The main provisions of Stolypin's agrarian reform briefly. Stolypin's agrarian reform. Briefly about the main

Early 20th century in Russia heyday of anarchy, terror, popular unrest. The empire demanded statesmen decisive steps, immediate action. Significant transformations took place, Stolypin's reforms became widely known - let us briefly dwell on his main undertakings. After the dissolution of the first Duma, the government was headed by a man who was ready to change the situation. What was the essence of Stolypin's agrarian reform.

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Initial stages of activity

Stolypin Petr Arkadyevich (1862-1911) - comes from a noble family. Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the St. Petersburg Imperial University. He entered the service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for 3 years. Moved to the Department of Rural Industry and Agriculture. Since 1902, he served as governor of the Grodno province. A year later, he was transferred to the post of governor of the Saratov province. Grodno formed the main principles of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

Occupying high positions, Pyotr Arkadievich devoted most of his time and energy to solving the problems of educating peasants and farming. This caused irritation and misunderstanding among many contemporaries. He was a fierce opponent. During the rallies, which resulted in Civil War 1905 - 1907, took to the streets, spoke to the rebels.

Important! Stolypin's methods of government led to a sharp reduction in the uprisings in Saratov.

The efforts and talent of the steward attracted the attention of Nicholas II. In 1906, the emperor appointed the Saratov governor Minister of the Interior. Soon he becomes chairman of the Council of Ministers Russian Empire.

These events define initial period the first measures of agrarian reform: October 9, 1906, the day the decree was issued on the free exit of peasants from landlord farms, went down in history.

In new positions, Pyotr Stolypin unfolds a tough policy of combating crime and terrorism.

In the midst of the revolution, he proposes a number of bills, but speaks of the need to calm the unrest before the reforms begin.

Entrepreneurship Development

In the economy, attempts were made to give freedom to enterprising peasants, and a large role in the implementation of this undertaking was played by agrarian reform Stolypin.

Prerequisites

The basis for the transformation of the state was the economic and political situation that developed at the beginning of the 20th century. High-ranking officials saw Russia's development paths too differently. After the defeat in Russo-Japanese War The crisis has reached a critical point. One-time uprisings turned into massive revolutionary movement. It interfered. It was necessary to urgently carry out a number of economic, administrative, legal, agrarian reforms in the country, which became the main task of Pyotr Stolypin.

There were a number of problems:

• remnants of relations between landowners and peasants have been preserved;
• workers' dissatisfaction with working and leisure conditions grew;
• demanded a solution to the national question;
• most of the peasants were illiterate;
• general anarchy reigned within the country;
• violent extremist organizations have become active.

All reforms pursued one goal - gradually make Russia a powerful power, and the agrarian revolution was supposed to help in this. He made the increase in the number of prosperous peasants in the territory of the state the main tool for implementing his plan.

Solving the land issue

The village has developed quite difficult situation in the agricultural sector, which could not but cause concern for the government of the country:

• complete decline Agriculture in the countryside;
• total poverty of the population;
• a decrease in the number of peasant lands, as some peasants lost their allotments;
• the peasant communities denied the landlords' property rights to the land.

After the community became the key form of peasant self-government. The land belonged to the community, and allotments were provided to peasant families. In fact, these were landed estates of landowners. The owner of the dress could be changed if he lost his solvency. Human relations within societies prevailed, the redistribution of land took place by agreement. But the idea that today I am the owner of the land, and tomorrow - someone else, did not leave the farmers. This caused growing discontent.

At the turn of the century, the birth rate increased sharply, especially among rural residents. Between 1861 and 1913 the population of the state increased by 2.5 times. The peasants needed land more and more, and there was less and less of it. On average, in the Russian Empire, by 1900, the provision of allotments was halved. Along with the reduction of land holdings per capita, the number of households increased. By 1905, this figure had increased by 3.5 million. Attempts by the authorities to deal with family divisions did not bring positive results.

The economic reforms that took place under Alexander II involved several investment programs.

Most people chose the minimum package. It included free donation, in the amount of ¼ of the standard and could not provide for his family. Inequality worsened. Successful peasants bought up landowners' lands.

Insufficient land and lack of property rights were the main reasons for the aggravation of conflicts. This formed the basis of the goals that the agrarian reform of Stolypin, who then held the post of prime minister, was designed to achieve.

The situation was complicated by the phenomenon of striped land - the plots of landlords and peasants were on the same field across the strip. There was no proper distribution of sowing, forest, meadow areas.

The essence of change in agriculture

The agrarian policy of Pyotr Stolypin pursued two main goals:

1. Short-term - the cessation of unrest that arose due to land conflicts.
2. Long-term - stable development of the peasantry and agriculture.

Their achievement involved a set of measures:

• major event - transfer of ownership of land individual householders;
• eradication of vestiges of class relations within communities;
• development of a credit system;
• preferential resale of purchased landowners' farms and lands;
• development of educational, consulting agronomic programs;
• support for peasant associations and cooperatives.

There are also more specific goals of agrarian reform:

• preservation of the landlord economy;
• addressing the issue of lack of land;
• the eradication of the herd feeling of farmers;
• instilling a sense of ownership in farmers;
• creation of a solid foundation of supreme power in the countryside;
• increase in the rate of development of agricultural production.

Collectives of communities formed turmoil. It was necessary to get rid of them. The prime minister hoped for an improvement in the condition of the peasants. He talked about the power that is at the bottom of society, tried to support the autocracy.

agrarian reform Stolypin did not apply to Bashkir and Cossack land holdings.

The reform made it possible for anyone who wished to leave the community. A person applied, and the land was assigned to him. Given the population of European Russia, land areas were allocated in Siberia.

Of the 3.5 million peasants who wished to move, about five hundred thousand refused, due to the difficulty of developing a new space. Peak activity of petitions occurred in 1909-1910, then went into decline.

What has been done

What were the results of Stolypin's agrarian reform. The easiest way to get acquainted with the data of 1916:

• more than 6 million households declared their desire to acquire land as property;
• almost 1.5 million people became sole proprietors;
• 8.1% of the area (9.65 million acres) was added to the total size of allotments;
• 25.2 million acres were issued;
• peasant holdings accounted for 89.3% of the land and 94% livestock; the need for large-scale landlord lands disappeared.

This is an important transformation organized by Peter Arkadyevich. But it failed. The author hoped for a comprehensive implementation of the reform, spoke of the need to maintain calm within the country. These two factors in twenty years could have a positive impact on the development of the state. The ill-conceived employment of the peasants who moved to the city also played a role. Stolypin's agrarian reform was suspended by a decree of the Provisional Government of June 28 (July 11, new style), 1917.

Other changes

The measures of the Stolypin reform, in short, assumed complete transformation of the state touched absolutely all spheres of life.

Local government

Part of the western provinces was governed by volost gatherings, so Stolypin's activities in this direction are determined as an attempt to introduce zemstvo institutions. This would help the regions realize their agricultural potential.

Like all the reforms that Stolypin tried to carry out, this bill found its opponents and supporters. But the main - it was against the law.

The Poles who inhabited the Kiev, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Podolsk provinces could not be allowed to power. On this basis, the State Council rejected the initiative.

Countering terrorism

The reasons for resorting to the Stolypin reforms of the judicial process were weighty - mass terrorist attacks, robberies, robberies. On August 12, 1906, terrorists attacked the dacha of Pyotr Arkadyevich. His children and about a hundred other people suffered, 30 of whom died. The emperor introduces a regulation on courts-martial. They were given the right to consider cases as soon as possible. Two days were allocated for trials, 24 hours for bringing the sentence into effect. The Prime Minister determined innovation as a necessity in the current situation.

Power structures and legal proceedings

Bill " On the transformation of the local court” included a number of measures to reduce the cost and accessibility of services for the population. The goal was to revive the magistrates' courts. Emphasis was placed on the independence of the authority from the volost, peasant, zemstvo authorities. It was an attempt to exclude legal proceedings from random decisions, to lead to a rationalization of the process. It was proposed to introduce the responsibility of high-ranking officials for illegal actions and bureaucracy, determine the rights of the person under investigation.

Reform measures that Stolypin managed to carry out.

Table 1

Stolypin carried out his reforms from 1906, when he was appointed prime minister until his death on September 5, which came from the bullets of assassins.

agrarian reform

In short, the main goal of Stolypin's agrarian reform was to create a wide stratum of wealthy peasants. In contrast to the 1861 reform, the emphasis was on the sole proprietor rather than the community. The former, communal form fettered the initiative of the hard-working peasants, but now, freed from the community and not looking back at the "wretched and drunk", they could dramatically increase the efficiency of their management. The law of 06/14/1910 stated that from now on, "every householder who owns allotment land on the basis of communal law may at any time demand the strengthening of his personal property, the part due to him from the designated land." Stolypin believed that the prosperous peasantry would become a real pillar of the autocracy. An important part of the Stolypin agrarian reform was the activity of the credit bank. This institution sold land to peasants on credit, either state-owned or purchased from landlords. And interest rate on credit for independent peasants was half that for communities. Across credit bank peasants acquired in 1905-1914. about 9 and a half million hectares of land. However, at the same time, measures against non-payers were tough: the land was taken from them and again went on sale. Thus, the reforms not only made it possible to acquire land, but also encouraged them to actively work on it. Another important part of Stolypin's reform was the resettlement of peasants on free lands. The bill prepared by the government provided for the transfer of state lands in Siberia to private hands without redemption. However, there were also difficulties: there were not enough funds or land surveyors to carry out land management work. But despite this, resettlement in Siberia, as well as Far East, Central Asia and North Caucasus picked up pace. The move was free, and specially equipped "Stolypin" cars made it possible to transport railway cattle. The state tried to equip life in the places of resettlement: schools, medical centers, etc. were built.

Zemstvo

Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they did not exist before. It has not always been politically easy. For example, the implementation of the zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but met with a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.

Industry reform

The main stage in resolving the labor issue during the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects of labor in industrial enterprises. These were questions about the rules for hiring workers, accident and illness insurance, hours of work, and so on. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far apart and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).

national question

Stolypin was well aware of the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He was a supporter of the unification, and not the disunity of the peoples of the country. He proposed to create a special ministry of nationalities, which would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they would flow into our huge state with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and duties and be loyal to Russia. Also, the task of the new ministry was to be counteracting the internal and external enemies of the country, who sought to sow ethnic and religious discord.

Speaking in II State Duma On May 10, 1907, Russian Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin ended his speech on the agrarian issue with a policy statement: “The opponents of statehood would like to choose the path of radicalism, the path of liberation from the historical past of Russia, liberation from cultural traditions. They need great upheavals, we need Great Russia!” Less than a month later, on June 3, 1907, the Second Duma was dissolved, and a new electoral law was adopted, which increased the representation of right-wing and center parties. Chosen for this Act III The State Duma showed great willingness to cooperate with the executive branch. The ability to rely on two majorities - the Left-Octobrist (Octobrists and Cadets) and the Right-Octobrists (Octobrists and Monarchists) - allowed Stolypin's government until 1910-1911. pursue a very consistent policy. The current system of power is often called the June 3rd monarchy.

Stolypin proposed a program that combined the following areas: ensuring social stability and law and order (including the use of emergency police measures, the establishment of courts-martial, etc.); carrying out agrarian reform; measures to encourage industrial growth; transformations in the political and social spheres(improvement of the life of workers, establishment of inviolability of the person, recognition of the right of workers to participate in strikes, tax reform, etc.). The goal was to modernize the economy, social and political system of Russia while maintaining the monarchy, state integrity, and inviolability of property rights.

The central direction of domestic policy was agrarian reform. Peasant land shortage, generally primitive agricultural technology, low quality indicators of agricultural production, high level discontent and social tension, lack of money, the preservation of a semi-subsistence economy - all this is the revolution of 1905-1907. made clear. The revolutionary parties (Socialist-Revolutionaries) proposed to abolish landownership and distribute land on an equal footing among the peasants. The extreme rightists demanded that the status quo be preserved and limited to harsh measures to pacify the peasants. Stolypin's government, relying on a project developed at the beginning of the 20th century. S. Yu. Witte, chose his own course of reforms (decree of November 6, 1906 and law of July 14, 1910).

His idea was to stimulate the development of agrarian entrepreneurship, the market, create farms, strengthen the layer of small and medium-sized owners, improve the welfare of the Russian village, and reduce social tension. Stolypin strongly opposed the taking of land from the landowners: "The nationalization of the land seems disastrous for the country." He relied on the prosperous, hardworking, independent peasantry: "We must give him the opportunity to strengthen the fruits of his labors and give them inalienable property."

The peasants received permission to leave the community together with the land, to unite separate strips of their allotment in one place (cut), transfer their yard (farm) to it, buy land, and expand their economy. The land ceased to be communal and turned into the personal property of the peasants.

The government, through the Peasant Bank, provided peasants leaving the community financial assistance to acquire land from landowners who wish to sell it.

The government encouraged the resettlement of peasants from overpopulated Central Russia to Siberia, Central Asia, the Far East. All class restrictions for peasants were abolished.

The results of the reform cause controversy among contemporaries and historians. On the one hand, impressive results were achieved: more than 25% of the peasants left the community, more than 15% of the allotment land became their personal property, the peasants bought almost 10 million acres of land from the landlords, strong farming-type economies arose, agricultural productivity increased significantly, the use of machines has increased several times. On the other hand, the resettlement policy did not bring the expected results: many of the settlers, having encountered insurmountable difficulties, returned to their native places, and the overpopulation of the central provinces persisted. Painful was the reaction of many peasants to attempts to introduce entrepreneurial beginnings into the rural environment and minimize the importance of communal traditions. Arson, damage to inventory and property of kulaks who left the community reflected the discontent of very significant sections of the peasantry. At the same time, the idea of ​​"black redistribution" did not disappear from the mass consciousness. Both the poor and the rich dreamed of the landowner's land.

The agrarian reform was not completed. Stolypin talked about the twenty years needed to carry it out. But on September 1, 1911. the prime minister was killed by a terrorist. August 1, 1914 Russia joined the First world war. In February 1917, the monarchy fell, and the Provisional Government announced its rejection of the Stolypin reform.

The life of an outstanding reformer was tragic: the left stigmatized him for his "Stolypin ties" and military courts, the right accused him of betraying the interests of the monarchy. With the assassination of Stolypin, the government actually abandoned attempts to modernize the country. Stormy industrial boom 1909-1913 by the beginning of the war had exhausted itself, which went in 1907-1910. On the downturn, the revolutionary movement gained new momentum; in the IV State Duma elected in 1912, opposition moods prevailed. The war revealed the fragility of the successes achieved.

Bibliography:

1. N. Werth "History of the Soviet State" Moscow "Progress" 1992
2. I. D. Kovalchenko "Stolypin agrarian reform"; "History of the USSR" Moscow 1992
3. I. V. Ostrovsky "P. A. Stolypin and his time" Novosibirsk 1992
4. M. Rumyantsev "Stolypin agrarian reform: prerequisites, tasks and results"; "Questions of Economics" No. 10 Moscow 1990
5. Collection of speeches "Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin"; "We need a great Russia" Moscow "Young Guard" 1990

Agrarian transformation (briefly - Stolypin's reform) is a generalized name for a whole range of activities that have been carried out in the field of agriculture since 1906. These changes were led by P. A. Stolypin. The main goal of all activities was to create conditions for attracting peasants to work on their land.

In the past, the system of such transformations (the reforms of P. A. Stolypin - briefly) was criticized in every possible way, today it is customary to praise it. At the same time, no one wants to fully understand it. It should also not be forgotten that Stolypin himself was not the author of the agrarian reform, it was only part of common system the transformations he envisioned.

Stolypin as Minister of the Interior

The relatively young Stolypin came to power without much struggle and labor. His candidacy was nominated in 1905 by Prince A. D. Obolensky, who was his relative and chief prosecutor of the Synod. The opponent of this candidacy was S. Yu. Witte, who saw another person as the Minister of the Interior.

Having come to power, Stolypin failed to change the attitude of the Cabinet of Ministers. Many officials never became his like-minded people. For example, V. N. Kakovo, who held the post of Minister of Finance, was very skeptical about Stolypin's ideas regarding the solution of the agrarian issue - he spared money for this.

In order to protect himself and his family, Stolypin, at the suggestion of the tsar, moved to the Winter Palace, which was reliably guarded.

The most difficult decision for him was the adoption of a decree on courts-martial. He later admitted that he was forced to bear this "heavy cross" against his own will. Stolypin's reforms are described below (briefly).

General description of the modernization program

When the peasant movement began to decline by the autumn of 1906, the government announced its plans regarding the agrarian issue. The so-called Stolypin program began with a decree dated 09.11.1906. Stolypin's agrarian reform followed, briefly described in the article.

While still the governor of Saratov, the future minister wanted to organize assistance for the creation of strong individual farms for peasants on the basis of state lands. Such actions were supposed to show the peasants new way and encourage them to abandon communal land ownership.

Another official, V. I. Gurko, developed a project whose goal was to create farms on peasant lands, and not on state lands. The difference was significant. But even this Gurko considered not the most important. Its main goal was to secure allotment land in the ownership of the peasants. According to this plan, any member of the peasant community could take away his allotment, and no one had the right to reduce or change it. This would allow the government to split the community. The Stolypin reform (briefly - agrarian) was required by the unfavorable situation in the empire.

The situation in the country on the eve of the reform

In 1905-1907, as part of the revolution, peasant unrest took place in Russia. Together with problems within the country in 1905, Russia lost the war with Japan. All this spoke of serious problems that needed to be addressed.

At the same time, the State Duma begins its work. She gave the go-ahead to the reforms of Witte and Stolypin (briefly - agrarian).

Directions

The transformations were supposed to create strong economic allotments and destroy the collective ownership of land, which hampered further development. It was necessary to eradicate obsolete class restrictions, to encourage the purchase of land from landowners, to increase the turnover for running one's own economy through lending.

Stolypin's agrarian reform, which is briefly described in the article, was aimed at improving allotment land ownership and practically did not concern private property.

Main stages of modernization

By May 1906, a congress of noble societies was held, at which D. I. Pestrzhetsky made a report. He was one of the officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who was developing an agricultural project. His report criticized possible land transformations. It stated that throughout the country the peasants had no problems with a lack of land, and the nobles had no reason to alienate it. Some cases of land shortage were proposed to be solved by buying allotments through a bank and resettlement to the outskirts of the country.

The report caused ambiguous judgments of the nobles on this matter. The views on the reforms of Witte and Stolypin (briefly - agrarian reform) were just as ambiguous. There were also those (Count D. A. Olsufiev) who offered to compromise with the peasants. This meant selling them land, keeping the bulk of it. But such reasoning did not meet with support or even sympathy from the majority of those present.

The only thing on which almost everyone at the congress was unanimous was negative attitude to the communities. K. N. Grimm, V. L. Kushelev, A. P. Urusov and others attacked the peasant communities. Regarding them, the phrase was heard that "this is a swamp in which everything that could be in the open gets stuck." The nobles believed that for the benefit of the peasants, the community must be destroyed.

Those who tried to raise the question of the alienation of landowners' lands received no support. Back in 1905, when the manager of land management, N.N. Kutler, suggested that the tsar solve the problem of the lack of land for the peasants in this way, the ruler refused him and dismissed him.

Stolypin was also not an adherent of the forced expropriation of land, believing that everything goes on as usual. Some of the nobles, fearing a revolution, sold their land to the Peasant Bank, which divided it into small plots and sold it to those peasants who were cramped in the community. This was the main point of Stolypin's reform briefly.

During 1905-1907, the bank bought more than 2.5 million acres of land from the landlords. However, the peasants, fearing the liquidation of private land ownership, practically did not make land purchases. During this time, only 170 thousand acres were sold by the bank. The activities of the bank caused discontent among the nobles. Further, land sales began to increase. The reform began to bear fruit only after 1911.

The results of Stolypin's reforms

Briefly statistics on the results of the agrarian reform:

• more than 6 million households have filed an application for fixing allotments in private ownership;
• by the February Revolution, about 30% of the land was transferred to the ownership of peasants and partnerships;
• with the help of the mediation of the Peasants' Bank, the peasants acquired 9.6 million acres;
• landlord farms lost their significance as a mass phenomenon; by 1916, almost all land sowings were peasants.

In Russia, the beginning of the 20th century is characterized by a major collapse of the empire and the creation of a state - Soviet Union. Most of the laws and ideas did not translate into reality, the rest were not destined to hold out for long. One of the reformers at that moment was Pyotr Stolypin.

Pyotr Arkadievich was from a noble family. He served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, was awarded by the emperor himself for the successful suppression of a peasant uprising. After the dissolution of the State Duma and the government, the young orator took over as prime minister. First of all, a list of unrealized bills was requested, according to which new rules for governing the country began to be created. As a result there were several economic decisions who were called Stolypin.

Laws of Pyotr Stolypin

Let us dwell on the history of the origin of the plan for the development of the country's economy - the Stolypin agrarian reform.

Background of land relations

Agriculture at that time brought about 60% of the net product and was the main branch of the state economy. But lands were divided unfairly between classes:

1. The landowners owned most of the sown fields.
2. The state has mainly forest areas.
3. The peasant class got land that was almost unsuitable for cultivation and further sowing.

The peasants began to rally, as a result, new territorial units were obtained - rural societies having administrative rights and obligations to their members. In the emerging villages there were elders, foremen, and even a local court, which considered petty offenses and lawsuits of people against each other. All the supreme posts of such communities consisted exclusively of peasants.

Representatives of the upper strata of society living in these villages could become members of the community, but without the right to use the land belonging to the village administration, and were obliged to obey the rules of the peasant administrations. Consequently, rural officials facilitated the work of the central authorities of the country.

Most of the land belonged to the communities, which could redistribute plots between peasants in an arbitrary form, which led to the emergence of new farms. The size of the plot and taxes changed depending on the number of workers. Often the land was taken from the elderly and widows, who were unable to fully care for it, and given to young families. If the peasants changed permanent place residence - moved to the city - they did not have the right to sell their plots. When the peasants were dismissed from the rural community, the allotments automatically became its property, so the land was leased.

In order to somehow equalize the problem of the “usefulness” of the plots, the board came up with new way land cultivation. To do this, all the fields belonging to the society were cut into peculiar stripes. Each household received several of these strips, which are in different parts fields. This process of cultivating the land began to noticeably slow down the prosperity of agriculture.

Homestead land holdings

IN western regions countries for the working class, the conditions were simpler: the peasant community was allocated a plot with the possibility of hereditary transmission. And also this land was allowed to be sold, but only to other persons of the working class of society. Village councils owned only the streets and roads. Peasant associations had the perfect right to buy land through private transactions, being full owners. Often, the acquired plots were divided among the members of the community in proportion to the invested funds, and each looked after his share. It was profitable - the larger the area of ​​the field, the lower the price for it.

Peasant unrest

By 1904, meetings on the agrarian issue did not bring any results, despite the fact that the rural communities once again came out in favor of the nationalization of land belonging to the landlords. A year later, the All-Russian Union of Peasants was created, which supported the same proposals. But this also did not speed up the solution of problems on the agrarian issue of the country.

The summer of 1905 was marked by a terrible event at that time. - beginning of the revolution. The peasants, who did not have forests on communal lands, arbitrarily cut down the landowners' reserves, plowed their fields and plundered the estates. Sometimes there were cases of violence against representatives law enforcement and arson of buildings.

Stolypin at that time held the post of governor in the Saratov province. But soon he was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers. Then Pyotr Arkadyevich, without waiting for the meeting of the Duma, signed the main provision, allowing the government to make urgent decisions without the consent of the Duma itself. Immediately after that, the ministry put on the agenda a draft law on the agrarian system. Stolypin and his reform were able to peacefully suppress the revolution and give people hope for the best.

Pyotr Arkadyevich believed that this law is the most important goal for the development of the state. This would give a significant increase in the economic and production table. The date of adoption of the project falls on 1907. It became easier for the peasants to leave the community, they retained the right to their own land plot. And also resumed the work of the Peasants' Bank, which mediated between the working class and the landowners. The issue of the resettlement of peasants was raised, who were provided with many benefits and huge land plots, which, as a result of Stolypin's agrarian reform, brought enormous economic growth and the settlement of deserted districts like Siberia.

Thus, the Stolypin agrarian reform achieved its intended goal. But, despite the growth of the economy, the improvement of ideological and political relations, the adopted bills were in danger of failure due to the mistakes made by Stolypin. When trying to establish social security for the working class of the state, it was necessary to carry out severe repressions against organizations that contributed to the start of the revolution. And the rules weren't followed either. labor code in the workplace, such as accident insurance and shift compliance, people worked overtime for 3–5 hours a day.

September 5, 1911 great reformer and political figure Pyotr Stolypin was killed. Some time after his death, the new board revised all the bills he had created.

agrarian question occupied a central position in domestic politics. The beginning of the agrarian reform, the inspirer and developer of which was P.A. Stolypin, put a decree of November 9, 1906.

Stolypin reform

After a very difficult discussion in the State Duma and the State Council, the decree was approved by the tsar as a law from June 14, 1910. An addition to it was the law on land management from May 29, 1911.

The main provision of the Stolypin reform was community destruction. For this, a stake was placed on the development of personal peasant property in the village by granting the peasants the right to leave the community and create farms, cuts.

An important point of the reform: the landowner's ownership of land was preserved intact. This provoked sharp opposition from the peasant deputies in the Duma and from the masses of peasants.

Another measure proposed by Stolypin was supposed to destroy the community: resettlement of peasants. The purpose of this action was twofold. The socio-economic goal is to obtain a land fund, first of all, in central regions Russia, where the lack of land among the peasants made it difficult to create farms and cuts. In addition, this made it possible to develop new territories, i.e. further development of capitalism, although this oriented it towards an extensive path. The political goal is to defuse social tension in the center of the country. The main areas of resettlement are Siberia, middle Asia, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan. The government allocated funds to the settlers for travel and settling in a new place, but practice has shown that they were clearly not enough.

In the period 1905 - 1916. about 3 million householders left the community, which is approximately 1/3 of their number in the provinces where the reform was carried out. This means that it was not possible to destroy the community, nor to create a stable layer of owners. This conclusion is supplemented by data on the failure of the resettlement policy. In 1908 - 1909. the number of migrants amounted to 1.3 million people, but very soon many of them began to return back. The reasons were different: the bureaucracy of the Russian bureaucracy, the lack of funds for arranging a household, ignorance of local conditions, and the more than reserved attitude of the old-timers towards the settlers. Many died on the way or went bankrupt.

Thus, the social goals set by the government were not achieved. But the reform accelerated the stratification in the countryside - the rural bourgeoisie and the proletariat were formed. It is obvious that the destruction of the community opened the way for capitalist development, since the community was a feudal relic.