Musa jalil is the most famous. Notebook from Moabit. The last feat of Musa Jalil

MUSA JALIL: THE STORY OF THE LIFE AND FEAT OF THE POET

In Kazan on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory National Museum exhibited a unique rarity - Moabit notebooks, written in the small handwriting of the Tatar poet Musa Jalil in the dungeons of the Moabit prison in Berlin. At first, in the USSR after the war, Jalil, like many who were captured, was considered a traitor, but soon, thanks to a thorough investigation, it turned out that Jalil was one of the leaders of the underground organization. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. But there are still many white spots in the biography of Musa Jalil. "Top Secret" decided to lift the curtain on the fate of the great Soviet poet.

In April 1945, when Soviet troops stormed the Reichstag, in the empty Berlin Moabit prison, among the books of the prison library scattered by the explosion, the fighters found a piece of paper on which it was written in Russian: “I, the famous poet Musa Jalil, was imprisoned in the Moabit prison as a prisoner who was charged with political charges and, probably, I will be shot soon...

In the same year, a list of 680 names of former Soviet prisoners of war who had applied for a foreigner's passport was found among the documents in the Wustrau camp near Berlin. This passport then gave the right to reside in Germany. Simply put, all these people could be called who went over to Hitler's side. The list also included Jalil's data: “Gumerov (this is how the poet called himself to the Germans when he was captured. - Ed.) Musa. 1906 year of birth. Orenburg. Out of allegiance. Employee of the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions. Married." As you can see, the data differed ...

TATAR "NATIONAL"

Musa Jalil (Zalilov) was born in the Orenburg region, the village of Mustafino, in 1906, the sixth child in the family. His mother was the daughter of a mullah, but Musa himself did not show much interest in religion - in 1919 he joined the Komsomol. He began to write poetry from the age of eight, before the start of the war he published 10 collections of poetry.

When he studied at the Faculty of Literature of Moscow State University, he lived in the same room with the present famous writer Varlam Shalamov, who described him in the story “Student Musa Zalilov”: “Musa Zalilov was small in stature, of a fragile build. Musa was a Tatar and, like any "nationalist", was received in Moscow more than affably. Musa had many virtues. Komsomolets - time! Tatar - two! Russian university student - three! Writer - four! Poet - five! Musa was a Tatar poet, muttered his verses in his native language, and this bribed Moscow student hearts even more.

Everyone remembers Jalil as an extremely cheerful person - he loved literature, music, sports, friendly meetings. Musa worked in Moscow as an editor of Tatar children's magazines, and was in charge of the literature and art department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist. Since 1935, he has been called to Kazan - the head of the literary part of the Tatar Opera and Ballet Theater. After much persuasion, he agrees and in 1939 moved to Tatarstan with his wife Amina and daughter Chulpan.

The man who occupied not the last place in the theater was also the executive secretary of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan, a deputy of the Kazan city council, when the war began, he had the right to remain in the rear. But Jalil refused the armor.

“When there is a war, I prefer to hide behind the armor of tanks,” his friends recall Musa's words.

"CHANGED A FRIEND-GUN"

July 13, 1941 Jalil receives a summons. First, he was sent to courses for political workers. Then - the Volkhov front. He ended up in the famous Second Shock Army, in the editorial office of the Russian newspaper Courage, located among swamps and rotten forests near Leningrad.

“My dear Chulpanochka! Finally I went to the front to beat the fascist scoundrels,” he wrote in a letter home.

“The other day I returned from a ten-day business trip to parts of our front, was at the forefront, carried out a special task. The trip was difficult, dangerous, but very interesting. He was under fire all the time. Three nights in a row did not sleep, ate on the go. But I saw a lot,” he wrote to his Kazan friend, literary critic Gazi Kashshaf in March 1942.

Jalil's last letter from the front was also addressed to Kashshaf - in June 1942: “I continue to write poetry and songs. But rarely. Once, and the situation is different. We have fierce battles going on right now. We fight hard, not for life, but for death ... "

Musa with this letter tried to smuggle all his written poems to the rear. Eyewitnesses say that he always carried a thick, shabby notebook in his travel bag, in which he wrote down everything he composed. But where today this notebook is unknown. At the time he wrote this letter, the Second Shock Army was already completely surrounded and cut off from the main forces.

How did Jalil end up in captivity? Researchers give different versions. But they agree that the poet was wounded by a shrapnel in his left shoulder and thrown back by the blast wave. When he came to, there were already Germans around. Apparently, Jalil tried to commit suicide so as not to surrender alive, but he did not succeed.

Already in captivity, he will reflect this difficult moment in the poem “Forgive me, Motherland”:

“The last moment - and there is no shot!

I changed my gun ... "

BY STAGES

First - a prisoner of war camp near the station of the Siverskaya Leningrad region. Then - the foreground of the ancient Dvina fortress, where the infamous infirmary was located: a German doctor made lampshades, bags, gloves and other souvenirs from the skin of prisoners of war, which were in great demand in Germany. A new stage - on foot, past the destroyed villages and villages - Riga. Then - Kaunas, outpost No. 6 on the outskirts of the city. Barracks, dirt, hunger, beatings. Frequent movements did not allow Musa to think over and implement an escape plan.

In the last days of October 1942, Jalil was brought to the Polish fortress of Demblin, built under Catherine II. The Nazis surrounded the fortress with several rows of barbed wire, set up guard posts with machine guns and searchlights. Frosts then reached 10-15 degrees, but the arrivals were driven into unheated fortress casemates - without bunks, without beds, even without straw bedding. Every morning, the funeral "kaput-team" picked up 300-500 stiff wounded.

In this hopeless situation, the poems about the Motherland that Jalil read to the Tatar prisoners (by the way, every tenth at the front was a Tatar. - Approx. ed.), after work in the evenings, at night, were taken to heart by them - they were taught by heart, copied.

In Demblin, Jalil met Gainan Kurmash. The latter, being the commander of scouts, in 1942, as part of a special group, was thrown behind enemy lines with a mission and was taken prisoner by the Germans. Kurmash was one of the leaders of the underground organization in Demblin, which Jalil soon joined. Around Jalil and Kurmash, a group of the most reliable, proven people gathered together.

Among them were intellectual Abdulla Battal, commodity expert Zinnat Khasanov, economist Fuat Saifulmulyukov, and young teacher Farit Sultanbekov. There were 10-15 people in the group. In the evenings they thought about how to escape from captivity. But the escape was extremely difficult. From three sides the fortress was washed by the Vistula River, from the fourth a deep moat filled with water was dug. The front line is thousands of kilometers away.

IDEL-URAL STATE

At the end of November 1942, changes began in the Demblin camp. Balanda began to be given regularly, and not with a break of two or three days. The guards began to beat the prisoners less often. Once every ten days, the prisoners were taken to the bathhouse. It was an ice cold shower on the stone floor, but a bar of soap stood out. In addition, prisoners of war began to be sorted by nationality. Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Armenians were transported to their camps. In Deblin, they gathered mainly prisoners of war of the nationalities of the Volga and Ural regions - Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Maris, Mordvins, Udmurts.

What did it mean? This question is answered in detail in his book by Rafael Mustafin, who did a great job of restoring step by step the biography of Jalil and his associates in fascist captivity. According to Hitler's doctrine, all of Eastern Europe up to the Ural Mountains was supposed to be cleared of a significant part of the local population and populated by German colonists. Those few who remain alive will be obliged to work only as agricultural and industrial workers, that is, new slaves. The territory between the Volga and the Urals was proposed to be divided into several Reichskommissariats and colonized. There could be no question of any independence of the small peoples inhabiting this region.

However, the failure of the lightning war plans and the defeat of the Nazi troops near Moscow led to the fact that the German army began to feel a lack of manpower. And then the Reich Minister of the Occupied Territories of the East Alfred Rosenberg proposed his own plan: to drive a wedge between the peoples of Russia, set one nation against another and use prisoners of war of different nationalities to fight against their own Motherland.

And by the middle of 1942, fascist propaganda noticeably changes its tone. The newspapers say that fascism is designed to liberate the Asians "oppressed by the Bolsheviks, New York Jews and London bankers." And all sorts of nationalist projects and plans are brought to light, including the project of the Tatar ideologist Gayaz Iskhaki, which was not realized at the time, to create the state of Idel-Ural between the Volga and the Urals. Now the Germans promise the Tatars to give them such a state in case of victory over the USSR, and even appoint the future president of Idel-Ural - a certain emigrant Shafi Almas. This man before the revolution was a rich merchant in Russia and had personal accounts with the Soviet government.

Already in the spring of 1942, Hitler signed an order to create the Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani, Turkestan and mountain legions. The order to create the Tatar legion "Idel-Ural" was signed in August. The command posts in the formed legions were occupied, of course, by the Germans.

In a hurry, military units began to be put together from prisoners of war. The medical commission sorted people according to their state of health. The strong and the young - to the combat zone, the elderly and the sick - to the work area. The combatants were no longer driven to work, they were fed much better, and clean linen issued, and provided medical assistance. Then the selected were loaded into trains and taken to the Yedlino station, where parts of the Tatar legion were located.

At first, the underground organization of the Demblin camp, in which Jalil was, wanted to boycott the legions and conduct intensified agitation among the prisoners against joining them. However, later they decided to change tactics. They listened to the opinion of the legionnaires, who reasoned as follows: take the opportunity, gain strength, get weapons in their hands and ... go to the Soviet partisans.

IDEA "INTERLAY"

The Nazis needed not only cannon fodder, but also people who could inspire the legionnaires to fight against the Motherland. They were supposed to be educated people. Teachers, doctors, engineers. Writers, journalists and poets.

In January 1943, Jalil, along with other selected "inspirers", was brought to the Wustrau camp near Berlin. This camp was extraordinary. It consisted of two parts: closed and open. The first was the camp barracks familiar to prisoners, however, designed for only a few hundred people. There were no towers or barbed wire around the open camp: clean one-story houses painted with oil paint, green lawns, flower beds, a club, a dining room, a rich library with books on different languages peoples of the USSR.

In total, about 2 thousand prisoners passed through Wustrau from autumn 1941 to February 1945. All those who arrived there were told that they were going to use them for work in their specialty. In fact, the task was to prepare an administrative and propaganda apparatus for the occupied territories. Those who arrived were first placed in a closed camp, strictly on a national basis.

They were also driven to work, but in the evenings classes were held in which the so-called educational leaders probed and selected people. Those selected were placed in the second territory - in an open camp, for which it was required to sign the appropriate paper. In this camp, the prisoners were led to the dining room, where a hearty lunch awaited them, to the bathhouse, after which they were given clean linen and civilian clothes. Then, classes were held for two months.

The prisoners studied the state structure of the Third Reich, its laws, the program and the charter of the Nazi Party. Conducted classes on German. For the Tatars, lectures were given on the history of Idel-Ural. For Muslims - classes in Islam. Those who completed the courses were given money, a civil passport and other documents. They were sent to work on the distribution of the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions - to German factories, scientific organizations or legions, military and political organizations.

In the closed camp, Jalil and his associates continued their underground work. The group already included journalist Rahim Sattar, children's writer Abdulla Alish, engineer Fuat Bulatov, economist Garif Shabaev. All of them for the sake of appearance agreed to cooperate with the Germans, in the words of Musa, in order to "blow up the legion from the inside."

In March, Musa and his friends were transferred to Berlin. Musa was listed as an employee of the Tatar Committee of the Eastern Ministry. He did not hold any specific position in the committee, he carried out separate assignments, mainly in cultural and educational work among prisoners of war.

REBELLION OF THE LEGIONAIRES

At the end of February 1943, the Germans decided to send legionnaires to the Eastern Front for the first time. For this, the first (according to German data, the 825th. - Ed.) Battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion was prepared. But the legionnaires, instead of fighting against their compatriots, killed the German officers and went over to the Belarusian partisans. Out of a thousand legionnaires sent to the front, only about seventy returned, and out of a hundred German officers, only a few remained alive.

The Germans considered it a failure. More legionnaires were not sent to the front and weapons were not issued to them. Maximum - used as construction and sapper units. But the legions still did not dissolve. Too much effort has already been expended - national committees have been created, governments have been selected, editorial offices and publications in national languages ​​have been organized.

Meetings of the underground committee, or Jalils, as it is customary among researchers to call Jalil's associates, took place under the guise of friendly parties. The ultimate goal was the uprising of the legionnaires. For the purposes of conspiracy, the underground organization consisted of small groups of 5-6 people each. Among the underground workers were those who worked in the Tatar newspaper published by the Germans for the legionnaires, and they were faced with the task of making the work of the newspaper harmless and boring, and preventing the appearance of anti-Soviet articles. Someone worked in the broadcasting department of the Ministry of Propaganda and organized the reception of reports from the Soviet Information Bureau. The underground workers also set up the production of anti-fascist leaflets in Tatar and Russian - they typed them on a typewriter, and then propagated them on a hectograph.

Jalil used trips to the camps to launch underground work. He sought out the right people, established new connections. The poet hired Gainan Kurmash as a director in the Yedli Chapel, which performed once a week before the legionnaires and raised their morale by performing folk songs, songs of Tatar composers.

One of the underground workers, Farit Sultanbekov, recalls that upon joining underground organization it was necessary to repeat the following words after Jalil: “Entering an underground organization, I undertake to fight the hated enemy to my last breath, unquestioningly carry out all the tasks of the senior group, and help my native Fatherland in every possible way. I give you my word that if necessary, I will give my life for the good of the Motherland without hesitation. I swear that if I am captured by the enemy, then, despite all the torment and suffering, I will not say a word about the underground organization, about my friends. If I break this solemn oath, consider me an enemy of the Motherland, a lackey of the Nazis.

The activities of the Jalil people could not be ignored. Now that the German archives have been carefully studied, it is clear what an extensive and powerful network of secret informers, scammers, provocateurs, and paid Gestapo agents opposed the underground. In July 1943, far to the east rumbled Battle of Kursk, which ended in the complete failure of the German plan "Citadel". At this time, the poet and his comrades are still at large. But for each of them, the Imperial Security Administration already had a solid dossier.

The last meeting of the underground took place on August 9th. On it, Musa said that communication with the partisans and the Red Army had been established. The uprising was scheduled for 14 August. However, on August 11, all the "cultural propagandists" were summoned to the soldiers' canteen - ostensibly for a rehearsal. Here all the "artists" were arrested. In the courtyard - for intimidation - Jalil was beaten in front of the detainees.

In the photo: FRAGMENT OF MOABITE NOTEBOOKS

"WRITE, WRITE, WRITE..."

Not only Jalil residents were arrested. Many legionnaires and prisoners of war were suspected of underground work. But 11 people took all the blame - Gainan Kurmash, Musa Jalil, Abdulla Alish, Fuat Saifulmulyukov, Fuat Bulatov, Garif Shabaev, Akhmet Simaev, Abdulla Battalov, Zinnat Khasanov, Akhat Atnashev and Salim Bukharov.

After a month of terrible torture, the Jalilians were transferred to the Moabit prison in Berlin, where they were placed in different cells. Jalil has a terrible cough, his kidneys are broken, his arm is broken. As the former prisoner M. Ikonnikov recalls, in addition to physical torture, the Germans used moral ones. For example, a test with food: the prisoner was not fed for a long time, then they were brought for interrogation and delicious food was placed in front of him. Also torture was the trip from Moabit to the Gestapo in a car. The car stopped near the subway so that the prisoner could see peaceful life from the window, remember his family, so that he wanted to survive at all costs and decided to cooperate with the Germans.

Jalil knew that he and his friends were doomed to execution. All the more surprising is the fact that in the face of his death, the poet experienced an unprecedented creative upsurge. He realized that he had never written like this before. He was in a hurry. It was necessary to leave the thought and accumulated to the people. He writes at this time not only patriotic poems. In his words - not only homesickness, native people or hatred of Nazism. Surprisingly, they contain lyrics and humor.

"Let the wind of death be colder than ice,

he will not disturb the petals of the soul.

A proud smile shines again,

and, forgetting the vanity of the world,

I want again, without knowing the barriers,

write, write, write without getting tired.

In Moabit, Andre Timmermans, a Belgian patriot arrested by the Nazis, was sitting in a “stone bag” with Jalil. If Soviet prisoners were not supposed to have personal belongings and write letters (they were only allowed to read books), then prisoners of other states, thanks to the intercession of embassies, were allowed to do this. Timmermans shared paper with the poet. Musa also cut off with a razor strips from the margins of newspapers, which were brought to the Belgian. From this he was able to sew notebooks together.

On the last page of the first notebook with poems, the poet wrote: “To a friend who can read Tatar: this was written by the famous Tatar poet Musa Jalil ... He fought at the front in 1942 and was taken prisoner. ... He will be sentenced to death. He will die. But he will have 115 poems written in captivity and imprisonment. He worries about them. Therefore, if the book falls into your hands, carefully, carefully rewrite them cleanly, save them and report them to Kazan after the war, publish them as poems of the deceased poet of the Tatar people. This is my testament. Musa Jalil. 1943 December.

The Dzhalilevites were sentenced to death in February 1944. They were executed only in August. During six months of imprisonment, Jalil also wrote poetry, but not one of them has come down to us. Only two notebooks have survived, containing 93 poems. Nigmat Teregulov took out the first notebook from prison. He handed it over to the Writers' Union of Tatarstan in 1946. Soon Teregulov was arrested and died in the camp. The second notebook, along with the things, was sent to the mother by Andre Timmermans. Through the Soviet embassy, ​​he was also transferred to Tatarstan in 1947. Today, real Moabit notebooks are kept in the literary fund of the Kazan Jalil Museum.

On August 25, 1944, 11 Dzhalilevites were executed in the Plötzensee prison in Berlin by guillotine. In the column "accusation" in the cards of the convicts, it was written: "Undermining the power of the Reich, assisting the enemy." Jalil was executed fifth, the time was 12:18. An hour before the execution, the Germans arranged a meeting of the Tatars with the mullah. Memories recorded from his words have been preserved. Mullah did not find words of consolation, and the Jalilevites did not want to communicate with him. Almost without a word, he handed them the Koran - and all of them, putting their hands on the book, said goodbye to life. The Koran was brought to Kazan in the early 1990s and is kept in the museum.

It is still not known where the grave of Jalil and his associates is located. This haunts neither Kazan nor German researchers. The latest assumptions are not comforting: the anatomical institute often took the bodies from the Plötzensee prison.

LIFE AFTER DEATH

Jalil guessed how the Soviet authorities would react to the fact that he had been in German captivity. In November 1943, he wrote the poem "Do not believe!", Which is addressed to his wife and begins with the lines:

"If they bring you news about me,

They will say: “He is a traitor! betrayed the motherland,

Don't believe me dear! The word is

Friends won't tell if they love me."

In the USSR in post-war years there was a version that Jalil was alive and working in West Berlin. The search case was opened in 1946. His wife is invited to the Lubyanka for interrogations. The name of Musa Jalil disappeared from the pages of books and textbooks. Collections of his poems were no longer in libraries. When songs were performed on the radio or from the stage to his words, it was usually said that the words were folk.

The case was closed only after the death of Stalin for lack of evidence. In April 1953, six poems from the Moabit Notebooks were published for the first time in Literaturnaya Gazeta, on the initiative of its editor, Konstantin Simonov. The poems received a wide response. Then - Hero of the Soviet Union (1956), laureate (posthumously) of the Lenin Prize (1957) ... In 1968, the film "Moabit Notebook" was shot at the Lenfilm studio.

From a traitor, Jalil turned into one whose name has become a symbol of devotion to the Motherland. In 1966, a monument to Jalil, created by the famous sculptor V. Tsegal, was erected near the walls of the Kazan Kremlin, which stands there today.

In 1994, a bas-relief was opened nearby, on a granite wall, representing the faces of his executed ten comrades. For many years, twice a year - on February 15 (on the birthday of Musa Jalil) and on August 25 (the anniversary of the execution), solemn rallies with the laying of flowers are held at the monument. What the poet wrote about in one of his last letters from the front to his wife came true: “I am not afraid of death. This is not an empty phrase. When we say that we despise death, we actually do. A great feeling of patriotism, full awareness of one's social function dominates the feeling of fear. When the thought of death comes, you think like this: there is still life after death. Not the “life in the next world” that the priests and mullahs preached. We know it doesn't.

And there is life in the minds, in the memory of the people. If during my life I did something important, immortal, then I deserved another life - “life after death”.

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Recognition on state level overtook Musa Jalil after his death. Accused of betrayal, the poet was given what he deserved thanks to the caring admirers of his lyrics. Over time, the turn came to awards and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. But a real monument to the unbroken patriot, in addition to the return of an honest name, was an unquenchable interest in the creative heritage. As the years pass, the words about the Motherland, about friends, about love remain relevant.

Childhood and youth

Musa Jalil, the pride of the Tatar people, was born in February 1906. Rakhima and Mustafa Zalilov brought up 6 children. The family lived in the Orenburg village, in search of a better life, they moved to the provincial center. There, the mother, being herself the daughter of a mullah, took Musa to the Muslim theological school-madrasah "Khusainiya". Under Soviet rule, the Tatar Institute of Public Education grew out of a religious institution.

The love of poetry, the desire to beautifully express thoughts were transferred to Jalil with folk songs performed by his mother, and fairy tales that his grandmother read at night. At school, in addition to theological subjects, the boy succeeded in secular literature, singing and drawing. However, religion did not interest the guy - Musa later received a technician's certificate at the workers' faculty at the Pedagogical Institute.

As a teenager, Musa joined the ranks of the Komsomol members, enthusiastically campaigned for children to join the ranks of the pioneer organization. One of the means of persuasion was the first patriotic poems. In his native village Mustafino, the poet created a Komsomol cell, whose members fought against the enemies of the revolution. Activist Zalilov was elected to the Bureau of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Central Committee of the Komsomol as a delegate to the All-Union Komsomol Congress.

In 1927, Musa entered the Moscow State University, the literary department of the ethnological faculty (future philological faculty). According to the memoirs of Varlam Shalamov, a dormitory neighbor, Jalil received preferences at the university and the love of others due to his nationality. Not only is Musa a heroic Komsomol member, he is also a Tatar studying at a Russian university, writes good poetry, excellently reads them in their native language.

In Moscow, Jalil worked in the editorial offices of Tatar newspapers and magazines, and in 1935 he accepted an invitation from the newly opened Kazan Opera House to head its literary part. In Kazan, the poet plunged headlong into work, selected actors, wrote articles, librettos, and reviews. In addition, he translated works of Russian classics into Tatar. Musa becomes a member of the City Council and chairman of the Writers' Union of Tatarstan.

Literature

The first poems of the young poet began to be published in the local newspaper. Before the start of World War II, 10 collections were published. The first "We are going" - in 1925 in Kazan, after 4 years - another one, "Comrades". Musa not only led, as they would say now, party work, but also managed to write plays for children, songs, poems, and journalistic articles.

Poet Musa Jalil

At first, in his writings, agitational orientation and maximalism were intertwined with expressiveness and pathos, metaphor and conventions characteristic of Eastern literature. Later, Jalil preferred realistic descriptions with a touch of folklore.

Jalil gained wide popularity while studying in Moscow. Musa's work was very liked by his classmates, poems were read at student evenings. The young talent was enthusiastically accepted into the capital's association of proletarian writers. Jalil got acquainted with Alexander Zharov and found performances.

In 1934, a collection on the Komsomol theme "Order-bearing millions" was published, and after it - "Poems and Poems". The works of the 30s demonstrated a deeply thinking poet, not alien to philosophy and able to use the entire palette means of expression language.

For the opera Golden-Haired, which tells about the heroism of the Bulgar tribe, who did not submit to foreign invaders, the poet reworked the heroic epic "Jik Mergen", fairy tales and legends of the Tatar people into a libretto. The premiere took place two weeks before the start of the war, and in 2011 the Tatar Opera and Ballet Theatre, which, by the way, bears the name of the author, returned the production to its stage.

As the composer Nazib Zhiganov later said, he asked Jalil to shorten the poem, as required by the laws of dramaturgy. Musa categorically refused, saying that he did not want to remove the lines written with "the blood of the heart." The head of the literary part was remembered by a friend as a person who is not indifferent, interested in and worried about the Tatar musical culture.

Close friends told how in colorful literary language the poet described all kinds of funny stories that happened to him, and then read them out in the company. Jalil kept notes in the Tatar language, but after his death, the notebook disappeared without a trace.

Musa Jalil's poem "Barbarism"

In Hitler's dungeons, Musa Jalil wrote hundreds of poems, 115 of them survived to the descendants. The peak of poetic creativity is considered the cycle "Moabite Notebook".

These are really two miraculously preserved notebooks, handed over to the Soviet authorities by the poet's cellmates in the Moabit and Plötzensee camps. According to unconfirmed information, two more, who somehow fell into the hands of a Turkish citizen, ended up in the NKVD and disappeared there.

On the front lines and in the camps, Musa wrote about the war, about the atrocities he witnessed, about the tragedy of the situation and the iron will. Such were the poems "Helmet", "Four Flowers", "Azimuth". The poignant lines “They drove their mothers with their children ...” from “Barbarism” eloquently describe the feelings that overwhelmed the poet.

There was a place in Jalil's soul for lyrics, romanticism and humor, for example, "Love and a runny nose" and "Sister Inshar", "Spring" and dedicated to his wife Amina "Farewell, my good girl."

Personal life

Musa Jalil was married more than once. Rouse's first wife gave the poet a son, Albert. He became a career officer, served in Germany, kept his father's first book with his autograph all his life. Albert raised two sons, but nothing is known about their fate.

IN civil marriage Lucia was born to Musa with Zakiya Sadykova. The daughter graduated from the conductor department of the music school and the Moscow Institute of Cinematography, lived and taught in Kazan.

The third wife of the poet was called Amina. Although information is circulating on the Web that, according to the documents, the woman was listed either as Anna Petrovna or Nina Konstantinovna. The daughter of Amina and Musa Chulpan Zalilova lived in Moscow, worked as an editor in a literary publishing house. Her grandson Mikhail, a talented violinist, bears the double surname Mitrofanov-Jalil.

Death

In the biography of Jalil there would be no front-line and camp pages if the poet had not refused the armor provided to him from military service. Musa came to the military registration and enlistment office on the second day after the start of the war, received a direction as a political commissar, and worked as a military commissar. In 1942, leaving the encirclement with a detachment of fighters, Jalil was wounded and taken prisoner.

In a concentration camp near the Polish city of Radom, Musa joined the Idel-Ural Legion. The Nazis gathered highly educated representatives of non-Slavic nations into detachments in order to grow supporters and distributors of fascist ideology.

Jalil, taking advantage of the relative freedom of movement, launched subversive activities in the camp. The underground workers were preparing an escape, but there was a traitor in their ranks. The poet and the most active associates were executed by guillotine.

Participation in the division of the Wehrmacht gave reason to consider Musa Jalil a traitor to the Soviet people. Only after death, thanks to the efforts of both the Tatar scientist and public figure Gazi Kashshaf revealed the truth about the tragic and at the same time heroic last years of the poet's life.

Bibliography

• 1925 - "We are going"
• 1929 - "Comrades"
• 1934 - Order-bearing millions
• 1955 - "Heroic Song"
• 1957 - "Moabite Notebook"
• 1964 - “Musa Jalil. Selected lyrics»
• 1979 - Musa Jalil. Selected Works»
• 1981 - "Red Daisy"
• 1985 - The Nightingale and the Spring
• 2014 - Musa Jalil. Favorites»

Quotes

I know that with life the dream will go away.

But with victory and happiness

She will dawn in my country,

No one can hold back the dawn!

We will forever glorify that woman whose name is Mother.

Youth imperiously dictates to us: “Seek!”

And the storms of passions carry us.

Not the feet of people paved the way,

And the feelings and passions of people.

Why be surprised, dear doctor?

Helps our health

The best medicine of wondrous power,

What is called love.

The legendary life and courageous death of Musa Jalil.
The legendary poet Musa Jalil is a truly outstanding, talented writer, known throughout Russia. His work is the basis for modern youth, brought up on the basis of patriotism.
Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (known as Musa Jalil) was born on February 2, 1906 in the small village of Mustafino, in the Orenburg region in poor family Mustafa and Rakhima Zalilov. Musa was the sixth child in large family Zalilov, therefore, the craving for work and respect for the older generation manifested itself from an early age. It was then that the love for learning began. He studied very diligently, loved poetry and unusual beauty expressed his thoughts. The parents decided to send the young poet to the Khusainia madrasah in the city of Orenburg. There, the talent of Musa Jalil was finally revealed. He easily studied all subjects in the madrasah, but literature, drawing, singing were especially easy for him.
At the age of thirteen, Musa joins the Komsomol, and after the end of the civil war, he creates many pioneer detachments, in which he easily promotes the ideology of the pioneers through his poems. A little later, Musa Jalil becomes a member of the Bureau of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Central Committee of the Komsomol, after which he has a unique opportunity to go to Moscow and enter the Moscow State University. In 1927, Musa Jalil entered the ethnological faculty of Moscow State University (hereinafter referred to as the faculty of writing), getting into the literary department. Throughout his studies, Musa wrote very interesting poems, participated in poetry evenings, and in 1931 the poet graduated from the university. After graduating from university, Jalil works as an editor for a children's magazine in Tatar.
In 1932, Jalil moved to the city of Serov and worked there on many new works, operas by the famous composer Zhiganov were written based on them. Among such operas are "Altyn Chech" and "Ildar".
After some time, Musa Jalil returns to Moscow again, where he connects his life with the Kommunist newspaper. Thus begins the military period of his work, certainly associated with the Great Patriotic War. In the first six months of his stay in the army, the poet is sent to the city of Menzelinsk, where he receives the rank of senior political instructor and easily enters the active line of the Leningrad Front, and after the Volkhov Front. Among armed attacks, shelling and heroic deeds, the poet simultaneously collects materials for the newspaper "Courage". In 1942, near the village of Myasnoy Bor, Musa Jalil was wounded and captured by the enemy. There, despite the difficult situation, the terrible attitude towards people from the enemy, bullying, the Tatar poet finds the strength to preserve his patriotic principles. In the German camp, the poet will come up with a fake name for himself - Musa Gumerov, thereby deceiving the enemy. But he fails to deceive his fans, even in enemy territory, in the camp of the Nazis, he will be recognized. Musa Jalil was imprisoned in Moabit, Spandau, Pletzensee, and in Poland near the city of Radom. In a camp near the city of Radom, the poet decides to organize an underground organization against the enemy, promotes the victory of the Soviet people, writes poems on this topic and short slogans. And then the flight from the camp of the enemy was organized.
The Nazis proposed a plan for the prisoners, the Germans hoped that the peoples living in the Volga region would rise up against the Soviet regime. It was expected that the Tatar nation, the Bashkir nation, the Mordovian nation, the Chuvash nation would form the Idel-Ural nationalist detachment and form a wave of negativity against the Soviet regime. Musa Jalil agreed to such an adventure in order to deceive the Nazis. Jalil created a specialized underground detachment, which later went against the Germans. After this alignment, the Nazis abandoned this unsuccessful idea. The months spent by the Tatar poet in the Spandau concentration camp turned out to be fatal. Someone reported that an escape from the camp in which Musa was the organizer was being prepared. He was locked up in solitary confinement, tortured for a long time, and then sentenced to death. On August 25, 1944, a well-known Tatar poet was sentenced to death in Plötzensee.
The famous poet Konstantin Simonov played an important role in the work of Musa Jalil. He published and translated the poems of Jalil, which were written in the "Moabite Notebook". Before his death, Jalil managed to hand over the manuscripts to Belgian cellmate Andre Timmermans, who, upon his release from the camp, handed over the notebook to the consul, and it was taken to the homeland of the Tatar poet. In 1953, these poems were first published in the Tatar language, and a couple of years later - in Russian. Today, Musa Jalil is known throughout Russia and far beyond its borders, streets are named after him, films are made about him, both children and adults love his works.

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8 Memory………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….

List of used sources………………………………………...

Application. Poetry…...………………………………………………………

Introduction

Our fellow countryman Musa Jalil glorified our region with his creativity and his feat, which he accomplished during the Great Patriotic War, being in the Moabit prison (Berlin) as a prisoner of the Nazis.

The purpose of this work is to create a memorable book about the life and work of Musa Jalil for a school exhibition dedicated to the 110th anniversary of the poet's birth.

1 Childhood of Musa Jalil

On a stormy February night in 1906, a son was born in the family of a petty trader, Mustafa Zalilov. Sixth child. In honor of the newborn child, they arranged a holiday, invited numerous relatives. The guests sat cross-legged on the floor. They brought gifts with them: one black velvet skullcap, one bright cotton shirt, some skeins of yarn, and the parents of mother Rakhima-apa brought, as usual, a tight, heavy bundle of bleached canvas - to life path the newborn was long and bright. Finally, the mullah came. Everyone got up. Mulla was met at the doorstep, helped to remove a heavy fur coat.

Mulla raised his palms to his face, and in a singsong voice, half-closed his eyes, he began to read a prayer. Everyone quieted down. When the mullah finished his prayer, a tightly swaddled baby was handed to him. Mulla raised him on his outstretched arms and said: “I see the seal of wisdom on the forehead of the baby. That is why I call him Musa. And this name comes from the prophet Moses, the wisest of the wise.”

The small village of Mustafino is lost in the endless Orenburg steppes. This is the birthplace of Musa. Here he spent his childhood. The childhood of all village children was the same. In winter, they rode sleds down the ice slides. When warm came sunny days, the guys played money, went camping, lit fires and baked potatoes. They played tag, hide-and-seek, climbed trees. Most of all, Musa loved to fish. The Net River is a favorite place for walking. Musa, like all the guys, gathered wild onions and garlic in the spring, ate ripe cherries, grazed calves and geese across the river, and went with his parents to hay.

Musa's father Mustafa Zalilov was a kind, gentle man. According to the stories of fellow villagers, he was short, reddish, somewhat fussy. Everyone respected him as a gentle, sharp-witted and peasant-wise man.

In the photo, Musa Jalil's mother, Rakhima. She was demanding of children, did not indulge and did not indulge their weaknesses. Every now and then the mother repeated: “A real person is only one who first of all thinks about others, and not about himself.” She was gifted and talented in her own way, although she remained illiterate all her life. As a girl, she was the first singer in the village, she knew many folk songs. On the most difficult days in Orenburg, when there was not a piece of bread or a drop of kerosene in the house, she gathered children around her and sang old Tatar songs to them. Children, listening to their mother's songs, at least for a while forgot about the terrible feeling of hunger.

An unforgettable day came when little Musa crossed the threshold of the school for the first time.

The photo shows the school where Musa studied. He studied easily and with great desire. Almost all the letters of the alphabet were familiar to Musa (brother Ibrahim showed them to him). While his classmates struggled to learn the letters, Musa was already reading and writing freely. He was very inquisitive.

The teacher allowed the students to ask any questions. Musa, taking advantage of this, poured out questions: Why is the sky blue and the grass green? Why do horses have four legs and humans only two? Where does thunder come from?

So Musa mastered the program of all four classes in one year.

In 1913 the Zalilov family moved to Orenburg. These were years of severe poverty and wanderings in inns.

Madrasah - spiritual educational institution where Musa studied in Orenburg. The school had a library. Here Musa first read Pushkin's fairy tales.

Reading was Musa's strongest and most constant hobby. He became so interested in reading that he decided to start his own library. There was not enough money to buy books. So he decided to make them himself. He sewed little books out of notebook sheets. In one little book, he wrote down a legend he heard from his grandmother. In another, he wrote down a fairy tale that he composed himself. In the third and fourth little books - ditties and folk songs.

Musa was proud of the library, showed it to his friends, gave them his little books to read, and was going to write further. But one day, when Musa was not at home, the younger sister of Khadich became capricious. And mother had no time. In order to somehow calm her down, her mother gave her bright books by Musa. When Musa returned home, only shreds were left of the books ...

Musa began writing poetry at the age of nine. He wrote both in class and at home in the evenings until late at night. Sometimes the mother would get up and scold her son and put out the lamp. She felt sorry for the kerosene, she felt sorry for the paper, but most of all she felt sorry for him, she was afraid that he would ruin her eyes. But the next day it all started all over again.

A capable boy began to write poems about geese and butterflies, about the river Net, he wanted to become the same poet as Tukay, signing his first poems - Little Musa (Kechkene Musa). Since he loved his Mustafino very much, fresh air familiar and beloved places from childhood, the colors of a fading autumn and awakening spring forest, morning fog over the fields, colorful sunsets over the river - this will give him inspiration all his life.

Later, many of his poems for children will be devoted to village life, animals, and the nature of his native land. Such poems for the little ones as "Cockerel", "Cuckoo", "Thieving Kitten", "Shakir and Gali", "My Dog" and many others.

In the summer of 1913, Mustafa-Abzy sold the farm and moved his large family to Orenburg. In the city, they managed to settle in the basement of a madrasah, next to which was the Belek (Knowledge) library. That's where now he will constantly spend all his free time seven year old Musa. Soon he enters further education at the Khusainia madrasah. In this educational institution, the main discipline was, of course, theology, but besides this, secular education was also given. Children were taught literature, drawing and singing. Studying in the madrasah gave a lot to the little poet, here he continued to develop his talent.The years of study, of course, were not easy, but Musa learned to acquire knowledge. Good abilities and diligence allowed him to believe in himself and show his leadership inclinations. For example, he organized the publication of a newspaper in the madrasah for his classmates, and he edited and published it himself, where his pseudonym, Musa Jalil, appeared for the first time.

In addition to poetry and literature, he was fond of music and mastered the mandolin well.

2 Youth of the poet

At the beginning of 1917, Musa creates a poem that speaks of the World War as a senseless bloody battle that takes away thousands of young human lives. He sends it to the Tatar newspaper "Vakyt" ("Time"). It was not printed.

In 1917, in November, when Orenburg passes from one military authority to another for two years, anarchy and banditry reign in the city. The city was liberated from bandits and White Guards only by 1919.The first poetic experiments of the thirteen-year-old Musa date back to the second half of 1919. His first poems, like those of many poets, were filled with special romanticism. Some names are worth something: “Red Banner”, “Red Holiday”, “Red Army”. There is so much red in the first verses that some literary critics initial period dubbed "red". It is characterized by categoricalness, directness, energy and conciseness of the verse. Most often these are passionate, pointed, in terms of journalistic appeals, for example:

Worker friend, take a rifle - and go hiking!

Give your life, if necessary, for your will.

"Happiness", 1919

This is one of the first poems "Happiness", which has an adult theme. During this dangerous and eventful time, Musa attended noisy rallies and meetings, and then, honing his writing skills, told about everything he saw in pamphlets and articles in a cool homemade newspaper

At this time, in the surrounded Orenburg, the first organization of the communist youth union, later the Komsomol members, was created. Musa signed up to get to the front of the Civil War, but they didn’t take him, he was very small and thin at thirteen.

The father goes bankrupt and goes to prison for debts, later he suddenly falls ill with typhus and dies. The mother, trying to feed the rest of the children, takes on the most black and thankless work - she cleans and washes linen in other people's houses for a penny.

On February 17, 1920, Musa joined the Komsomol. Rural Komsomol members had to carry out guard duty, fight with speculators, and sometimes detain armed bandits. Musa carried out any Komsomol assignment willingly, with great responsibility.

In the summer of 1921, a famine began in the Orenburg region due to drought, from which two brothers of Musa Jalil died. In order not to burden the family with another mouth, he goes outside and joins the crowd of homeless hungry children who flooded the city and its environs at that terrible time. During these few months, as he writes in his diary: "I ate whatever I could, slept wherever I could, stole."

Musa was saved from starvation on the street by one of the employees of the newspaper Kyzyl Yulduz (Red Star), in which his very first, still immature poems were published. An employee of the newspaper arranged Jalil in the Orenburg military party school, and then on the basis of the madrasah where Musa studied, the Tatar Institute of Public Education was created, of which the young man became a student.

After the end of the Civil War, in 1922, Musa lives in Kazan, studies at the workers' faculty and actively works in the Komsomol organization, engages in amateur youth activities, writes poetry and plays. He himself spoke of this period: "I was led ... inspired by faith in poetic power." Many of his works of this period are dedicated to the anniversaries of the Komsomol organization and have become favorite songs of the Tatar and Bashkir Komsomol members. Jalil organizes musical and poetry evenings, plays the mandolin himself and reads his poems.

The poet is actively involved in the creation of the first children's organizations, later called pioneer. A time rich in turning points contributed to the rapid maturation and maturation of the future writer. The path to creative maturity Musa, like many others, went through several stages. Jalil himself said more than once that he moved to a new stage in his work in 1924: "During the years of the workers' faculty, a revolution was outlined in my work." Excessive pathos has gone, the palette of artistic means has become more perfect.

During this period, Musa wrote many children's poems and plays with a new ideological content, because there were no works for children's theaters yet, and they were urgently needed to promote the new ideology, in which Musa Jalil believed so sincerely and ardently. He travels a lot around the country on the instructions of the Komsomol, as an instructor. In 1925 he worked in the Komsomol Committee in Orsk, in 1926 - in Orenburg.

3

Jalil is forced to return to Mustafino, where he gathers the Red Flower youth organization, which later became a Komsomol cell and elected Musa a member of the committee of the volost RKSM and a delegate to the provincial conference of the Komsomol.

In 1920, he returned again and reworked the original version of his poem "At War" (1920), sharpening the degree of accusatory pathos and his sympathy for the masses of the people, sent it to the newspaper "Kyzyl Yulduz" ("Red Star"), which then was the press organ of the Bolsheviks of the Turkestan Front. The poem was published under the pseudonym Little Jalil, as were a dozen similar slogan poems, proclamations filled with faith in victory, written by Musa starting in 1919.

Several notebooks with poems, plays, stories, records of samples of folk tales, songs and legends made and composed by Musa Jalil from 1918 to 1921 have survived to this day. Of course, most of them remained unpublished, but thanks to them, you can get a picture creative development Musa's talent The very first lines are imbued with the elemental democratism of the young author. He is the flesh of the flesh, the son of his people, having swallowed plenty of humiliation and grief, knowing the price of a labored piece of bread. He felt in his own skin the arrogance and hypocrisy of the rich bai offspring towards him, the son of a ruined merchant, only out of mercy taken at public expense in a madrasah. To whom, no matter how he knows about the needs and aspirations of people with whom he sincerely sympathized. True, his fragile skill does not yet allow him to skillfully use artistic means, too straightforward and awkwardly expresses his thoughts young

My life is for the people, all the strength to him,

I want the song to serve him.

For my people, I may lay down my head

I'm going to serve him to the grave.

"The word of the poet of freedom", 1920

4

In 1927, Musa Jalil, he was elected a member of the bureau of the Central Committee of the Komsomol from Tatar-Bashkiria and sent to Moscow. He easily entered the Faculty of Philology at Moscow State University, where he studied from 1927 to 1931. The poems that he wrote in the Tatar language were translated by his fellow students and read in Russian at student literary evenings, always enjoying success, which served as a great incentive to improve their artistic form.

In Moscow, Musa not only had to study, he continued to conduct active Komsomol and journalistic activities. He was appointed editor of the Tatar ideological publication Kechkene Ipteshler (Younger Comrades). And then, already in 1928, he was a member of the editorial board of the journal Yash Eshche (Young Worker), as well as Udarniklar (Drummer). There was a catastrophic shortage of competent personnel of the young government, therefore, a capable, creatively thinking, young Tatar poet was a valuable Komsomol worker.From 1927 to 1928, Musa also led the international Tatar circle at the club. H. Yamasheva and the literary circle at the Central Library for Children. In addition, he wrote lyrics for children's songs, working in tandem with the young Tatar composer Latif Hamidi, who was also studying in Moscow at that time. All these activities required a lot of strength and energy, and you also had to study! There was absolutely no time for personal life.

At this time, he manages to pay attention to his work. From 1924 to 1928, Musa wrote the poem "The Paths Traveled", the poems "On Death", the theme of which is friendship and internationalism, and many other works.His daily routine during this active period was complex and eventful. Musa, according to his old peasant habit, got up very early, at sunrise, wiping himself with a wet towel, had breakfast on the go and ran off to the editorial office. He came late in the evening, and again sat down to study, prepare for seminars, read and edit manuscripts. In the morning I worked in the editorial office, then - in the printing house, studying at the university and important meetings in the district committee of the Komsomol.

In the mid-thirties, after graduating from the university, Musa Jalil served as executive secretary of Tatar writers at the Writers' Union of the USSR. Since 1935, he has been in charge of the literary part of the Tatar Opera Studio at the Moscow State Conservatory. The studio was created to train national personnel: singers, conductors, composers. He stands at the origins of the creation of the Tatar national opera art.

He has a family, wife Amina and little daughter Chulpan. They live in Moscow in Stoleshnikov Lane, where friends are now constantly "hustling": Tatar writers, poets, composers, studio members.

Starting to work in an opera studio, Musa begins to deeply study the basics of musical theory and the history of music, and works on his musical development. He regularly goes to opera performances, listens to concerts in the Great and Small Halls of the Conservatory. Translates the libretto of Russian operas into Tatar language, writes original librettos based on Tatar folklore.

The study process of the studio members was coming to an end, the national opera troupe needed an appropriate repertoire. Musa Jalil was not afraid to take on the enormous responsibility of creating the libretto for the first Tatar operas. This period of his life was very stressful. I had to do a lot of work on the study of operatic dramaturgy in order to qualitatively prepare the libretto of the new national opera Altynchech (Golden-Haired), based on a beautiful old Tatar legend. In addition, several librettos for operas by studio composers were written in parallel. He did not leave his work in the field of translations either. He translated classical romances, individual opera arias, and songs into Tatar. He prepared the repertoire for his studio members - the future luminaries of the Tatar opera scene.

In 1938, Musa left Moscow with the opera studio and took his family to Kazan, where he began working as the head of the literary part of the Tatar Opera House, which today bears his proud name.

5 Pre-war time

Musa Jalil was elected chairman of the Union of Writers of the Tatar Republic in 1939, as well as a deputy of the city council. There were enough things to do, in addition to official deputy duties, affairs in the theater and in the writers' union, there were also works in almost all literary genres: lyrics, materials for a new novel about the Komsomol, journalism and plays.

During the years of the studio's existence - from 1935 to 1938, two opera performances "Faust" by S. Gounod and "Kachkyn" by N. Zhiganov were prepared for staging. It was the opera "Kachkyn" that marked the opening in Kazan, in 1939, of the Tatar State Opera House. And on June 24, 1941, the loud premiere of the national opera in the Tatar language "Altynchech" (Golden-Haired) took place in the theater, on the libretto of which Musa Jalil worked for several years, even from the studio. He took as a basis two folk tales "The Golden Pen", "Altynchech" and the folk epic "Jik Mergen". Useful, it turns out, Musa's grandmother's tales.

Musa has already worked on the libretto of the new opera "The Fisherwoman", about the fishermen of the Caspian Sea.

The war interrupted the creative plans of the poet. In July 1941, he applied to the military enlistment office and volunteered for an artillery regiment that was being formed near Kazan as a “mounted scout,” as he jokingly called his ordinary position. But as soon as the military leadership found out that Musa Zalilov was the same author of the famous opera Altynchech, they wanted to send him to the rear or demobilize him. Musa refused and went to serve as a political worker and military correspondent for the Courage newspaper.

During the first months of the war, the poet wrote emotional poems calling for loyalty to the warrior's oath, which were included in the collection The Artilleryman's Oath (1942). This thought, in one form or another, resounds in all his poems of this period. At the same time, the poetic cycle “Against the Enemy” was written, calling on all people of good will to fight against the fascist invaders.

6 Feat of Musa Jalil

The year 1941 has come. When the Nazi invaders brutally attacked our country, Musa Jalil went to the front to defend his native land from enemies.

The poet fought in the front line of fire. His weapons were both a soldier's rifle and a writer's pen. The poet firmly believed in victory over the enemy, urged to fight for the Fatherland without sparing life. He wrote about this in front-line poems.

But Musa Jalil did not see the bright day of our victory, he did not see the victory banner hoisted on the Berlin Reichstag. In the summer of 1942, Musa was seriously wounded on the Volkhov front. All roads were cut off. The poet thinks that captivity is worse than death. He wants to be a scorpion who at the last minute kills himself with a sting, he wants to be an eagle and break on a rock. But this one is not fulfilled either. last hope Rescue: The gun friend refused the last word. The wounded, exhausted Musa Jalil was brought to Berlin with his hands cuffed and thrown into the Moabit prison.

In order to be able to continue participating in the fight against the enemy, Jalil joined the Idel-Ural legion created by the Germans. In Jedlinsk, near Radom (Poland), where the Idel-Ural legion was formed, Musa organized an underground group among the legionnaires and organized the escape of prisoners of war.

Taking advantage of the fact that he was instructed to carry out cultural and educational work, Jalil, traveling around the prisoner-of-war camps, established secret connections and, under the guise of selecting amateur artists for the choir chapel created in the legion, recruited new members of the underground organization. He was associated with an underground organization called the Berlin Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, headed by N. S. Bushmanov.

The 825th battalion of the Idel-Ural legion, formed first, sent to Vitebsk, made an unsuccessful attempt to raise an uprising on February 21, 1943, during which some of the fighters (about 500-600 people) left the location of the unit and joined the Belarusian partisans .

The personnel of the remaining 6 battalions of the legion, when trying to use them in hostilities, also often went over to the side of the Red Army and partisans.

In August 1943, the Gestapo arrested Jalil and most of the members of his underground group, a few days before a carefully planned uprising of prisoners of war. Pictured below interrogation of Musa Jalil .

For participation in an underground organization, Musa Jalil was executed by guillotine on August 25, 1944 in the Plötzensee prison in Berlin.

On the picture a memorial wall at the site of the prison in Berlin where the patriots were executed.

7

Despite the fact thatand participation in a secret political organization among the captured Musa Jalil, the Nazis severely tortured, threatened with death, but they could not stop the poet's voice. He continued to write poetry.

These are Jalil's "Moabit Notebooks" - the last poems of the poet. From scraps of paper, he sewed two notebooks. To hide from the enemy, he named it “Turkish-German Dictionary” and kept it in the folds of his wretched prison clothes.

Before his execution, Musa handed over the notebooks to the Belgian partisan André Timmermans. He was imprisoned along with Musa Jalil. At the end of the war, returning to his homeland, Andre Timmermans handed over notebooks with Jalil's poems to the Soviet consulate in Brussels.

Nigmat Teregulov, a prisoner of war in the German prison Maobit, got a notebook, which he was given as a person of Tatar nationality. The author - Musa Jalil, asked to give it to the Writers' Union of Tatarstan. Nigmat knew Musa and respected him very much, although they did not know each other personally. Musa wrote three notebooks (although maybe more) in three Latin, Arabic and Russian fonts, they were given to three different people: the Tatars Nigmat Teregulov, Gabbas Sharipov and the Belgian Andre Timmermans, prisoners of the German prison Moabit, like himself.

Nigmat returned home and, after checking in SMERSH, ended up in his own house, with his family. Before completing the assignment, Nigmat consulted with his relatives, who asked him not to rush to hand over the notebook. There were rumors that a case of betrayal of the Motherland was initiated against Musa Jalil, as if he was in the service of the Nazis.

Both envoys, Nigmat Teregulov and Gabbas Sharipov, were arrested and thrown into the Soviet camp for handing over Musa Jalil's notebook. The notebook, which Andre Timmermans was transporting, fell into the hands of Konstantin Simonov in 1953,who organized the translation of Jalil's poems into Russian, removed slanderous slanders from the poet and proved the patriotic activities of his underground group. K. Simonov's article about Musa Jalil was published in one of the central newspapers in 1953, after which the triumphant "march" of the feat of the poet and his comrades into the people's consciousness began. A significant role in the rehabilitation of Musa Jalil was played by his friend, the writer Gazi Kashshaf.

In 1956 he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

For the cycle of poems "Moabit Notebook" in 1957, Jalil was posthumously awarded the Lenin Prize by the Committee on Lenin and State Prizes in the field of literature and art. In 1968, the film Moabite Notebook was made about Musa Jalil.

8 Memory

Museum-apartment of Musa Jalil is located in Kazan at the address: st. M. Gorky, d. 17 apt. 28. Here he lived in 1940-1941.

The village of Jalil in the Republic of Tatarstan is named after Musa Jalil.

Monuments in Almetyevsk, Menzelinsk, Moscow (opened on October 25, 2008 on Belorecheskaya Street and August 24, 2012 on the street of the same name), Nizhnekamsk (opened on August 30, 2012), Nizhnevartovsk (opened on September 25, 2007), Naberezhnye Chelny, St. Petersburg (opened May 19, 2011), Tosno ( Leningrad region) (opened November 9, 2012).

Bust of the poet-hero Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (Jalil).
(v. Mustafino, Sharlyk region). Monument to the poet, Hero of the Soviet Union Musa Jalil in the village. Mustafino, Sharlyksky district, was opened on February 15, 1976. The famous Tatar poet-hero was born in this village. The bust of the hero is installed on the square in the center of the village, on the territory of the school.

The monument to the "Poet-Hero Musa Jalil" in Orenburg was opened on June 22, 1996, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of his birth. It is located in the public garden on Postnikova street opposite the city garden "Topol".

Memorial plate of the Tatar poet-hero Musa Jalil open in With. Asekeyevo, Orenburg region. Grand opening memorial plaque in memory of Musa Jalil in the village of Asekeyevo took place on October 28, 2005. in the park opposite the youth sports complex. Nearby is a street bearing the name of the hero. The initiative to create the park and the project of the monument belongs to the Asekeyevo Tatar national cultural autonomy and is timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the poet.

The Tatar Academic State Opera and Ballet Theater in Kazan is named after Musa Jalil.

School No. 1186 with an ethno-cultural Tatar bias in education (Moscow) was named after Musa Jalil, where a monument to the poet was erected.

There are avenues and streets of Musa Jalil in many cities of the former USSR.

A street in the village of Ulenkul, Bolsherechensky district, Omsk region.

Street in the city of Astrakhan.

Street in the village of Matmassy, ​​Tyumen.

A cinema in Nizhnekamsk was named after him, as well as a small planet (in 1972).

The library of the city of Izhevsk is named after him.

Memorial plaque on the building of secondary school No. 15 in Tobolsk.

Memorial plaque on the gate at the entrance to the Dinaburg fortress (Daugavpils, Latvia).

Memorial plaque on the building at st. Agglomeratchikov, 9 in the city of Serov, where Musa Jalil stayed in September 1932.

Memorial plaque on Musa Jalil Street in Moscow (installed in the spring of 2004).

Nazib Zhiganov's opera "Jalil" (1957) is dedicated to the feat of the poet.

The youth of Musa Jalil is dedicated to the story of Sagit Agish "Countrymen" (1964).

Conclusion

The poet's poems, written in captivity, are imbued with fiery love for the Motherland, hatred for the enemy, faith in victory. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 2, 1956 to Musa Jalil for exceptional stamina and courage shown in the fight against fascist german invaders, posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. A monument to Musa Jalil was erected in Kazan. Here is what the sister of the poet Kh. Dzhalilova says about this monument: “... Musa stands, raising his head, proud, majestic in his disobedience, striving for freedom with his whole being. His burning eyes are directed into the distance ... ".

In one of his poems, he wrote: “The purpose of life is this: to live in such a way that even after death you do not die ...”. Indeed, even after death the poet continues to live, to live in his immortal poems. He will live in the memory of the people as long as his poems are alive.

List of sources used:

Bikmukhamedov R. Musa Jalil. Critical and biographical essay. - M., 1957 ..

Gosman H. Tatar poetry of the twenties. - Kazan, 1964 (in Tatar).

Vozdvizhensky V. History of Tatar Soviet Literature. - M., 1965 ..

Fayzi A. Memories of Musa Jalil. - Kazan, 1966..

Akhatov G. Kh. About the language of Musa Jalil / "Socialist Tatarstan". - Kazan, 1976, No. 38 (16727), February 15.

Akhatov G. Kh. Phraseological phrases in Musa Jalil's poem "The Letter Bearer". / J. "Soviet school". - Kazan, 1977, No. 5 (in Tatar).

Mustafin R.A. In the footsteps of the poet-hero. Book-search. - M.: Soviet writer, 1976.

Korolkov Yu.M. After forty deaths. - M .: Young Guard, 1960.
Korolkov Yu.M. Life is a song. The life and struggle of the poet Musa Jalil. - M.: Gospolitizdat, 1959.

Wikipedia website.//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Jalil

Biography, life story of Musa Jalil

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A poem from the Moabite Notebook

PERMANENT THOUGHTS

I dreamed of dying like a soldier

In the midst of a hurricane fire.

But no! Like a lamp with a blue light

Flickering, smoldering ... A moment - and there is no me.

Fulfillment of my hopes

I did not expect our victory.

In vain I wrote: "I'll die laughing."

No! I don't want to die, friends!

Have I done so many things?

How long have I lived in the world?

She would have gone better than she was.

I didn’t think before, I didn’t guess,

That the heart can break into pieces

I did not know such anger in myself,

I did not know such love, such longing.

I just now feel completely

What can my heart burn in me like that,

I couldn't to give to the motherland,

Oh, what a shame to admit it!

It's not scary to know that death is coming to you,

If you die for your people.

But death from hunger... No, no, friends,

I don't want a shameful death.

I want to live in order to give to my Motherland

The last push of the heart

So that when I die, I could say

That I'm dying for the Fatherland-mother.

LAST SONG

What a distant land
Spacious and unobtrusive!
Only my prison
Dark and stinking.

A bird is flying in the sky
She soars up to the clouds!
And I'm lying on the floor
My hands are chained.

A flower grows freely
He is full of fragrance
And I wither in prison:
I'm out of breath.

I know how sweet it is to live
O victorious power of life!
But I'm dying in prison
This song is my last.

August 1943

SPRING

Like a spring flowing through a valley,
On the road, I sang songs every now and then.
And everything seemed to the heart that from them
The earth around bloomed and rejuvenated.

The heat did not dry me out in the heat,
The blizzard weather did not freeze,
And in the songs the pure voice of silver
He flew to friends, mastering the years.

How a traveler catches a wet stream
Lips parched with thirst
So my soulful song
Friends caught the heart more than once.

The spring reflects the light at night, -
So I shone for you, I lived next to you
And sang to friends about the joy of victory,
He sang about love that burns with his eyes.

Like a nightingale on the shore of a spring
Comes to drink the welcome water,
So you come to me, beautiful and light,
My nightingale, you come at dawn.

I will not hide that you are in my destiny
Always occupied a large place.
And the most tender to you
I gave songs - and gave a lot,

When will pass, like a song, my life,
When I shut up, leaving loved ones,
Don't think that I'm dead, friends -
I will always live in the hearts of millions.

You can't bury a spring in the ground,
He will become a part sea ​​element.
I will smile at you friends
And I will sing to you, dear people!

1937

TRACK

The flame burns greedily.
The village was burned to the ground.
A child's corpse by the road
Covered in black ash.

And the soldier looks, and sparingly
His tear rolls
Picked up the girl, kisses
Despite eyes.

Here he straightened up quietly,
He touched the order on his chest,
He gritted his teeth: - Okay, you bastard!
Let's all remember, wait!

And on the trail of children's blood,
Through fog and snow
He takes away the wrath of the people,
He is in a hurry to catch up with the enemy.

1942

BARBARISM

They drove the mothers with the children
And they forced to dig a hole, and they themselves
They stood, a bunch of savages,
And they laughed in hoarse voices.

Lined up at the edge of the abyss
Powerless women, thin guys.
The intoxicated major came and looked at the doomed with copper eyes ...

cloudy rain

Buzzed in the foliage of neighboring groves
And in the fields, dressed in mist,
And the clouds fell over the earth
Chasing each other with rage...

No, I won't forget this day
I will never forget, forever!
I saw rivers crying like children,
And mother earth wept in rage.

I saw with my own eyes,
Like the mournful sun, washed with tears,
Through the cloud went out to the fields,
Kissed the children for the last time

Last time.. .
Noisy autumn forest.

It seemed like now
He went crazy. raged angrily
Its foliage. Darkness thickened around.

I heard: a powerful oak fell suddenly,
He fell, letting out a heavy sigh.
The children were suddenly frightened,
They clung to their mothers, clinging to the skirts.

And a sharp sound was heard from the shot,
Breaking the curse
What escaped from a woman alone.
Child, sick little boy,

He hid his head in the folds of the dress
Not yet an old woman. She
I looked full of horror.
How not to lose her mind!

I understood everything, the little one understood everything.
- Hide, mommy, me! Do not die!
He cries and, like a leaf, cannot hold back the trembling. Child, which is dearest to her,

Bending down, she raised her mother with both hands,
Pressed to the heart, against the muzzle straight ...
- I, mother, want to live. Don't, mom!
Let me go, let me go! What are you waiting for?

And the child wants to escape from the hands,
And the cry is terrible, and the voice is thin,
And it pierces the heart like a knife.
- Do not be afraid, my boy. Now you can take a breath.

Close your eyes but don't hide your head
So that the executioner does not bury you alive.
Be patient, son, be patient. Now it won't hurt.

And he closed his eyes. And reddened the blood
On the neck with a red ribbon wriggling.
Two lives fall to the ground, merging,
Two lives and one love!

Thunder boomed. The wind whistled through the clouds.
The earth wept in deaf anguish,
Oh, how many tears, hot and combustible!
My land, tell me what's wrong with you?

You often saw human grief,
You bloomed for us for millions of years,
But have you ever experienced
Such a shame and barbarism?

My country, enemies threaten you,
But raise the banner of great truth higher,
Wash his lands with bloody tears,
And let its rays pierce

Let them destroy mercilessly
Those barbarians, those savages,
That the blood of children is swallowed greedily,
The blood of our mothers...

Musa Jalil was born on February 2, 1906 in the village of Mustafino, Orenburg Region, into a Tatar family. Education in the biography of Musa Jalil was received in the madrasah (Muslim educational institution) "Husainia" in Orenburg. Jalil has been a member of the Komsomol since 1919. Musa continued his education at Moscow State University, where he studied at the literary department. After graduating from university, he worked as an editor for children's magazines.

For the first time, Jalil's work was published in 1919, and his first collection was published in 1925 ("We are going"). 10 years later, two more collections of the poet were published: "Order-bearing millions", "Poems and poems." Also, Musa Jalil in his biography was the secretary of the Writers' Union.

In 1941 he went to the front, where he not only fought, but was also a war correspondent. After being taken prisoner in 1942, he was in the Spandau concentration camp. There he organized an underground organization that helped the prisoners to escape. In the camp in the biography of Musa Jalil, there was still a place for creativity. There he wrote a whole series of poems. For work in an underground group, he was executed in Berlin on August 25, 1944. In 1956, the writer and activist was named a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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