The military anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (9K37) is designed to destroy aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads up to 12 units, and in the future - ballistic missiles "Lance". Development began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 01/13/1972. it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, in terms of basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 (Hurricane) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, one with the Buk air defense system, was determined.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NPO (scientific and design association) Fazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex is Rastov A.A., KP (command post) 9S470 is Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), SOU (self-propelled firing systems) 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.

PZU (launcher) 9A39 were created in the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), head Yaskin A.I.

The unified tracked chassis for the machines of the complex was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of Astrov N.A.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by Lyulyev L.V., refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the Kub complex.

SOTs 9S18 (detection and target designation station) ("Dome") was developed at NIIIP (Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of A.P. Vetoshko. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.).

Also, a set of technical tools was developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on a car chassis.

Completion of the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was scheduled for the II quarter of 1975.

But in order to speed up air defense the main strike force of the SV - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the Kub anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channel for targets (and, if possible, ensuring full autonomy of the channels during operation from target detection to its defeat), the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of May 22, 1974 ordered the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. Initially, it was proposed to accelerate the development of an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled launcher of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, with the use of other means of the Kub-M3 complex, they were supposed to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) anti-aircraft missile system, and ensure its access to joint tests in September 1974. At the same time, the previously prescribed deadlines and volumes of work on the Buk air defense system in the full specified composition were maintained.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system into the composition of each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces) of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled launcher, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled launcher provided search in the established sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homed 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, associated with her. The combat work of the firing system was carried out both autonomously and with control and target designation from the SURN.

Self-propelled firing system 9A38 consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
- television-optical viewfinder;
- ground radar interrogator operating in the "Password" identification system;
- equipment for telecode communication with SURN;
- wire communication equipment with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- equipment for navigation, topographic reference and orientation;
- life support systems.

The weight of a self-propelled firing system, including the mass of a combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 thousand kg.

The progress that has been made in terms of creating microwave devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, digital computers, has made it possible to combine the functions of detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar station. The station operated in the centimeter wave range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track the target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of the range, in a pulsed mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous beam transmitter was used for target illumination and anti-aircraft guided missiles. Antenna system stations carried out a sector search by an electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out by a monopulse method, and signal processing was performed by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the backlight channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector survey time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in offline mode - 4 seconds, in the CC mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was equal to: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of direction-finding and survey receivers of the station is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; provide selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error of angular coordinates measurement is 0.5 d.c. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The self-propelled firing system equipment ensured blocking the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when escorted by its own helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with interchangeable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

In the 9M38 anti-aircraft missile, a dual-mode solid-propellant engine was used (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in the passive sections of the trajectory and the instability of operation at a large angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the disruption in the timing of the creation of the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general layout of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low elongation wing. The appearance of the missile was reminiscent of US-made anti-aircraft missiles of the "Standard" and "Tartar" families. This corresponded to severe restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the Soviet Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal scheme and had a low elongation wing. In front of the semi-active HMN, autopilot equipment, power and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of centering over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket engine combustion chamber was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which steering gear elements are placed. The rocket does not have parts that separate in flight. The missile's diameter was 400 mm, length - 5.5 m, rudders span - 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and the engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented the homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand meters at a distance of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads up to 19 units.

The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70-kg warhead.

The design of the rocket ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in a 9Ya266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 self-propelled firing system, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as MTO (maintenance vehicles) 9V881, passed the state. tests at the Emba test site (head of the site Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Bimbash P.S.

As a result of the tests, we obtained the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters - from 65 to 77 km, at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 kilometers. Helicopters were detected at low altitudes at a distance of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of the self-propelled firing system (from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading / unloading time for three anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M38 or 3M9M3 was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the defeat of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a distance of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of heading parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex was adopted in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled launcher and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name Kub-M4 (2K12M4).

The 9A38 self-propelled launchers were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles were manufactured by the Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the SV SA.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in the full specified composition of the funds took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba training ground (head Zubarev V.V.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Pervov Yu.N.

The combat means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post mounted on the GM-579 chassis ensured the reception, display and processing of data on targets coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in automatic and manual modes, setting sectors of their responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launcher-loading installations, about the letters of the transmitters for lighting firing installations, about working on targets, about the mode operation of the detection and target designation station; organization of the operation of the complex in case of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documenting the training and work of the calculation of the CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes up to 20 thousand meters in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand meters per station survey cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing installations (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The mass of the command post, including the combat crew of 6 people, is not more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station "Dome" (9S18) centimeter range having electronic beam scanning in elevation in the sector (30 or 40 degrees is set) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) antenna rotation in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). The 9S18 station was designed to detect and identify air targets at a distance of up to 110-120 kilometers (at a height of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the set sector in elevation, the speed of space survey during a circular survey was 4.5 - 18 seconds and with a survey in a 30 degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (was 4.5 seconds). Root-mean-square errors of measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20", in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.

To ensure protection against targeted interference, the carrier frequency was tuned between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals along the automatic pickup channel, from non-synchronous impulse noise - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of linear-frequency modulation. The detection and target designation station with noise barrage interference of self-cover and external cover of given levels ensured the detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand meters. The station provided target tracking with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a moving target selection scheme with automatic wind speed compensation. The detection and target designation station was protected from proto-radar missiles by software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the probing signal or to flicker (intermittent radiation) mode.

The 9S18 station consisted of an antenna station consisting of a truncated parabolic profile reflector and a feed having the form of a waveguide line (provided electronic beam scanning in the elevation plane), a rotary device, an antenna addition device; transmitter (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise factor up to 8) and other systems.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis "rev. 124" of the SU-100P family. The caterpillar base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was originally set for development outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional level of the air defense of the Ground Forces.

The transfer time of the station between marching and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The mass of the station (including the calculation of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

In terms of its design and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that, using a telecode line, it was connected not with the 1S91M3 SURN and the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, but with command post 9S470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation, there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The transfer time of the installation from marching to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The transfer time from standby to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. The loading of the 9A310 fire mount with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launcher-loader was carried out in 12 minutes, and from the transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of a self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 meters, the width is 3.25 meters (in the working position - 9.03 meters), the height is 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).

The 9A39 launcher-loader mounted on the GM-577 chassis was designed to transport and store eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (4 on the launcher, 4 on fixed cradles), launch 4 guided missiles, self-load its launcher with four missiles from cradles, self-load 8- yu missiles from a transport vehicle (loading time 26 minutes), from ground lodgements and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launcher-loader of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launcher-loader consisted of a launcher with a servo power drive, a crane, lodgements, a digital computer, equipment for topographic referencing, navigation, telecode communications, orientation, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation, including the combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons.

The dimensions of the launcher-charging installation: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.

The command post of the complex received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing installations that searched for and captured for automatic tracking targets. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. To guide the missiles, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high pointing accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close cocking. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, the command produced undermining the warhead.If the radio fuse did not work, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed.If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by a division, and, if necessary, the performance of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability due to the organization of a joint survey of space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency of hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of an anti-aircraft guided missile.

Based on the results of testing and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system provides shelling of non-maneuvering targets that fly at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m / s - up to 30 km) with a course parameter up to 18 kilometers with a probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overloads up to 8 units), the probability of hitting was 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk anti-aircraft missile systems were reduced to missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (combat control post from the automated system control "Polyana-D4"), 4 anti-aircraft missiles battalions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (each has two 9A310 self-propelled launchers and one 9A39 launcher-loader), maintenance and support units.

The anti-aircraft missile brigade "Buk" was controlled from the command post of the army's air defense.

Complex "Buk" in service with the air defense forces ground forces adopted in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in cooperation involved for the Kub-M4 air defense system. New tools - 9S470 KP, 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and 9S18 detection and target designation stations - were produced by the MRP Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, 9A39 launchers - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant. Kalinina MAP.

In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, they modernized the Buk anti-aircraft missile system to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of the radio-electronic means of the complex from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of the tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Emba training ground (headed by Zubarev V.V.) under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 compared to the anti-aircraft missile system Buk, provides a large zone of destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of hitting a single guided missile of more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.

In a self-propelled firing system, instead of 36, 72 letter frequencies of illumination are used, which contributes to an increase in protection against deliberate and mutual interference. Provided recognition of 3 classes of targets - ballistic missiles, aircraft, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides for the simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control center of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of anti-aircraft missile system combat weapons crews.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 system provides target detection and capture for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station "Kupol-M1" (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a self-propelled tracked chassis GM-567M. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing system and launcher-loader.

The detection and target designation station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in the working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures to protect against anti-radar missiles.

Combat means of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with the same type of means of the Buk complex without their modifications. The regular organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - machines of an automated control and test mobile station based on ZiL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983, and its mass production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, entered service.

Complexes of the "Buk" family called "Ganges" were proposed to be delivered abroad.

During the exercises "Defense 92" anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 ballistic missile, Zvezda and Smerch MLRS missiles.

In December 1992 President Russian Federation signed an order to carry out further modernization of the Buk air defense system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name "Ural".

In 1994-1997, the cooperation of enterprises headed by the NIIP named after Tikhonravov carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a distance of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision and surface ships at a distance of up to 25 thousand meters and ground targets (large command points, launchers, aircraft at airfields) at a distance of up to 15 thousand meters. cruise missiles, helicopters and planes. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head guided by the proportional navigation method. The rocket had a launch weight of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead weight of 50-70 kilograms.

Externally, the new 9M317 rocket differed from the 9M38 in a shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new tool into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with an antenna installed at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system for the destruction of low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex provides for the presence of a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing unit each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets at the same time, and a launcher with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one radar station for illumination and guidance, capable of also providing simultaneous shelling of four targets, and two launchers (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter version, the cost was reduced, but the permeability worsened and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.

In particular, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (the Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), the MKB Start developed the 9A316 launcher and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the families of anti-aircraft missile systems "Cube" and "Buk" as a whole is an excellent example of evolutionary development military equipment and weapons that provide a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low cost. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the prerequisites for a gradual tech. backlog. For example, even in advanced versions of the Buk air defense system, a more reliable and safe scheme for the continuous operation of missiles in a transport and launch container, an all-aspect vertical launch of guided missiles, and other second-generation anti-aircraft missile systems have not found application. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the complexes of the Buk and Kub families is the right one.

For the creation of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" Rastov A.A., Grishin V.K., Akopyan I.G., Zlatomrezhev I.I., Vetoshko A.P., Chukalovsky N.V. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. Kozlov Yu.I., Ektov V.P., Shchekotov Yu.P., Chernov V.D., Solntsev S.V., Unuchko V.R. became the laureates of this award. and etc.

Basic tactical specifications anti-aircraft missile systems of the "BUK" type:
Name - "Buk" / "Buk-M1";
The affected area in range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
The affected area in height - from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter - up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6/0.3..0.6;
The probability of hitting a cruise missile is 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m / s;
Reaction time - 22 sec.;
The flight speed of an anti-aircraft guided missile is 850 m / s;
Rocket weight - 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel - 2;
Channel for missiles (on target) - up to 3;
Deployment / collapse time - 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle - 4;
Year of adoption - 1980/1983.

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Today we will get acquainted with the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, which is considered one of the best representatives of its class on the world stage. The machine is capable of destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, ships and buildings. Consider also the options for execution and the differences between the modifications.

What is the air defense system (anti-aircraft missile system) "Buk"

The machine in question (Buk military anti-aircraft missile system), according to the GRAU index, is designated as 9K37, and it is known to NATO and the United States specialists as SA-11 Gadfly. The technique is classified as an anti-aircraft complex on a self-propelled chassis. Missiles are used to destroy targets. The complex is designed to destroy enemy aircraft, as well as other aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, within 30-18000 meters. When creating, it was supposed to effectively deal with maneuvering objects that are capable of providing intense radio countermeasures.

The history of the creation of the Buk air defense system

Work on the creation of the machine began in January 197272, the start was given by government decree Soviet Union. It was assumed that the new car will replace its predecessor, the Cube, at the post. The developer of the system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, which at that time was managed by A.A. Rastov. It is noteworthy that the new car was supposed to be put into operation by the army literally three years after the start of development, which greatly complicated the task for the designers.

To make it possible to complete the work in such a short time, it was divided into two stages:

First, a deep modification of the "Cuba" was put into operation - the Kub-M3 air defense system, index 9A38. A machine on a self-propelled chassis with 9M38 missiles was supposed to be introduced into each battery. In the course of the work, a complex was created with the M4 mark in the title, which was put into service in 1978;
The second step meant the final commissioning of the complex, which included: a command post, a target detection station in the air, the self-propelled unit itself, as well as a launch-loading system and a missile defense system (anti-aircraft guided missile).

The designers coped with the task, and already in 1977, tests of both machines began. For two years, the capabilities and potential of the systems were evaluated at the Emba training ground, after which the installations began to enter service with the country.

It is worth noting that, in addition to the land variation of the system, an installation for the Navy was also created on a single missile defense system. The caterpillar chassis was created by the machine-building plant in Mytishchi (MMZ), the missiles were developed by the Novator bureau of Sverdlovsk. The target designation / tracking station was designed at NIIIP MRP.

The principle of operation of the Buk missile system

The characteristics of the complex make it possible to effectively deal with various air targets, the speed of which does not exceed 830 m / s, maneuvering with overloads up to 12 units. It was believed that the machine would be able to fight even with Lance ballistic missiles.

During the development, it was supposed to achieve a twofold increase in the efficiency of the existing air defense systems by increasing the channeling when working with aerodynamic targets. A necessary part of the work was the automation of processes, starting with the detection of a potential enemy and ending with his destruction.

It was supposed to add an innovative installation to each battery of the Kubov-M3 regiment, which, with minimal cost allowed to increase the capabilities of the unit at times. The cost of funds for modernization amounted to no more than 30% of the initial investment in the formation, but the number of channels doubled (increased to 10), the number of missiles ready for combat missions increased by a quarter - up to 75.

It is worth noting that, based on the results of testing the systems, it was possible to obtain the following characteristics:

in autonomous mode, aircraft at a three-kilometer altitude could be detected at 65-77 kilometers;
low-flying targets (30-100 m) could be detected from 32-41 km;
helicopters were spotted from 21-35 km;
in a centralized mode, the reconnaissance / guidance installation did not allow the full potential of the complex to be fully manifested, therefore, aircraft at an altitude of 3-7 km could only be detected at a distance of 44 km;
under similar conditions, low-flying aircrafts were spotted from 21-28 km.

Processing targets by the system offline takes no more than 27 seconds, the probability of hitting a target with one projectile reached 70-93 percent. At the same time, the means under consideration could destroy up to six enemy objects. Moreover, the developed missiles are able to work effectively not only against enemy aircraft and strike weapons, but also against surface and ground targets.

The guidance method is combined: when entering the flight path - an inertial method, an adjustment is made from the command post or the installation itself. At the final stage, immediately before the destruction of the target, a semi-active mode is activated using automation.

The last two options became possible to destroy thanks to the laser rangefinder, which appeared on the military modification M1-2. It is possible to process objects with microwave radiation turned off, which had a positive effect on the survivability of the entire system, its secrecy from the enemy, as well as immunity from interference. The mode of coordinate support introduced in the specified modification is aimed at combating interference.

The effectiveness of the installation is in its high mobility: it takes only 5 minutes to deploy from traveling to combat position. The system moves on specially designed tracked chassis, there are options with a wheelbase. In the first version, the car develops up to 65 km / h on the highway and rough terrain, the supply of fuel tanks allows you to march up to 500 km and still save the necessary volume for work for two hours.

The complex for coordinated work is equipped with the following tools:

Communication - a channel for uninterrupted reception / transmission of information is formed;
Orientation / navigation systems, for a minimum period of time, a binding to the terrain is formed;
Equipment for autonomous power supply of the entire complex;
Equipment for ensuring protection and life in the conditions of the use of nuclear or chemical weapons.

For combat duty are used autonomous systems power supply, if necessary, it is allowed to connect external sources. The total duration of work without stopping is a day.

The device of the 9K37 complex

To ensure the operability of the complex, it includes four types of machines. There are attached technical means, for which the Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 chassis are used. The bulk of the systems under consideration is based on caterpillar tracks. However, some installation options were equipped with a wheel drive.

The combat means of the complex are as follows:

One command post coordinating the actions of the entire group;
Target detection station, which not only identifies a potential enemy, but identifies its belonging and transmits the received data to the command post;
Self-propelled firing system, which ensures the destruction of the enemy in a certain sector in a stationary position or autonomously. In the course of work, it detects targets, determines the ownership of the threat, its capture and shelling;
Launcher-loader capable of launching projectiles, as well as loading additional portable ammunition. Machines of this type enter the formations at the rate of 3 to 2 SDA.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system uses 9M317 missiles, which are classified as anti-aircraft guided missiles. Projectiles ensure the destruction of the enemy with a high probability in a wide range: air targets, surface and ground targets, subject to the creation of dense interference.

The command post is designated by the index 9S470, it is able to communicate simultaneously with six installations, one target detection system and receive tasks from the higher command.

The 9S18 detection station is a three-coordinate radar operating in the centimeter range. It is capable of detecting a potential enemy for 160 km, the review of space is carried out in a regular or sector mode.

Modifications of the Buk complex

With the modernization of aviation and means of protection against air defense, the complex was modernized to increase efficiency and speed. In parallel, the system's own means of protection were improved, which made it possible to increase survivability in combat conditions. Consider the modifications of the "Buk".

SAM Buk-M1 (9K37M1)

The modernization of the system began almost immediately after being put into service. In 1982, an improved version of the machine with the index 9K37 M1, using the 9M38M1 missile, entered service. The technique differed from the basic performance in the following aspects:

Significantly expanded the affected area;
It became possible to distinguish between ballistic missiles, aircraft and helicopters;
Improved counteraction to enemy missile defense.

ZRK Buk-M1-2 (9K37M1-2)

By 1997, the next modification of the Buk air defense system appeared - the 9K37M1-2 index with a new 9M317 guided missile. Innovations affected almost all aspects of the system, which made it possible to hit Lance-class missiles. The radius of destruction increased to 45 km along the horizon and up to 25 km in height.

ZRK Buk-M2 (9K317)

9K317 is the result of a deep modernization of the base installation, which has become much more efficient in all respects, in particular, the probability of hitting enemy aircraft has reached 80 percent. The collapse of the Union ruled out mass production, but in 2008 the car nevertheless entered the Armed Forces.

ZRK Buk-M3 (9K317M)

A novelty of 2016 - the Buk M3 has received higher characteristics, has been developed since 2007. Now there are 6 missiles on board in closed containers, it works automatically, after launch, the projectile reaches the target on its own, and the probability of hitting the enemy is almost 100 percent, with the exception of a million chance of a miss .

ZRK Buk-M2E (9K317E)

The export version is a modification of the M2 on the chassis of the Minsk AZ.

SAM Buk-MB (9K37MB)

This option is a base developed by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union. It was presented by Belarusian engineers in 2005. Improved radio-electronic equipment, resistance to jamming and ergonomics of calculation workplaces.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Given the scale of modernization and the abundance of modifications, each model has its own performance characteristics. Combat effectiveness clearly demonstrates the probability of hitting various targets:

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1"

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1-2"

Parameter:	Meaning:

Aircraft	3-45
	no more than 20
cruise missile	No more than 26
Ship	No more than 25
Height of hitting the target, km
Aircraft	0,015-22
"Lance"	2-16

Airplane	90-95
Helicopter	30-60
cruise missile	50-70
	22
	1100

Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M2

Parameter:	Meaning:
Distance of destruction of the enemy, km
Aircraft	3-50
Ballistic missile, Lance class	no more than 20
cruise missile	No more than 26
Ship	No more than 25
Height of hitting the target, km
Aircraft	0,01-25
"Lance"	2-16
Probability of destroying the enemy with one missile, %
Airplane	90-95
Helicopter	70-80
cruise missile	70-80
Number of targets fired simultaneously, pcs	24
Maximum speed of the fired object, m/s	1100

Anti-aircraft missile system Buk-M3

Parameter:	Meaning:
Distance of destruction of the enemy, km
Aircraft	2-70
Ballistic missile, Lance class	2-70
cruise missile	2-70
Ship	2-70
Height of hitting the target, km
Aircraft	0,015-35
"Lance"	0,015-35
Probability of destroying the enemy with one missile, %
Airplane	99
Number of targets fired simultaneously, pcs	36
Maximum speed of the fired object, m/s	3000

Combat use

Behind long history carrying out combat duty in various countries, the Buk missile system managed to fight. However, a number of episodes of its use create a controversial picture regarding its capabilities:

During Georgian-Abkhazian conflict An L-39 attack aircraft of Abkhazia was destroyed, which led to the death of the commander of the air defense of the state. According to experts, the incident occurred due to incorrect identification of the target by the Russian installation;
In the first Chechen war a division of these machines participated, which made it possible to assess their potential in real conditions;
The Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 was remembered by the official recognition by the Russian side of the loss of four aircraft: Tu-22M and three Su-25. According to reliable information, all of them became victims of Buk-M1 vehicles used by the Ukrainian division in Georgia;
As for the controversial cases, the first one is the destruction of a Boeing 777 in the east of the Donetsk region. In 2014 car civil aviation was destroyed, according to the official data of the international commission, by the Buk complex. However, opinions differ regarding the ownership of the air defense system. The Ukrainian side claims that the system was controlled by the 53rd Air Defense Brigade of Russia, however, there is no reliable evidence of this. Is it worth believing the accusing party?
There is also conflicting information coming from Syria, where a slew of Russian-made air defense systems, including the vehicles in question, were used in 2018. The Russian Ministry of Defense reports 29 Buk-fired missiles, with only five misses. The United States reports that none of the missiles fired hit their targets. Whom to believe?

Despite provocations and disinformation, the Buk complex is worthy adversary any modern helicopters / aircraft, which has been proven in practice. The complex is used not only by Russia, but also as part of combat units in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Syria, Ukraine.

Buk-M3 (factory index 9K317M) is an air defense system medium range. According to NATO classification, these air defense systems are called SA-17Grizzly. The highly mobile multifunctional complex is designed to solve the following combat missions: the destruction of aircraft of all types in all ranges of their practical use, the shelling of radio-contrast ground targets and the destruction of surface targets in conditions of intense opposition, both fire and electronic.

Military experts attribute the complex to the category of fixed assets of the military component of the PKO / Air Defense of the Russian Federation in the theater of operations and consider it as a system-forming one. On the tactical side, it is complemented by a short-range complex such as Tor-M2 (at present) or Pantsir-S1 (in the near future). From the operational-tactical - long-range air defense systems of all classes in service. Buk-M3, as the main means of counteracting missile launchers flying at ultra-low altitude, demonstrates the best cost-effectiveness ratio in comparison with all analogues of Russian and foreign production.

Peculiarities.

The air defense system is equipped with the latest TsVK, which provides not only the solution of combat missions, but also work in the training simulator mode for training and training crews. The telethermal imaging system has replaced teleoptic sights and is used to detect targets, capture them and passively track them in automatic mode. The documentation system has been replaced with an integrated system of objective control, created on the basis of a modern software using the latest CVC.

Signal processing equipment and indication means are also computerized and equipped with LCD monitors. For communication, the complex is equipped with modern digital communication facilities that ensure the uninterrupted exchange of both voice information and coded target distribution and target designation data.

Each division armed with the Buk-M3 air defense system has 36 target channels and is equipped with the latest models of missiles with active seeker. The complex has all-roundness due to the fact that the new rocket has a vertical launch. The 9R31M missile used to equip the complex is capable of destroying all currently existing aerodynamic targets, including highly maneuverable ones, in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures, as well as surface and ground targets. The on-board systems of the Buk-M3 complex are created on a completely updated element base. When deliveries for the Russian fleet, the complex is called "Hurricane". The export name of the marine version is "Calm".

Specifications

Video

"Buk" (according to the GRAU index - 9K37, according to the codification of the NATO and US Defense Ministry - SA-11 Gadfly (translated by Gadfly) and its modifications) is a self-propelled air defense system designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at medium and low altitudes (from 30 meters 14-18 kilometers) in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

Technical characteristics of the air defense system "Buk-M1":

Damage zone, km: - range - height - parameter	3,32..35 0,015..20-22 up to 22
Target hit probability - type fighter - helicopter type - type cruise missile	0,8..0,95 0,3..0,6 0,4..0,6
Max target speed m/s	800
Reaction time, s:	22
SAM flight speed, m/s	850
Rocket mass, kg	685
Warhead weight, kg	70
channel by target	2
Canalization for missiles	3
Deployment (clotting) time, min	5
The number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Since the late 1970s, anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk series have become one of the main means of military air defense. To date, several modifications of this equipment have been developed and adopted by the Russian Federation. They have been successfully used to date and occupy a worthy place in the armament of Russia.

3RK9K37 Buk

The creation of new anti-aircraft systems "Buk" began after the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 1972. The resolution defined the companies involved in the project, as well as the main requirements for it. In the first terms of reference, it was said that the new air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 Kub complex in service. In addition, it is necessary to create a missile that could be used both in the Buk kit and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The new, more advanced anti-aircraft complex was intended to improve the equipment of military air defense, which could not but affect the requirements for its development. The specialists were required to mount all the components of the complex on a self-propelled chassis, as well as provide the ability to work together with tanks and other armored vehicles in the same battle formations. The complex should hit aerodynamic air targets moving at speeds up to 800 meters per second at medium and low altitudes at ranges up to 30 km. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the possibility of hitting a target using electronic countermeasures and maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units. In the future, the developers planned to "teach" the complex to resist operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

The main developer of the 3RK9K37 Buk air defense system is the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering. In addition, many other companies were involved in the project, including the Machine-Building Design Bureau Start and NPO Fazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry.

The chief designer of the anti-aircraft complex is A.A. Rastov.
G.N. Valaev is the head of the development of the command post of the complex. Later, his position was taken by V.I. Sokiran.
V.V. Matyashev was responsible for the development of a self-propelled firing system.
I.G. Hakobyan - led the process of creating a semi-active homing head.
Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Devices headed by A.P. were involved in the development of the detection and target designation station. Petoshko (after a while he was replaced by Yu.P. Shchetkov).

Work on the development of the 9K37 complex was going to be completed by the middle of 1975. But in the spring of 1974, the developers decided to divide all types of work into 2 separate areas. The development was to take place in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to bring the 3M38 rocket to mass production, as well as the self-propelled firing system. Moreover, the latter was supposed to use the Kub-M3 system 9M9M3 missiles in service and is being built using components of the existing system.

According to forecasts, in the fall of 1974 the complex will be tested, and the creation of a full-fledged 3RK 9K37 on new components will continue according to a pre-planned schedule. Such an approach to the development of new anti-aircraft systems should ensure the early start of the supply and production of new equipment that would significantly increase the combat potential of the ground forces.

The composition of 3RK 9K37 included several main elements. To monitor the air situation, it was planned to use the 9S18 Kupol detection and target designation station, and to launch missiles it was supposed to use the 9A39 launcher and 9A310 self-propelled firing system. Coordination of actions should be carried out using the command post 9S470. Means of destruction of targets - anti-aircraft guided missile 9M38.

SOTs 9S18 "Kupol" is a self-propelled vehicle on a caterpillar chassis, equipped with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar station, which is designed to monitor the situation in the air and transmit information about targets to the command post. On the surface of the base chassis there was a rotary antenna with an electric drive. The indicator of the maximum target detection range is 115-120 km. In a situation with low-flying targets, this indicator was significantly reduced. For example, a flying plane at a height of 30 meters was detected by the complex only from 45 kilometers away. The SOC equipment allowed automatic tuning of the operating frequency in order to maintain operability when active interference was used by the enemy.

The main task of the Kupil station is to search for targets and transmit information to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 seconds, 75 marks were transmitted. On the basis of the self-propelled chassis, the 9S470 command post was made, which is equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing data and issuing targets to launchers. The calculation of the command post - 6 people. For this, the command post was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process messages about 46 targets for 1 SOC review period. In this case, targets could be located at altitudes up to 20 km and ranges up to 100 km. The issuance of firing installations of data on 6 targets was carried out.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled fire mount. It was a subsequent development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. On a caterpillar self-propelled chassis there was a rotary launcher with 4 guides for missiles, as well as a set of all necessary electronic equipment. In front of the launcher, an accompanying target radar was installed, which was also used to guide missiles.

To transport the charge of the SOU and additional ammunition, the Buk air defense system included the 9A39 launcher-loader. Such a machine on a tracked chassis was used to transport 8 missiles, as well as reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on 4 fixed cradles and launcher special type. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the machine could launch independently or reload missiles from the launcher to the SOU. But due to the lack of its own tracking radar, it was impossible to do without external target designation. A special crane was responsible for reloading the missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage scheme. It was distinguished by a cylindrical body of high elongation and had a lively head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small elongation, and the rudders of exactly the same design were provided in the tail. The missile with a length of 5.5 meters and a launch weight of 690 kg was equipped with a dual-mode solid-propellant engine, a semi-active radar homing head and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. To exclude changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was specially placed in the central part of the body and additionally equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

The new 9K37 Buk air defense system made it possible to hit targets at altitudes up to 20 km and ranges up to 30 km. The reaction time is 22 seconds. It took about 5 minutes to get ready. The probability of hitting a target with a missile that accelerated in flight to 850 meters per second is up to 0.9. The probability of hitting a helicopter with one missile is up to 0.6. The probability of hitting a cruise missile of the first missile is up to 0.5.

Modern tests of this air defense system began at the Emba test site in the fall of 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. During the tests, it was possible to check the combat operation of the complex in different conditions and for different conditional targets. For example, standard equipment and other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 3RK 9K37 has many important advantages compared to the equipment that was already in service. The composition of the electronic equipment of the SOU and SOC ensured high reliability in the detection of air targets due to the presence of their own equipment for self-propelled combat installations. The updated composition of the equipment of various components of the complex, including the rocket, contributed to greater noise immunity. In addition, the missile carried a heavy warhead, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of hitting the target.

According to the results of improvements and tests, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. New complexes began to be used as part of missile brigades. Each formation included 1 brigade command post from the Polyana-D4 ACS and 4 divisions. The division included its own command post 9S470, three batteries with 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39 each, a detection and target designation station 9S18. In addition, the brigades had a communications, maintenance and support unit.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / "Kub-M4"

In 1974, due to the urgent need to re-equip the air defense units of the ground forces, it was decided to create a simplified modification of the 9K37 complex, developed using existing units and assemblies. It was assumed that such air defense systems, which received the designation 9K37-1 "Buk-1", would complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the 5 batteries of the regiment included a new SOU 9A38, which is part of the Buk-1 complex.

According to estimates, the cost of one 9A38 SOU will be about 1/3 of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it will be possible to provide a significant increase in combat capabilities. Thus, the number of target channels of the regiment would have doubled from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use would also have increased from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units through new combat vehicles absolutely paid off.

SOU 9A38 in its architecture was not much different from the machine 9A310. On a tracked chassis, they made a turntable with a 9S35 radar detection, tracking and illumination station and a launcher. The SAU 9A38 launcher had interchangeable guides designed to use 2 types of missiles. Depending on the situation, available resources and combat mission, the complex could use new 9M38 or 9M9M3 missiles already in service.

State tests of the air defense system began in August 1975 and took place at the Emba training ground. The new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types took part in the tests. The target was detected using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, which was at the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 2P25M3 and 9438 self-propelled guns. different types(out of all available).

During the test, it turned out that the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar can itself detect targets at distances up to 65-75 kilometers (at altitudes of 3 kilometers). If the target height was no more than 100 meters, then the maximum detection range was up to 35-45 kilometers. Moreover, the actual indicators of target detection directly depended on disabilities equipment from the Kub-M3. Combat characteristics such as target height or range depended on the type of missile used.

In 1978, the new 9K371 air defense system entered service as part of the 9M38 missile and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system. As a result, the Buk-1 complex received a different designation. Since the rocket and the SOU were only an addition to the already existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the air defense system using the 9A38 machine began to be designated 2K12M4 Kub-M4. So, the 9K37-1 air defense system, which is a simplified version of the Buk, was formally assigned to the previous Cube family, although at that time it was the main air defense system of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

In the fall of 1979, another decree of the Council of Ministers was issued, according to which it was necessary to develop a new modification of the Buk air defense system. This time the task was to improve the combat characteristics of the air defense system, to increase the level of protection against anti-radar missiles and interference. Organizations participating in the project, by the beginning of 1982, completed the development of new, more advanced elements of the complex, thereby increasing the main indicators of the system.

The experts proposed to modify the on-board equipment of the machines in order to improve their performance. At the same time, the complex did not have significant differences from its predecessor. Due to this, different vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile systems were interchangeable and were part of the same unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were finalized. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the upgraded SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect the target. Now, on a tracked chassis, it was proposed to install a new radar station with a special phased antenna array. In order to increase the degree of unification of the machines of the complex, it was decided to create the Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M, similar to that used as part of the other components of the complex.

To process the data received from the SOC, it was proposed to use an updated command post, namely 9S470M1 with a new set of equipment. An improved command post could ensure simultaneous reception of data from the air defense command post of the division and from the SOC of the complex. In addition, it was planned to introduce a training mode, which made it possible to train the calculations of all existing facilities of the complex.

SOU 9A310M1 SAM "Buk-M1" has now received an updated radar tracking and illumination. Thanks to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the range of capturing an air target by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing ballistic and aerodynamic targets has been increased to 0.6. To improve noise immunity, the self-propelled gun mount had 72 lettered backlight frequencies, which is 2 times more than that of the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations were reflected in the combat effectiveness of the air defense system. While maintaining the general indicators of the height and range of hitting a target and without using a new missile, the probability of hitting a fighter with one missile was increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, while the same indicator for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, a new upgrade of the 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system was tested at the Emba training ground. Testing showed a significant increase in the main indicators compared to existing complexes, due to which the system was put into service. The official adoption of the air defense system into service took place in 1983. Mass serial production of improved equipment took place at enterprises that had previously participated in the creation of the Buk complexes of the first 2 models.

A new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The components of the Buk-M1 air defense system were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual air defense systems, the regular organization of anti-aircraft units remained unchanged. In addition, if necessary, it was allowed to use two Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in one unit.

The Buk-M1 air defense system is the first system of its series, which was offered to foreign customers. The air defense system was supplied to foreign armies and was called "Ganges". For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of a debt from Russia.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

At the end of the 80s, the creation of an updated anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family with a more advanced 9M317 missile was completed. Then he received the designation ZRK 9K317 "Buk-M". Thanks to the new guided munition, it was supposed to significantly increase the height and range of the target. In addition, the performance of the system should be positively affected by the use of new equipment that was installed on various machines of the complex.

But the difficult economic situation that was at that time in the country did not allow new complex into armament. This did not happen either in the late eighties or early nineties. As a result, the issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was resolved at the expense of the "transitional" air defense system "Buk-M1-2". At the same time, the improvement of the 9K317 system continued. Moreover, work on the updated Buk-M2 project, as well as its export modification Buk-M2E, did not stop until the middle of the 2000s.

The most important innovation of the Buk-M project is the new 9M317 guided missile. The main differences between the new SAM and the 9M38 are shorter wings, a starting weight of about 720 kg, and a modified hull design. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the firing range, its maximum indicator is up to 45 kilometers. At the same time, the maximum altitude of the target flight increased to 25 kilometers. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, another innovation was introduced - now the rocket has the ability to turn off the remote fuse with the detonation of the warhead at the command of the contact. This mode of operation is suitable for using the missile against surface and ground targets.

The air defense system received a modified type 9A317 self-propelled gun based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. Despite the fact that the general architecture of the firing system has not changed, the new machine is being built on the basis of new equipment and a modern element base. As before, the JMA can itself find and track an air target, launch a missile and track its trajectory, and, if necessary, make adjustments using a radio command system.

SOU 9A317 has a radar tracking station and illumination with a special phased antenna array. The station can track targets in the sector in elevation up to 70° and a width of 90°. The target is detected at ranges up to 20 kilometers. The target, being in tracking mode, can be within a sector with a width of -5 ° to + 85 ° in elevation and 130 ° in azimuth. The station is capable of detecting up to ten targets simultaneously and provides a simultaneous attack of four of them.

To increase the characteristics of the complex and ensure normal operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing unit is equipped with an optoelectronic system with night and day valves.

The Buk-M2 air defense system is equipped with 2 types of launcher-loader. The self-propelled vehicle was developed on the basis of the GM-577 chassis and is towed with an automobile tractor. At the same time, the general architecture is the same: 4 missiles are on the launcher and can be reloaded on the SDA or launched. 4 more are transported on special transport cradles.

The new modification includes a new command post 9S510 on a towed semi-trailer or based on the GM-579 chassis. KP automation can receive data from surveillance equipment and accompany up to sixty routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. As for the reaction time, it does not exceed 2 seconds.

The main target detection tool in the Buk-M2 complex is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a subsequent development of the family systems. The new radar is equipped with an electronically scanned phased array antenna and can detect targets at ranges up to 160 kilometers. There are modes of operation that provide target detection when the enemy uses passive and active interference.

It is proposed to introduce a missile guidance station and target illumination into the towed / self-propelled means of the Buk-M2 complex. The new 9S36 vehicle is a towed semi-trailer or tracked chassis with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Thanks to such equipment, it is possible to raise the antenna to a height of up to 22 meters and thereby increase the characteristics of the RSL. Such high altitude allows you to detect air targets at ranges up to 120 kilometers. According to the characteristics of tracking and guidance, the station does not differ from the radar of self-propelled fire engines. It provides tracking of ten targets and allows simultaneous firing of four of them.

All changes and innovations in the composition of the complex made it possible to significantly improve its characteristics. The maximum altitude for intercepting an air target is 25 km, and the maximum range is at the level of 50 km. When attacking non-maneuvering aircraft, the greatest range is achieved. The interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles is carried out at altitudes up to 16 km and ranges up to 20 km. There is also the possibility of destroying helicopters, anti-radar and cruise missiles. If necessary, the calculation of the air defense system can attack radio-contrast or surface ground targets.

The first version of the 9K317 project appeared back in the late 80s, but due to the difficult economic situation of the state, it was not accepted into service. The use of this complex in military operations began only in 2008. By that time, the air defense system had undergone many improvements that made it possible to improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous political and economic problems prevented the adoption and mass production of the new 9K317 air defense system. Therefore, in 1992, they decided to create a simplified, so-called "transitional" version of the complex, which would not only use some of the Buk-2 components, but would also be cheaper and simpler. And the solution was found - "Buk-M1-2" and "Ural".

The modernized anti-aircraft missile system "Ural" combined several improved machines that were represented by the further development of old-style technology. To launch missiles, as well as to illuminate the target, it was implied to use the 9A310M1-2 SDA, which works together with the 9A38M1 launcher-loader. As for the SOC, it has not changed - the Buk-M1-2 was supposed to use the 9S18M1 model station. Have not received significant changes and auxiliary means of the complex.

In order to increase the secrecy of work and survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks, the self-propelled firing system received the possibility of passive target finding. For this, the use of a laser rangefinder and a television-optical sight was implied. Such equipment should have been used when attacking surface or ground targets.

Modernization different elements complex and the development of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting a ballistic or aerodynamic target with a single missile has increased. It became possible to fully operate the 9А310М1-2 SOU in the role of an independent air defense system, which could without outside help detect and destroy air targets.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system entered service with the Russian army in 1998. In the future, several contracts were signed for the supply of this equipment to foreign and domestic customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

The export version of the Buk-M2E air defense system was introduced in the second half of the 2000s. It received the designation 9K317E "Buk-M2E" and was an improved version of the basic system, which had some differences in the composition of computing and electronic equipment. Thanks to the improvements made, it was possible to improve some of the characteristics of the system, primarily related to its operation.

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the base one are the modernization of electronic equipment, made using modern digital computers. Due to its high productivity, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also work in training mode to prepare calculations. Data on the air situation and the operation of steel systems is displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the teleoptical viewfinder, which was previously, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets in any weather conditions and at any time of the day. The equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, communication facilities and many other systems were also updated.

Self-propelled firing vehicle RZK 9K317E can be built on a wheeled or tracked chassis. A few years ago, a variant of such a machine based on the wheeled chassis of the M3KT-6922 model was presented. Thus, a potential customer will be able to choose the chassis option that would suit him completely.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk series was announced several years ago. SAM 9K37M3 "Buk-M3" should be the impetus for the subsequent development of this family with increased combat capabilities and characteristics. It was proposed to fulfill the requirements for the system by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 air defense system with new digital equipment.

The funds of the complex will receive a set of new equipment with better characteristics. fighting qualities are going to increase thanks to the use of a new rocket along with a modified SDA. Instead of the open launcher, which was previously, the new self-propelled firing system should receive special lifting mechanisms with mounts designed for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M model missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Such changes in the air defense system will increase the ready-to-use ammunition load.

If you look at the photo of the Buk-M3 launch system, you will see a machine based on a tracked chassis with a turntable, where 2 swinging packages with 6 missile containers are fixed on each of them. So, without a radical reworking of the design of the SOU, it was possible to double the ammunition load ready for firing.

Unfortunately, the detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 complex have not yet been disclosed. Domestic media, citing their sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile would be able to attack targets at ranges up to 75 km and destroy them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. In addition, it was reported that soon the experimental Buk-M3 air defense system would pass whole complex tests, after which it will be accepted into service.

There are rumors that the domestic defense industry plans to continue the development of the Buk air defense system. The next air defense system of the family, according to unofficial data, may receive the designation "Buk-M4". But it is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. IN currently, even unknown General requirements To her.

Today we will talk about such a type of weapons as Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little what this self-propelled army is, let's get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, firing range, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is the Buk installation.

The beginning of the story

First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It consists in the destruction of aerodynamic targets flying at medium and low altitudes at speeds up to 830 m / s, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a distance of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and dated January 13, 1972, they began to develop it. A team of developers and manufacturers, who had previously participated in the creation of the Kub air defense system, was involved in this. Along with this, they appointed the development of the M-22 complex, called "Hurricane", for the Navy using a missile that is fully compatible with the Buk.

Developers

The following were identified as developers: the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, as well as the scientific and design association, which has the name "Fazotron". Rastov A. A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. The launcher-loader was created at the Machine-Building Design Bureau "Start", where Yaskin A.I. was the head. Tracked chassis, unified for the machines of the complex, were developed by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which was led by Astrov N.A. The Sverdlovsk Design Bureau "Innovator" was instructed to develop 9M38 missiles. The detection station and, of course, target designation "Kupol" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Buk installation to fully function, a set of maintenance and technical support facilities was developed on an automobile chassis. Completion of the preparatory phase was scheduled for the second quarter of 1975.

Change of plans

By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need for an early strengthening of air defense with the build-up of the Kub regiments that are part of these divisions, it was ordered to create the Buk complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled firing system of the complex, which could launch 9M38 missiles, as well as 3M9M3 missiles of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this base, the Buk, a new-generation missile system, was to be created. And in September 1974, ensure its participation in joint tests. But, regardless of this, the previously appointed deadlines had to be fully respected.

Self-propelled fire mount 9A38

It was mounted on the GM-569 chassis, and in one installation it combined the functions of a self-propelled launcher and SURN, which were used in the Kub-M3. The created 9A38 installation provided a high-quality search in a given sector, performed detection and subsequent capture of targets for automatic tracking. She also solved the problems before the launch, launch and homing of the three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3-guided missiles from the 2P25M3 launcher associated with it.

The firing unit could operate both from the SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. The Buk air defense system consisted of: radar 9s35; computing digital system; optical-television sight; starting devices with power servo drive; radar ground interrogator, which operates in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; equipment for orientation, topographic reference and navigation; life support systems.

Functions of the 9S35 radar station

By the time described, significant progress has been made in terms of creating quartz and electromechanical filters, microwave devices, digital computers, which made it possible in 9S35, which is part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of illumination, detection and target tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, she herself worked in the centimeter wave range. One transmitter detected and tracked targets, the other illuminated targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles.

The antenna system carried out the search by sectors, the processing of the received signals was performed by the central computer using the electromechanical method. The transition time for 9S35, part of the Buk air defense system, from standby to combat was less than twenty seconds. The speed of the targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m/s, which ensured their selection in a moving state. Possible mistakes: rms when measuring angular coordinates was 0.5 d.c., the maximum in range was 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

In this rocket, which is part of the Buk air defense system, a solid-propellant dual-mode engine was used. Due to the complexity of mining, they abandoned the use of direct-flow. In addition, he had a lot of resistance in some, mostly passive, sections of the trajectory and, at a large angle of attack, was unstable in operation. For these reasons, the deadline for the creation of the Kub air defense system was disrupted. The scheme of the rocket was normal, standard, X-shaped, with a low elongation wing. At first glance, its appearance resembled anti-aircraft missiles of the US-made "Tartar" and "Standard" ship families, which fully complied with the size restrictions for the Soviet Navy.

In front of the 9M38, there was an autopilot equipment, a semi-active HMN, a warhead and power. The rocket did not have parts that separated in flight, its length was 5.5 meters, its diameter was 400 millimeters, and the steering span was 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head, which had a combined control system using proportional navigation. "Buk" - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and a range of three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed was 1000 m / s. The rocket had a weight of 685 kg, including 70 kg of the warhead.

Tests of the Buk installation

The Buk installation from August 1975 to the end of October of the next, 1976, passed state tests. Bimbash P.S. led them, and they were carried out on the territory of the Emba training ground. As you can see, the Buk installation (its photo is presented in the review) consisted of: 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 firing system, 3M9M3 and 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the detection range of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, aircraft - 32-41 km.

The time from the moment the target was detected was 24-27 seconds. Charging time, as well as discharge - nine minutes. The defeat of the aircraft with the 9M38 missile was ensured: at a distance of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at a height of 30 meters. in terms of the course parameter it was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. Probability fire damage- 0.70-0.93 when launching one rocket. In 1978, the Buk-1 (Kub-M4) installation was put into service.

Characteristics of the Buk, command post

We are on this moment learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most basic in one place. So, before us is the Buk complex. The characteristics of his combat means are as follows. 9S470 - a command post installed on the GM-579 - provided display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled firing systems.

He ensured the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between firing self-propelled installations, carried out the assignment of responsible sectors to them and many other important activities. The Buk complex, thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and with interference. The command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone with a radius of 100,000 m. Up to six target designations were issued in one station survey cycle. 28 tons - the mass of the KP, given from six people.

Target designation and detection station "Kupol"

We continue the conversation about what the Buk installation is. The characteristics of the “Dome” are the next stage of its consideration. This station has an electronic beam scanning in elevation in a 30-40 degree sector with a mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. The purpose of the 9S18 is to detect and identify targets in the air at an altitude of 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a distance of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the CP 9S470. Depending on the set sector and the presence of interference, the viewing speed is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds with a 30-degree sector view. The received information was transmitted over the telecode line during the review period, which is 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against aiming, response, non-synchronous impulse noise was also developed.

Also, regardless of the presence of barrage noise interference, the detection of a fighter located at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters was ensured. The “dome”, which is part of the Buk anti-aircraft complex, in turn, consisted of a rotary device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. The station went into combat position in five minutes from the marching position, from the duty position - in 20 seconds.

Differences between firing systems 9A310 and 9A38

The first installation differed from the second (“Buk-1”) in that it communicated via telecode line not with the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3 and with SURN 1S91M3, but with the ROM 9A39 and the command post 9S470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, rather than three. It was loaded in 12 and a half minutes from a ROM and 16 minutes from a transport supply vehicle. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four people of the combat crew. The width of the self-propelled launcher is 3.25 meters, the length is 9.3 meters, and the height is 3.8 meters. Let's look further at what the Buk complex consists of. Photos will help us in this, as always.

9A39 - launcher-loader

This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose is the storage and transportation of guided anti-aircraft missiles - eight pieces, four of which were on fixed cradles, four - on the launcher. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, their further self-loading from their cradles, and subsequent self-loading of eight missiles from a transport support vehicle. Thus, the Buk is a missile system that combined in one ROM the functions of the self-propelled launcher of the earlier Kub complex and the TZM.

It included: a starting device with a servo drive, lodgements, a crane, a digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography references, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation is 35.5 tons, including the calculation of three people, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, and height - 3.8 meters.

Possibilities of the air defense system "Buk"

This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the Kub-M4 and Kub-M3 complexes. Even if you just look at what the Buk installation is like, a photo of its weapons, then any person will understand all its power, which provided:

Conclusion

According to the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the firing range of the Buk launcher is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m/s. In this case, high-quality shelling of targets that do not maneuver was ensured. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when one guided missile was fired and the course parameter was up to 18 km. If the target is maneuvering, then the probability of hitting is 0.6. The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980. Since that moment, it has been modernized several times in order to increase combat capabilities and security.