Questions 42-43.The formation of the triple alliance and the Entente and their military-political confrontation at the beginning of the 20th century.

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 greatly changed international relations in Europe and determined the rise of Germany as one of the leading players in the international arena. After this war, Germany took a course to establish its hegemony in Europe. France was her only obstacle. The ruling circles believed that France would never accept the loss of Alsace and Lorraine and would always strive for revenge. Bismarck hoped to deliver a second blow to France in order to relegate her to the level of a minor power. Bismarck begins to isolate France, to make sure that she has as few sympathetic countries as possible who would come to her aid. Bismarck pursues an active policy of creating an Anti-French Alliance, choosing Russia and Austria-Hungary. For Russia, it would be of interest to get rid of the consequences of the Crimean War (according to the results, Russia was forbidden to have a Black Sea Fleet). In the 1870s Russia's relations with Great Britain on problems in the East are complicated. Austria-Hungary sought to enlist the support of Germany in order to dominate the Balkans.

IN 1873 created Union of the Three Emperors(If one of the states is attacked, the other two will help him in the war).

Bismarck began to put pressure on France - in 1975 he was provoked Franco-German alarm of 1975(in France, a number of priests advocated revenge on E. and Lot. Bismarck accused the French authorities that this was their initiative, began to prepare a war against the French). Alexander 2 specially arrived in Berlin to personally tell Wilhelm that he did not support Germany in her war with France. This was one of the first blows to C3imp. He was also undermined by the contradictions between Russia and Austria-Hungary due to rivalry in the Balkans. And in 1879 a customs war broke out between Russia and Germany.

Formation of the Triple Alliance began with the design of 1879 Austro-German Confederation. This rapprochement was facilitated by the deterioration of Russian-German relations (Russia stood up for France during the war of alarm in 1875. And in 1879, after the introduction in Germany of high duties on bread imported from Russia, the latter followed up with retaliatory measures, which led to Russian- German customs war).

On October 7, 1879, in Vienna, the German ambassador Reiss and Andrássy, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary, signed a secret alliance treaty. This treaty obliged each of its participants to provide assistance to the other with all military forces in the event of an attack by Russia and not to enter into separate negotiations with it. If the attack was made by any other side, then - neutrality. However, if the attacking power was supported by Russia, then the parties must act jointly and with all their might. The union was concluded for 5 years, but subsequently extended until the world war.

The next step in the creation of the military-political bloc of the Central European powers was the accession to Austro-German Union of Italy (1882). The latter was prompted to sign the treaty by the aggravation of relations with France (in 1881, France established a protectorate over Tunisia, which was negatively perceived in Italy).

Despite claims against Austria-Hungary, Italy concluded in 1882 the so-called Tripartite Alliance. According to it, the parties pledged not to take part in any alliances and agreements directed against one of the parties to the treaty, Germany and Austria-Hungary provided Italy with military support in the event of a war with France. Italy assumed similar obligations in the event of a French attack on Germany. Austria-Hungary in this case remained neutral until Russia entered the war. The parties adhered to neutrality in case of war with any other than France, and the parties provide support to each other in the event of an attack by two or more great powers.

Formation of the Entente began after the Franco-Russian rapprochement. In 1893, the parties signed a secret military convention.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. Relations between France and England began to improve. England needed continental troops in case of war with Germany. France just had a large ground army and sharply conflicted relations with Germany. So far, one could not count on Russia, because. Britain supported Japan in the Russo-Japanese War.

France, on the other hand, needed a strong ally. Russia's positions were weakened by the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. and the beginning of the revolution.

On April 8, 1904, an agreement was signed between the governments of Britain and France on major colonial issues, known in history as the Anglo-French Entente. It established the spheres of influence of countries in Siam (England - the western part, France - the east). The most important was the declaration on Egypt and Morocco. In fact, the colonial rule of England in Egypt and France in Morocco was recognized.

The 1904 treaty did not contain the terms of a military alliance, but all the same, the Anglo-French Entente was directed against Germany.

By 1907 there was an Anglo-Russian rapprochement. Russia's turn to Great Britain is largely connected with the deterioration of relations between the former and Germany. The construction of the Baghdad railway by Germany created a direct threat to Russia. Petersburg was concerned about the German-Turkish rapprochement. The growth of enmity was largely facilitated by the Russian-German trade agreement of 1904, imposed on Russia under pressure from Germany. Russian industry began to be unable to withstand the competition of German goods. Russia wanted to raise its international prestige by rapprochement with England, and also counted on loans from the British side.

The British government viewed Russia as a double ally - in a future war with Germany and in the suppression of the revolutionary and national liberation movement in the East (in 1908, Russia and Britain opposed the revolution in Persia together).

In 1907 an Anglo-Russian agreement was signed. In the presence of the Franco-Russian (1893) and Anglo-French treaties (1904), the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907 completed the creation of a military-political bloc directed against the coalition of powers led by Germany.

Military-political confrontation between the countries of the Entente and the Triple Alliance in the last thirdXIX - earlyXXV.

Germany, together with Austria-Hungary, stepped up expansion in the Balkans and the Middle East, invading the sphere of interests of Russia and Great Britain. IN 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed occupied for a long time Bosnia and Herzegovina(In 1908 - the Young Turk revolution in Turkey, during which the liberation movement of the Slavic peoples begins. Having decided to occupy B. and Herts., A-B buys a concession from Turkey for the construction of a railway to the city of Solonik - Access to the Aegean Sea. Then she officially declares the annexation and Russia protests. However, weakened after the Russo-Japanese war, Russia cannot do anything and suffers a diplomatic defeat) and invited Bulgaria and Romania to share on three Serbia. Serbia was preparing to repulse any invasion, counting on the support of Russia. But Russia was not ready for a war with Austria-Hungary, on whose side Germany acted, in 1909 it directly pledged to help the Habsburg Empire if Russia interfered in Austro-Serbian relations. Under pressure from Germany, Russia recognized Austria-Hungary's authority over Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Russia tried in vain to weaken the rapprochement between Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Germany failed to tear Russia away from the Entente.

The strengthening of the alliance with Austria-Hungary and the relative weakening of Russia allowed Germany to increase pressure on France. First Moroccan Crisis 1905-1906 In 1905, Germany proposes the division of Morocco. She announced that she was applying for the port of Agadir. Wilhelm 2 goes on a trip to Palestine (Germany is the defender of the Muslim peoples) - part of the population of Morocco is imbued with sympathy for Germany and demands the convening of an international conference on the Muslim issue. In 1906 in Spain in the city of Alziserass a conference was held, the result of which was that no one supported Germany in its claims.

Taking advantage of the French invasion of Morocco in 1911 (suppression of unrest in the city of Fess), Germany sent its warship to Agadir (" panther jump") and announced its intention to seize part of Morocco. The conflict could lead to war. But Great Britain resolutely opposed Germany's claims, which did not want the appearance of German colonies near Gibraltar. Germany then did not dare to clash with the Entente and she had to be content with part of the Congo, which she ceded France in exchange for recognizing its authority over Morocco, but since then it has become clear that war between the European powers could break out even over colonies, not to mention more serious mutual claims.

Amid rising tensions, another attempt by Britain to conclude an agreement with Germany under which each of them undertakes not to participate in an unprovoked attack on the other failed. The German leaders proposed a different formula: each side undertakes to remain neutral if the other is involved in the war. This would mean the destruction of the Entente, which Great Britain did not dare to do. In fact, the mutual neutrality of Germany and Great Britain was out of the question, as economic competition became fiercer, and the arms race intensified. The Anglo-German negotiations of 1912 gave hope for the settlement of only minor contradictions over spheres of influence, but gave the ruling circles of Germany the illusion that Britain's neutrality in a European war was not ruled out.

The further weakening of the Ottoman Empire, long considered the "sick man of Europe", led to the emergence of a bloc of the Balkan states directed against it. ("Little Entente"). It was created on the initiative of Serbia, supported by Russia and France. In the spring of 1912, Serbian-Bulgarian and Greek-Bulgarian treaties were signed (after - still Montenegro), with which Montenegro acted in solidarity, which was the first to start hostilities against the Ottoman Empire on October 9. The armed forces of the Balkan states quickly defeated the Turkish army ( First Balkan War 1912-1913). In October 1912, these 4 states start a war with the Turks, Bulgaria made a great contribution. In November 1912, the Bulgarian. army went to Constantinople. In November, Türkiye turned to the great powers for mediation.

The successes of the Balkan bloc alarmed Austria-Hungary and Germany, who feared the strengthening of Serbia, especially the annexation of Albania. Both powers were ready to oppose Serbia by force. This would cause a clash with Russia and the entire Entente, which was confirmed by Great Britain. Europe was on the brink of war. To avoid it, a meeting of the ambassadors of the six great powers was held in London, at which the Entente patronized the Balkan states, and Germany and Austria-Hungary patronized the Ottoman Empire, but they still managed to agree that Albania would become an autonomy under the supreme authority of the Sultan and Serbian troops from it will be withdrawn.

After long and difficult negotiations only May 30, 1913 between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan states was signed peace treaty. The Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its European territory, Albania and the Aegean Islands.

However, because of these territories, conflict broke out between the winners. The Montenegrin prince besieged Scutari, not wanting to cede it to Albania. And Serbia and Greece, with the support of Romania, which demanded compensation from Bulgaria for its neutrality, sought from Bulgaria part of the territories it had inherited. Russian diplomacy tried in vain to prevent a new conflict. Encouraged by Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria opposed its former allies. flared up Second Balkan War 1913. austro - Hungary prepared to support Bulgaria with armed force. Only the warnings of Germany, which considered the moment unsuccessful, and Italy kept her from speaking out. Bulgaria, against which it fought and Ottoman Empire, was defeated.

Once again, the ambassadors of the great powers in London took up Balkan affairs, seeking to win over the Balkan states to the side of their blocs and backing up their arguments with loans. On August 18, 1913, a peace treaty was signed between the participants of the second Balkan War, according to which Serbia and Greece received a significant part of Macedonia, Romania got Southern Dobruja, and the Ottoman Empire got part of Eastern Thrace.

The Balkan wars led to a regrouping of forces. The Austro-German bloc increased its influence on the Ottoman Empire, reinforced by sending a German military mission there, and attracted Bulgaria to its side. And the Entente retained its predominant influence in Serbia, Montenegro and Greece and attracted Romania to its side. The Balkans, a focus of intertwining interests and conflicts, has become Europe's powder keg.

By 1914, Europe was split into two major alliances, which included the six most powerful powers. Their confrontation escalated into a world war. Britain, France and Russia formed the Entente, while Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy united in the Triple Alliance. The split into alliances exacerbated the explosiveness and completely quarreled the countries.

The beginning of the formation of alliances

Having won a series of victories (1862-1871), the Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck created a new German state, united from several small principalities. However, Bismarck feared that after the formation of a new state neighboring countries, especially France and Austria-Hungary, will feel threatened and begin to take action to destroy Germany. Bismarck saw the creation of alliances as the only way out in order to stabilize and balance the forces on the geopolitical map of Europe. He believed that this could stop the inevitability of war for Germany.

dual union

Bismarck understood that France as an ally for Germany was lost. After the defeat of France in Franco-Prussian War and the occupation of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany, the French treated the Germans sharply negatively. Britain, on the other hand, strove for dominance and actively prevented the formation of any alliances, fearing possible competition from their side.

Based on these circumstances, Bismarck decided to turn to Austria-Hungary and Russia. As a result, in 1873 they united in the Union of the Three Emperors, whose members guaranteed mutual support if hostilities suddenly began. Five years later, Russia decided to leave the union. On next year the remaining members of the alliance formed the Dual Alliance and now began to consider Russia a threat. They agreed on military aid if Russia attacks either them or provides military support to anyone else.

Triple Alliance

In 1881, Italy joined the two countries participating in the alliance, and the Triple Alliance was formed, and France has now been added to the list of threats. Moreover, the alliance guaranteed that if any of its members was at war with two or more states, the alliance would come to the rescue.

Italy, being the weakest member of the alliance, insisted on the inclusion in the treaty of an additional clause that she had the right to withdraw from it if the Triple Alliance acted as an aggressor. Shortly thereafter, Italy signed a treaty with France, pledging its support in the event of a German attack on them.

"Reinsurance" agreement

Bismarck was frightened by the possibility of a war on two fronts, and this meant the settlement of relations either with France or with Russia. The Germans' relations with the French were badly damaged, so Bismarck's choice fell on the Russians. The Chancellor invited Russia to sign a "reinsurance agreement". Under the terms of this agreement, both parties were to remain neutral in the event of a war with a third country.

However, this agreement was valid only until 1890, then the German government canceled it, sending Bismarck to resign. Russia sought to keep the treaty in force, but Germany did not want this. This decision is considered major mistake Bismarck's successors.

Franco-Russian alliance

Carefully designed by Bismarck foreign policy began to crumble after he left. Seeking to expand German Empire, Kaiser Wilhelm II pursued a policy of aggressive militarization. The expansion and strengthening of the German fleet caused concern in England, France and Russia, which caused the rallying of these countries. Meanwhile, the new German government was not competent enough to maintain the alliance that had been created, and Germany soon faced the distrust and hostility of the European powers.

In 1892, Russia entered into an alliance with France within the framework of a secret convention. The terms of this alliance assumed mutual assistance in case of war, without imposing other restrictions. The Alliance was created in opposition to the Triple Alliance. Germany's departure from the political course laid down by Bismarck put her in danger position. Now the empire faced the threat of war on two fronts.

The growing tension between the major powers of Europe made Britain think about the need to join one of the alliances. Britain did not support France in the Franco-Prussian War, but nevertheless the countries concluded the Entente Cordiale agreement between themselves in 1904. Three years later, a similar agreement appeared between Great Britain and Russia. In 1912, the Anglo-French Naval Convention made this bond even stronger. The Alliance is in effect.

World War

When the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in 1914, the reaction of Austria-Hungary was immediate. In the next few weeks, a full-scale war unfolded across Europe. The Entente fought with the Triple Alliance, which Italy soon left.

The parties to the conflict were sure that the war would be fleeting and end by Christmas 1914, but it lasted 4 long years During this time, the United States was also drawn into the conflict. During the entire period, it claimed the lives of 11 million soldiers and 7 million civilians. The war ended in 1919 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Triple Alliance

The basis of the Triple Alliance was formed in two stages, from 1879 to 1882. The first participants were Germany and Austria-Hungary, which concluded a treaty in 1879, and in 1882 Italy also entered it. Italy did not fully share the policy of the alliance, in particular, it had a non-aggression agreement with Great Britain, in the event of a conflict between the latter and Germany. Thus, the Triple Alliance included part of the Central and of Eastern Europe from Baltic to mediterranean seas, some countries of the Balkan Peninsula, as well as western Ukraine, which was then part of Austria-Hungary.

Almost two years after the start, in 1915, Italy, which suffered huge financial losses, withdrew from the Triple Alliance and went over to the side of the Entente. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria took the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary. After their entry, the block was in Quadruple Union(or the Central Powers).

The Entente military-political bloc (from the French "consent") was also not formed immediately and became a response to the rapidly growing influence and aggressive policy of the Triple Alliance countries. The creation of the Entente is divided into three stages.

In 1891 Russian empire concluded an alliance agreement with France, to which a defensive convention was added in 1892. In 1904, Great Britain, seeing a threat to its policy from the Triple Alliance, entered into an alliance with France, and in 1907 with Russia. Thus, the backbone of the Entente was formed, which became the Russian Empire, the French and British Empires.

It was these three countries, as well as Italy, which joined in 1915 with the Republic of San Marino, that took the most active part in the war on the side of the Entente, but in fact this bloc different stages 26 more countries joined.

Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Romania joined the Triple Alliance from the countries of the Balkan region. Others European countries, replenished, were Belgium and Portugal.

Countries Latin America almost in full force came out on the side of the Entente. It was supported by Ecuador, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Haiti, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, Cuba and Panama. The northern neighbor, the United States, did not join the Entente, but took part in the war on its side as an independent ally.

The war also affected some countries in Asia and Africa. In these, China and Japan, Siam, Hijaz and Liberia took the side of the Entente.

Sources:

  • "History of the First World War 1914-1918", a group of authors, M .: Nauka, 1975.
  • "First World War”, Zaychonkovsky A. M. St. Petersburg: Polygon Publishing House LLC, 2002.

The Triple Alliance and the Entente are military-political blocs formed in late XIX early XX centuries, the main European powers. During the First World War, these coalitions were the main opposing forces.

Triple Alliance

The beginning of the division of Europe into hostile camps by the creation in 1879-1882 of the Triple Alliance, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. It is this military-political bloc played a decisive role in the preparation and unleashing of the First World War.

The initiator of the Triple Alliance was Germany, which in 1879 concluded an agreement with Austria-Hungary on. The Austrian Treaty, also known as the Dual Alliance, was primarily directed against France and Russia. Subsequently, this agreement became the basis for the creation of a military bloc, which was headed by Germany, after which the European states were finally divided into 2 hostile camps.

In the spring of 1882, Italy joined Austria-Hungary and Germany. On May 20, 1882, these countries concluded a secret treaty on the Triple Alliance. According to the agreement signed for a period of 5 years, the allies assumed obligations not to take part in any agreements directed against these states, to provide mutual support and consult on all political and economic issues. Also, all participants in the Triple Alliance pledged, in the event of joint participation in the war, not to conclude a separate peace and keep the Treaty on the Triple Alliance secret.

By the end of the 19th century, Italy, under the yoke of losses from the customs war with France, began to gradually change its political course. In 1902, she had to conclude an agreement with the French on neutrality in the event of an attack on France by Germany. Just before the outbreak of the First World War, Italy, as a result of a secret agreement known as the London Pact, left the Triple Alliance and joined the Entente.

Entente

The response to the creation of the Triple Alliance was

(fr. entente — agreement), a military-political bloc of states - Great Britain, France and Russia, otherwise called the "Triple Entente"; It took shape mainly in 1904-1907 and completed the delimitation of the great powers on the eve of the First World War.

The term originated in 1904 originally to refer to the Anglo-French alliance, with the expression l'entente cordiale ("cordial agreement") in memory of the brief Anglo-French alliance in the 1840s, which bore the same name. The creation of the Entente was a reaction to the creation of the Triple Alliance and the general strengthening of Germany and an attempt to prevent its hegemony on the continent, initially from Russia (France initially occupied an anti-German position), and then from England. The latter, in the face of the threat of German hegemony, was forced to abandon the traditional policy of "brilliant isolation" and switch to the - however also traditional - policy of blocking against the most powerful power on the continent. A particularly important stimulus for this choice of England was the German naval program, as well as the colonial claims of Germany. In Germany, for its part, this turn of events was perceived as "encirclement" and served as an incentive for new military preparations, perceived as purely defensive.

1891–93 conclusion of a Russo-French alliance in response to the creation of the Triple Alliance of 1882, a military bloc led by Germany.

in 1904 an Anglo-French agreement was signed. followed by Russian-English

in 1907 Russian-English.

These agreements actually formalized the creation of the Entente.

Military-political alliances in Europe before the start of the First World War.

By the end of the war, the states of the anti-German coalition (not counting Russia, which left after October revolution from the war) included: England, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Italy, China, Cuba, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, San Domingo, San Marino, Serbia, Siam , USA, France, Uruguay, Montenegro, Hijaz, Ecuador, Japan.

After the victory over Germany, the Supreme Council of the Entente practically performed the functions of a "world government", organizing the post-war order. However, the failure of the Entente's policy in Russia and Turkey revealed the limit to its power, undermined by internal contradictions between the victorious powers. In this political capacity of "world government" the Entente ceased to exist after the formation of the League of Nations, while militarily a new, post-war system of alliances arose.

The Bolshevik revolution in Russia initially interested the Entente primarily in terms of its catastrophic military prospects (Russia's exit from the war and its transformation into Germany's raw material appendage); subsequently, the question of overthrowing the Bolshevik government was recognized as a matter of principle - "protection of civilization." Of course, this did not exclude the possibility that the main powers participating in the intervention also pursued pragmatic politicians and economic interests. Already on December 23, 1917, England and France signed an agreement on joint intervention in Russia. On March 9, 1918, the British, under the pretext of a (but real) German threat to Murmansk, landed the first detachment there; On August 1, Arkhangelsk was occupied by them. The Czechoslovak legions that revolted in May 1918 were also officially considered part of the Entente forces and were directly subordinate to its Supreme Council. After the defeat of Germany in November 1918, the Entente is trying to fill the military-political vacuum formed with the withdrawal of German (and Turkish - in Transcaucasia) troops, occupying the Black Sea cities: Odessa, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk, and also Transcaucasia. The interventionist troops were popular expression one of the most active adherents of the intervention, Winston Churchill, from representatives of 14 states; first of all they were: England, France, USA, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Italy; Poland, Finland, Latvia and Estonia did not participate in the landings, but fighting against the government of Lenin. In the Far East, on behalf of the Entente, Japan actively acted, pursuing its own interests, but, incidentally, restrained in this respect by the Americans. In the Transcaucasus, the Entente, represented by England, controlled almost completely, which, incidentally, is impossible (contrary to the Soviet historical tradition) be considered an intervention in Russia, since the Transcaucasus was not part of Russia at that time. However, having found that maintaining a presence in Russia is impossible without large-scale military operations, and having no real opportunities for a new big war with goals unclear to the masses, the Entente countries were forced already in the spring of 1919 to withdraw their troops from most of the occupied areas (except Far East). Active material, economic and partly still military (volunteer) assistance White movement continued until the beginning of 1920, when its futility became obvious. The idea of ​​overthrowing the Bolshevik government was replaced by the idea of ​​a cordon sanitaire, and the Polish-Soviet war of 1920, which Poland waged with the active support of France, can be considered the last major anti-Bolshevik enterprise associated with the Entente.

Entente (from the French Entente, Entente cordiale - cordial agreement) - the union of Great Britain, France and Russia (Triple agreement), took shape in 1904-1907 and united during the First World War (1914-1918) against the coalition of the Central Powers more than 20 states including USA, Japan, Italy.

The creation of the Entente was preceded by the conclusion in 1891-1893 of the Russian-French alliance in response to the creation of the Triple Alliance (1882) led by Germany.

The formation of the Entente is associated with the delimitation of the great powers at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, caused by a new balance of forces in international arena and the aggravation of contradictions between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy on the one hand, France, Great Britain and Russia, on the other.
The sharp aggravation of the Anglo-German rivalry caused by the colonial and commercial expansion of Germany in Africa, the Middle East and other areas, the race naval armaments, prompted Britain to seek an alliance with France, and then with Russia.

In 1904, a British-French agreement was signed, followed by a Russo-British agreement (1907). These treaties actually formalized the creation of the Entente.

Russia and France were allies, bound by mutual military obligations, determined by the military convention of 1892 and subsequent decisions of the general staffs of both states. The British Government, despite contacts between the British and French General Staffs and the Naval Command established in 1906 and 1912, made no definite military commitments. The formation of the Entente softened the differences between its members, but did not eliminate them. These disagreements were revealed more than once, which Germany used in an attempt to tear Russia away from the Entente. However, the strategic calculations and aggressive plans of Germany doomed these attempts to failure.

In turn, the Entente countries, preparing for war with Germany, took steps to separate Italy and Austria-Hungary from the Triple Alliance. Although Italy formally remained part of the Triple Alliance until the outbreak of World War I, the ties between the Entente countries strengthened with it, and in May 1915 Italy went over to the side of the Entente.

After the outbreak of the First World War, in September 1914 in London between Great Britain, France and Russia an agreement was signed on the non-conclusion of a separate peace, replacing the allied military treaty. In October 1915, Japan joined this agreement, which in August 1914 declared war on Germany.

During the war, new states gradually joined the Entente. By the end of the war, the states of the anti-German coalition (not counting Russia, which left the war after the October Revolution of 1917) included Great Britain, France, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Italy, China, Cuba, Liberia, Nicaragua , Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, San Domingo, San Marino, Serbia, Siam, USA, Uruguay, Montenegro, Hijaz, Ecuador, Japan.

The main participants in the Entente - Great Britain, France and Russia, from the first days of the war entered into secret negotiations about the goals of the war. The British-French-Russian agreement (1915) provided for the passage of the Black Sea straits to Russia, the London Treaty (1915) between the Entente and Italy determined the territorial acquisitions of Italy at the expense of Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Albania. The Sykes-Picot Treaty (1916) divided Turkey's Asian possessions between Britain, France and Russia.

During the first three years of the war, Russia pulled back significant enemy forces, quickly coming to the aid of the Allies as soon as Germany launched serious offensives in the West.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Russia's withdrawal from the war did not disrupt the victory of the Entente over the German bloc, for Russia fully fulfilled its allied obligations, unlike England and France, who more than once broke their promises of assistance. Russia gave England and France the opportunity to mobilize all their resources. The struggle of the Russian army allowed the United States to expand its production capacity, create an army and replace Russia that had withdrawn from the war - the United States officially declared war on Germany in April 1917.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the Entente organized an armed intervention against Soviet Russia - on December 23, 1917, Great Britain and France signed a corresponding agreement. In March 1918, the Entente intervention began, but the campaigns against Soviet Russia ended in failure. The goals that the Entente set for itself were achieved after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, but the strategic alliance between the leading countries of the Entente, Great Britain and France, was preserved in the following decades.

The general political and military leadership of the bloc's activities in various periods was carried out by: the Inter-Allied Conferences (1915, 1916, 1917, 1918), the Supreme Council of the Entente, the Inter-Allied (Executive) Military Committee, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, the General Staff Supreme Commander, commanders-in-chief and headquarters in separate theaters of military operations. Such forms of cooperation were used as bilateral and multilateral meetings and consultations, contacts between commanders in chief and general staffs through representatives of the allied armies and military missions. However, the difference in military-political interests and goals, military doctrines, the incorrect assessment of the forces and means of the opposing coalitions, their military capabilities, the remoteness of the theaters of military operations, the approach to the war as a short-term campaign did not allow the creation of a unified and permanent military-political leadership of the coalition in the war.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources