations;

Provision of expert and consulting services, assistance in the development of norms and standards;

Implementation of specific programs and projects.

The UN carries out its activities in the system of regulation of economic cooperation through many of its specialized structures: UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNDP, FAO, IAEA, etc. Let's consider some of them in more detail.

UNCTAD - the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - was established in 1964 as a permanent body of the GA. One of the most representative and universal international organizations, in whose activities 188 UN member states and other international organizations take part. The highest body is the session and the Council for Trade and Development. Sessions are held at least once every four years. Current activities are carried out by the Secretariat and working committees. The headquarters is located in Geneva.

The tasks of UNCTAD include promoting international trade, especially in developing countries, in order to accelerate their economic development, ensuring stable peace and equal all-round cooperation between states, developing recommendations and principles for the functioning of modern international economic relations. UNCTAD's mandate also includes policy analysis, intergovernmental discussions and consensus building, as well as monitoring, implementation and follow-up.

The specific activities of UNCTAD relate to the issues of world trade in raw materials, finished products and semi-finished products, chartering of maritime transport, problems of transfer of new technologies, monetary and credit relations and other topics. Recently, Conference1I began to devote great attention violations in world trade associated with the new protectionism, which is based on the monopoly of new technologies and on high requirements for foreign products in terms of their manufacturability and environmental friendliness.

At its eighth session (1992), UNCTAD adopted the Cartagena Commitments, which outlined a new approach to both old and new development issues. In accordance with the Cartagena Accords, the driving force behind the activities of the Conference is the recognition of the mutual interests of countries of different geographical regions and levels of development. At the same time, much attention is paid to how effective national policy and international cooperation aimed at improving the external economic conditions of activity. Among the policy recommendations of the Conference, original concepts of development dialogue stand out, especially in the areas of good governance at the national and international levels, the role of the market, poverty alleviation, human resource development, the importance of democracy and other issues.

UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization - was established by the GA in 1966. supreme body- General Conference, convened once every two years. The governing bodies are the Industrial Development Board and the Program and Budget Committee. The UNIDO Secretariat is headed by a Director General, who is elected by the General Conference. The organization is headquartered in Vienna.

UNIDO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It has been mandated by the UN to promote industrial development and cooperation and act as the UN's central body for the coordination of industrial activities within its system. Its main tasks are to assist governments, as well as the public and private sectors of the economy in the preparation of industrial development programs, encourage cooperation between industrialized and developing countries, and provide advice on technical and other issues. But the main thing is that UNIDO mobilizes financial resources for developing countries around the world. Branches of its Investment Promotion Service are located in Athens, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Warsaw, Washington, Zurich. Centers for international industrial cooperation have been set up in Beijing and Moscow. At the same time, industrial assistance to developing states is provided only at their request. When providing assistance, the imposition of certain plans or any programs from the outside is excluded. In this process, there is no room for infringement of the dignity of the countries of recipients of foreign investment.

Investment activities UNIDO translates into concrete projects that have benefited some 180 countries and regions over the past three decades. Only in 1993-1994. UNIDO provided technical assistance totaling about $215 million and assistance in the implementation of investment projects worth $1.1 billion.

UNDP - the UN development program was created in 1965 - by combining the Expanded Program of Technical Assistance, which has been in operation since 1950, and the UN Special Fund, which has functioned since 1958. The governing body is the Board of Governors, appointed by ECOSOC for a period of three years and the International Advisory Committee . The headquarters is located in New York.

The purpose of UNDP is to help developing countries to accelerate their economic development and to achieve a higher level of well-being of the population. At the same time, UNDP assistance is provided only to the governments of these countries or through them. Assistance is provided through the dispatch of experts, the supply of equipment, the implementation of pre-investment projects in the field of planning and assessment of mineral reserves, as well as the provision of scholarships for the training of national personnel.

UNDP projects are funded through voluntary contributions. The main donors from the group of industrialized countries are the USA, Japan, the Netherlands, and from among the developing countries India, China and Saudi Arabia. The financial resources of UNDP vary from year to year as it is difficult to schedule Voluntary Contributions.

By the mid-1990s, UNDP's global network had grown to 132 country offices serving 175 countries and territories.

FAO - the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - was formed at a conference in Quebec on October 16, 1945. FAO members are 169 states and one international grouping - the European Union. FAO headquarters is located in Rome.

The main goals of FAO are to promote improved nutrition and improve the living standards of people, increase the productivity of agriculture, fisheries and forestry, fight hunger, improve the system of distribution of food and agricultural products. FAO's special programs help prepare for emergencies through food shortages, and if such a situation becomes a reality in some countries, they provide them with assistance.

FAO acts as the lead UN body dealing with global agricultural development. Its branches operate in Africa (Ghana), in the Asia-Pacific region (Bangkok), Europe (Rome), Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago), the Middle East (Cairo). In general, country FAO Representations operate in more than 100 countries around the world. FAO holds international conferences on topical issues within its scope: the World Food Conference (1974), world conference By agrarian reform and Rural Development (1979), the International Conference on Nutrition in association with the World Health Organization (1992) and the World highest level on food security (1996).

IAEA - International Agency for atomic energy- was founded in accordance with the decisions of the UN General Assembly in 1956, and its Charter entered into force in 1957. An intergovernmental organization that is part of common system United Nations Headquarters is in Vienna. Any state that accepts its Statute and agrees to fulfill the obligations contained therein can become a member of the IAEA.

The main objectives of the IAEA are:

To achieve a wider use of atomic energy by the countries of the world to maintain the well-being of their peoples, while observing the relevant nuclear safety standards;

Ensure that the use of atomic energy cannot be diverted to military purposes.

The IAEA is authorized to perform a number of responsible functions:

Implement an expanded safety program that includes the safety of nuclear installations, radiation protection, human health, radioactive waste management, nuclear fuel management, advise and, at the request of governments, provide assistance in the implementation of national nuclear energy programs, a. also in cases of radiation accidents;

Act as an intermediary in the exchange of materials and services between its members at their request;

To promote the exchange of scientific and technical information in the field of the peaceful use of atomic energy;

Collect information on world markets and uranium production in order to control the use nuclear fuel and perform other control-related functions.

Within the framework of the UN, there are not only international economic organizations of a global scale, but also various specialized regional international institutions. Here are just a few of them.

ER - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Established by decision of ECOSOC in 1947 to coordinate activities to provide assistance to victims of the war European countries. Its members are 40 European states, including Russia, as well as the USA and Canada. The supreme governing body is the plenary session, held once a year. The current work is managed by the Secretariat; located in Geneva. The EEC has about one and a half dozen committees - on agriculture, chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, coal, electricity, timber, foreign trade, labor, transport, construction and other issues. Recently, the Economic Commission for Europe has focused its attention mainly on environmental issues, as well as on the efficient use of transport and forest resources.

ECA - United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. It was established in 1958 with the aim of assisting the economic and social development of African countries, expanding their cooperation between themselves and other countries. The supreme body is the annual plenary session, which is held in the form of a conference of ministers of economy and finance. The executive body is the Secretariat, consisting of sectoral and general departments. The headquarters of the Commission is located in T. Addis Ababa.

Since 1965, only an African state can be a full member of the ECA, and the former metropolises have moved into the category of members without the right to vote or to the role of observers. However, representatives of any UN member country may take part in the work of the UN Economic Commission as observers or consultants. The specific activity of the ECA is reduced to the development of measures for the economic development of a certain African region, the provision of advisory services at the request of member countries. In particular, the Commission has recently provided advisory technical services in the field of drought control, the creation of projects in the field of irrigation, and training.

ECLAC - the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - appeared in 1948. The members of this commission are 40 states of Latin America, the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands and Spain. The supreme body is the plenary session, which meets once every two years. Executive Body The Secretariat, which acts on; basis of the program of plenary sessions of the Commission. The headquarters is located in Santiago. ECLAC has permanent bodies - the Committee for Economic Cooperation of the Countries of Central America, the Committee for Development and Cooperation of the Caribbean, the Committee for Trade and the Committee of Governmental Experts. ECLAC activities are funded by the UN budget and voluntary contributions from member countries.

The main tasks of ECLAC are actually similar to those that are characteristic of the UN commissions discussed above. In particular, among the tasks of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean region is to promote the economic and social development of all member countries of this region, study the problems of economic development of member countries and prepare reviews and develop on this basis practical advice on the use of natural and other resources of the region.

At first, ECLAC was a temporary body created in accordance with the ECOSOC resolution, then it was transformed into a permanent UN regional commission.

The UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific was organized to promote the economic and social development of Asian and Pacific countries, their cooperation among themselves and with other countries of the world. To achieve this goal, practical measures were developed to implement specific projects of regional importance, in particular, the Mekong Basin development project, the creation of regional centers for the development of trade. At the regular session of the Commission in Delhi in 1994, a Declaration was adopted on strengthening regional economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, which outlined the development paths for the countries located here, taking into account their specifics. In particular, within the framework of the adopted program, work is underway on regional economic cooperation in the field of technology transfer for investment projects.

Funding for ESCAP activities comes from the UN budget, as well as from extrabudgetary sources, including voluntary contributions from member countries and various sponsors.

ESCWA - Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. It was established in 1974. At present, 14 states are its members. The supreme body is the plenary session, convened twice a year. The executive body is the Secretariat located in Baghdad, within which there are departments of industry, agriculture, etc. Representatives of any country of the UN member or its organizations that have status with the United Nations can take part in the work of the UN Commission for Western Asia as consultants or observers. The main goal of ESCWA is the implementation of coordinated actions to create favorable conditions for economic cooperation and strengthen economic ties. Research of a technical nature. In 1994, in Amman, the Commission adopted a program for implementation rational use resources and environmental management, a program to improve the quality of life, a program of economic development and cooperation, etc. The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia is financed from the UN budget and extrabudgetary sources.

The UN is the most universal international organization. It includes a number of bodies and international organizations.

Economic issues occupy a prominent place in the activities of the General Assembly - GA (General Assembly - GA) of the UN, the most representative body of this authoritative international organization.

In the Millennium Declaration, adopted in September 2000, the UN member states defined "Millennium Development Goals", the main of which is the need to reduce poverty in all its manifestations. The development goals were developed on the basis of agreements and resolutions of international conferences organized by the UN during the 90s. 20th century

The agenda of the 64th session of the General Assembly (2009) included critical issues for the global economy, including the promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development. A special topic for discussion was the problem of achieving social and economic progress in African countries.

We think on our own. Why do we consider the international organizations of the UN system as the main, leading in the totality of international economic organizations modernity?

Economic problems are regularly covered in the reports of the UN Secretary General.

The main body of the UN, coordinating all the economic, social and cultural activities of this organization, is Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC). Its competence also includes humanitarian problems.

The Council consists of 54 members who are elected by the UN General Assembly for a period of three years. One third of the members are re-elected each year. The following representation norms are established in the Council: Asia - 11, Africa - 14, Eastern Europe - 6, Western Europe- 13, Latin America - 10. Council meetings are held alternately in New York and Geneva.

Decisions in ECOSOC are taken by a simple majority vote, each member of the Council has one vote, and no member country has the right to veto.

ECOSOC consists of three sessional committees: First (Economic); Second (Social); Third (on Programs and Cooperation). All members of the Council sit on each of these committees.

The Council has a number of functional commissions and standing committees, as well as expert bodies.

ECOSOC reports to five UN regional commissions: Economic Commission for Europe (Geneva, Switzerland), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, Thailand), Economic Commission for Africa (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Basin (Santiago, Chile), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (Lebanon, Beirut).

Regional economic commissions are engaged in studying the economic and social problems of the respective regions and developing recommendations, and also carry out the functions of a research, advisory, information and analytical nature.

In particular, the Economic Commission for Europe - EEC (Economic Commission for Europe - ECE), established by ECOSOC in 1947, sets as its main goal the strengthening of cooperation between European member states. The EEC conducts economic research of an analytical nature on general problems, the state of the environment and living conditions, statistics, sustainable energy supply, trade, industry and business development, on the problems of the forest complex and transport.

We think on our own. Is it possible to believe that the activities of international organizations of the UN system combine the solution of both universal (global) and regional problems? What could be brought here as an argument?

In 1964, the UN General Assembly established United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The headquarters of UNCTAD is located in Geneva. The number of members of the organization exceeds 190. This organization was called upon to consider the whole range of issues related to international trade and development, including the principles of exchange and trade in raw materials and manufactured goods, financing of development projects, issues of external debt, transfer of technology to developing countries. UNCTAD paid considerable attention to the situation of the least developed countries.

UNCTAD interacts both with the governments of member countries and with various UN bodies, non-governmental organizations, representatives of private capital, research institutes and universities around the world. Although its decisions are not binding, they play an important role in shaping world public opinion, which government agencies are also forced to take into account. In general, the activities of UNCTAD contribute to the development of international trade by establishing equal cooperation between states.

UNCTAD has become one of the important international economic forums, whose recommendations and decisions have had a significant impact on world trade. However, the emergence of the WTO required clarification of the scope and directions of UNCTAD's activities. At the ninth session of this organization, held in 1996, it was decided that UNCTAD should be retained as an organ of the UN General Assembly on trade and development. Its mission will remain to highlight the changes taking place in the world economy in relation to trade, investment, technology, services and development. In doing so, it will cooperate and coordinate its activities with the WTO and other multilateral institutions.

At the X session of UNCTAD in 2000 (Bangkok, Thailand), the role of this organization in the process of integrating the economies of developing countries into the world economy and into the world trading system on sound and equal principles was confirmed.

UNCTAD publishes a number of internationally recognized studies, such as the Handbook of Trade and Development Statistics, World Investment Report.

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) operates in 166 countries around the world. UNDP was founded in 1965. The headquarters of the organization is in New York.

The main task of this organization is defined as assistance to countries in familiarizing themselves with the knowledge and world experience of development in order to improve their socio-economic situation.

Currently, UNDP is coordinating efforts aimed at implementing the development targets that were set by the UN for the third millennium, in particular, reducing poverty by 2 times by 2015.

UNDP compiles and annually publishes the Human Development Report, which has long become a prominent phenomenon among the publications of international organizations. One of the main indicators of the reports is the Human Development Index - HDI, which summarizes data on three main indicators:

■ life expectancy of a healthy person;

■ level of education;

■ standard of living.

HDI is calculated on the basis of three indices: a) life expectancy index at birth; b) education index; c) index of GDP per capita.

Despite a certain conventionality of the methodology for calculating this Index, it allows one to compare and, to some extent, compare the levels of development of countries not only in terms of gross domestic product but also for a wider range of socio-economic indicators.

We think on our own. What are the topics of the course? World economy Have we already addressed issues related to the Human Development Index?

The Economic and Social Council coordinates the activities of 19 UN specialized agencies (Table 23.1)

Table 23.1. United Nations specialized agencies

Title in Russian

Title in English

Year of creation or establishment

Location

World Meteorological Organization. WMO

World Meteorological Organization. WMO

World Health Organization. WHO

World Health Organization. WHO

World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO

World Tourism Organization. UNWTO

World Tourism Organization

Universal Postal Union, UPU

Universal Postal Union, UPU

World Bank Group

Including:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD

World Bank Group

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD

Washington

International Development Association. IDA

International Development Association. IDA

Washington

International Finance Corporation, IFC

International Finance Corporation. IFC

Washington

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. MIGA

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. MIGA

Washington

International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID

International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID

Washington

International Maritime Organization. IMO

International Maritime Organization, IMO

International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO

Montreal

International Labor Organization, ILO

International Labor Organization. ILO

International Monetary Fund, IMF

International Monetary Fund. IMF

Washington

International Telecommunication Union. ITU

Telecommunication Union. ITU

International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD

International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD

United Nations Educational Organization. science and culture, UNESCO

United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO

United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO

United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO

Consider the activities of some UN specialized agencies that play prominent role in international economic relations.

From the presented table, it is obvious that some international organizations appeared much earlier than the UN, and only much later received the status of specialized agencies. These include, in particular, the ILO, which in 1946 became the first specialized agency associated with the UN.

The organization develops international policies and programs in the field of labor relations, adopts international labor standards, promotes their adoption by member countries, and assists in the organization of vocational training and education.

The ILO has a unique character: representatives of governments, workers and employers participate on equal terms in the preparation of decisions. Its main body is the International Confederation of Labor, where each country is represented by four delegates (two from the government and one each from workers and entrepreneurs), convenes at least once a year (usually in June in Geneva). Each delegate votes individually. Therefore, the Workers' and Employers' delegates may vote against the position taken by the government delegates.

One of the largest specialized agencies of the United Nations is Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO, designed to solve the problems of increasing the level of food security, improving the living conditions of the rural population, and increasing labor productivity in agriculture. Almost all UN member countries are FAO members. The EU is also a collective member of FAO.

FAO monitors global agriculture, forestry and fisheries. IN last years the organization pays increased attention to the problems of ensuring the long-term sustainable development of agriculture, increasing food production and ensuring food security, taking into account the requirements of preserving the environment.

FAO annually publishes statistical yearbooks, including on the state of agricultural production and trade in agricultural products. The most famous is the annual Report on the state of food and agriculture (The State of Food and Agriculture - SOFA). A large amount of information about the state of agriculture in various countries is contained in the database on the organization's website.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO the status of a specialized agency of the UN received in 1985. As the name implies, UNIDO is called upon to assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the implementation of industrialization programs and strengthening their industrial potential. Recently, the organization also aims to help strengthen the positions of the above countries in the face of increased competition in the global economy.

UNIDO's main focus is on mobilizing knowledge, skills, information and technology for job creation, a competitive economy and an environmentally sound and sustainable environmental development. All this should contribute to the reduction of poverty in the world.

UNIDO activities are carried out in the form of integrated (complex) programs and individual projects.

The main source of funds for the implementation of UNIDO projects is the United Nations Development Program. However, a certain part of the funds comes in the form of contributions from member countries and sponsorship.

In the field of nuclear energy, the activities of International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), founded in 1957 as autonomous institution under the auspices of the UN. IAEA headquarters in Vienna. The Agency has become the central intergovernmental body for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of nuclear energy. In recent years, the importance of the IAEA has increased due to the increase in the number of nuclear programs in various countries of the world.

We think on our own. In your opinion, the activities of which of the named international organizations of the UN system are connected with the solution of global problems of our time?

In the global financial and banking sector, a prominent place is occupied by specialized UN agencies - the IMF and organizations that are members of the World Bank Group.

April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, the delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on 25 June.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and development of cooperation between countries.

The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington, Dumbarton Oaks. At two series of meetings, held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions of the world organization.

On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the USA, Great Britain and the USSR Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish "a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security."

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference to Establish an International Organization to draft the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the population gathered in San Francisco the globe. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, the staff of delegations and the secretariat of the Conference, the total number of persons who took part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all probability the largest of any international meeting that has ever taken place.

On the agenda of the Conference were proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to work out a Charter acceptable to all states.

The charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st Founding State.

The UN officially exists since October 24, 1945. - to this day, the Charter was ratified by China, France, Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and most of the other signatories. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter refers to the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war".

The goals of the UN, enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

Members of the UN have committed to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality states; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation in international relations of the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or the political independence of any state.

192 states of the world are members of the UN.

Principal organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) - the main deliberative body, consists of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates permanently. Under the Charter, the Security Council is given primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. If all means of peaceful resolution of the conflict are used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to the areas of conflicts to maintain peace in order to reduce tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.

Over the entire existence of the UN, the UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., to make recommendations on any of them to the GA.
- International Court of Justice, Chief Judicial authority, formed in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and gives advisory opinions on legal matters.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the activities of the organization. The secretariat is headed by the chief administrative officer of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN through ECOSOC, international agreements. Most members of the UN are members of the specialized agencies of the UN.

The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2001, the Prize "For Contribution to a Better World and Strengthening World Peace" was awarded jointly to the organization and its General Secretary, Kofi Annan. In 1988 Nobel Prize peace received Peacekeeping forces UN.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

United Nations- is the largest - universal in terms of the problems considered and worldwide in terms of territorial coverage.

The name was proposed during World War II by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Created by 50 countries on October 24, 1945, By 2005, the UN united 191 countries.

In accordance with the UN Charter, its main objectives are:

  • maintaining international peace and security;
  • development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
  • implementation of cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and observance of human rights;
  • coordination of actions of nations in achieving common goals.

The main principles of the UN activities: sovereign equality of all members, integrity of implementation commitments made, peaceful settlement of international disputes, refraining from the threat of force. The UN Charter does not give the right to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of an individual state.

The UN system has a complex organizational structure:

  1. The main organs of the UN (the UN itself).
  2. UN programs and bodies.
  3. Specialized agencies and other independent organizations within the UN system.
  4. Other organizations, committees and related bodies.
  5. Organizations outside the UN system, but associated with it by cooperation agreements.

UNPO bodies

Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat.

General Assembly(GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. She consists of representatives of all member countries having one vote. Decisions on issues of peace and security, the admission of new members, and budget issues are taken by a two-thirds majority. For other matters, a simple majority vote is sufficient. The sessions of the General Assembly are held annually, usually in September. Each time a new chairman, 21 vice-chairmen, chairmen of the six main committees of the Assembly are elected. The first committee deals with disarmament and international security issues, the second with economics and finance, the third with social and humanitarian problems, the fourth with special political issues and decolonization, the fifth with administrative and budgetary issues, and the sixth with legal issues. The post of chairman of the Assembly is occupied in turn by representatives of African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American (including the Caribbean), Western European states. GA decisions are not binding legal effect. They express world public opinion on a particular issue.

Security Council(SC) is responsible for maintenance of international peace. It investigates and recommends methods for settling disputes, including calling on UN members to apply economic sanctions to prevent aggression; takes military action against the aggressor; plans arms regulation; recommends the admission of new members; provides guardianship in strategic areas. The Council consists of five permanent members - China, France, Russian Federation(successor to the USSR), Great Britain and the United States of America - and ten members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. A decision on procedural issues is considered adopted if at least 9 out of 15 votes (two thirds) voted for it. When voting on substantive issues, it is necessary that out of 9 votes "for" all five permanent members of the Security Council vote - the rule of "unanimity of the great powers."

If a permanent member does not agree with the decision, then it can impose a veto (prohibition). If a permanent member does not want to block the decision, then it may abstain from voting.

Economic and Social Council coordinates Relevant issues and specialized agencies and institutions, known as the "family" of UN agencies. These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly.

The subsidiary mechanism of ECOSOC includes:

  • nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, etc.);
  • five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, etc.);
  • four standing committees: Committee for Program and Coordination, Commission for settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Organizations;
  • a number of expert bodies;
  • executive committees and councils of various UN bodies: the UN Development Program, the World Food Program, etc.

Guardian Council supervises the trust territories and promotes the development of their self-government. The Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1994, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement, since all 11 of the original trust territories gained political independence or joined neighboring states.

international Court, located in The Hague (Netherlands), resolves legal disputes between states that are parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all members of the UN. Individuals cannot apply to the International Court of Justice. According to the Statute (the provision on rights and obligations), the Court uses international conventions; international custom as evidence of universal practice; general principles rights recognized by nations; judgments the most qualified specialists from different countries. The Court consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently. They are elected on the basis of qualifications, not citizenship. No two nationals from the same country may serve on the Court.

UN Secretariat has the most diverse functions. This is a permanent body that handles the entire document flow, including translations from one language to another, organization of international conferences, communication with the press, etc. The Secretariat staff consists of about 9,000 people from around the world. The UN Secretary General, the chief administrative officer, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of five years and may be re-elected for a new term. Kofi Annan (Ghana) took office on January 1, 1997. On January 1, 2007, a new Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon ( former head MFA South Korea). He spoke in favor of reforming the UN for the sake of the future of this organization. The authority of the Secretary-General is essential to the exercise of preventive diplomacy in order to prevent the international conflicts. All staff of the Secretariat have the status of international civil servants and take an oath, pledging not to follow instructions from any states or organizations other than the United Nations.

UN budget

The regular budget of the UN, excluding the specialized agencies and programs of the UN, is approved by the GA for a period of two years. The main source of funds are Member State contributions, which are calculated based on the solvency of the country, in particular according to criteria such as share in and per country. The assessment scale of contributions established by the Assembly is subject to change from 25% of the budget to 0.001%. Shared budget contributions are: USA - 25%, Japan - 18%, Germany - 9.6%, France - 6.5%, Italy - 5.4%, UK - 5.1%, RF - 2.9% , Spain - 2.6%, Ukraine - 1.7%, China - 0.9%. States that are not members of the UN, but participating in a number of its activities, can participate in the costs of the UN in the following ratio: Switzerland - 1.2%, Vatican - 0.001%. The revenue part of the budget fluctuates on average around 2.5 billion US dollars. Of the 13 expenditure items, more than 50% of the expenditure is for General policy implementation, leadership and coordination; general support and provision service; regional cooperation for development .

UN programs

However, the UN "family" or the UN system of agencies is wider. She covers 15 institutions and several programs and bodies. These are the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Program for environment(UNEP), as well as such specialized organization like the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly. They have their own budgets and governing bodies.

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as the main body of the GA on these issues, primarily to accelerate the commercial and economic development, which, having gained political independence, have significant problems in self-affirmation in world markets. UNCTAD has 188 member states. The Russian Federation and other countries are members of this organization. The annual operating budget, financed from the UN regular budget, is about $50 million. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

Organizational structure of UNCTAD

UNCTAD conference- the highest governing body. Conference sessions are held every four years at ministerial level to determine the main directions of work.

Trade and Development Board— an executive body that ensures the continuity of work between sessions. Working groups on medium-term planning and program financing. Joint Advisory Group on the Activities of the International shopping center UNCTAD - WTO.

Standing Committees and Temporary Working Groups. Four standing committees have been established: on commodities; to reduce poverty; on economic cooperation between developed countries; on Development, as well as the Special Committee on Preferences and the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Restrictive Business Practices.

Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat. It consists of policy coordination and external relations services, nine departments(commodities, service development and trade efficiency, economic cooperation between developing countries and special programmes, global interdependence, and , science and technology, least developed countries, program management and operations services) and joint units working with the regional commissions. Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC— The Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.

Under the auspices of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements have been concluded, research groups on commodities have been established with the participation of producing and consuming countries, the Common Fund for Commodities has been established, and dozens of conventions and agreements have been signed.

From July 14 to July 18, 2004 in Sao Paulo (Brazil) was held the XI session of the UNCTAD Conference - "Increasing the coherence between national strategies and global economic processes for, in particular, developing countries." showed their desire for full participation in international trade, self-reliance, including through the expansion of trade along the South-South line. Consolidation on the issue of agricultural subsidies used by developed countries allowed the "Group of 77" to express their joint position at the 6th WTO Conference. UNCTAD uses a group principle of work: member states are divided into groups according to socio-economic and geographical principles. Developing countries are united in the "Group of 77". As a result of the 11th session, a document was adopted - the Sao Paulo Consensus, aimed at facilitating the adaptation of national development strategies to the conditions of globalization and strengthening the potential of developing countries. The start of the 3rd round of trade negotiations under the auspices of UNCTAD under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), which has been operating since 1971, has been announced. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties by all industrialized countries (IDCs) in trade with developing countries on on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e., without requiring counter trade and political concessions. In practice, many industrialized countries have achieved various exceptions (exceptions) from their preferential schemes. Nevertheless, the Global System of Trade Preferences promotes the expansion of exports of processed products from economically weak states.

Standalone UN agencies

Independent specialized agencies operating within the UN system include International Labor Organization(ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (IMF), the World Organization intellectual property (WIPO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.

Widening gap between poor and rich countries, the increased danger of global conflicts (the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States) stimulate the search for solutions to the problems of regulation and development financing throughout the world. In this context in 2002, two forums were held under the auspices of the UN: World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa) - from August 26 to September 4 and the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey (Mexico) - from March 18 to 22. As a result of the meetings, the Johannesburg Declaration and the Monterrey Consensus were adopted respectively. Meeting in South Africa special emphasis was placed on the collective responsibility for socio-economic development, ecology at all levels from local to global. The need for cooperation in areas such as water supply and sanitation, energy, health, Agriculture and biodiversity. In Mexico, the problem of sustainable development of the world was considered from the point of view of its financing. It is recognized that there is a severe lack of resources needed to achieve the goals of overcoming poverty and inequality, as set out in the UN Millennium Declaration. Proposed corresponding to the liberal idea of ​​development, ways to solve the problem:

Mobilize the national financial resources of developing countries through increased efficiency and consistency and the fight against corruption at all levels.

Mobilization international resources, including (FDI) and other private resources.

is the most important and often the only external source of development finance. The presence of serious trade imbalances caused by export subsidies from industrialized countries, the abuse of anti-dumping, technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures is recognized. Developing countries (DCs) and countries with economies in transition (CITs) are concerned about tariff peaks and tariff escalation from industrialized countries (IDCs). It has been recognized as necessary to include in trade agreements effective and functional provisions for special and differential treatment for developing countries.

Increasing international financial and technical cooperation for development means increasing official development assistance (ODA). The Conference urged the CPs to make concrete efforts to reach the target of ODA allocation to developing countries of 0.7% of and 0.15-0.2% of their GNP of developed countries for the needs of the least developed countries.

It is an element of resource mobilization for public and private investment. It is recognized that debtors and creditors should be jointly responsible for preventing and managing unsustainable debt situations.

Perfection global economic governance systems involves expanding the circle of participants in the decision-making process on development issues and eliminating organizational gaps. It is necessary to strengthen the involvement of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the decision-making process in and , in the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Forum

Critics of the Monterrey Consensus point out that, as in the case of the Washington Consensus, developed countries proceed from liberal model development focus on the need to find resources for development within developing countries and through the private sector. The developed countries themselves do not make any clear commitments regarding the redistribution of resources. Accordingly, it is almost impossible to bridge the gap between poverty and wealth.

The issue of equitable representation in the Security Council and expansion of its composition, submitted for discussion by the UN General Assembly, was not resolved.

The Russian position is to support any expansion option, provided that a broad agreement is reached between all interested countries.

Thus, there are several mutually exclusive approaches to reforming the UN Security Council, which implies an indefinite duration of the reform process.