It simultaneously combines monarchical and democratic institutions. The degree of their correlation, as well as the level of real power of the crowned person, in various countries differ significantly. Let's find out in more detail what constitutes a constitutional monarchy and what are the features of this form of government.

Essence of the term

A constitutional monarchy is a special type of state structure in which the monarch, although formally considered the head of state, is largely limited by the laws of the country, but his rights and functions are limited. AT without fail this limitation must be not only legal in nature, but actually applied.

At the same time, it should be noted that there are countries in which the crowned person has fairly high powers, despite restrictions, and countries where the role of the monarch is purely nominal. Unlike a republic, a constitutional monarchy is often characterized by a hereditary form of transfer of power, although its real amount can be minimized.

Classification of monarchies

A constitutional monarchy is just one of many forms that a monarchical arrangement can take. This form of government can be absolute, theocratic (power belongs to the religious head), class-representative, early feudal, ancient Eastern, non-hereditary.

Absolute and constitutional monarchy differ mainly in that in the first of them, any decision of the ruler has the force of law, and in the second, the will of the monarch is largely limited by domestic laws and regulations. Therefore, these forms of government are considered in many respects opposite to each other.

At the same time, within the concept of "constitutional monarchy" there is a division into two groups: dualistic and parliamentary.

Dualistic monarchy

Such a type of government as a dualistic monarchy implies a significant participation of the crowned person in state affairs. Often the ruler is a full-fledged head of state with most of the ensuing rights and functions, but they are to some extent limited by law.

In such states, the monarch has the right to personally appoint and remove the government of the country. The restriction of the power of the crowned person is most often expressed in the decision that all her orders take legal effect only after they are confirmed by the minister of the relevant department. But, given that the ruler himself appoints the ministers, these restrictions are largely formal.

In fact, the executive power belongs to the monarch, and the legislative power belongs to the parliament. At the same time, the ruler can veto any law passed by parliament, or dissolve it altogether. The limitation of the monarch's power lies in the fact that the aforementioned Legislature approves the budget approved by the crowned special or rejects it, but in the latter case risks being dissolved.

Thus, in a dualistic monarchy, the ruler is the legal and de facto head of state, but with legally limited rights.

parliamentary monarchy

The most limited constitutional monarchy has a parliamentary form. Often in a country with such a state structure, the role of the monarch is purely nominal. He is a symbol of the nation and a formal head, but he has practically no actual power. The main function of the crowned person in such countries is representative.

The government is not responsible to the monarch, as is customary in dualistic monarchies, but to the parliament. It is formed by the legislature with the support of the majority of parliamentarians. At the same time, the crowned person often does not have the right to dissolve parliament, which is elected democratically.

At the same time, some formal functions still remain with the nominal ruler. For example, he often signs decrees appointing ministers chosen by the legislature. In addition, the monarch represents his country abroad, performs ceremonial functions, and at critical moments for the state he can even assume full power.

Thus, under a parliamentary form, the royal person does not have either legislative or executive power. The first belongs to the parliament, and the second to the government, which is responsible to the legislature. The head of government is the prime minister or an official similar in function to him. A parliamentary monarchy most often corresponds to a democratic political regime.

The birth of constitutionalism

Let's see how this form of government has evolved over the centuries.

The formation of a constitutional monarchy is associated with the Glorious Revolution in England in 1688. Although even before this period there were countries with forms of government in which the power of the king was significantly limited by the feudal elite (the Holy Roman Empire, the Commonwealth, etc.), but they did not correspond modern meaning this term. So, in 1688, as a result of a coup d'état, the Stuart dynasty that ruled England was deposed, and William III of Orange became king. Already on next year he issued the "Bill of Rights", which significantly limited the royal power and endowed parliament with very large powers. This document laid the foundation for the formation of the current in the UK political system. The constitutional monarchy in England finally took shape in the 18th century.

Further development

After the Revolution of 1789, a constitutional monarchy was actually introduced in France for some time. But it did not last long, until 1793, when the king was deposed and executed. The times of the Republic came, and then the Napoleonic Empire. Thereafter, a constitutional monarchy existed in France during the periods from 1830 to 1848 and from 1852 to 1870.

Sweden and Norway were named constitutional monarchies in 1818, when the Bernadotte dynasty began to rule there, the ancestor of which was a former Napoleonic general. A similar form of government has been established in the Netherlands since 1815, in Belgium since 1830, and in Denmark since 1849.

In 1867, the Austrian Empire, until then the mainstay of absolutism, was transformed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which became constitutional monarchy. In 1871 formed German Empire, which also had a similar form of government. But both states ceased to exist due to defeat in the First World War.

One of the youngest monarchical systems with a constitutional order is Spanish. It arose in 1975, when King Juan Carlos I ascended the throne after the death of the dictator Franco.

Constitutionalism in the Russian Empire

Talk about the possibility of limiting the power of the emperor by the constitution began to be conducted among the leading representatives of the nobility as early as early XIX century, during the time of Alexander I. The famous Decembrist uprising of 1825 had as its main goal the abolition of autocracy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, but it was suppressed by Nicholas I.

Under the reformer Tsar Alexander II, who abolished serfdom, began to take certain steps on the part of the authorities in the direction of limiting autocracy and developing constitutional institutions, but with the assassination of the emperor in 1881, all these undertakings were frozen.

The revolution of 1905 showed that the existing regime in its former form had outlived itself. Therefore, Emperor Nicholas II gave the green light to the formation of a parliamentary body - State Duma. In fact, this meant that since 1905 a constitutional monarchy was established in Russia in its dualistic form. But this form of government did not last long, since the February and October Revolution 1917 marked the beginning of a completely different socio-political system.

Contemporary examples of constitutional monarchies

Pronounced dualistic monarchies of the modern world are Morocco and Jordan. With reservations, you can add to them the European dwarf states of Monaco and Liechtenstein. Sometimes this form of government is referred to as state structure Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, but most political scientists consider them closer to absolutism.

Most notable examples The parliamentary monarchy is represented by the state structure of Great Britain and its former dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand), Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Japan and other countries. It should be noted that the states representing this form government, much more than dualistic.

Significance of the form of government

Thus, we can state the fact that the constitutional monarchy in its various forms is a fairly common form of government. In many countries, its existence has more than one hundred years, while in others it has been established relatively recently. This means that this type of government remains quite relevant today.

If in the parliamentary form the formal supremacy of the monarch is connected to a greater extent with respect for history and traditions, then the dualistic view is a way to limit the level of concentration of power in one hand. But, of course, each country has its own characteristics and nuances of the formation and functioning of this type of state structure.

absolute and constitutional. In the first, power belongs entirely to the reigning person or (in the case of theocratic absolute monarchy) spiritual leader. In the second form, everything is a little different. - This is a form of government in which the constitution limits the power of the monarch. In countries with a similar form of government, the executive power belongs to the government, i.e. the cabinet of ministers, and the legislative power to the parliament, which in different countries called in a special way.

Types of constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that can be either dualistic (representative) or parliamentary. In both cases, the monarch has to share his power with the legislature of the country, that is, with the parliament. However, if in the first case the executive power belongs to the king (emperor, sultan, tsar, prince or duke, etc.), then in the second case the monarch is also deprived of this privilege: the executive power belongs to the government, which, in turn, is accountable to parliament. By the way, the power of the monarch is legally limited: there is a decree according to which no orders of the reigning person can have force until they are countersigned by one or another minister.

The power of the monarch in countries with a constitutional-monarchical form of government

The ministers are appointed (removed) by the monarch. They are responsible only to him. In the parliamentary appointment of officials is also carried out by the reigning person, however, the members of the government are not accountable to her, but to the parliament. It follows that in states where the form of government is the reigning persons, they practically do not have real power. Any decision, up to personal matters, for example, regarding marriage or, conversely, divorce, the monarch must coordinate with the legislature. As for the legal side, the final signing of laws, the appointment and dismissal of state officials and members of the government, the declaration and termination of wars, etc. - all require his signature and seal. However, without the consent of Parliament, he has no right to act as he considers right. Therefore, a constitutional monarchy is a type of state in which the monarch is not the actual ruler. He is just a symbol of his state. Nevertheless, a strong-willed monarch may well dictate his will to both parliament and government. After all, he is authorized to appoint ministers and other officials, and is also able to influence foreign policy countries.

Constitutional monarchies of Europe

In earlier than others, there was a transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one. So, for example, in Great Britain it happened in the 17th century. To date, in eleven states of the Old World (Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Great Britain, etc.), the form of government is a constitutional monarchy. This indicates that the peoples of these states did not want to radically change their countries, completely overthrow the royal power, however, obeying the new realities, they made a peaceful transition from one form of government to another.

Constitutional monarchies: list

1. UK.
2. Belgium.
3. Denmark.
4. The Netherlands.
5. Nevis.
6. Jamaica.
7. New Guinea.
8. Norway.
9. Sweden.
10. Spain.
11. Liechtenstein.
12. Luxembourg.
13. Monaco.
14. Andorra.
15. Japan.
16. Cambodia.
17. Lesotho.
18. New Zealand.
19. Malaysia.
20. Thailand.
21. Grenada.
22. Bhutan.
23. Canada.
24. Australia.
25. St. Kitts.
26. Tonga.
27. Solomon Islands.
28. St. Vincent.

This is a type of monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited, so that in some or all areas of state power, he does not have supreme powers. Legal limits on the power of the monarch may be enshrined in laws, such as the constitution, or in precedent decisions issued by the supreme courts. An essential feature of a constitutional monarchy is that the status of the monarch is limited, not only formally - legally, but also in fact.

Constitutional monarchies, in turn, are divided into 2 subspecies:

Dualistic constitutional monarchy - the power of the monarch in this case is limited by the main law of the country - the Constitution, however, the monarch formally, and sometimes in fact, retains his rather extensive powers.

The power of the monarch under a dualistic monarchy is limited in the legislative sphere. At the same time, the monarch has an unlimited right to dissolve the legislature and the right to veto laws passed. The executive power is formed by the monarch, so the real political power kept by the monarch.

For example, the dualistic monarchy existed in Russian Empire from 1905 to 1917 Japan in the last third of the 19th century.

Currently in modern world dualistic monarchies include Luxembourg, Monaco, United Arab Emirates, Liechtenstein, Jordan.

Parliamentary constitutional monarchy - in this case, the monarch does not have sufficiently significant powers in power, but plays a predominantly representative, ceremonial role. The real power is in the hands of the government.

A parliamentary monarchy is distinguished by the fact that the status of the monarch, both legally and in fact, is limited in almost all spheres of state power, including the legislative and executive. Legal restrictions on the power of the monarch can be enshrined in higher laws, or in precedent decisions made by the supreme courts. Legislative power belongs to Parliament, and executive power belongs to the government, which is responsible to Parliament. Thanks to this, parliamentary monarchy can be combined with parliamentary democracy. In this case, the government is formed by the party or coalition of parties that received the majority of votes in parliament during the general election. The head of such a government is usually called the prime minister.

Currently, parliamentary monarchies include - Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, etc.

Republic.

This is a form of government in which higher authorities state authorities are either elected or formed by nationwide representative institutions (for example, parliaments), and citizens have personal and political rights. The main difference in the management of the republican state from the same monarchy is the existence of a law (code, constitution, etc.), to which all inhabitants of the country are obliged to obey, regardless of social status.

The modern republic is distinguished by the following signs:

1 . The existence of a sole head of state - the president, parliament and cabinet of ministers. Parliament represents the legislative branch. The task of the president is to head the executive branch, but this is not typical for all types of republics.

2 . Election for a certain period of the head of state, parliament and a number of other supreme bodies of state power. All elected bodies and positions must be elected for a fixed term.

3 . Legal responsibility of the head of state. For example, according to the Constitution Russian Federation, Parliament has the right to remove the president from office for grave crimes against the state.

4 . In cases stipulated by the constitution, the president has the right to speak on behalf of the state.

5 . The highest state power is based on the principle of separation of powers, a clear delineation of powers (not typical for all republics).

In theory, most republics, with few exceptions, are democratic, that is, the supreme power in them belongs to the whole people without granting any privileges to one class or another, at least in theory. In practice, however, in elections, the people are the instrument of social groups, concentrating wealth in their hands, and with it power.

The Republic is not synonymous with democracy. In many monarchical states, democratic institutions are also widespread. However, in the republics there are more opportunities for the development of democracy.

Power in the republics can be concentrated in the hands of various oligarchic groups represented in parliament and lobbying the interests of these groups.

Republics, as well as monarchies, can be either simple (France, Italy), or federal (Russia, USA, Germany), or, finally, they can be part of large state unions both republican (individual cantons, states) and monarchical; they can be either independent or dependent (Andorra).

home distinguishing feature modern republics, in comparison with the republics of antiquity - the fact that they are all constitutional states, that is, the basis of state life in them is recognized as the inalienable rights of the individual to free speech, free movement, personal immunity, etc. At the same time, modern republics are all representative states.

There are three main types of republics:

Parliamentary republic - a kind of republic with a preponderance of powers in favor of parliament. In a parliamentary republic, the government answers only to parliament, not to the president. Not to be confused with (parliamentary) monarchy.

Under this form of government, the government is formed from the deputies of the parties that have a majority of votes in parliament. It remains in power as long as it has the support of a parliamentary majority. If the confidence of the majority of parliament is lost, the government either resigns or seeks, through the head of state, the dissolution of parliament and the appointment of new elections. This form of government exists in countries with developed, largely self-regulating economies (Italy, Turkey, Germany, Israel, etc.). Elections under such a system of democracy are usually held according to party lists, that is, voters do not vote for a candidate, but for a party.

The powers of Parliament, in addition to legislation, include control over the government. In addition, the parliament has financial power, since it develops and adopts the state budget, determines the ways of socio-economic development, the course of domestic and foreign policy.

The head of state in such republics, as a rule, is elected by the parliament or a specially formed broader collegium, which includes, along with members of parliament, representatives of the constituent entities of the federation or representative regional self-government bodies. This is the main form of parliamentary control over the executive branch.

The president, being the head of state, is not the head of the executive branch, that is, the government. The prime minister is formally appointed by the president, but this can only be the head of the faction with a parliamentary majority, and not necessarily the head of the winning party. As noted above, important feature parliamentary republic is that the government is competent to govern the state only when it enjoys the confidence of parliament.

Presidential republic characterized by a significant role of the president in the system of state bodies, the combination in his hands of the powers of the head of state and head of government. It is also called a dualistic republic, thereby emphasizing the fact of a clear separation of two powers: the concentration of strong executive power in the hands of the president, and the legislative power in the hands of the parliament.

The distinctive features characteristic of a presidential republic are:

extra-parliamentary method of electing the president;

non-parliamentary method of forming the government, that is, it is formed by the president. The President is both de facto and legally the head of government, or he appoints the head of government. The government is responsible only to the president, and not to parliament, since only the president can dismiss him;

in general, with this form of government, the president has much greater powers compared to a parliamentary republic (he is the head of the executive branch, approves laws by signing, has the right to dismiss the government), but in a presidential republic, the president is often deprived of the right to dissolve the parliament, and the parliament is deprived the right to express no confidence in the government, but may remove the president (impeachment procedure).

The classic presidential republic is the United States. They are also presidential republics Latin America- Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. This is Cameroon, Ivory Coast, etc.

mixed republic (may also be called a semi-presidential, semi-parliamentary, presidential-parliamentary republic) - a form of government located between the presidential and parliamentary republics.

On the one hand, the parliament of a mixed republic has the right to pass a vote of no confidence in the government formed by the president. On the other hand, the president has the right to dissolve parliament and call snap elections (in some countries, parliament cannot be dissolved within a constitutionally defined period).

If the president's party wins a majority in the new parliament, then the "bicephalic" executive power will remain, when the president determines the government's policy, with a relatively weak figure of the prime minister. If the opponents of the president win, then, as a rule, the latter will be forced to accept the resignation of the government and, in fact, transfer the authority to form a new government to the leader of the party that won the majority of votes in the elections. In the latter case, the president cannot significantly influence government policy, and the prime minister becomes the main political figure. If subsequently a president opposed to the parliamentary majority is elected, he will form a new government, and if it does not receive approval in parliament, then the latter can be dissolved.

Thus, as in parliamentary countries, in a mixed republic the government can work only when it relies on the support of a parliamentary majority. But if in parliamentary countries the president or monarch (nominal head of state) only formally appoints a government that is actually formed by the parliamentary ruling party or coalition, then in a mixed republic the president elected by the people has the right to actually form his own government, regardless of the existing parliamentary majority, to come into conflict with parliament and seek its dissolution. Such a situation is impossible either in parliamentary countries or in a presidential republic. Therefore, a mixed republic is considered an independent form of government, along with parliamentary and presidential.

Currently, the mixed republics include: Russia, Ukraine, Portugal, Lithuania, Slovakia, Finland.

In general, as of 2009, out of 190 states in the world, 140 were republics

Comparative legal analysis of the form of government of France and Germany:

To begin with, it should be said that both Germany and France are republics.

Sovereign, independent, secular, democratic states, both Germany and France have a President.

It is with the place of the President in power, his role in governing the country that the differences between these two states of Europe begin.

In Germany, the President is formally the Head of State, but this is only a formality, while the real executive power in Germany is in the hands of the Federal Chancellor, the so-called Bundeschancellor. Its competence includes the appointment of federal ministers and the determination of the government's policy. Bundeschancellor is elected Bundestag (by the German Parliament) for a period of 4 years and can only be removed from his post before the expiration of his term through the mechanism of a constructive vote of no confidence. The current chancellor is Angela Mergel (leader of the Christian Democratic Union political party).

The Federal Chancellor presides over the cabinet. Only he has the right to form the government: he selects ministers and puts forward a binding proposal for the federal president on their appointment or dismissal. The chancellor decides how many ministers will be in the cabinet, and determines the scope of their activities.

Thus, it follows that the form of government in Germany is - parliamentary republic , since the executive power is formed by the parliament - the Bundestag, its majority, and the representative of the majority in the Bundestag is the head of the Government, i.e. essentially run the country. The president in the FRG, first of all, performs representative functions - he represents the FRG at international arena and accredits diplomatic representatives. In addition, he has the right to pardon prisoners.

With the political, managerial and power powers of the President in France, everything is somewhat different. The President of the Republic is the head of state, head of the executive branch, but the Prime Minister of France also has a number of powers comparable in importance to the President. This is where we come to the most interesting point: the balance of powers between the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister depends on the alignment of forces in the Parliament, more precisely, in the National Assembly. In one case, the National Assembly has a presidential majority ( that is, the majority of the president's party), otherwise the opposition party has a majority in the National Assembly. Therefore, the form of government in France is called presidential-parliamentary republic or, more simply - mixed .

So, let's consider both cases of the distribution of forces in the French Parliament. In the first case, when the President has the majority in Parliament:

The President appoints the Prime Minister at his own discretion. The President becomes the sole head of the executive branch. The prime minister is primarily responsible to the president, who can actually dismiss the government at his discretion (at the expense of the presidential majority in the National Assembly).

In this case, the country is presidential republic.

In the second case, when the majority in parliament belongs to the prime minister's party:

the president appoints the prime minister based on the distribution of seats among the parties in the National Assembly. There is a situation where the President of the Republic belongs to one party, and the Prime Minister to another. This state of affairs is called coexistence". The Prime Minister enjoys a certain independence from the President of the Republic, and the regime is parliamentary character.

The German Bundestag (parliament) and the Bundesrat (organ of representation of the states) carry out legislative and legislative functions on federal level and are empowered by a two-thirds majority in each of the bodies to amend the constitution. At the regional level, the parliaments of the lands - Landtags and Burgerschafts (parliaments of the cities-lands of Hamburg and Bremen) are engaged in lawmaking. They make laws that apply within the lands. Parliaments in all states except Bavaria are unicameral.

Office of the Federal Chancellor of Germany in Berlin

Executive power at the federal level is represented by the Federal Government, headed by the Chancellor. The head of the executive authorities at the level of the subjects of the federation is the prime minister (or mayor of the city-land). The federal and state administrations are led by ministers who are at the head of the administrative bodies.

The Federal Constitutional Court enforces the constitution. The supreme courts of justice also include the Federal Court of Justice in Karlsruhe, the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig, the Federal Labor Court, the Federal Public Court and the Federal Financial Court in Munich. Most of litigation is the responsibility of the states. Federal courts are mainly engaged in review cases and check the decisions of the courts of the Länder for formal legality.

Legislative power in France belongs to the Parliament, which includes two chambers - the Senate and the National Assembly. The Senate of the Republic, whose members are elected on the basis of indirect universal suffrage, consists of 321 senators (since 2011 there have been 348), 305 of whom are from the mother country, 9 from the overseas territories, 5 from the territories of the French Community and 12 from French citizens living abroad. Senators are elected for six-year terms (since 2003, and until 2003 - for 9 years) by an electoral college consisting of deputies of the National Assembly, general councilors and delegates from municipal councils, while the Senate is renewed every three years by half.

In France, the prime minister is responsible for the day-to-day internal and economic policy and also has the right to issue decrees general. He is considered responsible for government policy. The Prime Minister directs the activities of the government and enforces laws.

The judicial system of France is regulated in the VIII section of the Constitution "On the judiciary". The President of the country is the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary, the status of judges is established by organic law, and the judges themselves are irremovable.

French justice is based on the principles of collegiality, professionalism, independence, which are provided by a number of guarantees. The 1977 law established that the costs of administering justice in civil and administrative cases are borne by the state. This rule does not apply to criminal justice. Also an important principle is the equality before justice and the neutrality of judges, the public hearing of the case and the possibility of a double hearing of the case. The law also provides for the possibility of cassation appeal.

The judicial system of France is multi-stage, and it can be divided into two branches - the judicial system and the system of administrative courts. The lowest level in the system of courts of general jurisdiction is occupied by tribunals of small instance. Cases in such a tribunal are heard personally by a judge. However, each of them has several magistrates. The Tribunal of Small Instance hears cases with insignificant sums, and the decisions of such courts are not subject to appeal.

Another one distinguishing feature, rather related to the form of government, but, nevertheless, if France is a unitary state, where the provinces are administrative-territorial units and do not have the status public education, then Germany is a federal state, where the Lands have sufficient political independence.

form government france germany

a form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution (as opposed to an absolute monarchy). There are two main forms of KM: dualistic and parliamentary. AT modern era K.m.: Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Sweden.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

a form of government in which the monarch, although he is the head of state, however, unlike an absolute or unlimited monarchy, his power is limited by the constitution. K.m. It is customary to subdivide into dualistic and parliamentary. In a dualistic (dualism - duality) monarchy state power divided by a monarch and a parliament elected by all or a certain part of the population. Parliament exercises legislative power, the monarch - executive. He appoints a government that is responsible only to the front. Parliament does not influence the formation, composition and activities of the government. Legislative powers of parliament are limited, the monarch has the right of an absolute veto (that is, without his approval, the law does not enter into force). It can issue its acts (decrees) having the force of law. The monarch has the right to appoint members of the upper house of parliament, dissolve parliament, often for an indefinite period, while it depends on him when new elections are held, and for the corresponding period he has full power. Jordan and Morocco are considered states with a dualistic monarchy. In a parliamentary monarchy, the parliament occupies a dominant position, has supremacy in relation to the executive branch. The government is officially and actually dependent on Parliament. It answers only to Parliament. The latter has the right to control the activities of the government; if parliament expresses no confidence in the government, it must resign. Such a monarch is characterized by the words "reigns, but does not rule." The monarch appoints the government or head of government, however, depending on which party (or their coalition) has a majority in parliament. The monarch either has no veto power or exercises it at the behest ("advice") of the government. He cannot legislate. All acts emanating from the monarch are usually prepared by the government, they must be countersigned (countersigned) by the signature of the head of government or the relevant minister, without which they cannot legal force. At the same time, one should not consider the monarch in a parliamentary monarchy only as a decorative figure or a relic left from feudal times. The presence of a monarchy is considered one of the factors of internal stability state system. The monarch stands in a supra-party struggle and demonstrates political neutrality. In his appeals to parliament, he can raise problems important for the state that require legislative solutions and the consolidation of society. Parliamentary monarchies - Great Britain, Belgium, Japan, Denmark, Spain, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Thailand, Nepal, etc.

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY, (limited monarchy) a kind of monarchical form of government in which the power of the monarch (see MONARCH (head of state)) is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislative body parliament and independent ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

A state in which the power of the head is limited by the constitution. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D., 1865. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY A state in which the power of the head ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

a constitutional monarchy- Monarchy, where the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, i.e. Legislative functions are transferred to parliament, and executive functions to the government ... Geography Dictionary

A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY- a kind of monarchical form of government, a state in which the power of the monarch is significantly limited by an elected representative body (parliament). This is usually determined by the constitution, which the monarch has no right to change. As a rule, K.m. ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

A constitutional monarchy- (English constitutional monarchy) a state structure in which the power of the monarch (king, emperor, etc.) is limited by the constitution (legislative functions are transferred to parliament, executive government) ... Encyclopedia of Law

- (limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy), a form of government in which the power of a lifelong ruler - a monarch - is more or less limited to one of political institutions, which are the constitution, parliament, higher ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

A constitutional monarchy- a monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited by parliament (England, Belgium, Sweden) ... Popular political vocabulary

a constitutional monarchy- see also. limited monarchy. a special kind of monarchical form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislature parliament and independent courts. First appeared in the UK at the end of ... ... Big Law Dictionary

A form of government in which the monarch, although he is the head of state, however, unlike an absolute or unlimited monarchy, his power is limited by the constitution. K.m. It is customary to subdivide into dualistic and parliamentary. AT… … Law Encyclopedia

See article Monarchy… Big soviet encyclopedia

Books

  • Metamorphoses of the history of Russia. Volume 3. Pre-capitalism and constitutional monarchy, L. S. Vasiliev. Third volume research project dedicated to the fourth metamorphosis of Russia. The reforms of the 1860s and 1905 created a socio-political and private legal basis that made it possible to make a leap towards ...
  • Metamorphoses of the history of Russia. Pre-capitalism and constitutional monarchy. Volume 3, Vasiliev L.S. The third volume of the research project is devoted to the fourth metamorphosis of Russia. The reforms of the 1860s and 1905 created a socio-political and private legal basis that made it possible to make a leap towards ...