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IN lately You can often hear: "I can not work, I have depression," "Everything is tired, everything annoys - maybe I have depression?", "Do not stick to her, she has depressed." It seems that we have not already known such words. Our century "presented" to us many different, previously not known, diseases, but whether it applies to depression?

Let us turn to the classics, for example, to Pushkin an excerpt from Evgeny Onegin:

NEWCH, which is the cause

It would be time to find it for a long time;

Similar to english splin

In short: Russian Handra

They gradually took possession ...

Or here, Griboedov excerpt from "Woe from Wit":

Treated, they say, on sour it waters,

Not from illness, tea, from boredom ...

Spleen (from English. - Depressed mood, despondency), Handra, boredom - Are these names of the same and the same mischief? Well, of course, our classic literary heroes - and Onegin, and Chatsky - suffered nothing more than depression, quite common and in our time. So what is it?

The word itself comes from Latin depressio - suppression, depression. This is a mental disorder that invades the mood of man into his emotional sphere.

Depression is a serious illness, hurt and suffering not only to those who are sick, but their native and friends. The number of people suffering from depressions cannot be exactly called. But still it is known that such a disorder is not rare, and so common that he is called "cold" among mental diseases. But not always when the life tone is reduced, we can talk about depression; This depression includes several components.

First, the mood is depressed, sullen when nothing wants. One of the hypotheses, depression is protective mechanismWhen a person is breaking the non-executable desires, one of the ways to keep yourself - to refuse desires at all.

Secondly, the perception of the world is distorted. The future is seen exclusively in the dark colors. A person torments insomnia or, on the contrary, pulls all the time to sleep. There is no physically forces, you need to make incredible efforts to just get out of bed. In addition to the feeling of meaninglessness of life and perception of themselves as a complete loser, with a deep depression of a person often torments the feeling of guilt, and, as a rule, absolutely unreasonable. Depression is also characterized by a sense of constant exhausting fatigue, passivity and indifference to life and work. Externally, a man experiencing depression looks sluggish, in the eyes - emptiness and extension.

It is necessary to take into account that from time to time the depression is experiencing almost all people. In Pushkin's letters, since 1834, such phrases come across: "I decisively splinter ...", "I started a lot, but there is no hunting ..." or a letter of playwright Leonid Andreeva: "Insomnia began. Everything is not sleeping. I am unhealthy ... Visible reasons As if not. Invisible - somewhere deep, in the shower. It all hurts, I can not work, throwing started. " Familiar and surprisingly similar symptoms, is not it?

There is no man who would not know what a reduced mood, a sense of depression and hopelessness. Often we find excuses to your gloomy mood, but do we reveal the true cause? Think, because of what we fall into depression:

Different people talk about various and even opposite sources of their condition. Real reasons Depression can be in an individual predisposition to the experience of severe emotional states: increased sensitivity, subtlety, insecurity, vulnerability. The people who brought up in conflict families are prone to depression, and in childhood they often experienced a feeling of resentment, fear, humiliation and depression.

Among the causes of depression are also chronic stress, when a person feels uncertainty for a long period of tomorrow, lives in instability, social and financial insecurity.

Depression occurs when many years have to experience humiliation from another close and meaningful person, and for various reasons, it cannot break the painful relationships for him. Also, the symptoms of depression can manifest themselves on the background of a somatic disease, or as by-effect When taking drugs.

Certain aspects of our personality can make us more located to the disease - the presentation of increased requirements for themselves, the inability to relax, reluctant treatment for help, a tendency to constant anxiety. Depression is less peculiar to people flexible and compliant, confident, calm for their social positions and able to speak with others about their problems without difficulty. Nevertheless, cheerful and active peopleAlthough less often fall into depression, they can also experience such a disorder, but they are experiencing such a state is sharper - it is alien to their personality.

Every person in his life has to experience various mood shades. There is nothing abnormal or strange that we react to the loss of work or a loved one, plunging into gloomy thoughts. When such feelings are disproported with what happened, they are extremely sharply pronounced and violate our work and daily life, we can talk about one of the forms of depressive disorder.

Experiencing a big loss in personal life, for example, death close man, We are experiencing some symptoms of depression: it is difficult to sleep, do not want to eat, do what you need. Such symptoms after the loss incurred for a while - the phenomenon is normal, if gradually, as you humble with your grief, your feelings are returned to the usual state. Sadness and anxiety is an ordinary, healthy reaction in people in loss and trouble. After a serious loss, such symptoms are considered normal about 2 months. But if such a reaction is stubbornly held longer, then it can grow into a painful state when a person can no longer live in a normal life.

An important indicator of the difference between ordinary sadness and clinical depression is an internal self-assessment. In a state of depression, people are constantly fighting with bad thoughts about themselves, about life, about their future. They feel freezing and helpless, incapable of communicating with other people. Of course, in the usual state of bad mood or despondency, people also think about their lives and the future, but in general they do not lose soul equilibrium And remain as they are, what they are, do not fall in spirit and retain efficiency.

In one degree or another, the risk of becoming a depressive disorder has each of us. Depression can affect everyone: both rich and poor, and young, and old marriages or not. Events leading to tension and stress arise in the lives of anyone. However, statistics show that among women depression is twice as often as among men, although the reasons for depression in men and women are usually lying in different planes: if the depressed state of men is most often associated with their social RegulationsThe woman acute responds to shocks in the emotional sphere. Age restrictions for depression also practically do not exist, only the circumstances of the life that cause disorder are changing.

It is also worth noting that we usually argue about depression as an enemy with which you need to ruthlessly fight, but the depression is not always the enemy, sometimes she speaks with us as a friend to whom it is worth listening to:

For example, if for a long time you are experiencing depression, this may indicate that you are on the verge of a nervous breakdown from overwork, and at least for several days a break should be made. Also, if you are worried about depression - this is a sign that, perhaps you live not as you should or want. Something important should be changed in your life so that the mood has improved, and life energy appeared. If you have expressed abilities in some specific area and do not implement your purpose, you may have an depressed mood and depression. Self-expression - an important condition for mental health Bright and gifted man.

So, bad mood And the decline in life tone is experiencing all people, but relate to these states in different ways. Few of us believe that their mood, you can control our vital energy. In fact, it is quite simple, it is only worth working out the skills of self-government.

Try not to "stick" on bad thoughts and moods. People wind themselves surrounding and stop noticing that good that is in their lives. It is impossible to dwell - think all the time about the same thing, about something sore and hard. Remember what is advised by a neighbor abandoned wife Nad in the film "Love and Pigeons"? "You get up, do not lie. Duma is the peroxide, there will be something here, there you can see ... "Otherwise, life is narrowed and concentrated at one point - hopelessness and despair, and there is no place for life.

More often, remember the Russian proverb: "The morning of the evening wisen" or the famous words Scarlett about "Hara from" Gone by the Wind ":" I'll think about it tomorrow. "And tomorrow it will be all different and" about it ", maybe think Will not need. "

And, of course, to seek and search for yourself, it is also good and bright, which is in the life of each of us. To seek to see not an empty half in the glass, up to the middle of the water filled with water, namely this filled part.

Now, let's talk about stress and its features:

The most powerful manifestation of emotions causes a comprehensive physiological response - stress. It turned out that the adverse effects of various kinds - cold, fatigue, fear, humiliation, pain and more - the body corresponds not only to the protective reaction to this impact, but also a common, one-type comprehensive process, regardless of which irritant acts on it in this moment. Stress - comprehensive processIt includes certainly physiological and psychological components. With the help of stress, the body seems to mobilize himself entirely on self-defense, to adapt to a new situation.

The word "stress" came to us from the English language and in translated means "push, pressure, voltage". The first made the definition of stress Canadian physiologist Hans Selre in 1936.

Hans Selre divided stress on Evstress - "good", constructive and distress - harmful, destructive. Evstress is rendered positive influence on activities. Distress produces a destructive effect in the human body.

Stress is the state of mental stress, arising from a person under the influence of strong influences. It can have both positive and negative impact on vital activity, up to its complete disorganization.

Stress is present in the life of every person, since the presence of stress impulses in all spheres human life and activities undoubtedly. Any event, fact or message may cause stress, i.e. Become a stress. Stressors can be a wide variety of factors: microbes and viruses, various poisons, high or low temperature ambient, injury, etc. But it turns out that the same stressors may have factors affecting the emotional sphere of man. It's all that can weighing us, misfortune, a rude word, undeserved insult, a sudden obstacle to our actions or aspirations.

Stress is pressure, pressure, voltage, and Distress - Mountain, misfortune, malaise, need. According to G. Selre, stress is nonspecific (i.e. the same on various influences) The response of the body on any demand presented it, who helps him adapt to the difficulty, cope with it. Any surprise that violates the usual life of life may be the cause of stress. At the same time, as noted by G. Selre, it does not matter, the situation with which we encountered is pleasant or unpleasant. It is only the intensity of the need for restructuring or adaptation.

As an example, the scientist leads an increasing situation: the mother, which was reported to death in the battle sole son, experiencing a terrible spiritual shock. If many years later it turns out that the message was false and the Son will suddenly enter the room as a whole and unharmed, it will feel the strongest joy. In both cases, a woman experienced stress.

10 secrets of struggle with stress:

Secret 1. The conviction is that the situation is under control.

The feeling of control over what is happening is what is necessary for peaceful peace. You can not change other people, but to plan your own day - real.

Secret 2. Optimism ...

A positive look needed on things, and fear of failure only generates stress.

Secret 3. Optimism and simultaneously realism

Secret 4. The ability to see the whole picture

If you want to get rid of stress - do not worry on trifles. It is necessary to learn how to place priorities, including emotional.

Secret 5. Do not promise anything superfluous

Learn to promise less than able to do.

Secret 6. Contacts with people

Support good relations with surrounding. And at the same time do not always be only a vest, in which everyone is crying, - are looking for support when you are bad.

Secret 7. Health Strengthening

Stress caused by any diseases is quite strong and at the same time there is a soda. Do not underestimate minor malfunctions in your body, promising to engage yourself, as soon as "difficult times" end. It is likely that the state of health and does not allow you to dig out from the paw of stress.

Secret 8. Take care of your energy

Protect your energy from external intrusions. We are surrounded by energy "black holes": those who are always annoyed and dissatisfied with their lives, do not find better classes, except to try to drag you into their mournful world.

Secret 9. Flexibility

Wanting to achieve certain results, change everything - and even your own behavior. Flexibility is a very important feature to combat stress.

Secret 10. "Watch far ahead!"

Whatever happens, do not take anything to your account and do not look for your own guilt. Instead of engage in self-ads, try to endure a lesson from a difficult situation in which you got.

The founder of the teachings on stress Hans Selre wrote: "We should not be afraid of stress. It does not happen only in the dead. Stress must be controlled. Controlled stress carries the fragrance and taste of life! "

Test "Are you subject to stress?"

This test for assessing stress resistance was developed by scientists from the medical center of the University of Boston.

It is necessary to answer questions based on how often these statements are true for you. You should answer all items, even if this statement does not apply to you.

The following answers are offered:

Almost always

Almost never

Never

Dough Questions:

1. You eat at least one hot dish per day.

2. You sleep 7-8 hours, at least four times a week.

3. You constantly feel the love of others and give your love in return.

4. Within 50 kilometers you have at least one person you can rely on.

5. You exercise to sweat at least twice a week.

6. You smoke less than half a pack of cigarettes per day.

7. For a week you consume no more than five glass of alcoholic beverages.

8. Your weight matches your growth.

9. Your income fully satisfies your basic needs.

10. You are supported by your faith.

11. You regularly deal with public activities.

12. You have many friends and acquaintances.

13. You have one or two friends who are completely trusted.

14. You are healthy.

15. You can openly declare your feelings when you are evil or concerned with something.

16. You regularly discuss with people with whom you live, your home problems.

17. You do something just for the joke for at least once a week.

18. You can organize your time effectively.

19. During the day you consume no more than three cups of coffee, tea or other caffeine drinks.

20. You have a little time for yourself during every day.

The following answers are offered with an appropriate amount of glasses:

Almost always - 1;

Often - 2;

Sometimes - 3;

Almost never 4;

Never - 5.

Now fold the results of your replies and take 20 points from the resulting number.

If you have scored less than 10 points, you can refuge if you were also answered and honestly, you have excellent stressful stressful situations and stress on the body, you have nothing to worry about.

If your final number exceeded 30 points, stressful situations have a considerable impact on your life and you do not resist very much.

If you scored more than 50 points, you should seriously think about your life - it's time to change it. You are very vulnerable to stress.

Take a look again for test approval. If your answer to any statement received 3 points and higher, try to change your behavior that meets this item and your vulnerability to stress will decrease. For example, if your estimate for the 19 item is 4, try to drink, at least one cup of coffee a day less than usual.

List of used literature

stress mental depression

1. Selfish N.V. Tutorial-Practikum "Antistress program for specialists", medical directories and books on psychology.

2. Morozov A.V. "Business Psychology". Lecture course; Tutorial for higher and secondary special educational institutions - St. Petersburg.

3. Life stress: Collection. / Compilers: L.M. Popova, I.V. Sokolov. (O. Gregor. How to resist stress. G. Selre. Stress without disease) - SPb.

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Introduction .................................................................................. 3

1. The general concepts of stress ............................................................ ..4

1.1 The concept of stress .................................................................. ... 4

1.2. Causes and consequences of stress ..................................... ...........8

1.3. Methods of struggle with stress ................................................... 11

Conclusion ........................................................................... ... 15

List of references ................................................................... ..17


Introduction

The word "stress" acquired in everyday life pronounced negative meaning. Stress is not only natural, but also an absolutely normal reaction human organism And psyche for complex circumstances, therefore, his complete absence is like death.

These circumstances makes the management of deeply analyze the reasons for stress from workers and develop measures to reduce its impact.

Therefore, my relevance term paper Under the title "Management of Stress" is determined by the fact that it summed up the results of research on stress issues.

The subject of the course work is the concept of stress.

The object can be distinguished by the response process to adverse external conditions, deploying in time in three stages.

The goal of the course work is to find out the value of stress in modern society, its influence on a person in various life areas.

Currency tasks:

1. Describe the main terms associated with the concept of "stress".

2. Analyze the causes and consequences of stress from workers.

3. Develop measures to regulate the level of stress.

4. Examine the methods of dealing with stress.

5. Analyze the problem of stress and the way to solve this problem on the example of a particular educational institution.


1. Typical concepts of stress

1.1 Concept of stress

Stress (from English "Stress" - voltage) - non-specific (general) body reaction on a very strong impact, whether it is a physical or psychological, as well as the corresponding state of the nervous system of the body (or the body as a whole). Especially from stress suffers the nervous and immune system. In stressful state, people are more likely to be victims of infection, since the products of immune cells fall noticeably during the period of physical or mental stress.

The word "stress" can be attributed to the number of the most important concepts included in the science and the usual lexicon in the 20th century, such as nuclear energy, genome, computer and the Internet. The opening of this phenomenon is associated with the name of the outstanding Canadian researcher Hans Selre.

Even, being a medical student, G. Selre drew attention to the fact that the symptoms of many diseases disintegrated as it were for two parts - a specific, characteristic of this disease, and non-specific, the same for various diseases. So, in almost all diseases, the temperature appears, there is a loss of appetite, weakness.

Later, engaged in scientific research in the field of physiology, G. Selre began to study the most common physiological reactions, which are generalized by the body's reaction to a strong external impact. He found that responding to it, the body mobilizes his strength, if necessary, includes reserves, trying to adapt to the action of adverse factors and resist them. Such an adaptive response of the body to the external effects of G. Siele called general adaptation syndrome, or stress. The adaptation syndrome was named because, according to a scientist, he led to stimulating the capacity of the body in order to fight adverse effects, stressors. An indication of the fact that this reaction is syndrome emphasizes that it captures different organs or even the body as a whole, manifested in a complex reaction.

The response process for unfavorable external conditions is unfolded in time.

Three stress stages were allocated:

Anxiety, during which, in response to the action of an adverse factor, the body is mobilized;

Resistance when due to the mobilization of the capacity of the body takes place adaptation to the stressor.

Exhaustion - stage that occurs if the stress is silent and is valid for a long time when the body's forces are depleted and the resistance level falls below the usual level.

Each stage is characterized by appropriate changes in neuro-endocrine functioning. In medicine, physiology, psychology allocate positive (eustess) and negative (distress) forms of stress. Nervous mental, thermal or cold, light, anthropogenic and other stress, as well as other forms are possible.

Eustress. The concept has two meanings - "stress caused by positive emotions"And" non-stress, mobilizing organism. "

Distress. The negative type of stress, with which the human body cannot cope. It destroys human moral health and can even lead to severe mental illness.

Distrase symptoms:

1. Headache;

2. The decline of forces; reluctance to do something.

3. Loss of faith in improving the situation in the future;

4. An excited state, the desire to go for risk;

5. Dispelness, worsening memory;

6. The reluctance to think about and analyze the situation that led to a stressful state;

7. Changed mood; Fatigue, lethargy.

What could be the source of stress:

1. Psychological trauma or crisis situation (loss of loved ones, parting with a loved one)

2. Small daily troubles;

3. Conflicts or communication with unpleasant people;

4. Obstacles that do not give you the opportunity to achieve the goals;

5. Feeling of constant pressure;

6. Sultious dreams or too high requirements for yourself;

8. Monotonous work;

9. The constant accusation, ukore itself in the fact that you have not achieved something or missed something;

10. The accusation of oneself in all the bad thing that happened, even if it happened not on your fault;

12. Financial difficulties;

13. Strong positive emotions;

14. Quarrels with people and especially with relatives (also to stress can lead to a quarrel in the family.);

Risk group:

1. Women, as they are more emotional than men;

2. Older people and children;

3. People with understated self-esteem;

4. Extrazers;

5. Neurotics;

6. People abusing alcohol;

7. People, with genetic predisposition to stress.

The results of studies on stress issues conducted in the United States show that the annual costs associated with its effects - absix (unreserved absence at work), a decrease in labor productivity, an increase in the cost medical insurance, make up a huge amount - about 300 billion dollars. Moreover, they are constantly increasing.

This and many other examples show that stress can not only be dangerous for each particular person, but also destructively influence the effectiveness of the organization's activities. Therefore, the study of stress and the reasons for it, as well as its consequences, is an important problem of organizational behavior.

The word "stress" acquired a pronounced negative value in everyday life. However, G. Selre repeatedly stressed that stress is not only a natural, but also an absolutely normal reaction of the human body and psyche for complex circumstances, therefore, its complete absence is like death. Negative consequences are not in itself stress, but reactions associated with it. Therefore, by organizing work to reduce the influence of factors capable of causing stress, it should be considered that not only high, but too low level Stress leads to a decrease in performance.

These circumstances make the management of deeply analyze the reasons for stress from workers and develop measures to regulate its level.

1.2 Causes and consequences of stress

Most people face every day with the influence of a large number of different adverse factors, so-called stressors. If you are late for work, lost money or got a low evaluation on the exam - all this will have a greater or less impact on you. Such events are pushing human strength and make it more vulnerable.

Factors and conditions that are able to cause stress were repeatedly studied. The occurrence of stress can be associated with working conditions (air temperature, noise, vibration, smells, etc.), as well as with psychological factors, personal experiences (ambiguity of goals, lack of perspectives, uncertainty in tomorrow). Important stress factors can be bad interpersonal relationships with colleagues - acute and frequent conflicts, lack of group cohesion, sense of isolated position of the zoom, lack of support from the group members, especially in complex and problematic situations.

With all the variety of factors capable of causing stress, it should be remembered that they do not act on themselves, and depend on how a person treats the circumstances in which it turned out to be, that is, the presence of stress factors does not mean that he is necessarily It will arise.

In many studies, it was shown that often small, minor events cause greater stress than serious incidents. It is explained by this by the fact that a person is somehow preparing for major events, so it takes them easier, meanwhile, smallest, everyday irritating factors drag it and make it vulnerable.

The work of the manager is associated with the action of numerous stressors. Psychological studies revealed that the leadership position causes a special nervous emotional tension. Thus, in the experiments A. A. Gerasimovich, the subjects solved the joint task. Some of them were appointed "main". When performing a task consisting of a series of consecutive tasks, it was found that led relaxation occurred in pauses between tasks, and the leader only at the end of all work when the final result of joint activities was declared.

It should be noted that stress factors are not limited only by events occurring at work or in the frequent life of a person, but are also determined by the general situation in the country, region, city, and therefore are not controlled directly to us. Undoubtedly, in recent years, Russian citizens have experienced a significant stress change in the usual landmarks, the principles of public life. For many people, change in the lifestyle, work, the residence did not pass without a trace - the increase in morbidity and deaths from diseases caused by nervous - mental overvoltage, serves that evidence.

The foregoing indicates that the analysis of the reasons capable of causing stress among employees of a particular organization is the most important task of management.

The consequences of stress can manifest itself on the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. High level Stress is the cause of the exacerbation of many cardiovascular, peptic, neuropsychiatric diseases.

Numerous studies on stress issues have shown that it has an impact on all organism systems, including immune. For example, it was found that during the session, students have a significant decrease in the activity of cells - "killers" responsible for combating viruses. Unrest, active work, sleep disruption and usual rhythm lead to changes in the body, including to reduce immunity. It is characteristic that after the end of the session, the incidence of students rises is rising.

The high level of stress is accompanied by a mental tension, which at the stage of depletion is characterized by anxiety, irritability, depression.

The experienced stress adversely affects the work performed. Apathy, late, the lack of work without a good reason is the most common symptoms of stress. Alcoholism and drug addiction are also often an attempt to "leave" from problems.

With long stress, changes occur not only in the well-being and health of the person, but also in the nature of it social BehaviorCommunication with other people.

A. Kitaev - Wamch allocated three types of disorganizing singularities of communication arising from a long stress.

The first feature is that a person, exhausted with stress, easily arises dislike to any initiative and initiators. For example, if anyone addresses him with a question, he meets harmoniously, he can instantly break out irritation, sometimes hidden behind the sacred teeth, is often angry. In the slightest occasion and even without him in the soul of a person who was subjected to stress, hindered offense. It seems unfair around him unjust, neighbors and colleagues are perceived as unworthy people or fools, chiefs - as a passion or fools, he often considers the orders to be incorrect.

The second feature is manifested in the fact that the person becomes unpleasant, too serious the burden of responsibility for the entrusted matter and for the people who trusted him. He shies away from the duties, shifts them on others, trying to prove his innocence to errors and breakdowns in work.

The third feature is associated with a sense of alienation from other people, including from family members and colleagues. Sometimes the man of months and even years is in a state of stress due to the vitality of adversity. Heavy thoughts that he is not needed and he does not need no one, are his permanent satellites. This reaction generates a closure, looping on its problems and experiences.

1.3 Methods of struggle with stress

It described above that stress has not only a negative, but also a positive side. Moreover, it is obvious that it is impossible to completely get a person from him. Therefore, developing and implementing measures to combat stress, the manager must focus on those aspects of stressful states of workers who directly and directly have a negative impact on the production behavior and the effectiveness of their labor activity. The fight against excessive stress is primarily the identification and elimination of stressors - factors that cause it. They can be detected at two main levels: on the individual - the definition of factors causing stress from a particular employee and requiring changes in the organization and conditions of its labor; At the organization level - the definition of factors negatively affecting a significant group of employees and requiring changes in the activities of the whole organization.

There are several methods of work aimed at reducing stress in an organization.

First, these are events related to the change in labor conditions and include the placement of employees, their training, planning and distribution of work. They should be carried out at the stage of selection, selecting people who meet the requirements of working tasks capable of cope with the entrusted work without internal stress.

Secondly, these are changes in the relationship of workers, their perception and evaluation of certain processes and events. For example, employees may experience stress, due to reorganization, clarification of the company's policies, attracting a large number of employees to this process will help relieve stress and stress caused by it.

Thirdly, directly aimed at the fight against stress - Physical pauses, provision, ensuring full rest employees, creation of rooms psychological unloading etc.

Developing methods of dealing with stress, it should be considered individually - psychological peculiarities of people. Those measures that will be positively influenced by one employees may be invalid or even harmful for others. For example, often in manuals on organizational behavior and personnel management, it is said that it is necessary to diversify and enrich the work of workers. Many consider it a universal means of struggle with stress. However, such a recommendation should be used taking into account the individual characteristics of employees. So, for some optimal is a variety of labor, and for others - constancy and usual forms of work.

Do not regret the means and efforts spent on the prevention of stress and the struggle with its consequences, you can lose much more.


The very first step in any program with stress is the recognition that it exists. Any solution to the problem should proceed from whether there is stress and what it is called. Consider examples of organizational programs:

1. To effectively achieve results, the attitude of employees to their work is important. They should: clearly understand its meaning; know what the institution is waiting for them; Being confident is that you are able to justify their expectations.

Stress arises when employees do not know their production roles or are afraid that they will not cope with the work. If the role is conjugate with excessive stress, the manual can react to this as follows: clarify the role of a person in general work; reduce load; Apply the methods of reduced stress if he occurred (for example, to organize an employee's meeting with those who cause problems to develop a decision).

2. Also important to the corporate culture of the school, which, dictates the corresponding behavior and motivation of individuals, even in the presence of uncertainty and conflict. The culture is formed and supported by its employees. If they are susceptible to stress, supersensitivity, depression and hostile moods, then it will be reflected in culture. If there are insightful leaders, they will try to form openness, training and accounting of the needs of employees.

3. Stress control programs can be implemented on the Company's scale. Some programs have a specific orientation:

Alcohol and Drug Abuse;

Translation to another place;

Covenant in the field of career, etc.

Others are most common:

Emotional health program;

Center to promote employees;

Health assessment program;

Special health services.

There are two varieties of stress control programs - clinical and organizational. The first is initiated by the firm and is aimed at solving individual problems: the second deals with divisions or groups of the labor collective and is focused on the problems of the group or the entire organization.

4. Clinical programs. Such programs are based on a traditional medical approach to treatment. Program elements include:

Diagnosis. A man who is experiencing a problem is referred to as help. The medical personnel of the company seeks to make a diagnosis.

Treatment. Consulting or strengthening therapy. If the company's staff is not able to help, then the employee is sent to those skilled in the art.

Screening. Periodic examination of employees to highly stressful work allows you to identify early signs Problems.

Prevention. Workers subject to considerable risk are trained and convinced that something to do something to combat stress.

Conclusion

So, in the first chapter, we found out what stress was, determined the basic concepts of stress. They found out that the opening of this term is associated with the name of the Canadian researcher Hans Selre. He also revealed the concept of a general adaptation syndrome - the adaptive reaction of the body to the external impact.

There are three stress stages - anxiety, resistance, exhaustion. Each stage is characterized by appropriate changes in neuro-endocrine functioning.

The considered examples in the first chapter show that stress can not only be dangerous for each particular person, but also destructively influence the effectiveness of the organization's activities. Therefore, the study of stress and the reasons for it, as well as its consequences, is an important problem of organizational behavior.

We also reviewed the main causes and consequences of stress at school. It was found out that with all the variety of factors capable of causing stress, it should be remembered - they act in themselves, and depend on how a person belongs to the circumstances in which he found himself, that is, the presence of stress factors does not mean that He will definitely arise. The work of the personnel department inspector is related to the action of numerous stressors. And the leadership position causes a person a special nervous emotional tension.

As for the consequences of stress discussed in the first chapter, it can be said that it has an impact on all organism systems, including immune. For example, it was found that during the session, students have a significant decrease in the activity of cells - "killers" responsible for combating viruses. Unrest, active work, sleep disruption and usual rhythm lead to changes in the body, including to reduce immunity. It is characteristic that after the end of the session, the incidence of students rises is rising.

There were three types of disorganizing singularities of communication. As for the recommendations on this topic "Stress Management", then it should be noted the following points.

The very first step in any program with stress is the recognition that it exists. Any solution to the problem should proceed from whether there is stress and what it is called.

Stress arises when employees do not know their production roles or are afraid that they will not cope with the work.

Each of these methods is aimed at ensuring greater compliance between a particular role and work or organizational environment. The same logic is used in labor enrichment programs involving clarification and reorganization of work, so that labor becomes more informative, interesting and improved the possibility of internal incentive. The appointment of tasks enter into such an opportunity provides better compliance between the employee and the work performed by it.

Also important is the corporate culture of the school, which dictates the appropriate behavior and motivation of individuals even in the presence of uncertainty and conflict. The school culture forms and support its employees. If they are susceptible to stress, supersensitivity, depression and hostile moods, then it will be reflected in culture. If there are insightful leaders, they will try to form openness, training and accounting of the needs of employees.

Stress control programs can be implemented on school scale.

The general conclusion is: healthier workers are more happy peoplewho do not know what stress is. They go to work regularly, they work better and stay longer in the ranks of the company.


Bibliography:

1. Volkova I. A. Fundamentals of Management: Tutorial for students of the specialty "Personnel Management" .- Omsk: Publishing House Omsk Institute of Entrepreneurship and Law, 2005.- 292 p.

2. Gibson J.L., Ivantsevich D.M., Donelly D.Kh. - ml. Organizational behavior, Structure, processes: Per.s English-8th ed. - M.: Infra - M, 2007

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Newstar D., Devis K. Organizational behavior. St. Petersburg., 2000.

Under the word "stress", many imply the depletion of the human body. However, his initial interpretation sounds different. "Stress" is translated as a voltage, pressure. Thus, it is a physical or mental burden, which a person is experiencing during a change in the vitality of environmental factors.

Stress - This is a physiological reaction aimed at adaptation and survival.

A completely different concept "Distress." This is the extreme degree of exhaustion caused by the long-term voltage and the inability of a person with it to cope.

Stress factors

For the full functioning, a person, like any living being, adapts to the habitat. The following groups of factors operate on it:

  • Physical: temperature fluctuations, atmospheric pressure, ultraviolet radiation.
  • Chemical: Impact of toxins, aggressive substances.
  • Biological: penetration into the body of bacteria, viruses.
  • Mechanical, such as injuries.
  • Psychogenic. This group plays a special role in life. modern man. It is because of psychogenic factors that he is experiencing the greatest stress. Voltage at work, fast rhythm of cities, difficult events in life, information load - all this affects us if not every day, then regularly and often.

Biochemistry and positive stress role

Stress plays a positive role. Suppose we act on us conflict situationWhen you need to act quickly - the attack of the wild animal. Activated sympathetic nervous systemThe adrenal glands allocate adrenaline hormones and norepinephrine, which increase blood pressure, breathing, mobilize glucose reserves, suspend the digestion process to save energy to protect.

If the stress is long (for example, psychogenic), there are other hormones - glucocorticoids. They affect human vital activity in long term, stimulating the metabolism and switching the body to use reserves, such as glycogen, which is split into glucose. Thus, stress, whatever origin, he does not give us a push to fully function and performed work.

Stresses stress

In 1936, Hans Selre, a well-known physiologist, put forward the theory according to which three stress strates were allocated:

Predisposition to the development of pathological stress

Everyone without exception, people are experiencing stress throughout their life. Hans Selre compared his seasoning, salt, without which the dish becomes tasteless. Stress gives the taste of life, and those who never experience it and live in ideal, "greenhouse" conditions, do not feel joy. They develop depression, dysphoria (painful mood), apathy for everything.

For example, in the novel-antiutopia O. Huxley "Brave new world»People lived in an ideal society, where any aggression and tension were excluded. However, they were periodically prescribed a dose of "experiences" in the form of a drug that stimulated the production of stress hormones in order to protect against depression.

People because of their mental and characteristic features are experiencing stress in different ways. One person acts, uses external circumstances to cope with the problem. The other is in despair, deprivates itself with constant reflections and gradually goes to the decompensation phase.

According to Pavlov, this is due to the type of our nervous system - temperament. Sanguines, phlegmatic, melancholics and cholerics solve the situation in different ways. For example, we compare the chamber with a stone on the road. Phlegmatic or Sanguine will cost him, a choleric will make it quickly and lightningly, with an admixture of aggression directed on an inanimate subject, and Melancholik will begin to blame himself in unsuccessfulness and doom, which will ultimately lead to a return back.

Of course, this division is rough and inaccurate. We intertwined different temperaments, and we are developing under the influence of the social environment. Therefore, there are disturbing, neurotic, distinctive personalities, which are predisposed to stress.

Also playing a big role education. The stress resistance of a person depends on his faith in its strength and ability to soberly assess the situation. But if a child from childhood to instill a complex of inferiority or surrounded by his hyperopus, without giving himself to cope with difficulties, he will not correctly react to stress in adulthood.

Symptoms of stress and distress

Positive stress stimulates us. We feel good and orderly, as they control the situation. Thinking processes are accelerated, and physical activity increases.

However, Distress leads to the following groups of symptoms.

According to WHO, 45% of all diseases are associated with stress. Stress (From English Stress - voltage) - the state of the general voltage of the body, which occurs in a person under the influence of an emergency stimulus. The founder of the student of stress is the Canadian physiologist Hans Selre. Factor causing stress is called stressor . Stressors can be both physical (heat, cold, noise, injury, own diseases) and socio-psychological (joy, danger, family or service conflict situation, bad working conditions) factors. Regardless of the nature of the stressor, the body reacts to any such irritability nonspecific, i.e. Simplicate changes: the increase in the pulse, an increase in blood pressure, an increase in the content of adrenal hormones in the blood.


Stress mechanism It is that under the action of stressful stimulus, the hypothalamus produces a hormone, which is in a circulatory system in the front share of the pituitary gland, where the synthesis of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activates, which stimulates the activities of the adrenal cortex, resulting in the blood in large quantities Hormones are coming - corticosteroids, which in turn stimulate adaptive mechanisms. In the concept of G. Selre, such changes in the body were called general adaptation syndrome and the release of three phases in its structure: alarm reaction, the resistance phases and phase of exhaustion.



1 phase - alarm response, during which the body changes its characteristics. Feeling organs through peripheral receptors are reported by conventional afferent paths into the central nervous system about the action of the damaging factor. This happens with the help of specific sensations (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, etc.). From the cortex of the brain, the signals come to the vegetative nervous system and hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a brain department controlling and regulating the hormone-formational activities of the front lobe of the pituitary gland, where the highest coordinating and regulating centers of vegetative and endocrine systems are located, sensitively catching the slightest disorders arising in the body. The hypothalamus is distinguished by corticoliberin, which, with blood flowing into the pituitary, causes strengthening the secretion of ACTG. Aktg is dealt with blood, falling into adrenal glands, causes the secretion of glucocorticoids, which create conditions in the body to adapt and combat the stress factor. If the stressor is strong and actually acts for a long time, the empty of all glucocorticoid reserves in the adrenal cortex and even its destruction may occur. This can lead to death.


2 - phase of resistance. If the action of the stressor is compatible with the possibilities of adaptation, the production of glucocorticoids is normalized, the body is adapted. At the same time, signs of anxiety reaction disappear, and the resistance level rises significantly higher than usual. The duration of this period depends on the congenital adaptability of the body and the force of the stressor.


3 - Phase of exhaustion. After a long-term action of the stressor to which the body adapted, signs of alarm reaction, but changes in adrenal cortex and other organs are irreversible, and, if the impact of the stressor continues, the individual dies.


Such is the dynamics of the general adaptation syndrome, but since all stressors also have a specific action, they cannot always cause absolutely the same answers. Even the same stimulus acts differently on different people due to the uniqueness of the internal and external conditions that determine the reactivity of each. In the occurrence of adaptation syndrome, in addition to the hormones of pituitary glands and adrenal glands, the nervous system plays an important role, which determines the nature of the body response to stress. Although the entire body is subject to the overall adaptation syndrome, but at the same time the heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract or brain will suffer significantly from random conditioning factors. In the body, as in the chain, the weakest link rusts, although all the links are under load. Therefore, an important role in the development of diseases under the influence of stress belongs to the initial state of the body. Emotional stressful situations occupy a special place, which, with frequent impact, can cause the exhaustion of the body's functionality, which dramatically weakens its ability to adapt to the effect of malicious factors.


Stress causes a one-type reaction, which is mediated through the hypothalamus - the pituitary glands - the adrenal bark. It is manifested by classic triad: an increase in the adrenal cortex and its activity, the atrophy of the fork gland and lymph nodes, the appearance of the ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract.

  • Myftakhov Ilnur Rinatovich, Master, Student
  • Bashkir State Agrarian University
  • STRESS
  • Stressors
  • The main features of stress
  • Positive and negative consequences of stress

The article is devoted to one of the types of affects - stress. Considered it characteristic signs, as well as possible methods Fight with stress.

  • Stress and its features. Methods of mental self-regulation
  • Stress and its features. Methods and techniques of mental self-regulation

IN modern life People, especially those who occupy an active life position, seeks to success, achieve their goals have a lot and work hard. And where there is a tension, there is stress there. This word is translated from English - "Press", "Voltage".

Thus, stress is an indispensable companion of a working person and in time gains the pace in its intensity. Increasingly and more often in communication with each other, the media we hear the word "stress" and experiencing its consequences.

Many of us are familiar to the states described by the words: "Of me, it's as if all the juices squeezed", "inside me a feeling of emptiness and the white light is not mil"; Periods of falnial mood, irritation at all and on everything, insomnia, headaches, scattered, touchiness, avoiding contacts with other people, mental emptiness. This is only a small share of negative consequences of stress. Many people stress seems so familiar and inevitable that they simply humble with him and suffer his consequences.

But stress is something that can be controlled, to be used for itself, reaching their personal goals. In order to manage its stress, the presence of several components is necessary. Here they are:

  • the desire to be healthy;
  • readiness to make your own efforts for this;
  • understanding the process of developing stress and its consequences;
  • the ability to evaluate its state (to identify the signs of excessive stress and foresee their appearance);
  • to own methods by which you can prevent negative consequences of stress or cope with them when they are already;
  • and finally, apply all this in your life.

In this article, I want to reveal the subject of stress, the causes of its development and methods with which you can prevent consequences and cope with it.

The information I suggests has a practical value for working people who value their health, it can be used to free themselves at least partially from the cargo of the problems that appear as a result of stress. Most people have a word stress associated with something unpleasant. Here are some definitions that most often sound: "Stress is diseases", "stress tired", "Stress is when everything annoys", "Stress - insomnia and headache"," Stress - overwork "," stress is an unpleasant event "," stress - when screaming on me "," stress - when with someone from my loved ones is misfortune. " Of these definitions, it turns out that stress is some kind of unpleasant external event and its negative consequences for a person. In fact, all this is not stress and has other names.

So what is stress?

This concept was first introduced by the Canadian researcher - the physiologist G. Selre in 1936. As a result of the study of "protective reactions arising in the body of animals and a person in response to the action of significant and duration of external and internal stimuli; These reactions contribute to the restoration of impaired equilibrium and are aimed at maintaining constancy. interior environment organism. " Thus, according to the definition of delegation, stress is protective reactions in the human body in response to significant external and internal stimuli, contributing to the restoration of impaired internal equilibrium.

And the irritants themselves, i.e. Causes of stress are called stressors. Stressors are external and internal. To external stressors, for example, we can include sharp changes in temperature, physical injuries, mental injuries (loss of work, divorce, the death of a loved one, etc.), a large muscular load. Internal stressors are the perception of a person of an external situation (stimulus) as stressful, for example, two people do not have time to perform work in advance. One of them can perceive this situation as stressful, and the other indifferently revealed to it. One species of the stressful situation, which in the modern world is often found - this is the situation at work. Most people concern financial position. This is normal, it is a natural incentive to improve its financial conditions. However, did you notice that, in fact, most people care about not so much a matter of finance regarding their work, how much is the question of the stability of your own position at work. The survey showed that most men and women do not understand and cannot determine how stable their position in their position. It causes permanent concernwhich develops in nervousness, and then people from fear begin to make actions that indirectly can contribute to dismissal.

What should be done. You can avoid concern only by making clarity regarding your position. Periodically, you need to ask direct questions to the authorities on how much you fit into the current exchange rate of the company that you can do to bring more benefits of the company and become more valuable employee. Most likely, the answers will be built in such a way as to take away from you, however, it does not matter. It is important that you will always be aware of events, know about your bosses. To overcome the cause of the stress greater and not required. And at the same time, you will understand - whether you should develop with the company, or you just lose time here.

Thus, in order to develop a protective reaction of the body (stress), it is necessary, the presence of a situation (stimulus), which will be perceived by a person on the physical and or mental level as stressful.

How does stress manifest on the physiological and mental level? In different situations in different ways. It may be an increase in the tone of the vessels, the release of certain hormones into the blood, an increase in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, an experience of excitement, joy, fear, wrath, etc. Have you ever been on top of the mountain? Remember your first rise. What have you been experienced then? What were the bodily sensations? Or, for example, your first kiss, preparation for the wedding, the birth of a child, appointment to a new position. All that you experienced at these moments, and was stress. It turns out that stress can even be pleasant and useful for a person. Below I give a few examples of this.

Stress is important for the workout of the endurance and resistance of the body to external loads and survival when exposed to external adverse factors. For example, you want to participate in sports and run cross. But before you do you should train yourself, to systematically run, gradually increasing the load. As a result of the reaction of the body on these loads, i.e. stress, extension occurs muscular mass, Perestroika breathing, cardiovascular activity, you become more enduring.

Another example, you go through the road, suddenly notice the car, which gets on you at high speed, your body is instantly oriented and makes a quick movement in a safe side. Accident passed you. It was also stress. Thanks to the reaction of your body, i.e. Stress you escaled collisions with the machine.

Without overcoming difficulties, human life becomes uninteresting and boring. Imagine that you already have everything, you don't need anything, nothing to strive for and nothing to achieve. Or to get what you want, you do not need to apply no effort. It is enough just to think about it, and it has already appeared. You will not even need to get up from bed ... Never. Do you want such a life? You can only want it until she has become a reality. As soon as a person falls into similar conditions, he can enjoy his relaxation for a while. And then there is a feeling of discomfort, a feeling of dissatisfaction, and a person is looking for new classes, puts new goals. Life again acquires the taste and is filled with meaning. Reaching the goals, a person satisfies its needs. Satisfying needs, experiences pleasure, expressed in positive, pleasant emotions, thoughts, body sensations.

But when the movement is inconsistent, there are no stops and recreation, when the goals that the person implements are contrary to its internal needs, there are problems called the negative effects of stress.

A person suffers from both the lack of goals and movements and from non-stop movement and constant voltage. In other words, most people do not tolerate both lack of stress and its excess. In this regard, it is very important to explore himself and know the level of stress that is most acceptable for him personally, and is a positive result. One who will not be able to do this will suffer from negative consequences of stress as a result of the lack of decent purposes or constant excessive overload.

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