Mosquitoes. Their body is divided into head, chest, abdomen. On the head are large compound eyes, antennae (antennae), palps and proboscis. Males differ from females in strongly pubescent antennae. The proboscis, with which the mosquito pierces the skin of humans and animals, consists of the upper and lower lips, a pair of upper and lower jaws, and the hypopharynx (the proboscis itself). All elements of the proboscis are involved in piercing the skin, except for the lower lip, which bends at the time of the bite and is a case in which all the piercing parts are embedded. In males, parts of the oral apparatus are underdeveloped; they feed on plant sap.

Eggs are oblong, 1 mm long. The body of the larva is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. The larva goes through 4 stages and turns into a comma-shaped pupa.

Biology and ecology of malarial mosquitoes

In spring, at a temperature of 5-7 0 C, overwintered females fly out, attack animals or humans, and suck blood. After saturation with blood, the females hide in secluded places: they digest the blood and ripen the eggs.

The period of time from the moment of bloodsucking to the laying of eggs is called the gonotrophic cycle. During her life, the female has time

P

Rice. 6. Heads of mosquitoes: A - culex, B - anopheles: a - females, b - males,

1 - eyes, 2 - antennae, 3 - labial tentacles, 4 - proboscis.

make 5-12 gonotrophic cycles depending on the geographical latitude. Females of the last flying generation feed on plant sap, and they develop a fat body. Such fertilized females remain for the winter. Wintering places: basements, attics, barns, vegetable stores, non-residential premises, and in natural conditions - hollows, rodent burrows, reed thickets, etc.

Biology and ecology of nonmalarial mosquitoes

These include representatives of the genera Aedes and Culex.

Nonmalarial mosquitoes of the genus Aedes overwinter in the egg stage. Females lay their eggs in depressions in the soil, which are filled with melt water in the spring of the following year, where the larvae develop. During the summer

Rice. 7. Main distinguishing features of malarial and non-malarial mosquitoes.

1 - Anopheles egg floats; 2 - spiracles of larvae; 3 - respiratory tubes of pupae;

4 - antennae (antennas); 5 - lower jaw palps; 6 - proboscis; 7 - eyes; 8 - thoracic; 9 - the abdomen of an adult mosquito.

usually one generation is bred. The maximum number of mosquitoes is observed at the beginning of summer (June). mosquitoes genus Culex they are thermophilic and in the forest belt their maximum number is observed at the end of summer. Places of breeding are permanent and artificial reservoirs.

The larvae live in water and feed on microscopic particles that are on the surface of the water. The pupae do not feed.

The maximum number of mosquitoes is observed at the beginning of summer (June). Mosquitoes of the genus Culex are thermophilic, and in the forest belt their maximum number is observed at the end of summer. Breeding places are permanent and artificial reservoirs: pits, ditches, barrels with rainwater. Females hibernate in cellars and burrows.

Epidemiological significance of mosquitoes.

Among malarial mosquitoes, the main vector of malaria is the Anopheles maculipennis mosquito, represented by five subspecies. The species A.hyrcanus is widespread in the Far East.

Mosquitoes, along with an unpleasant injection, are dangerous because they carry pathogens of various diseases. The most dangerous tropical species of mosquitoes, which, when bitten by a person, infect malaria and yellow fever.

MALARIA - an infectious disease caused by malarial plasmodia, characterized by periodic bouts of fever, enlargement of the liver and spleen, anemia, recurrent course.

The life cycle of the malaria pathogen includes two hosts: humans and mosquitoes. In the body of the mosquito-carrier, plasmodia undergo sexual development (sexual process and sporogony), in the human body - asexual development (schizogony).

All clinical manifestations of malaria are due to erythrocyte schizogony. Its consequence is a malarial attack that occurs in response to the release of merozoites into the plasma during the destruction of erythrocytes.

The possibility of spreading malaria in any area is determined by a combination of a number of conditions. It is necessary that there are those species of malarial mosquitoes that are susceptible to infection by malaria pathogens. The number of mosquitoes should be high enough, and the life expectancy should exceed the period of development of the pathogen in mosquitoes. The summer generations of mosquitoes (June) have the greatest epidemiological significance in the transmission of malaria. In the southern regions, 5-6 generations of mosquitoes may have epidemiological significance. Mosquitoes of the last generation of plasmodia do not transmit, since in the fall, leaving for the winter, they feed on plant juices, and in the spring they die before they have time to complete sporogony.

Mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex are specific carriers of many arbovirus infections: Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever, etc.

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS - syn. mosquito encephalitis, autumn encephalitis - a viral transmissible zoonosis with natural foci. In 1933-1936. Japanese researchers discovered the virus that causes the disease and proved its transmission through blood-sucking mosquitoes.

The reservoir of the virus in nature are wild mammals and birds. Nonmalarial mosquitoes serve as carriers of the virus to humans and animals.

Seasonality is one of the main features of Japanese encephalitis.

The virus accumulates and multiplies in the nervous tissue. There is swelling of the membranes of the brain, small hemorrhages in the soft membranes and substance of the brain.

Point hemorrhages occur on serous and mucous membranes, parenchymal degeneration of the heart muscle, kidneys, liver is observed, pneumonic foci appear in the lungs.

The incubation period lasts from 5 to 14 days. The onset of the disease is acute, a sharp rise in body temperature. Chills, headache, especially in the forehead, pain in the lower back, abdomen, limbs, nausea, vomiting are the first symptoms of the disease.

When the virus enters the brain parenchyma, brain tissue edema develops. From 3-4 days of illness, symptoms of a focal lesion of the nervous system appear, depression of consciousness increases up to coma. Sometimes there is delusions, hallucinations.

Lethal outcomes are 25-80%. Death occurs in the first 7 days with a coma, convulsive seizures. Of the residual manifestations, the most common are mental disorders in the form of a decrease in intelligence, psychosis.

Diagnosis based on clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data. Of decisive importance in the diagnosis is the isolation of the virus from the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients. The brain of the deceased is examined for the presence of the virus.

Prevention. To fight mosquitoes, to create active immunity in the population and domestic animals in endemic foci, an inactivated vaccine is used, obtained from an emulsion of the brain of infected mice and neutralized with formalin.

YELLOW FEVER - a transmissible natural focal disease.

The causative agent is a virus . The vector of the infection is a mosquito of the genusAnopheles.

The incubation period lasts from 3 to 6 days. Clinically, two periods of the disease are distinguished. The first period, the so-called stage of hyperemia, is characterized by an acute onset with fever, chills, headache, and severe back pain. On examination, attention is drawn to a sharp hyperemia and puffiness of the face, a pronounced injection of the vessels of the sclera (the eyes are “bloodshot”), swelling of the lips, and a bright red color of the tongue. Against the background of a high febrile reaction, tachycardia and an increase in blood pressure are observed. These phenomena persist for 3-4 days, then there is a temporary improvement.

With moderate and severe course of the disease, after remission, the second phase occurs, which is accompanied by swelling and redness of the skin, the latter are replaced by pallor, the body temperature rises again to 39-40 0 .

In the future, the manifestations of the hemorrhagic syndrome increase - vomiting of the color of coffee grounds appears. The skin and sclera may become icteric. The liver and spleen are enlarged, painful on palpation. The prognosis is currently relatively favorable.

DENGUE FEVER, joint fever, seven-day fever is an acute viral zoonosis with natural focality, occurring in tropical and subtropical countries.

The causative agent is the dengue virus (dandy) enters the blood of humans and animals when bitten by non-malarial mosquitoes of the genusAedes. With blood it spreads to various organs (kidneys, liver, heart, brain), causing degenerative changes in them.

The virus that entered the human body with mosquito saliva multiplies in epithelial cells for 5-16 days, after which it spreads to the kidneys, liver, muscles, brain and other organs.

In the classic form of fever, the disease begins acutely with an increase in temperature to 39-40 0 , the appearance of chills, severe weakness. From the first day there is a severe headache, myalgia, mainly in the muscles of the back, pain in the sacrum, spine, joints (especially in the knees). The movements in the joints are limited and the patient's gait becomes slow and tense (like a dandy). There are pains during the movement of the eyeballs, there may be violations of cardiac activity. On the 3-5th day of illness, a rash appears on the trunk, which spreads to the face and limbs, merging and forming a peculiar pattern. In severe and moderate forms of the disease, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, taste perversion, and constipation are noted. The liver is slightly enlarged.

The first phase of the disease lasts up to 5 days, then the patient's condition improves. The repeated rise in temperature is usually easier and lasts 2-3 days. The total duration of illness is on average 10 days.

The prognosis is usually favorable, mortality does not exceed 0.1-0.5%.

Diagnosis is based on epidemiological prerequisites and the results of clinical and laboratory examination of patients. Serological tests are also used.

Prevention . Carrying out a set of measures to combat mosquitoes, protecting people from mosquito attacks with the help of repellents and protective nets. A vaccine has been created.

VUCHERERIOZ - transmissible anthroponosis, characterized by a chronic course and a predominant lesion of the lymphatic system.

Pathogen – Wuchereria bancrofti . The female is 80 mm long, the male is about 40 cm long. The females are viviparous, the larvae are microfilariae.

Intermediate hosts of the helminth are various species of mosquitoes of the genusAnopheles, Culex, Aedes, Mansony. Microfilariae, once in the body of a mosquito, develop to the invasive stage.

Wuchereriosis is the most common human filariasis. It is found in many regions with tropical and subtropical climates.

The development of wuhereria in the human body is very slow and they reach sexual maturity only 3-18 months after the introduction of the infective larva into the tissue.

There are three stages of pathological changes in the lymphatic system: acute, subacute and chronic.

Clinical symptoms of the disease appear between 5-18 months after possible infection. The most characteristic manifestation of the later stages of the disease is elephantiasis (elephantiasis) of the lower extremities, scrotum, less often the upper extremities, mammary glands, and eyelids. The legs can reach colossal sizes, taking the form of shapeless blocks covered with thick transverse folds. Papillomatous and warty growths, eczema, trophic ulcers appear on the skin of the extremities, muscles atrophy.

Diagnosis. The presence of lymphangitis in a patient, accompanied by a general febrile reaction, enlarged lymph nodes, blood eosinophilia, and often the development of elephantiasis, makes one think of wuchereriosis. Microfilariae are found in the blood. Immunological methods are also used to diagnose wuchereriosis.

Prevention . Identification and treatment of patients, the fight against vectors, protection from their attacks.

Mosquitoes of the subfamily Culicinae are mechanical carriers of some viruses and bacteria, in particular tularemia (see fleas).

Mosquitoes subspecies Culex pipiens molestus breed all year round in puddles of water in basements, underground galleries of heating plants, subways, swimming pools, etc. Through the ventilation systems of buildings, female mosquitoes can enter living quarters and attack residents even upper floors buildings. The bites of these mosquitoes are painful.

3.2.2. Midges. Morphology, biology, epidemiological significance of midges.

M

Rice. 8. Midge(simulidae)

oshki (Simulidae) – small insects from 1.5 to 5.0 mm long. They have a relatively thick and short body, shortened antennae and legs, which makes them look like small flies.

The general body color of midges is black or dark brown. The proboscis is short, thick, much shorter than the head.

The larvae are worm-like. So-called fans are visible on their heads - bundles of thick bristles that serve to filter water and trap food. The chest bears an unpaired protrusion - a “leg”, seated at the end with tiny hooks. Similar but more numerous hooks are located at the posterior end of the body. These organs serve as attachment devices, with the help of which (as well as with the help of a web thread secreted by special glands) the larva resists the flow of water and is held on underwater objects.

The pupae of midges are immobile. They are inside cocoons tightly attached to the substrate. The walls of the cocoons are fibrous, branched respiratory filaments of pupae stick out. Larvae and pupae breathe oxygen dissolved in water.

The development of midges occurs in streams and rivers. Fertilized females lay their eggs in water, gluing them to the leaves and stems of plants, stones and other objects submerged in water.

Unlike biting midges, midges are capable of long-distance migrations and can be found at a distance of 5-10 km from the breeding site. Only females drink blood. Midges attack only under open sky and during daylight hours.

Midges are common in all landscape zones of Russia, including the tundra. They are found in greatest numbers in the forest zone, especially in areas along the rivers of Siberia and the Far East.

Midges primarily cause harm as bloodsuckers. Without the use of protective equipment, a long stay in the open air in places where there are a lot of midges is impossible.

The importance of midges as carriers of pathogens is still poorly understood. In the tropical zone of Africa, South and Central America, midges are intermediate hosts of the filaria Onchocerca volvulus, which causes onchocerciasis person.

Midges can be mechanical carriers of pathogens tularemia(see above).

Prevention: a) public - the destruction of midges in places of permanent residence of people; b) personal - protection against midge bites (use of repellents and protective nets).

ONCHOCERCOSIS - transmissible anthroponosis.

Both adult worms and their larvae have a pathogenic effect on the human body. In the presence of mature individuals in the subcutaneous tissue, a connective tissue capsule usually forms around them. The presence of microfilariae in the lymphatic vessels leads to infiltration of the vascular wall and adjacent tissues, as well as to the development of lymphostasis. The penetration of microfilariae into the organ of vision causes the development of inflammatory reactions, the formation of small nodules in the conjunctiva, and hemorrhages.

Onchocerciasis can occur in the form of erased, subclinical forms and severe cases, accompanied by blindness, elephantiasis, and a violation of the protective function of the skin.

The first manifestations of the disease usually appear 2 months after infection. Patients develop a rash on their body and usually have a fever. When microfilariae appear in the thickness of the skin (after 6-8 months from the moment of infection) on the skin of the back, buttocks, upper limbs, an abundant papulopapular rash is found, accompanied by severe itching, malaise, fever, and headaches. In the future, ulcers remain in place of the papules, healing with the formation of scars.

In the late phases of the disease, patchy depigmentation of the skin occurs, mainly on the back and neck, the so-called leopard skin or crocodile skin. In the final stages, the skin loses its elasticity so much that it takes on the appearance of crumpled parchment paper.

Onchocerciasis is accompanied by severe lesions of the organs of vision: in the anterior chamber - the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and in the posterior chamber - the choroid, retina and optic nerve. In severe cases, blindness occurs.

Diagnosis is based on the detection of microfilariae in skin sections, in the eye - using an ophthalmoscope.

Aghajanyan Khoren

What role do mosquitoes play in the transmission of malaria? How was the situation with malaria during the creation of the resort city of Sochi? Are there malarial mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus now? What measures should be taken to prevent the spread of mosquitoes along the Black Sea coast? The author sought answers to these questions in his research.

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Agadzhanyan Khoren Armenovich

Mosquitoes of the genera Culex and Anopheles

and their role in the spread of malaria"

Novoselova Irina Anatolyevna,

additional education teacher

Sochi Ecological and Biological Center. S.Yu.Sokolova

Russia, Krasnodar region, Sochi,

MOU secondary school No. 86, Sochi

Ecological and Biological Center. S.Yu.Sokolova, Sochi,

Circle "Environmental Bulletin"

1. Introduction. Page 2

2. The main part. Study of mosquitoes, larvae and pupae of the genus Culex. Page 4

2.1. Comparison of mosquitoes of the genus Culex and malarial mosquitoes of the genus

Anopheles (according to own observations and literary sources). Page 6

3. Conclusion. Preventive actions to prevent

distribution of mosquitoes along the Black Sea coast. Page 10

4. List of references. Page 11

5. Applications. Page 12

1. Introduction.

IN Lately messages news agencies filled with information about outbreaks of malaria in different regions peace. Ukraine, Greece, the island of Madeira... The appearance of malaria indicates that dangerous infectious diseases can manifest themselves after a long period of calm, spread quite quickly and cover large areas.

What role do mosquitoes play in the transmission of malaria? How was the situation with malaria during the creation of the resort city of Sochi? Are there malarial mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus now? What measures should be taken to prevent the spread of mosquitoes along the Black Sea coast? These are the questions I was looking for answers in my research.

Objective: compare mosquitoes of the genera Culex and Anopheles and find out their role in the spread of malaria.

Tasks:

1. Study the history of malaria.

2. To study the history of the fight against the spread of malaria in the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

3. Conduct observations on the life and development of mosquitoes of the genus Culex, study the biology of Anopheles mosquitoes according to literary sources.

4. Draw conclusions about the role of mosquitoes in the spread of malaria and about preventive measures to prevent the spread of mosquitoes along the Black Sea coast.

In my work on the study of mosquitoes, I used information from the Internet, as well as books from the series “All living things from an egg”, “Life cycle of insects” (R. Spilsbury), “Under the mirror, or the Mysterious world of a reservoir” (V.B. Verbitsky), “ Old Sochi” (K.A. Gordon), “Guide to Laboratory Studies in Biology” (V. Korolev), “Whims of Nature” (I. Akimushkin), “For Young Nature Lovers” (N. Plavilshchikov), “Arthropods. Insects "(V.N. Alekseev).

The name comes from the Italian phrase mala aria - "bad air". There is an assumption that people have been ill with malaria for 50,000 years. Malaria is believed to be native to West and Central Africa.

From the history of our city, I learned that until the middle of the twentieth century, malaria was a real disaster for the settlers, which was facilitated by warm and humid climate. Mortality was high. Highlanders from mosquito bites did not suffer, because they settled higher in the mountains, and the territory of the city was very swampy, which was the reason for the high incidence of malaria.

Residents of settlements did not even assume that the disease is caused by a mosquito. Many took the notion that malaria was caused by raw fruit seriously!

The first Sochi doctor A.L. Gordon made a lot of efforts to fight malaria. He ordered imported quinine for delivery to the city - the only means of control at that time, treated the sick, promoted ways to avoid infection: settle on hills, take quinine prophylactically, pour a small layer of kerosene into stagnant lakes and swamps to destroy mosquito larvae and pupae, close window frames with gauze nets.

In 1921, an antimalarial station was established in Sochi. Since 1923, Dr. S.Yu. Sokolov. He set himself a very difficult task: not only to organize treatment, but also to eliminate the very cause of the disease: wetlands were drained, pollination was carried out with "Paris greens" (composition based on blue vitriol) and covering the surface of stagnant water bodies with a thin film of kerosene, the mosquito fish was introduced, which destroys the larvae of the malarial mosquito in large quantities in water bodies. Eucalyptus trees were planted throughout the city, which perfectly drained the soil. In 1956 malaria in Sochi was over.

2. The main part. Study of mosquitoes, pupae and larvae of the genus Culex.

I conducted the study of mosquitoes in the following way. First, I studied the literature on mosquito biology. Then he examined the caught mosquitoes using a magnifying glass, and mosquito larvae and pupae using a BIOR school microscope.

The mosquito (Culex) belongs to the Diptera order and is a member of the large mosquito family (Cullcidae). A small insect (6-7 mm) with a large chest, long narrow abdomen and one pair of narrow wings. The male differs from the female in more developed antennae. Only females attack people and animals and feed on their blood, in which the proboscis has piercing bristles. Males feed on plant sap.

Female mosquitoes hibernate in hollows, basements and other secluded places. In the spring they fly out and look for food. Only females attack people and animals (small and large animals, naked chicks of birds). After sucking blood, mosquitoes go to secluded places to digest blood, only in this way eggs can ripen in their bodies.

I caught mosquito larvae and pupae from a rainwater bath. The number of larvae - 48 pcs. Dolls - 5 pcs. Observations of the larvae allowed me to get to know their way of life in more detail.

Female mosquitoes lay their eggs in water bodies and end their lives. Eggs are able to withstand drying and freezing. Therefore, mosquito eggs can overwinter in the pond. The eggs hatch into larvae. The larvae feed at the bottom of the reservoir. They feed on microscopic animals: bacteria, ciliates, larvae of other mosquitoes, algae, silt particles.

The larvae develop very quickly: the warmer the water, the faster the larva develops.Watching the movement of the larvae and examining them under a microscope, I saw thattheir movement in the water is assisted by swimming hairs, which sit in bunches on the segments of the body. The largest bundle is present on the last caudal segment. If you do not allow the larva to emerge, then it will suffocate. The larvae breathe atmospheric air, the supply of which in the body requires constant replenishment. Rising to the surface, they put their tail breathing tube out of the water and take in air into the trachea. The breathing tube is a long, oblique process that is clearly visible under a microscope.

The larva of the common mosquito is easy to distinguish from the larvae of other invertebrates - it seems to be hanging in the water at an angle (40 ° -60 °) upside down. It is retained by the surface tension of the liquid, which forms an elastic film, which the larva pierces with its respiratory process and to which it hangs from below.The larvae move up, bending like a worm, and fall down vertically, as they are too heavy. The larva develops and molts three times in the course of development, and then turns into a pupa, which is completely different from the larva.Comparing the caught larvae with those presented in the figure, I determined thatall the larvae caught by me correspond to Figure 1, i.e. belong to mosquitoes of the genus Culex.

Among the specimens I caught, there were 5 pupae. They were also interesting to watch.At the very surface of the water, comma-like pupae swim: they have a large cephalothorax (because the head and chest are covered with a common shell) and a narrow curved abdomen. They move by jumping into the depths. But the larva does not remain at depth for a long time: it is very light and emerges by itself. In water, the pupa assumes a different position than the larva. Suspended to the surface, it puts out of the water not the rear, but the front end of its body. On the dorsal side of the front of the body, it has a pair of respiratory tubes that are visible to the naked eye and resemble small horns, giving the animal a very peculiar appearance. These horns are chrysalis and protrude from the water when breathing.

Pupae, like larvae, dive into the water, but move differently: hitting the water with their abdomen, which ends in fins, they tumble over their heads; after holding out for some time at the bottom, the pupae again emerge, holding their horns up and passively rising to the surface, since their body is lighter than water, having an extensive air chamber inside. The pupa does not take any food. The older the chrysalis, the darker it is. Before hatching, it turns from light brown to almost black. The mature chrysalis bursts on the surface of the water.

The mosquito leaves the shell, the edges of which it clings to, until its wings spread and dry, and it flies into the air.

Usual duration of development common mosquito(at a temperature of 15-20 °) - about a month, and in the pupal stage the insect lives on average about 2-5 days.In samples of mosquito larvae and pupae, which I collected in stagnant water, mosquitoes from pupae appeared on the third day.

2.1. Comparison of mosquitoes of the genus Culex and malarial mosquitoes genus Anopheles(according to my own observations and literary sources).

Observing the behavior of mosquitoes, their larvae and pupae, and reading the literature on mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, I came to the conclusion that they have many distinctive features and it is rather difficult to confuse the common and malarial mosquitoes. I present the comparative characteristics of these mosquitoes in the form of a table.

Photos (BIOR digital microscope) were made by the author, photos of mosquitoes, larvae, pupae in nature - Alexander Novoselov.

signs

Mosquitoes of the genus Culex

Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles

legs

Short

Long

Tentacles on the head

Very short tentacles

Jointed tentacles that are almost equal in length to the proboscis

Syazhki (antennae)

Almost the same length

spots on the wings

No spots on the wings

Has dark spots

body position

Position parallel to surface

Perpendicular position relative to the surface

The presence of a respiratory tube in the larva

Has a breathing tube at the end of the body

Missing

The location of the larvae in the water

Positioned at an angle to the surface of the water

lie horizontally

Water quality

Water may contain a large number of organic residues

The water must be clean. NOT be acidic.

Presence of flora and fauna in water

Does not matter

The presence of representatives of flora and fauna is mandatory, especially filamentous green algae

The presence of a large number of plants on the surface of the water

Does not matter

The water surface must be free from surface plants (e.g. duckweed)

Eggs

Eggs are glued in "bags"

Eggs float on the surface of the water

one by one

Enemies

Larvae of dragonflies, water beetles, water bugs, some species of fish (gambusia, carps, perches).

Daily rhythm of life

24/7

Night

Seasonal rhythm of life

Males and unfertilized females die in late autumn, fertilized females hibernate in secluded places

Male nutrition

Plant food

Plant food

Feeding females

Animal blood, human

Animal blood, human

Feeding the larvae

Microscopic animals: bacteria, ciliates, larvae of other mosquitoes, algae, silt particles, diatoms (pictured).

3. Conclusion. Preventive measures to prevent the spread of mosquitoes along the territory of the Black Sea coast.

Due to the extreme danger of malaria, close attention to this disease is required. Therefore, the prevention of the spread of malaria throughout Russia and in Sochi has a very importance.

I divided the methods that are used to prevent the spread of the disease or for protection into 2 categories: global and household (“home”).

Global ones include: 1) Prevention: destruction of mosquito breeding sites - stagnant water bodies. Specialists from Stavropol Research The Anti-Plague Institute is launching a pilot project to create a map of water bodies, including the territory of Sochi.

2) Reservoirs should be populated with a unique gambusia fish capable of devouring larvae and pupae of mosquitoes in unlimited quantities.

3) Identification of sick people at quarantine points in border areas is the task of the border and customs service.

4) At the level of research institutes, this is active work on the creation of an anti-mosquito vaccine or the creation of a genetic modification of a mosquito that is resistant to malaria.

At home, you can use mosquito nets, repellents, medicines to prevent bites ("Menovazin", "Asterisk" balm), essential oils of some plants (mint, rosemary, fir and juniper oil, etc.), scented candles and sticks.

I would like to continue working on the topic. My future plans for the study of mosquitoes are to study the effect of essential oils on mosquito larvae and pupae.

4. List of references.

  1. Akimushkin I. Whims of nature. M. Thought. 1981
  2. Alekseev V.N. Arthropods. Insects. M. Drofa. 2004
  3. Verbitsky V.B. Under the mirror, or the mysterious world of the reservoir. M. Drofa. 2002.
  4. Gordon K.A. Old Sochi of the late XIX - early XX centuries (memoirs of an eyewitness). Sochi. 2004.
  5. Korolev V.A. Guide to laboratory studies in biology. Kyiv. Great school. 1986
  6. Plavilshchikov N.N. Young nature lovers. M. Children's literature. 1975
  7. Raikov B.E., Rimsky-Korsakov M.N. Zoological excursions. M.1956.
  8. Spilsbury R. All living things from an egg. Life cycle of insects. Mnemosyne.2009.
  9. www.gambusia.org

Detachment includes the largest number species of medical importance. Representatives of the detachment have one (anterior) pair of membranous transparent or colored wings. The rear pair has turned into small haltere appendages that perform the function of balance organs. The head is spherical or hemispherical, connected to the chest by a thin soft stalk, which leads to greater mobility.

Diptera are divided into two suborders:

  1. long-whiskered (mosquitoes and related groups)
  2. short-whiskered (flies and related groups)

Suborder Long-whiskers

The most important representatives: mosquitoes, mosquitoes, midges

  • Mosquitoes (Culicidae). Blood-sucking insects. Distributed from the tundra zone to the desert oases. Three genera are most often found on the territory of the former USSR - Anopheles (anopheles), Culex (Culex), Aёdes (aedes)

Imaginal forms of insects are small in size. The head bears large compound eyes, antennae and mouthparts.

Only females with a piercing-sucking apparatus are blood-sucking. It consists of a lower lip in the form of a gutter, an upper lip in the form of a plate that closes the gutter from above, a pair of lower and a pair of upper jaws in the form of bristles (stabbing apparatus) and a tongue (hypopharynx), inside which a canal passes. salivary gland. All stabbing parts lie in a case formed by the lower and upper lip. The appendages of the lower jaws are the mandibular palps.

In males, the apparatus is sucking, the stabbing parts are reduced. They feed on the nectar of flowers. On the sides of the mouth apparatus are antennae, consisting of 14-15 segments, in males they are covered with long hairs, in females - short.

Development since complete transformation: egg, larva, pupa, adult. Eggs are laid in water or moist soil, breeding sites, depending on the genus of mosquitoes, can be natural and artificial reservoirs (puddles, ponds, ditches, water pits, irrigation and drainage canals, water barrels, rice fields, tree hollows, etc. .).

Before pupation, the larva actively feeds and molts several times. The body of the larva is clearly divided into the head, thorax and abdomen. The head is rounded, bears antennae, eyes and fan-shaped fans. While moving, the vanes drive water with the particles contained in it into the mouth of the larvae. The larva swallows any particles of a certain size, regardless of whether they are food or not. This is the basis for the use of pesticides sprayed in water bodies. The respiratory organs are the trachea and tracheal gills.

The pupa has the shape of a comma due to the massive cephalothorax and narrow abdomen, it does not feed, it moves with the help of quick flaps of the abdomen.

Hatched females and males live near water bodies, feeding on nectar. After fertilization, the female needs to drink blood to develop eggs. She searches for prey and sucks the blood of animals or humans. During the digestion of blood, maturation of eggs occurs (gonotrophic cycle), which lasts 2-3 days, but depending on the conditions, it may be delayed. Some mosquito species have only one gonotrophic cycle per summer (monocyclic), others may have several cycles (polycyclic).

The life span of a female warm time year up to 3 months Males live 10-15 days; in autumn and early winter, males die.

For the winter, larval and imaginal forms of females fall into a state of diapause. Diapause - inhibition of development at one of the stages of the life cycle, adapted to wintering. Most species of the genus Anopheles and Culex overwinter in the state of adults (female), Aedes - in the state of eggs.

Each type of mosquito has its own characteristics of ecology, so the organization of control measures requires an accurate definition of the genus present in the area. To do this, it is necessary to dwell on the signs that are important for the differential diagnosis of various genera of mosquitoes. Differences exist at all stages of the cycle .

egg laying

In mosquitoes of the genus Culex, eggs stick together during laying and form a "boat" that floats in the water. The eggs of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are bordered by a concave belt, equipped with air chambers and swim separately. Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes lay their eggs one at a time at the bottom of drying ponds.

Larval forms

Larvae of mosquitoes of the genus Culex and Aedes have a respiratory siphon on the penultimate segment of the abdomen in the form of a narrow tube with a stigma at the free end. Due to this, the larvae are located at an angle to the surface of the water. They can live in heavily polluted waters.

Larvae of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles do not have a siphon, they have a pair of stigmas on the dorsal side of the penultimate segment, and therefore the larvae are located strictly parallel to the water surface. The hairs located on the segments help them to stay in this position. They live exclusively in clean or almost clean water bodies.

The Aedes larva lives in temporarily drying up reservoirs, puddles, ditches, hollows of trees, vessels with water, and can live in heavily polluted reservoirs.

pupae

Mosquito pupae on the dorsal side of the cephalothorax have a pair of respiratory siphons or tubules. With their help, the pupa is suspended from the surface film of water.

A distinctive feature of different genera of mosquitoes is the shape of the respiratory siphons. In mosquitoes of the genus Culex and Aedes, the siphons are cylindrical, while in the genus Anopheles, they are funnel-shaped.

Winged forms

Differences are manifested in the structure of the appendages of the head, the color of the wings and landing.

In Anopheles females, the mandibular palps are equal in length to the proboscis, in Culex females they are shorter than the proboscis and make up approximately 1/3-1/4 of its length.

There are dark spots on the wings of the malarial mosquito, which mosquitoes of the genus Culex do not have.

When landing, the abdomen of mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus is raised and is at an angle to the surface, while in the Culex genus, the abdomen is parallel to the surface.

Controlling mosquitoes as malaria vectors requires detailed study mosquito biology. Winged mosquitoes (imago) Anopheles maculipennis live near human dwellings. They inhabit various non-residential buildings located near the places of their breeding (various reservoirs). Here you can find males and young, not yet drinking the blood of females. During the day they sit motionless, hiding in dark corners. At dusk, they fly out in search of food. Food is found by smell. They feed on plant juices, they can drink a solution of sugar, milk, liquid from cesspools. After mating, females begin to drink blood, because without it, eggs do not develop in their body. To satisfy the "thirst for blood" females attack humans, domestic and wild animals. When animals accumulate, mosquitoes smell them at a distance of up to 3 km.

The female sucks blood from 0.5 to 2 minutes and drinks more blood than her body weighs (up to 3 mg). After drinking blood, the females fly away to a dark place, where they sit for 2-12 days, digesting food. At this time, they are easiest to find in human dwellings and livestock buildings. Given the migration of mosquitoes from water bodies to feeding places, Soviet malariologists proposed, when planning new rural construction, to place buildings for animals between water bodies and living quarters. In this case, barnyards become like a barrier that traps mosquitoes (zooprophylaxis of malaria).

In spring and summer, after a single sucking of blood, eggs are formed in the body of the female. In autumn, the pumped blood goes to the formation of a fatty body and the eggs do not develop. Obesity enables the female to overwinter. For wintering, mosquitoes fly to basements, cellars, pantries and rooms for animals, where there is no light and drafts. The winter is spent in a state of stupor. A. maculipennis tolerates cold well. By the middle of winter, females acquire the ability to lay eggs after a single blood meal. However, departure from wintering grounds and search for food occur only on warm days.

After maturation of eggs, the female migrates to the reservoir. Lays eggs on the fly or sitting on aquatic plants. Overwintered females produce the first laying of eggs in spring. Much later, spring and summer females begin to lay eggs. Having laid their eggs, they again fly in search of food, suck blood, and after maturation of the eggs again lay them in the reservoir. There may be several such cycles.

Unlike other mosquitoes, Anopheles lays its eggs scattered, without sticking them to each other. The eggs have air chambers and float on the surface of the water. After 2-14 days, larvae emerge from them. Anopheles larvae breathe atmospheric air. They can be found near the surface film of water. On this basis, they are easy to distinguish from the larvae of twitching mosquitoes and pusher mosquitoes, leading a bottom lifestyle. The larvae of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes are also found near the surface film. They are distinguished from the larvae of the malarial mosquito by a special respiratory tube - a siphon, extending from the penultimate segment of the abdomen. With the help of a siphon, they are suspended from the surface film of water. Malaria mosquito larvae do not have a siphon. When breathing, their body is parallel to the surface of the reservoir; air enters the trachea through the spiracles.

The larvae feed on microscopic organisms. They vigorously move the appendages of the head (fans) and create a fluid current that brings to the mouth organs everything that is in the surface layer of water. The larva without choice swallows any particles that do not exceed a certain size. In this regard, when using dust-like pesticides to control mosquito larvae, it is necessary to take into account the size of their particles.

The period of larval development consists of four stages (ages), separated from each other by molts. Larvae of the fourth age after molting turn into pupae. The pupa looks like a comma. In the anterior expanded section is the head and chest; behind is a thin abdomen of 9 segments. Anopheles pupae differ from Cules and Aedes pupae in the shape of the respiratory siphon. In pupae of the malarial mosquito, it has the shape of a cone ("postal horn"), in non-malarial mosquitoes, the siphon is cylindrical. At this stage, metamorphosis occurs, after which the imago (winged mosquito) emerges from the chitinous shell of the pupa. All development in water, from egg laying to adult emergence, lasts 14-30 days, depending on the temperature.

Mosquito control is an essential part of the malaria eradication effort. Malaria is an obligately transmissible disease and its pathogen is transmitted only by mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus.

The destruction of mosquitoes is carried out at all stages of their life cycle. winged mosquitoes in summer time they are destroyed in the places of their days, and in the fall and at the beginning of winter - in the places of wintering. To do this, rooms in which mosquitoes accumulate are subjected to dusting or spraying with insecticides. DDT and hexachloran preparations are used in the form of powders (dusts), liquid emulsions and aerosols.

To combat larvae and pupae, a survey of reservoirs is carried out. Only some of them can serve as breeding grounds for malaria mosquitoes. Such anophelogenic water bodies must have a whole range of conditions that meet the needs of life and development of larvae. Anopheles larvae live in relatively clean oligosaprobic (see p. 326) water bodies with microplankton for food and sufficient dissolved oxygen. Larvae do not live in highly saline water bodies. Rivers and streams are also not used with fast current. However, their coastal zone can serve as a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Waves and even ripples prevent the larvae from breathing. Of essential importance is the nature of the vegetation of the reservoir and the illumination of its surface with direct sunlight. In heavily shaded forest water bodies, the larvae of the malaria mosquito do not live.

When fighting mosquito larvae, small water bodies that are not needed for economic purposes are covered with earth. Larger reservoirs that are not used for fish breeding and economic purposes are subjected to oiling or treated with pesticides. Oil, spreading over the surface of the water in the form of a very thin film, closes the spiracles of the larvae and kills them. Good results are obtained by the biological method of control: the colonization of anophelogenic reservoirs with a tropical fish, gambusia, devouring larvae and pupae of mosquitoes. In rice fields, short-term descent of water (intermittent irrigation) is used.

Prevention and control measures. Personal - protection against mosquito bites. Public prevention: the main activities are the destruction of larval forms and breeding sites. Pupae, since they do not feed and are protected by thick chitin, are not susceptible to various kinds of influences.

The fight against larvae consists of a number of activities:

  1. destruction of any small abandoned water tanks;
  2. spraying in reservoirs serving as breeding sites, pesticides;
  3. oiling of reservoirs, preventing the flow of oxygen;
  4. a change in the type of vegetation in a reservoir or a change in the degree of its overgrowth;
  5. drainage of the area, land reclamation works;
  6. biological control measures are used mainly in water bodies in which agricultural crops grow, for example, rice fields, where live-bearing fish are bred - gambusia, feeding on mosquito larvae;
  7. zooprophylaxis - when designing settlements, livestock farms are located between potential mosquito breeding sites and residential buildings, since mosquitoes readily feed on the blood of animals;
  8. spraying insecticides in rooms where mosquitoes hibernate: basements, attics, barnyards, outbuildings. All insecticides are used so as not to harm the animal and plant world.

Distributed in warm and hot areas of the globe. The habitat is the south of Europe, central and southern Asia, northern Africa. Can live in wild nature and in settlements. Habitats in settlements are the burrows of house rodents, the space under the floors of residential buildings, at the base of adobe buildings, under heaps construction debris etc. In the wild, the breeding grounds are rodent burrows (gerbils, ground squirrels, etc.), bird nests, dens of jackals, foxes, caves, cracks, tree hollows. From their burrows, mosquitoes fly to settlements located up to 1.5 km away, which is important for the spread of diseases.

Mosquitoes - small insects - body length 1.5-3.5 mm. The color is brown-gray or light yellow. The head is small, with a short piercing-sucking apparatus, antennae and compound eyes. The widest part of the body is the chest, the abdomen consists of ten segments, of which the last two are modified and represent the outer parts of the genital apparatus. The legs are long and thin. The body and wings are heavily covered with hairs.

Males feed on plant sap. Only females drink blood, although they can also feed on sugary liquids. Females attack animals and humans before sunset and in the first hours after sunset outdoors and indoors. A person in the injection site feels itching and burning; blisters form. In sensitive individuals, intoxication manifests itself in the form of general fatigue, headaches, loss of appetite and insomnia. When a person is pricked by a mosquito P. pappatasii with the saliva of the latter, a pathogen can be introduced viral disease- Pappatachi fever. In Central Asia and India, mosquitoes also serve as carriers of pathogens of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.

Females lay up to 30 eggs 5-10 days after sucking blood. Eggs are elongated-oval in shape, after some time after laying they become brown in color. Development proceeds with complete metamorphosis. In the process of development, the larva goes through 4 stages. The worm-like legless larvae emerging from the eggs with a rounded head covered with hairs live in the soil and feed on decaying organic matter. They can be found in animal stalls, dirt-floored rooms, undergrounds, and garbage dumps. In nature, they develop in rodent burrows and bird nests. After the fourth molt, a club-shaped pupa is formed, from which, at the end of metamorphosis, a winged insect emerges. The pupa does not eat.

Like female mosquitoes, female mosquitoes have a gonotrophic cycle. However, many species of mosquitoes suck blood repeatedly during the maturation of eggs. Capable of transovarial transmission of pathogens.

Prevention and control measures. In the villages, the treatment of residential premises with insecticides is used, in natural conditions kill rodents in burrows.

The whole mass of flying blood-sucking dipteran insects is called midges. IN Siberian taiga, the tundra and other places, at times dipterous bloodsuckers appear in myriad quantities, attack animals and humans in clouds, clog the nose, throat, and ears.

The predominant part of the taiga midges are midges. Of these, the most important is the genus Culicoides, which has a number of species. These are the smallest of the blood-sucking insects (1-2 mm in length). Reproducing, they lay eggs in water or on damp ground. They attack around the clock, but mostly in the evening and at night. Only the female sucks blood. Saliva has toxic effect and mass injections are extremely painful.

Another important component of the midges are midges, blood-sucking insects from the genus Simulium. Distributed in various parts of the world, but carriers of diseases are only in Africa, South and Central America where pathogens of onchocerciasis are transferred. The sizes are small, from 1.5 to 5 mm. The color is dark or dark brown. The body is thick and short, the legs and antennae are also short. The proboscis is short and thick, its length is much less than the diameter of the head. Blood-sucking only females that attack outdoors during daylight hours.

They live in damp wooded areas. Development occurs in fast-flowing, rapids rivers and streams, on the water of which, when laying eggs, females descend. Females attach eggs to aquatic plants and rocks submerged in water. The larvae live in the water. They have a worm-like shape, developed organs of attachment to underwater objects in the form of outgrowths equipped with hooks. The pupae are inside cocoons tightly attached to underwater objects.

They attack during daylight hours. Cause itching, swelling, and mass attacks- General intoxication of the body. There have been cases of animal deaths. There are indications that some species may be carriers of tularemia pathogens.

Control measures.

When protecting against midges, fumigation is used (burning pyrethrum smoking candles, kindling smoking fires from leaves, manure, etc.). For personal protection, E. N. Pavlovsky recommends scaring nets (pieces of a fishing net soaked in special mixtures that repel insects). The net is thrown over the headdress, lowering it over the shoulders. To combat the larvae, the flowing water is treated with liquid insecticides.

Suborder short-whiskers

The most important representatives: flies, gadflies and horseflies

Some types of flies are closely related to humans (commensal), these include the housefly, housefly, autumn stingray.

  • Housefly (Musca domestica). Spread throughout globe. An ordinary inhabitant of a human dwelling and a mechanical carrier of pathogens of a number of diseases.

Quite a large insect of dark color. The head is hemispherical, with large compound eyes on the sides, short three-segmented joints and oral apparatus in front. On the paws there are claws and sticky blades that allow the fly to move on any plane. One pair of wings. The fourth longitudinal vein of the wings (medial) forms a fracture characteristic of the species. The proboscis, torso and legs are covered with bristles, to which dirt easily adheres.

The oral apparatus is licking-sucking. The lower lip is turned into a proboscis, at the end of which there are two sucking lobules, between them there is a mouth opening. The upper jaws and the first pair of lower jaws are atrophied. The upper lip and tongue are located on the anterior wall of the proboscis. Fly saliva contains enzymes that dissolve solids. After the food is liquefied, the fly licks it off. The fly feeds on human food, various organic substances. A satiated fly regurgitates the contents of the stomach and defecates every 5-15 minutes, leaving its secretions on food, dishes and various objects.

Flies lay eggs. One clutch contains up to 100-150 eggs. The transformation is complete. They can breed all year round under favorable conditions. 4-8 days after mating, females lay their eggs in rotting substances of plant or animal origin. In urban-type settlements, these are accumulations of food waste in garbage dumps, landfills, landfills, waste Food Industry. IN countryside breeding sites are accumulations of domestic animal manure, human feces, human feces on the soil. When laying eggs, the fly sits on sewage, after which it returns to the human dwelling again, bringing sewage on its paws.

A jointed worm-like larva of white color without legs and a separate head emerges from the egg. The larva feeds on liquid food, mainly decaying organic matter. The larvae are hygrophilous and thermophilic, optimum temperature for development 35-45 °C, humidity - 46-84%. Such conditions are created in manure heaps, since feces contain a lot of protein substances, during the decay of which a large amount of energy is released and at the same time high humidity is created. The larvae go through 3 larval stages. The larva of the third stage before pupation burrows into the ground. The chitinous cover exfoliating from her body hardens and forms a false cocoon.

The pupa is immobile, externally covered with a thick brown cuticle (puparium). At the end of metamorphosis, the fly (imago) emerging from the puparium passes through a rather thick layer of soil. Life expectancy is about 1 month. During this time, the female lays eggs 5-6 times.

medical significance. The housefly is a mechanical carrier primarily of intestinal infections - cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, etc. The spread of this particular group of diseases is determined by the fact that flies feed on infected feces and swallow pathogens of intestinal infections or pollute the body surface with them, after which they transfer them to food human nutrition. With food, the pathogen enters the human intestine, where it finds favorable conditions. In the excrement of flies, the bacteria remain alive for a day or more. In addition to intestinal diseases, the housefly can carry pathogens of other diseases, such as diphtheria, tuberculosis, etc., as well as helminth eggs and protozoan cysts.

  • House fly (Muscina stabulans). Distributed everywhere.

The body is colored brown, legs and palps are yellow. Coprophage. It feeds on feces and human food. The main breeding sites are human feces in non-sewered latrines and on the soil. In addition, it can develop in the feces of pets and food waste. Adult flies live in yard latrines.

medical significance. Mechanical carrier of intestinal diseases.

The fight against flies should include: a) the destruction of larvae in the breeding grounds of flies; b) the extermination of winged flies; c) protection against flies of premises and foodstuffs.

The fight against flies in their breeding areas consists in the frequent cleaning of slop pits, latrines and garbage dumps. Dry waste should be incinerated. Waste must be composted or disinfected with disinfectants. In the restrooms open type faeces must be filled with quicklime or bleach. To exterminate winged insects, the premises are treated with DDT, hexachloran or other means; catch flies with sticky paper and flycatchers. Necessary complete extermination flies in catering establishments, in food warehouses and shops, in hospitals and hostels. open windows in the summer they are hung with gauze or metal mesh. Products are stored in cabinets or in sealed containers.

A large fly, light gray in color, with black round spots on the abdomen. It lives in the fields and feeds on plant nectar. After mating, the flies give birth to live larvae. Attracted by the smell of decaying tissues (wounds, purulent discharge), the fly sprays larvae on the fly, attaching them to animal or human tissues, or, on occasion, to the eyes, nose, and ears of sleeping people. The larvae go deep into the tissues, make passages in them and eat away the tissues down to the bones. Before pupation, the larvae leave the host and go into the soil. For one laying, the fly hatches up to 120 larvae.

medical significance. Volfartiosis belongs to the group of so-called malignant myiasis. Flies lay their larvae mainly on people who sleep during the day in the open air or who are in a sick state. Female flies spawn from 120 to 160 very mobile larvae about 1 mm long into open cavities (nose, eyes, ears), on wounds and ulcers on the body of animals, sometimes humans (while sleeping in the open). The larvae crawls deep into the auditory canal, from where it makes its way into the nose, into the cavity of the upper jaw and the frontal sinus. During development, the larvae migrate, destroying tissues with the help of digestive enzymes and mouth hooks. The larvae eat away living tissue, destroy blood vessels. The tissues become inflamed; suppuration appears in them, gangrene develops. In severe cases, complete destruction of the soft tissues of the eye socket, soft tissues of the head, etc. is possible. There are known cases of myiasis with a fatal outcome.

  • Tse-tse flies- belong to the genus Glossina, carry African trypanosomiasis. Distributed only in certain areas of the African continent.

    . It has large dimensions - from 6.5 to 13.5 mm (including the length of the proboscis). Distinctive features are a protruding strongly chitinous proboscis, dark spots on the dorsal side of the abdomen, and the nature of folding wings at rest.

    Females are viviparous, laying only one larva, already able to pupate. Throughout her life (3-6 months), the female lays 6-12 larvae. The larvae are deposited directly on the surface of the soil, into which they immediately drill into and turn into pupae. After 3-4 weeks, the imaginal form comes out.

    They feed on the blood of wild and domestic animals, as well as humans. Moist and shade loving.

    • Glossina palpalis

      Geographic distribution. Western regions of the African continent.

      Morphophysiological characteristics. large insect, sizes more than 1 cm. Coloring is dark brown. On the dorsal side of the abdomen there are several narrow transverse yellow stripes and one longitudinal in the middle. Two large dark spots are located between the transverse stripes.

      It lives near human dwellings along the banks of rivers and lakes overgrown with shrubs and trees, as well as on forest roads in places with high soil moisture. It feeds mainly on human blood, preferring it to the blood of any animals, so humans serve as the main reservoir of trypanosomiasis transmitted by the fly. Sometimes attacks wild animals, as well as domestic (pigs). It only bites a moving person or animal.

      Morphophysiological characteristics. Dimensions less than 10 mm. The color is straw yellow. The transverse stripes on the dorsal side of the abdomen are wide, very light, almost white in color. Small dark spots. Less shade and moisture-loving. It lives in savannahs and savannah forests. It prefers to feed on the blood of wild animals - large ungulates (antelopes, buffaloes, rhinos, etc.). It rarely attacks a person, only during stops, usually on a hunt, when moving in the outback.

      Control measures. In order to destroy the larvae, shrubs and trees are cut down in the breeding areas (in the coastal zone, around settlements, at river crossings, at water intake points and along roads). Insecticides and traps are used to kill adult flies. For the purpose of prevention, wild animals are exterminated, which serve as a source of food for flies (antelopes, buffaloes, rhinos, hypopotamuses); use the introduction of medicinal preparations against sleeping sickness to healthy people. The drug, introduced into the body, circulates in the blood and prevents a person from infection. According to WHO, mass injections to the population in some African countries have led to a significant decrease in the incidence.

  • Date: 19.12.2016
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Four-day malaria is extremely dangerous to the health of all people. Anopheles (Anopheles) - another name for the insidious malarial mosquitoes. This is a genus of dipterous insects. They are the main carriers of malarial Plasmodium (Plasmodium malariae). The causative agent of malaria is Anopheles. Today, this dangerous disease has become a serious problem. About 200 million people in the world become ill with malaria every year. Each year, this infectious disease caused by microorganisms claims about 1 million lives.

Features of the development of anopheles

The malarial mosquito in Russia can also be found. dangerous insect lives in Western Siberia and the European part of the country.

What does a malaria mosquito look like? The malaria vector differs little in appearance from the culex pipiens, the common mosquito. However, in the photo, the tiny Anopheles can be easily identified by its long hind legs. The lower part of the body of the seated Anopheles is strongly elevated at a large angle to the surface. This genus of insects can be identified by characteristic features.

Long jointed tentacles on a small head, a few characteristic dark spots on the wings - distinctive features anopheles. The malarial mosquito is very finicky. He prefers only clean water bodies for rearing his offspring, so Anopheles never lays larvae in swamps.

Males live no more than 2 days. About 2 months is the life expectancy of females. Why is caution necessary when encountering malarial mosquitoes, why are Anopheles dangerous? During the day, these nocturnal insects hide in secluded places. At night, the vast majority of attacks by these mosquitoes on sleeping people occur. At a distance of about 3 kilometers, hungry female insects can find their prey - humans. Anopheles is a carrier of a dangerous infection.

How infection occurs

What happens if a malarial mosquito bites? Females of the insidious Anopheles cause a dangerous disease - malaria. This is an unpleasant disease that helps to treat the achievements of modern medicine. However, the bite of a malarial mosquito poses a serious health hazard. The set of manifestations of the disease is largely due to the type of pathogen.

Characteristic clinical signs

If malaria develops, the incubation period of this disease lasts up to 14 months. The duration of the incubation period depends on the type of pathogen. At first, the symptoms of malaria are mild.

There is a complex of the following characteristic signs of an infectious disease:

Malaria is dangerous. People often underestimate this risk when going on vacation. Before traveling to hot countries, you need to check with a doctor and get recommendations. In case of illness, it is worth contacting an infectious disease specialist immediately to avoid complications of malaria.


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In appearance and lifestyle, the malarial mosquito differs little from the common one. These insects got their name for the ability to carry the causative agent of malaria from person to person.

Malaria mosquitoes are different from normal mosquitoes appearance and behavior during the bite

The common and malarial mosquitoes look almost the same, although there are several external differences. The main differences between adults are as follows:

  • The malarial mosquito has legs (especially the hind legs) that are much longer than those of the common mosquito.
  • In the female malarial mosquito, the jointed tentacles located on the head are almost the same length as the proboscis. In ordinary ones, the tentacles are short and do not exceed 1/4 of the length of the proboscis (not to be confused with antennae).
  • Anopheles mosquitoes have dark spots on their wings, while they are absent in most species of common mosquitoes.
  • In a sitting malarial mosquito, the body is located at a large angle to the surface, it strongly raises the back. An ordinary mosquito has a body almost parallel to the plane on which it sits.
  • Another feature of this type of insect is that before the attack (landing on the skin of the victim), they seem to dance in the air.


Adults of the malarial mosquito at first glance look the same as individuals of other species, but it is worth learning to distinguish them

Mosquitoes cannot live without water bodies. They lay eggs in the water, where their larvae grow and develop, up to the appearance of a young insect. The malarial mosquito is more picky about its breeding site. It does not lay eggs in water bodies heavily overgrown with reeds and cattails, covered with duckweed. Water should be neutral or slightly alkaline. You will not see this type of mosquitoes on reservoirs with "sour" waters. Therefore, you will not find Anopheles larvae in the swamps, while ordinary mosquitoes are satisfied with almost any body of water.

The malarial mosquito grows its offspring in clean water bodies where there are accumulations of filamentous algae. Its larvae successfully hide among these algae from predators. If the mosquito larvae are disturbed, they quickly sink to the bottom, where they can stay for a long time. Outwardly, mosquito larvae also differ. The larva of the common mosquito has a long breathing tube at the tip of its body, which the malarial one does not have. Its role is performed by breathing holes at the end of the body. Larval development lasts from one to four weeks, depending on external conditions, the main of which is the temperature of the water - the higher it is, the faster the development occurs.


Only female mosquitoes drink human blood, since protein is necessary for the development of eggs.

After the birth of young mosquitoes, the process of swarming and mating takes place. It should be noted that the male mosquitoes that hover over the paths and reservoirs are vegetarians, they feed exclusively on the nectar of flowers and the juice of plants. In females, the need for bloodsucking arises after fertilization - protein is necessary for the development of eggs. A hungry female mosquito has an exceptional sense of smell, she is able to sense and determine the location of a person or a warm-blooded animal at a distance of up to three kilometers. In one bite, an insect is able to absorb an amount of blood that exceeds its weight. After that, from 150 to 200 eggs develop in the body, which the female lays in a chosen reservoir. Within two days after laying, the female does not show aggressiveness and feeds on plant sap. Then everything repeats: mating, searching for a “victim” for a new portion of blood, another laying of eggs. Females live for about two months, males - only a few days.

The bite of malarial mosquitoes becomes dangerous only if they have bitten a person with malaria. From this moment on, the female mosquito becomes a carrier of the disease - Plasmodium, which causes the disease, is teeming in her saliva. Reproduction of malarial mosquitoes does not affect the number of malaria vectors, since the ability to infect is not transmitted to offspring.


When going out into nature, especially in southern countries, be sure to equip the tent with mosquito nets and use repellents

Anopheles mosquitoes are nocturnal insects, during the day they hide in secluded places. Therefore, the vast majority of attacks occur at night on sleeping people and animals. Therefore, when going on vacation to nature or fishing, it is necessary to take measures to protect against the bites of malarial mosquitoes, which live in almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation, except for the far north.

The same measures will come in handy when going on vacation to southern countries, where there is a real danger of contracting malaria.

  • Entrances to tents and windows must be covered with mosquito nets treated special formulations repelling insects.
  • You can use anti-mosquito coils and other sources of vapors and gases that are poisonous to insects.
  • Creams, ointments, lotions and emulsions with insect repellants applied to the skin will protect against bites for 2-5 hours.
  • With the approach of the dark time of the day, it is necessary to wear clothes that cover all parts of the body as much as possible, and those that are not closed should be treated with repellents.

It should be noted that in everyday life they are often confused, calling large centipede mosquitoes malarial. This is not true, since the weevils feed on plant sap and are completely safe for humans.