Joyful feelings of a person. Negative emotions are outrage. Is it possible and how to manage emotions and feelings: education of emotions and feelings

"To write good book, you just need to take a pen, dip it in ink and put your soul on paper "
K. Berne

Very often, novice authors pay such moments in works as the description of the character, his feelings, the nature of his emotions, the environment, insufficient attention. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the author himself wants to get down to business, direct action, to the main thing in the story - the plot. But it is the quality of the descriptions, the quality of the hero's emotions that give life to one plot, and nothing to the other, and then readers note great idea story, but they write that the topic is not disclosed, the hero is incomprehensible. That is, the reader on an emotional level did not feel your work, he did not see it before his eyes, he did not feel what the hero feels. In this article, I would like to raise exactly this difficult topic emotions, feelings of the character in relation to both the world and its environment, and to himself. Let's imagine that you have already created your character, thought about him and his occupation, noticed personality traits, revealed habits and little quirks. This character has healed in your head, you saw him, and now you need to show him to the reader.

Often, authors start from this very moment: literally just starting to tell their story, they immediately strive to show their character by describing his appearance, and sometimes we come across such descriptions.

Example:

I went to school, stood in the yard Golden autumn, and the sun was still shining. On such a beautiful day, I absolutely do not want to sit at a desk in a stuffy classroom, but, unfortunately, summer is over, and hard school days await me. Oh, yes, I forgot to introduce myself, my name is Semyon, I am sixteen years old, my height is 1.70, I have light green eyes, and blond, shoulder-length hair. The physique, of course, let me down, I am very thin, and no matter how much I tried to build muscles, everything was in vain. I don’t like school since Vadim appeared there, but it was in the seventh grade, almost everyone hated me, no one knows why. Vadim is a tall guy, under 1.90, he is dark-haired, with long bangs falling over his eyes, his blue eyes always laugh at me as soon as our gazes intersect. No matter how much I tried to understand why his negative attitude towards me suddenly took over, which was later adopted by the whole class, I could not understand.

In such cases, the description of the author does not leave the readers any room for imagination, the readers, in fact, do not see this hero. The main mistake: everything is too simple, too explicit criteria for measuring the hero, only the exact weight is not enough, although some individuals describe this too. What is written here should remain in your notebook or blank about the hero, but should not go into the descriptions. Let the reader see the hero gradually, it's okay, if only a clear image of him appears on the tenth page, which, importantly, the reader will form himself from the grains that you gave him.

Directly regarding the description: pay attention to the little things, they show your character, if you write from a third person, then the possibilities in this regard are not limited. Sweep the character's gait, for example, with a padding to one side. Pay attention to dirty nails if you're describing a negative or unpleasant character. Notice the tilt of the imaginary person's head as they listen carefully. Remember how, maybe, a friend sometimes wring his fingers to a crunch, at what moments does he do it? Perhaps out of boredom, or when nervous. All these features show your hero exactly from the side that is close to your readers. Readers will always be close to what is next to them: what is found in their own character or the character of people close to him, and even if the hero is an alien, he also may have those feelings and habits by which only he can be recognized. Now about the emotional component of the characters.

Your hero is alive, which means he experiences a kaleidoscope of emotions every minute: his mood changes depending on the situation, and his behavior can be different every time, as well as his reaction to various external and internal stimuli.
So, a person has six main emotions: fear, anger, joy, sadness, surprise, disgust. It is not difficult to get acquainted with what these emotions look like in any book on psychology; there is also a lot of information and pictures on the Internet about these basic types of emotions, therefore I will not deal with the description of the mechanism of facial muscles when experiencing different emotions. However, this information is useful for the author, so I recommend that you familiarize yourself with it. We are concerned not with the external manifestation, but with the internal, what does a person feel at the moment of fear? His heart stops, skipping beats, cold sweat breaks through, his hair stands on end.

Example:

A lonely lamp burned in the room, illuminating a patch of space around it with a yellow light. Alain, swallowing and wetting his dry mouth, took a step forward. A crunch rang out under his foot, and his heart skipped a beat for a second. He immediately looked down and saw only the crushed plastic rose that Grandma Tina once kept in the kitchen in a crystal vase. Shrugging involuntarily, the young man moved on.

Nowhere is it openly written that the hero is scared, no, the reader will understand this from insignificantly noticed details.

Alain's eyes widened from what he saw, he did not have time to think, did not have time to comprehend. Invisible blinders * fell over his eyes, narrowing the world down to the monster opposite. It looked just like a person: wide and open. The monster stood, breathing heavily, splashing saliva. His crooked long fingers clenched into a fist, slowly, barely holding back the tension that was tearing every muscle, it moved towards Alena.

In this case, in addition to fear, there is surprise and the desire of the monster to tear Alain apart. Again, these moments are not shown directly. Fear - dilated eyes - outwardly, slightly open mouth. Inwardly cold sweat, like a frozen heart. When fear is not a surprise, but has been present for some time, then a person's heart beats much faster, adrenaline is produced, but the face does not turn red. Blood flows from the head to the legs - this is an ancient reaction inherent in nature. The person must have time to escape. This knowledge is important when describing the hero, if the author, taking into account physiological features emotions, describes it, it will always make the reader feel the work more strongly and fully penetrate.

Anger - externally: the wings of the nostrils widen, the lips are drawn into a thin thread, the chin is slightly raised. Internally, the heart also beats off beats faster than usual, the same adrenaline is produced. From anger, a person can begin to shake, sometimes at such moments, emotions obscure the mind.
Anger and fear are physiologically very close.

Sadness, joy are emotions of a different nature, and both emotions are the result of the strongest experience. Sadness is frustration, disappointment. In the description, you should pay attention to it. At this moment, something tears inside, a person can grab his hair, he can fall into a deep depression because of this - in the event that the emotion is prolonged. But, as a rule, in life in one day we experience almost all of the above emotions, but they are not manifested as sharply as in the description here. However, in the literature it is worth giving Special attention and the change of these emotions. Let me remind you once again: everyone has the same emotions, even if you are describing a thick-skinned person who, it would seem, has an emotional spectrum, like a bus stop. Remember that a person is not capable of not experiencing these emotions at all - he can learn to show them much more restrained than others, he can very quickly be able to switch from one emotion to another and thus simplify his life. His emotions can - due to temperament / experience, etc. - to be less sharp, but remember: emotions will be there anyway.

Gender factor:

In fact, I would not take it into account in this case at all, for one simple reason: the manifestation of emotions depends on temperament, but not on gender. The expression of feelings depends on gender. And about them below.

Age.

It is no secret that a child, not being able to restrain his emotions, is always very open and frank with people. A teenager, as a rule, experiences many stresses associated with the formation of an inner self, environment, and search life path... It follows that it is difficult for him to cope with his emotions, plus a growing body and unstable, due to physiological neoplasms, nervous system... Bottom line: the change of emotions happens very often, it is incredibly difficult to control the manifestations of emotions for all types of temperament. An adult person shows emotions in accordance with his own type of temperament. an old man restrained in expressing emotions due to their experience.

Temperament:

I think it's not a secret for anyone what it is, and it will hardly be a discovery that temperament appears at the moment of birth and is completely independent of upbringing, like the inclinations (talents) of a person. From this we can conclude that a character, even if both parents are calm and balanced, can have an explosive temperament, and vice versa.
Here, perhaps, the upbringing of the hero should be separately noted: if initially your hero is melancholy, then you need to take into account the environment in which he grew up. For example, with an authoritarian upbringing, a melancholic is able to refuse studies, any choice, etc. - these are often mama's sons.
The authoritarian style of upbringing of the choleric, on the contrary, is useful, and fosters discipline and determination in him.
Why do you need to know all this? To prevent this from happening: a quiet family raised a pervert maniac.

These examples apply to specific situations and activities. What about feelings?

Feelings are different from emotions: the feeling is long-term, the emotion is instantaneous. Feelings come gradually, they are deep and live in every person: sadness, envy, love, etc. Each of them has a foundation. The kind of emotions is somewhat different in this respect: emotions for all people are the same and pass the same way as for everyone, feelings for everyone manifest themselves in different ways and directly depend on the character of the character and on the society in which he is. For example, if we take the world of the future, in which love is forbidden, then the manifestation of this feeling will be completely different. And the emotion experienced by the character - for example, the same fear - cannot be otherwise, that is, the person will always feel his heart hoot into his heels, no matter what world you put him in.

Feeling has a color of character, although there is a concept of how love manifests itself in healthy individuals, but it is the character of a person that determines the manifestation of this feeling. In an authoritarian person, the manifestation of love will be different from the manifestation of the same feeling in a democratic person. With different temperaments, we also have different manifestations: in a choleric person this feeling in behavior is always clearly expressed in relation to his half, in a phlegmatic person it is carefully hidden, both from the subject of sighing, and from himself. I think these simple truths were already known and clear to you, but I decided to remind them of them for the reason that it is in the works that the authors forget about the manifestations of these character traits when describing their feelings.

A writer is always an actor and a director rolled into one. Having created a world, having prescribed an idea and a plot, having invented characters, live them, take on their guise, and, believe me, you will begin to feel what your hero feels; will be able to see the world through his eyes. Even if the character is completely opposite to you, “enter” him and let him in, and that's when the reader will see it, and perhaps even the negative hero will be able to feel feelings, understand his nature of emotions, especially if he can recognize himself in these emotions.

Around the emotions and feelings of a person is concentrated great amount various myths. This is due to the fact that people have a poor idea of ​​their diversity and importance. To learn how to understand each other correctly, you need to understand what types of emotions exist and find out their characteristics. In addition, you need to learn to distinguish genuine feelings from simple show.

What are emotions and feelings?

The emotional sphere of a person is a complex interweaving of elements that together allow one to experience everything that happens to him and around him. It consists of four main components:

• Emotional tone is a response in the form of an experience that sets the state of the body. It is this that informs the body about how satisfied its current needs are, how comfortable it is now. If you listen to yourself, you can appreciate your emotional tone.
• Emotions are subjective experiences related to situations and events that are important to a person.
• Feeling is a stable emotional attitude of a person to some object. They are always subjective and appear in the process of interaction with others.
• An emotional state differs from a feeling in its weak focus on an object, and from an emotion - longer duration and sustainability. It is always triggered by certain feelings and emotions, but at the same time, as it were, by itself. A person may be in a state of euphoria, anger, depression, melancholy, etc.

Video: Psychology. Emotions and feelings

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions to a greater or lesser extent regulate the life of each of us. They are usually recognized as having four main functions:

• Motivational and regulatory, designed to induce action, direct and regulate. Often, emotions completely suppress thinking in the regulation of human behavior.
• The communicative is responsible for mutual understanding. It is emotions that inform us about the mental and physical state of a person and help us choose the right line of behavior when communicating with him. Thanks to emotions, we can understand each other without even knowing the language.
• Signal allows you to communicate your needs to others using emotionally expressive movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc.
• Protective is expressed in the fact that an instant emotional reaction of a person is able, in some cases, to save him from dangers.

Scientists have already proven that the more complex it is to organize Living being, the richer and more diverse is the range of emotions that it is capable of experiencing.

Emotions and feelings

In addition, all emotions can be divided into several types. The nature of the experience (pleasant or unpleasant) determines the sign of the emotion - positive or negative. Also, emotions are divided into types depending on the effect on human activity - sthenic and asthenic. The former induce a person to act, while the latter, on the contrary, lead to stiffness and passivity. But the same emotion can affect people in different ways or one person in different situations. For example, a strong grief plunges one into despondency and inaction, and the second person seeks consolation in work.

Emotions are not only in humans, but also in animals. For example, experiencing severe stress, they can change their behavior - become more calm or nervous, refuse food or stop responding to the world around them.

Also, the type of emotions determines their modality. By modality, three basic emotions are distinguished: fear, anger and joy, and the rest are only their original expression. For example, fear, worry, anxiety, and terror are different manifestations fear.

Main human emotions

As we have already said, emotions are usually associated with the current moment and are a person's reaction to a change in his current state. Several main ones stand out among them:

• joy - an intense experience of satisfaction with one's condition and situation;
• fear - a protective reaction of the body in the event of a threat to its health and well-being;
• excitement - increased excitability caused by both positive and negative experiences, takes part in the formation of a person's readiness to important event and activates his nervous system;
• interest is an innate emotion that spurs the cognitive aspect of the emotional sphere;
• surprise - an experience that reflects the contradiction between existing experience and new;
• resentment - an experience associated with the manifestation of injustice in relation to a person;
• anger, anger, rage - negatively colored affects directed against the perceived injustice;
• embarrassment - anxiety about the impression made on others;
• pity is an outburst of emotion that occurs when the suffering of another person is perceived as their own.

Most of us easily distinguish the emotions of another by their external manifestations.

Types of human senses

A person's feelings are often confused with emotions, but they differ in many ways. It takes time for feelings to arise, they are more stable and change less often. They are all divided into three categories:

• Moral (moral or emotional) feelings arise in relation to the behavior of people around you or yourself. Their development occurs in the course of any activity and is usually associated with moral norms accepted in society. Depending on how much what is happening corresponds indoor installations a person, he has a feeling of indignation or, conversely, satisfaction. All attachments, likes and dislikes, love and hate belong to the same category.
• Intellectual feelings are experienced by a person in the course of mental activity. These include inspiration, the joy of success, and the stress of failure.
• A person experiences aesthetic feelings when creating or evaluating something beautiful. This can apply to both art and natural phenomena.
• Practical feelings are generated by human activity, its results, success or failure.

It is impossible to single out more or less important feelings. Different people strive for different feelings and they are all equally important for a normal emotional life of a person.

Often it is emotional sphere regulates human life, and our state is formed from emotions and feelings. But emotions are short-term sensations related to certain things or situations, and feelings are much longer, but they are formed from emotions. Their different types affect our lives and our decisions in different ways.

To understand what feelings are, you need to understand by what criteria they can be assessed. Criteria are another basis for classification.

The criteria serve to ensure that experiences can be measured, characterized and called a word, that is, defined.

There are three criteria for feelings:

1. valence (tone);
2. intensity (strength);
3. sthenism (activity or passivity).

Feelings table 1 allows you to characterize any complex experience:

For example, a person may have a positive, strong sthenic experience. It could be love. If the intensity of the sensations is weak, it's just sympathy.

The table of feelings, characterizing experiences, does not allow them to be called a word. The name can only be guessed at. A person does not always have enough knowledge and experience to determine how to correctly name the emotional excitement experienced. This is not surprising, since there are so many of them. However, some people cannot name even ten senses, and after all, on average, a person experiences so many every day.

The third basis for classifying socially conditioned experiences is based on the underlying emotion.

American psychologist Paul Ekman identified seven basic emotions:

• joy;
• sadness;
• anger;
• fear;
• astonishment;
• disgust;
• contempt.

Feelings table # 2 suggests looking for a name for the emotional experience you are experiencing, starting from the first four basic emotions:

The second table of feelings complements the first. Using both of them, one can understand what kind of power has taken possession of the mind and heart, how to describe and name it. And this is the first sure step to awareness.

List of moral, intellectual, aesthetic feelings

To the question: "what are the feelings", each person can give his answer. Someone is more likely to experience strong and deep experiences, while others are light and short-lived. The ability to feel depends on the temperament, character, principles, priorities and life experience of the individual.

Most often, feelings are classified depending on the sphere in which the object of experience is located:

• Moral

These are sympathy and antipathy, respect and contempt, affection and alienation, love and hate, as well as feelings of gratitude, collectivism, friendship and conscience. They arise in relation to the actions of other people or their own.

They are determined by the moral norms accepted in society and assimilated by the individual in the process of socialization, as well as his views, beliefs, worldview. If others' or their own actions correspond to moral standards, satisfaction arises, if not - indignation.

• Intellectual

A person also has such experiences that arise in the process of mental activity or in connection with its result: joy, satisfaction from the process and result of work, discovery, invention. It is also inspiration and the bitterness of failure.

• Aesthetic

Mental excitement arises when you perceive or create something beautiful. A person experiences incredible sensations when he sees the beauty of the Earth or the power of natural phenomena.

A person feels a sense of beauty when looking at a small child or an adult harmoniously built person. Beautiful works of art and other creations of human hands can cause delight and elation.

Since this classification does not reveal the entire palette of feelings, it is customary to classify them for several more reasons.

How Feelings Differ from Emotions

All people experience emotional experiences and worries, but not everyone knows how to name and express them in words. But it is precisely the knowledge of what feelings are that helps not only to correctly identify, but also to control, manage them.

Feelings are a complex of experiences associated with people, objects or events. They express a subjective evaluative attitude towards real or abstract objects.

People in everyday life and some psychologists use the words "feelings" and "emotions" as synonymous words. Others say that feelings are a kind of emotion, namely higher emotions. Still others share these concepts: emotions belong to the class of mental states, and feelings to mental properties.

Yes, there is a direct relationship between them, because they are human experiences. Without emotional excitement, the individual would not live, but exist. They fill life with meaning, make it diverse.

But there are still significant differences between feelings and emotions:

• Emotions are innate and instinctive reactions of the body to changes environment, feelings - social, developed in the process of education and training experiences. A person learns to feel, to express emotions, everyone knows how from the moment of birth.
• Emotions are difficult to control by an effort of will, feelings are easier to control, despite their complexity and ambiguity. Most of them arise in a person in consciousness, emotions are often not realized, since they are associated with the need to satisfy an instinctive need.
• Feeling changes, develops and fades away, varies in strength, manifests itself in different ways, can develop into its opposite, emotion is a certain reaction. For example, if a person experiences hatred for another person, it is possible that this experience will develop into love, and the emotion of fear is always fear, regardless of the object (it may be unreasonable). Fear is either there or not.
• Emotions do not have objective correlation, feelings do. They are experienced in relation to something or someone in different ways. For example, loving a child is not the same as loving a spouse. And for example, bewilderment is always expressed in the same way, regardless of what exactly causes it.
• Feelings are a stronger motivator than emotions. They motivate, inspire, push to perform actions in relation to the object to which they are directed. Emotions only give rise to actions in the form of responses.
• Emotions are short and superficial, albeit bright manifestations, and feelings are always complex and strong emotional disturbances.

It can be difficult to determine when a combination of emotions will give rise to a feeling, and what higher experience is expressed in one or another series of emotional manifestations. These are close, concomitant phenomena, but still they need to be distinguished. The individual is responsible for his higher emotions and for the actions that they entail.

How to manage your feelings

When strong feelings and excitements take possession of a person, even if they are positive, the psychological balance is disturbed.

For psychological health and well-being, you need to be able to moderately enjoy both positive feelings and upset from negative ones.

To cope with excessive sentiments that prevent you from responding adequately and acting wisely, you need to:

1. Describe the emotional sensations: determine the valence, intensity, stenicity (Table of feelings No. 1).
2. Determine the underlying emotion. Choose what the experience is more like: fear, sadness, anger or joy (Table of feelings number 2).
3. Decide on a name and try to figure out the experiences on your own.

Sometimes emotional impulses overwhelm a person so much that he literally cannot sleep or eat. Long-term strong experiences are stressful for the body. It is not for nothing that nature conceived that even a bright period of falling in love, when the blood is oversaturated with adrenaline, oxytocin and dopamine, does not last long, developing into a calm and solid love.

Each person must have their own table of feelings if they want to be a conscious person.

The eternal dispute between mind and heart is the question of the ability to regulate emotional, sensory impulses through the mind.

Experiencing deep and powerful experiences, a person lives life to the fullest. It is unreasonable to limit your sensitivity, and sometimes it is simply impossible. It's all about what experiences a person chooses: positive or negative, deep or superficial, real or fake.

Everything that a person encounters in his life evokes this or that attitude in him. A certain attitude of a person is manifested even to certain qualities and properties of surrounding objects. The sphere of feelings includes annoyance and patriotism, joy and fear, delight and sorrow.

The senses Are those experienced in different form the relationship of a person to objects and phenomena of reality. Human life unbearable without worries, if a person is deprived of the opportunity to experience feelings, then the so-called “emotional hunger” sets in, which he seeks to satisfy by listening to his favorite music, reading an action-packed book, etc. Moreover, emotional saturation requires not only positive feelings, but also feelings associated with suffering.

The most developed and complex form emotional processes in a person are feelings that represent not only emotional, but also conceptual reflection.

Feelings are formed throughout a person's life in conditions. Feelings that meet higher social needs are called higher feelings... For example, love for the Motherland, your people, your city, for other people. They are characterized by the complexity of the structure, great strength, duration, stability, independence from specific situations and from the state of the body. Such an example is the love of a mother for her child, a mother can get angry with the child, be dissatisfied with his behavior, punish, but all this does not affect her feeling, which remains strong and relatively stable.

The complexity of the higher feelings is determined by their complex structure. That is, they are made up of several different and sometimes opposite emotions, which, as it were, crystallize on a certain object. For example, falling in love is a less complex feeling than love, since, in addition to falling in love, the latter implies tenderness, friendship, affection, jealousy and other emotions that produce a feeling of love that cannot be expressed in words.

Depending on the nature of the person's attitude to various objects of the social environment, the main types of higher feelings are identified: moral, praxical, intellectual, aesthetic.

Moral feelings a person experiences in relation to society, other people, as well as to himself, such as a sense of patriotism, friendship, love, conscience, which regulate interpersonal relationships.

Feelings that are associated with the implementation of a person and other activities are called praxical... They arise in the course of activity in connection with its success or failure. Positive praxical feelings include hard work, pleasant fatigue, a sense of enthusiasm for work, satisfaction with a job done. With the predominance of negative praxical feelings, a person perceives labor as hard labor.

Certain types of work, learning, some games require intense mental activity. The process of mental activity is accompanied by intellectual emotions. If they acquire the qualities of stability and stability, they manifest themselves as intellectual senses: curiosity, joy of discovering truth, surprise, doubt.

The feelings that a person experiences while creating beauty in life and in art are called aesthetic. Aesthetic feelings are brought up through familiarizing with nature, admiring the forest, sun, river, etc. In order to comprehend the laws of beauty and harmony, it is useful for children to engage in drawing, dancing, music and other types of artistic activities.

During the development of people, a special form of mental reflection of significant objects and events has formed - emotions. The same object or event evokes different emotions in different people, because everyone has their own, specific attitude.

Emotions- these are the subjective reactions of a person to the effects of external and internal stimuli, reflecting in the form of experiences their personal significance for the subject and manifested in the form of pleasure or displeasure.

In the narrow sense of the word, emotions are a direct, temporary experience of a feeling. So, if we consider the feelings experienced by the fans on the stands of the stadium and sports in general (the feeling of love for football, hockey, tennis), then these feelings cannot be called emotion. Emotions here will be represented by a state of pleasure, admiration that a fan experiences when watching a good game.

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions were recognized as important positive role in the life of people, and the following positive functions began to be associated with them: Motivational-regulating, communicative, signaling and protective.

Motivational and regulatory function lies in the fact that emotions are involved in the motivation of human behavior, can stimulate, direct and regulate. Sometimes emotions can replace thinking in the regulation of behavior.

Communicative function lies in the fact that emotions, more precisely, the ways of their external expression, carry information about the mental and physical state of a person. Emotions make us understand each other better. Observing changes in emotional states, it becomes possible to judge what is happening in the psyche. Commentary: people from different cultures are able to accurately perceive and evaluate many expressions human face, determine by it such emotions as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This also applies to those peoples who have never been in direct contact with each other.

Signal function... Life without emotions is as impossible as without. Emotions, argued Charles Darwin, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions for satisfying their actual needs. Emotional and expressive movements (facial expressions, gestures, pantomime) perform the function of signals about the state of the human needs system.

Protective function it is expressed in the fact that, arising as an instant, quick reaction of the body, it can protect a person from dangers.

It has been established that the more complex a living creature is organized, the higher step on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer and more diverse the range of emotions that it is capable of experiencing.

The nature of the experience (pleasure or displeasure) determines the sign of emotions - positive and negative... From the point of view of influence on human activity, emotions are divided into sthenic and asthenic. Stenic emotions stimulate activity, increase the energy and tension of a person's forces, encourage him to act and speak. Popular expression: “Ready to move mountains”. And, conversely, sometimes experiences are characterized by a kind of stiffness, passivity, then they talk about asthenic emotions. Therefore, depending on the situation and individual characteristics, emotions can influence behavior in different ways. So, grief can cause apathy, inactivity in a weak person, while the strong man doubles its energy, finding solace in work and creativity.

Modality- the main qualitative characteristic of emotions, which determines their type according to the specifics and special coloring of experiences. Three basic emotions are distinguished by modality: fear, anger and joy. With all the variety, almost any emotion is a kind of expression of one of these emotions. Anxiety, restlessness, fear, horror are various manifestations of fear; anger, irritability, rage - anger; fun, glee, triumph - joy.

K. Izard highlighted the following main emotions

Interest(like emotion) - positive emotional condition, contributing to the development of skills and abilities, the acquisition of knowledge.

Joy- a positive emotional state associated with the ability to fully satisfy an actual need, the likelihood of which up to this point was small or, in any case, uncertain.

Astonishment- not having a clearly expressed positive or negative sign emotional reaction to sudden circumstances. Surprise slows down all previous emotions, directing attention to the object that caused it, and can turn into interest.

Suffering- a negative emotional state associated with the received reliable or seemingly such information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important vital needs, which until that moment seemed more or less likely, most often proceeds in the form of emotional stress.

Anger- an emotional state, negative in sign, as a rule, proceeding in the form of affect and caused by the sudden appearance of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of an extremely important need for the subject.

Disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which ( physical interaction, communication in communication, etc.) comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, if combined with anger, may interpersonal relationships motivate aggressive behavior where the attack is motivated by anger, and disgust - the desire to get rid of someone or something.

Contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by the mismatch of life positions, views and behavior of the subject with life positions, views and behavior of the object of feeling. The latter appear to the subject as vile, not corresponding to accepted moral norms and aesthetic criteria.

Fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about a possible threat to his life well-being, about a real or imagined danger. In contrast to the emotion of suffering, caused by the direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated forecast).

Shame- a negative state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one's own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one's own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

Emotions are also characterized by strength, duration, and awareness. The range of differences in the strength of internal experience and external manifestations is very large for an emotion of any modality. Joy can manifest itself as a weak emotion, for example, when a person experiences a sense of satisfaction. Delight is an emotion of greater power. Anger manifests itself in a range from irritability and resentment to hatred and rage, fear - from mild anxiety to horror. In terms of duration, emotions last from a few seconds to many years. The degree of awareness of emotions can also vary. Sometimes it is difficult for a person to understand what emotion he is experiencing and why it arises.

Emotional experiences are ambiguous. The same object can cause incoherent, conflicting emotions. This phenomenon is called ambivalence(duality) feelings. For example, you can respect someone for their performance and at the same time condemn someone for their quick temper.

The qualities that characterize each specific emotional reaction can be combined in different ways, which creates many-sided forms of their expression. The main forms of expression of emotions are sensory tone, situational emotion, affect, passion, stress, mood and feeling.

A sensual tone is expressed in the fact that many of a person's sensations have their own emotional coloring... That is, people do not just feel any smell or taste, but perceive it as pleasant or unpleasant. Images of perception, memory, thinking, imagination are also emotionally colored. AN Leont'ev considered one of the essential qualities of human cognition to the phenomenon, which he called “partiality” of the reflection of the world.

Situational emotions arise in the process of human life more often than all other emotional reactions. Their main characteristics are considered to be relatively low strength, short duration, rapid change of emotions, and low visual clarity.

It is difficult for me to understand my feelings - a phrase that each of us has encountered: in books, in movies, in life (someone's or my own). But it is very important to be able to understand your feelings. Some believe - and perhaps they are right - that the meaning of life is in feelings. Indeed, at the end of life, only our feelings, real or in memories, remain with us. Yes, and the measure of what is happening can also be our experiences: the richer, more diverse, brighter they are, the more fully we feel life.

What are feelings? The simplest definition: feelings are what we feel. This is our attitude to certain things (objects). There are more scientific definition: feelings (higher emotions) - special mental states, manifested by socially conditioned experiences, which express long-term and stable emotional relationship person to things.

How feelings differ from emotions

Sensations are our experiences that we experience through our senses, and we have five of them. Sensations are visual, auditory, tactile, taste and smell (our sense of smell). Everything is simple with sensations: stimulus - receptor - sensation.

Our consciousness interferes with emotions and feelings - our thoughts, attitudes, our thinking. Emotions are influenced by our thoughts. Conversely, emotions affect our thoughts. We will definitely talk about these relationships in more detail a little later. But now let's recall one of the criteria again, namely point 10: we are responsible for our feelings, it depends on us what they will be. It is important.

Fundamental emotions

All human emotions can be distinguished by the quality of the experience. This aspect of a person's emotional life is most vividly presented in the theory of differential emotions of the American psychologist K. Izard. He identified ten qualitatively different "fundamental" emotions: interest-excitement, joy, surprise, sorrow-suffering, anger-rage, disgust-disgust, contempt-neglect, fear-horror, shame-shyness, guilt-remorse. K. Izard attributes the first three emotions to positive, the remaining seven - to negative. Each of the fundamental emotions underlies a whole spectrum of states, differing in their severity. For example, within the framework of such a single-modal emotion as joy, one can distinguish joy-satisfaction, joy-delight, joy-glee, joy-ecstasy, and others. All other, more complex, complex emotional states arise from the combination of fundamental emotions. For example, anxiety can combine fear, anger, guilt, and interest.

1. Interest- a positive emotional state, contributing to the development of skills and abilities, the acquisition of knowledge. Interest-excitement is a feeling of being captured, curious.

2. Joy - positive emotion associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy an urgent need, the likelihood of which before that was small or uncertain. Joy is accompanied by self-satisfaction and satisfaction with the surrounding world. The obstacles to self-realization are also obstacles to the emergence of joy.

3. Surprise- emotional reaction to suddenly arisen circumstances that does not have a clearly expressed positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to a new object and can turn into interest.

4. Suffering (grief)- the most common negative emotional state associated with obtaining reliable (or seemingly such) information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs, the achievement of which seemed more or less likely before. Suffering has the character of asthenic emotion and often takes the form of emotional stress. The most severe form of suffering is grief associated with irreparable loss.

5. Anger- a strong negative emotional state, which occurs more often in the form of affect; arises in response to an obstacle in the achievement of passionately desired goals. Anger has the character of a sthenic emotion.

6. Disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which (physical or communicative) comes into sharp conflict with the aesthetic, moral or ideological principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, when combined with anger, can motivate aggressive behavior in interpersonal relationships. Disgust, like anger, can be self-directed, reducing self-esteem and causing self-condemnation.

7. Contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by the mismatch of life positions, views and behavior of the subject with those of the object of feeling. The latter appear to the subject as vile, not corresponding to the accepted moral norms and ethical criteria. A person is hostile to someone he despises.

8. Fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about possible damage to his life well-being, about real or imagined danger. In contrast to suffering caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this forecast (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated). The emotion of fear can be both sthenic and asthenic in nature and proceed either in the form of stressful conditions, or in the form of a stable mood of depression and anxiety, or in the form of affect (horror).

9. Shame- a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one's own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one's own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

10. Wines- a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the improperness of one's own act, thoughts or feelings and expressed in regret and repentance.

Table of feelings and emotions of a person

And I also want to show you a collection of feelings, emotions, states that a person experiences during his life - a generalized table that does not pretend to be scientific, but will help you better understand yourself. The table is taken from the site "Community of Dependents and Codependents", author - Mikhail.

All feelings and emotions of a person can be divided into four types. These are fear, anger, sadness and joy. You can find out what type this or that feeling belongs to from the table.

And for those who have read the article to the end 🙂 The purpose of this article is to help you understand your feelings, what they are. Our feelings depend a lot on our thoughts. Irrational thinking is often at the root of negative emotions. By correcting these mistakes (by working on thinking), we can be happier and achieve more in life. There is an interesting, but persistent and painstaking work on oneself. You are ready?