Abiotic factors- a complex of conditions of the inorganic environment that affect organisms.

Autotrophs- organisms that take the chemical elements they need for life from the inert matter surrounding them and do not require ready-made organic compounds of another organism to build their body. The main source of energy used by autotrophs is the sun.

Anabiosis- (from Greek - revival) the ability of organisms to survive unfavorable times (changes in ambient temperature, lack of moisture, etc.). Rotifers can tolerate complete desiccation, as can nematodes and tardigrades. Vronsky, dictionary, S. 26.

anaerobic environment- oxygen-free environment.

Anaerobes- (from Greek means life without air) organisms that can live and develop in an oxygen-free environment. This term was introduced into science by Pasteur L.

acidophytes- plants that prefer acidic soils or waters (pH from 6.7 to 3.0).

Adaptation- the process and result of adaptation of organisms to the conditions of existence. There are species (genotypic) adaptation that occurs in a number of generations and is associated with the process of speciation, and individual (phenotypic) adaptation - acclimation that occurs within the individual development of the organism and does not affect its genotype.

Acclimatization- adaptation of organisms to changes in climatic and geographical conditions of existence.

acclimation– individual (physiological, phenotypic) adaptation.

autecology- a branch of ecology that studies the relationship of individuals (organisms) with the environment.

Anthropogenic factors- factors that arise as a result of human activity.

Arte natural environment- an artificially created or transformed part of the environment, including buildings, premises, machines and domestic nature, conditioned microclimate, electromagnetic fields, noise, etc.

Environmental safety- the degree of protection of the territorial complex, ecosystems, humans from possible environmental damage, determined by the magnitude of environmental risk.

Biogeocenosis- the concept was formulated by Sukachev V.N. in 1940. This is a specific homogeneous, on which living (biocenosis) and inert (biotope) components interact, united by the metabolism and energy into a single natural complex.

Biocenosis is a system of interconnected consortia. The central place in it is usually occupied by plants.

Biotope- inorganic substrate.

Bio-bone substance- is created simultaneously by living organisms and inert processes, representing systems of dynamic balance of both (soil, crust, natural waters, the properties of which depend on the activity of living matter on Earth).

Biosphere- a kind of shell of the earth, containing the totality of living organisms and that part of the planet's substance that is in continuous exchange with these organisms.

biota- a set of species of organisms of any large territory, for example, tundra biota, etc.
Biotic (biological) circulation- the circulation of substances between plants, animals and organisms.

Biotic factors- the totality of the influence of the vital activity of some organisms on others.

Biocenosis- an interconnected set of all living beings inhabiting a more or less homogeneous area of ​​\u200b\u200bland or a reservoir, characterized by certain relationships between organisms and adaptability to environmental conditions.

Gross (total) productivity– accumulation of organic matter, including losses for own needs (respiration, etc.) and mass consumed by heterotrophs.

secondary productivity is the rate of accumulation of organic matter by consumers.

Heterotrophs(from Greek - nutrition) - organisms that feed on organic substances that have produced autotrophs. These include all animals, including humans, fungi and most microorganisms. In the food chain of the ecosystem, they constitute a group of consumers.

Diagonal survival curve (second type)- in species whose mortality remains approximately equal constantly throughout life.

dominant species- species that prevail in abundance in the ecosystem.

Living matter- according to V.I. Vernadsky, this is the totality of all living organisms of the modern biosphere.

The law of constancy of the amount of living matter of the biosphere (): the amount of living matter (biomass of all organisms) of the biosphere for a given geological epoch is constant.

The law of the minimum (J. Liebig): the vitality of an organism is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its ecological needs. J. Liebig formulated this law as follows: “The crop is controlled by the substance, which is at a minimum, and the magnitude and stability of the latter in time is determined.”

Law of Tolerance (V. Shelford): The prosperity of an organism is limited to zones of maximum and minimum of certain environmental factors. Between them there is an optimum zone. Each species is characterized by its tolerance - the ability to tolerate deviations from optimal environmental factors.

Laws of ecology (B. Commoner) A: 1. Everything is connected with everything; 2. Everything must go somewhere; 3. Nature knows best; 4. Nothing comes for free.

calciphiles- calcephytes, plants that live on soils rich in lime

Quantitative compensation (law)- the law allows not to be afraid of the death of modern civilization for geographical and environmental reasons. This law was proposed in 1936 by A.L. Chizhevsky.

Consortia- a group of heterogeneous organisms that settle on the body or in the body of an individual of any species, the central member of the consortium, capable of creating a certain environment around itself.

Xerophytes Plants adapted to life in arid regions.

Consumers- heterotrophic organisms, mainly animals that feed on other organisms or particles of organic matter.

inert substance- a set of those substances in, in the formation of which living organisms do not participate.

Mesophytes- plants occupying an intermediate position between hygrophytes and xerophytes, they are moderately demanding on the moisture content of the habitat.

Wet dust collectors– jet scrubbers and naib. Effect. Venturi scrubbers (the main acting forces are inertia and Brownian motion).

Violence is a form of coercion by one group of people (by one person) in relation to another group (another person) in order to acquire or maintain certain benefits and privileges.

Nonviolence- a principle based on the recognition of the value of all living things, a person and his life, the denial of coercion as a way of human interaction with the world, with nature, with other people, this is a way to solve problems and conflicts.

Nitrophytes- plants that prefer soils rich in nitrogen compounds.

Noosphere- the realm of the mind. A hypothetical stage in the development of the biosphere, when intelligent human activity will become the main determining factor in its sustainable development.

Oscillations– fluctuations in the number of organisms and communities caused by biotic factors.

decomposers- heterotrophic organisms (bacteria, fungi) that obtain energy by decomposing dead tissues or by absorbing dissolved organic matter released spontaneously or extracted by saprophytes from plants and other organisms.

Saprotrophs- organisms that feed on dead organic matter or animal excrement. These include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and saprophytes.

synecology- a branch of ecology that studies the relationship between communities and ecosystems.

Wednesday- a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect effect on them.

Stenobiota- ecologically fragile species.

Successions- successive change of one biocenosis by another.

Succession secondary– restoration of the ecosystem that once existed in the area.

Scyophites- shade-loving plants (yew, fir, spruce, beech, hornbeam) in temperate forests. Scrubbers are apparatus for washing gases with liquid in order to extract individual components from them. Dry dust collectors- these are inertial systems, which include centrifugal dedusting systems (cyclones), rotary, vortex, radial dust collectors, in which the forces of gravity and inertia act. Naib. efficient. rotary dust collectors are considered.

Thermophiles (heat-loving organisms)- organisms adapted to living in conditions of constantly high temperatures (hot springs, self-heating manure substrates, wet hay).

Number fluctuations- fluctuations in the number of organisms seasonal and annual, caused by abiotic factors, recurring.

Phytocenosis – broadleaf forests in 5-6 tiers, have a vertical tiered structure.

photoperiodism- the reaction of the body to the daily rhythm of solar energy (light), i.e. on the ratio of light and dark periods of the day.

Chemosynthetic organisms are autotrophic microorganisms that assimilate organic compounds through chemosynthesis. These include sulfur bacteria (oxidize hydrogen sulfide, obtaining nutrients for organisms in the rift zones of the ocean), nitrifying bacteria (turn ammonia into nitrates and nitrites), iron bacteria, hydrogen bacteria, etc. These organisms play a significant role in biogeochemical cycles chemical elements in the biosphere.

Edificators (builders)- without which species cannot live (spruce plants, pine, cedar, feather grass, rarely groundhog animal).

Exponential population growth- growth in the number of individuals in unchanged conditions.

ecological niche- the position of the species that it occupies in the general system of biocenosis, the complex of its biocenotic relationships and requirements for abiotic factors environment.

Ecology(from Greek - house, dwelling and science) is a science that studies the conditions for the existence of living organisms and the relationship between organisms and the environment.

Ecology- this is a special general scientific approach to the study of the problems of interaction between organisms, biosystems and the environment (ecological approach).

Ecology is a complex science that synthesizes data from natural and social sciences about the nature and interaction of it and society.

ecological culture- a way of socio-natural existence of a person, expressing the unity of man and nature, unfolding in the development by a person of objects and processes of nature, which have become means of life for a person, which is realized by him in historical and individual development.

Ecosystem- any community of living beings and its habitat, united into a single functional whole, arising on the basis of interdependence and cause-and-effect relationships that exist between individual ecological components.

The science of the relationship of living organisms with each other and environmental conditions. The main methods of science: observation, experiment, modeling, accounting for the number of individuals, etc. The term "ecology" was introduced by the German zoologist E. Haeckel (1866)

HABITAT is what surrounds the body. Main habitats: aquatic, terrestrial-aquatic, terrestrial-air, soil.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS- everything that has a direct or indirect effect on organisms.

ABIOTIC FACTORS- factors inanimate nature- light, temperature, pressure, climate, water and air currents, composition of water, soil, air, etc.

BIOTIC FACTORS- wildlife factors, i.e. influence of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, viruses.

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS- this is human influence (hunting, fishing, protection, extermination, pollution, plowing, logging, etc.).

BIOCENOSIS (COMMUNITY)- these are all species living together in some territory and interconnected with each other (for example, the biocenosis of a lake, taiga forest, etc.).

BIOGEOCENOSIS (ECOSYSTEM) is a complex self-regulating system in which there is a relationship between living organisms and their living conditions ( biogeocenosis \u003d biocenosis + environmental conditions).

BIOTIC LINKS are different types of relationships between living organisms.

PREDATORY (-+)- the type of relationship when one organism eats another. There are predator-hunters (wolf, tiger, lion, etc.) and predator-gatherers (insectivores, herbivores). There are carnivorous plants (dew, venus flytrap, pemphigus, etc.)

COMPETITION (--) rivalry relations. The competition within the species and between related species is most acute, since they have common needs for food and living conditions. Examples: fox-wolf, owl - eagle owl, pine - birch, pike - perch, carp - crucian carp, etc.

NEUTRALISM (OO)- relationships when there are no direct links between species (wolves and grasshoppers, moose and squirrels, bees and hares)

COMMENSALISM (O+) A relationship in which one species benefits from another without harming it. There are several varieties: lodging (the use of burrows, nests of other animals by insects as a dwelling), parasitism (feeding jackals, hyenas, vultures with the remains of the food of predatory animals), companionship (feeding with different parts of the same resource, for example, pine needles and bark beetles, soil inhabitants consuming various plant residues)

AMENSALISM (O-)- relationships when one species is oppressed, and the other species is indifferent (for example, herbs growing under a spruce)

SYMBIOSIS (++) - mutually beneficial relationship between species. When living together mandatory for both species - this is mutualism (symbiosis of birch roots and boletus mycelium, fungi and algae in the body of a lichen), if optional, then protocooperation (for example, meadow plants and their pollinators).

BIOLOGICAL OPTIMUM- this is the presence of all favorable conditions for the life of the organism.

PHOTOPERIODISM- this is the adaptability of organisms to a change in the length of daylight hours, i.e. to seasonal changes (spring and autumn molting, hibernation, seasonal flights and migrations, leaf fall, breeding season, nesting, mating games).

ANABIOSIS- this is the ability of organisms to endure adverse conditions in a state in which metabolism is reduced and all visible manifestations of life are absent (for example, the state of cysts in protozoa, spores in bacteria, winter and summer hibernation of animals)

ACCLIMATIZATION- physiological adaptation to the transfer of heat or cold.

WINTERING- fall into hibernation in winter.

DIAPAUSE- stop in development in an unfavorable period of the year.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY FOR SURVIVAL- the desire of organisms to survive.

FOOD CHAINS (FOOD CHAINS)- these are sequential connections of organisms, when the organisms of the previous link are food for the next one.

PASTURE CHAINS (grazing chains)- food chains in which the first link is green plants (grass --- caterpillar --- tit ---- falcon)

DETRITE CHAINS (decomposition chains)- food chains that start with dead organics (leaf litter -> earthworm -> titmouse -> falcon)

TROPHIC LEVEL- all species that consume similar food (for example, all herbivores form one trophic level; carnivores - another level)

BENTHOS- all inhabitants of the bottom part of the reservoir (crabs, bivalves, sea anemones, octopuses, coral polyps, etc.)

PLANKTON- microscopic algae and animals living in the water column. Consists of phyto- and zooplankton.

NEKTON- large inhabitants of the water column (fish, squid, dolphins, whales, etc.)

PERIFITON- organisms attached to aquatic plants or underwater rocks (crustaceans, bivalves, sea acorns, sea squirts)

PLEYSTON- a set of aquatic organisms floating on the surface of the water or in a semi-submerged state.

THE RULE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMID- when moving from one nutritional link to another, the biomass, the number of individuals and the amount of energy decreases several times (about 10 times). The reason for this pattern is that organisms spend 90% of food energy on vital processes (the energy of "breathing") , and only 10% goes to body growth and only this part goes to the next link in the food chain.

TOLERANCE- the ability of organisms to withstand changes in environmental conditions. Organisms with high tolerance can withstand wide ranges of environmental changes and are therefore more likely to survive, while those with low tolerance can only live under certain conditions.

BIONT- inhabitant of the environment (hydrobiont - inhabitant of the aquatic environment, geobiont (edaphobiont, pedofauna) - soil environment, stenobiont - an organism that requires strictly defined conditions, i.e. with low tolerance; eurybiont - an organism capable of living in different conditions, etc.)

LIFE FORM OF AN ORGANISM- the type of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions. For example, life forms in plants: trees, herbs, shrubs, creepers, succulents, etc.; in animals, according to the method of movement - flying, jumping, crawling, burrowing, running, floating, attached, according to their habitat - waterfowl, forest, steppe, soil, etc.

TIERING- adaptability of plants, allowing more complete use of environmental resources: light, heat, moisture, soil nutrients. Layering is horizontal and vertical (in the soil).

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF THE ECOSYSTEM- these are three groups of organisms in any ecosystem that carry out the main processes in the ecosystem: producers, consumers, decomposers. Thanks to them, in the ecosystem there is a flow of substances and energy through food chains, which forms the basis of the circulation of substances, the self-reproduction of the ecosystem.

PRODUCERS- these are producers of organic matter (autotrophs), i.e. plants, chemosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.

CONSUMERS are consumers of organic matter, i.e. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores. Consumers are of the 1st order (herbivorous insect, bird, etc.), 2nd order (insectivorous, fish-eating or predators), 3rd order (predators).

REDUCERS- these are the destroyers of organic matter (bacteria of decay and fermentation, mold fungi, soil mites, worms, carnivorous insects, animals that feed on the secretions of other animals, etc.).

ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY- this is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand various impacts, maintain the relative constancy of the number of species and maintain the main processes in balance. Sustainability directly depends on the number of species! The greater the species diversity, the more stable the ecosystem! The reason for this pattern: the more species in the ecosystem, the more opportunities for organisms to have alternative types of food, and the more likely it is to survive - with a shortage of one food, it is possible to eat other food. Therefore, biodiversity is very important in nature, because This important condition ecological balance in all nature, in the biosphere.

SELF-REGULATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM- the property of an ecosystem to maintain the number of individuals in populations at a relatively constant level. Self-regulation occurs due to the presence in the ecosystem of direct, reverse and indirect connections between organisms. For example, an increase in the number of plants leads to an increase in the number of herbivores, and this leads to an increase in the number of predators (direct links). But an increase in the number of predators will eventually lead to a decrease in the number of herbivores, and an increase in the number of herbivores will lead to a decrease in the number of plants (feedback). Predators influence the abundance of plants through herbivores (indirect relationship).

ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY- this is the interconnectedness of organisms in an ecosystem, which does not allow them to exist without each other and ensures the flow of all processes in the ecosystem (the flow of substances and energy through food chains, self-regulation, the circulation of substances).

OPEN ECOSYSTEM- lies in the fact that an ecosystem can exist only when an influx of energy from the outside is carried out into it! (the openness of any system lies in the fact that it needs an influx of energy and nutrients outside)

SUCCESSION- this is a successive change in time of some ecosystems by others in a certain territory in the course of their self-development. For example, in the place of a small lake, a swamp may form due to gradual shallowing and drying; in place of the swamp - a meadow; in place of a forest - a meadow, in the place of a lifeless volcanic island, a forest can grow in centuries, etc. In the course of succession, processes always go in the direction of achieving equilibrium in the ecosystem - the climax!

CLIMAX- a state in an ecosystem when it is in equilibrium without outside interference.

PRIMARY SUCCESSION- the process of development of various ecosystems in lifeless territories (on sand dunes, on volcanic islands, on the site of rocky mountains). This succession is the longest since First, it takes time for the soil to form. Process sequence:

"Pioneers" settle in lifeless places, the first settlers are blue-green algae, lichens. When they die, they form a thin layer of soil on which mosses can first settle. Then, as the soil layer increases, grasses, shrubs, and trees can grow.

SECONDARY SUCCESSION is the development of one ecosystem in place of another. Causes of secondary successions: climate change (gradual waterlogging of the area due to a humid climate), natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.), human activities (deforestation, pollution, plowing, mining, etc.) .), pest or disease invasion. Note: if the soil layer disappeared during the secondary succession (due to soil erosion), the processes will follow the type of primary succession.

AGROCENOSES (agroecosystems, artificial ecosystems)- ecosystems created by man (fields, gardens, aquarium, gardens, ponds, forest plantations, parks, etc.) Signs of agrocenoses: a small number of species; short supply chains; open circulation of substances (because part of the substances is taken out with the harvest and requires the application of fertilizers to the soil); instability; processes are regulated by a person; in addition to the energy of the sun, the energy of machines, human labor, etc. are used.

RESERVES- specially protected natural areas where all types of human economic activity are prohibited. Only scientific research, observations are allowed.

RESERVES- These are specially protected natural areas in which certain types of human economic activity are allowed during a certain period of the year, which do not cause severe harm.

BIOSPHERE is a special shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms. The boundaries of the biosphere are determined in the atmosphere by the action of UV rays (up to the ozone layer, i.e. at a height of 20-25 km), in the hydrosphere by the action of high pressure and the absence of light and lack of oxygen (at a depth of 11 km), in the lithosphere - high pressure and temperature, lack of oxygen (at a depth of up to 3 km). The doctrine of the biosphere was created by V.I. Vernadsky, but the term "biosphere" was introduced by E Suess (1873).

NOOSPHERE ("sphere of mind")- a new state of the biosphere, when its existence depends on the rational economic activity of man. The term was introduced by V.I. Vernadsky.

BIOMASS (living matter of the biosphere) is the mass of all living organisms. Distinguish between land biomass, ocean biomass, plant biomass, animal biomass, soil biomass, etc. The distribution of biomass is different: land biomass predominates in the biosphere, plant biomass predominates on land (because the accumulation of biomass in plants predominates), animal biomass predominates in the World Ocean (because organic matter produced by plants (phytoplankton and algae) does not accumulate in them, and are immediately consumed by animals). Biomass decreases from the equator to the poles.

FUNCTIONS OF LIVING SUBSTANCE are the functions of living organisms on a global scale. There are 5 main biogeochemical functions:

1. Gas- living organisms, through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, and azotobacteria, through participation in the nitrogen cycle, maintain a certain composition of the atmosphere.
2. concentration- Living organisms are able to accumulate certain chemicals in themselves. Due to this, sedimentary rocks were formed on Earth (chalk, lime from calcareous shells of mollusks, protozoa; silica from radiolarian shells), iron and sulfur ores (the result of the vital activity of sulfur and iron bacteria), peat (from sphagnum deposits), coal deposits (from remains of ancient ferns), etc. For example, carbon accumulates more in the body of plants, and nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus accumulate in animals.
3. redox- due to the metabolism in living organisms, some substances are formed (reduced), while others decay (oxidize). For example, during photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates, and during respiration, they are oxidized to carbon dioxide.
4. Destructive- living organisms, participating in the destruction of dead organic matter to inorganic substances, contribute to the formation of soil and the biological cycle of substances in nature, and this is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere.
5. Biochemical Various biochemical reactions are constantly taking place in living organisms.

BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE BIOSPHERE- these are global processes of transformation of substances in nature, occurring as a result of the movement of chemicals along trophic chains. This process is the basis for the stable existence of the biosphere, i.e. all life on earth.

SOIL EROSION- the process of destruction of the fertile soil layer. Water erosion - leaching, wind erosion - weathering of the fertile layer. Causes: lack of plants, improper irrigation, improper plowing and tillage, etc.

RESISTANCE- the resistance of organisms to something.

URBANIZATION is the growth and development of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population.

AGGLOMERATION- gathering around big city closely spaced settlements.

MEGAPOLIS- large urban agglomerations with more than 1 million people (Bombay, Cairo, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Moscow, Beijing).

RESIDENTIAL ZONE (RESIDENTIAL ZONE)- zone of location of residential, administrative buildings, objects of culture, education.

DEACTIVATION- removal of radioactive contamination from the surface of objects, structures, etc.

ENVIRONMENT CAPACITY- the size of the ability of the natural or natural-anthropogenic environment to ensure the normal life of a certain number of organisms or communities without a noticeable violation of the environment itself.

IMMIGRATION- the process of natural penetration and settlement of living organisms in places where they did not previously live.

INTRODUCTION- the process of artificial introduction of species into places where they did not previously live (for example, the North American muskrat and mink in Siberia)

RECLAIM- a set of measures to improve the water and climate regimes of agroecosystems. There are hydromelioration (irrigation, drainage), agroforestry (creation of forest belts, fixing ravines, fighting erosion, landslides, etc.)

HEAVY METALS- metal, with a density of more than 8 thousand kg / cu. m. (lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, antimony, tin, bismuth, mercury, copper, nickel.)

CLEANING OF DRAINS- elimination of harmful impurities from wastewater in various ways: mechanical (settling, sedimentation, filtration, flotation), physicochemical (coagulation, neutralization, chlorination, ozonation), biological (biofiltration, passing through aerotanks).

PNEUMOCONIOSIS- a group of occupational diseases caused by inhalation of dusty air (sclerotic changes occur in the lungs): silicosis - by inhalation of quartz, sand, mica; silicatosis - by inhalation of silicate dust (talc, kaolin, etc.); anthracosis - by inhalation of coal dust, aluminosis - aluminum dust; siderosilicosis - iron and quartz dust; anthrasilicosis - coal and quartz dust.

FUNGICIDES- chemicals to combat fungal diseases of cultivated plants.

INSECTICIDES- insecticides.

HERBICIDES- chemicals for weed control.

eutrophication- "blooming" of the reservoir due to the rapid reproduction of algae in it as a result of pollution with mineral fertilizers.

EREMOFITS (psammophytes)- desert plants

EREMOPHILES- desert animals

rheophytes- plants of fast-flowing rivers or the surf of the sea (often have a ribbon-like shape).

ephemeroids- perennial organisms with a very short period of development, they spend most of the year at rest. For example, snowdrops, some insects (mayflies).

PATIENTS- plants that win in the struggle for existence due to their endurance (a kind of "camels" of the plant world)

DEFLATION- the process of wind erosion (weathering of the fertile part of the soil)

SCIENCES AND THEIR OBJECT OF STUDY:

AUTECOLOGY (factorial ecology)- studies the ecology of individuals.

DEMECOLOGY- ecology of small groups (populations)

SYNECOLOGY (biocenology)- community ecology

GLOBAL ECOLOGY- the ecology of the entire planet.

BIOSPHEROLOGY- ecology of the biosphere.

GEOECOLOGY- landscape (geographical) ecology.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY- dealing with questions environmental law, education, culture, medical ecology, environmental forecasting, industrial ecology, urban ecology, etc.

SYSTEMATIC ECOLOGY- ecology of various groups of organisms (fungi, plants, animals, etc.)

ETHOLOGY The science that studies the behavior of animals.

ARACCHNOLOGY- studies spiders

ALGOLOGY- studies algae

BRYOLOGY- studies mosses

LICHENOLOGY- studies lichens

MYCOLOGY- studying mushrooms

ORNITHOLOGY- studying birds

PROTOZOOLOGY- studies protozoa

ENTOMOLOGY- studies insects

PHENOLOGY- observation of seasonal changes in nature

DENDROLOGY- study trees

DEMOGRAPHY- studies the change in the number of people, gender and age structure in countries, cities, etc.

Information taken from publicly available sources

Abiotic environment -(from the Greek a - a prefix in the meaning of "not", "without" and bioticos - vital, living) a set of inorganic conditions (factors) for the habitat of organisms.

Agrobiocenosis -(from the Greek agros - field and biocenosis) a set of organisms living on lands for agricultural use, occupied by crops or planting of cultivated plants.

Adaptation - ( from the late adaptatio - adaptation) in biology, the adaptation of the structure and functions of organisms (their populations) to local conditions of existence.

Accumulation- (from lat. accumulatiop - accumulation, gathering in a heap) accumulation and deposition of sediments, destruction products formed due to the manifestation of various denudation processes.

Accumulation of pollutants - 1. Accumulation of various pollutants of anthropogenic origin in various environments: atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil. 2. Accumulation of pollution in living organisms from the environment and through the consumption of contaminated food.

Allelopathy - a specific form of biotic relationships, expressed in the interaction of plant organisms in phytocenoses; the chemical influence of some plant species on others through specifically acting secretions.

Amensalism - a form of biotic relationship in which for one of the interacting species the consequences of coexistence are negative, while the other does not receive harm or benefit from this. This form of interaction is often found in plants. For example, light-loving herbaceous species growing under a spruce experience oppression as a result of strong shading by its crown, while for the tree itself their neighborhood may be indifferent.

Antibiosis - in one form or another, antagonistic relations that limit or exclude the coexistence of species.

the level of direct and indirect impact of man and his economic system on nature and its individual components.

Area -(from lat. area - area, space) the area of ​​\u200b\u200bdistribution of the organism on land or in the sea.

Atmosphere- (from the Greek atmos - steam, spharia - sphere) the outer gaseous shell of the Earth.

Out (o) ecology -(from the Greek autos - itself and ecology) a branch of ecology that studies the effect of various environmental factors (mainly abiotic) on certain types of organisms.

Batial -(from the Greek bathys - deep) the seabed zone accompanying the continental slope (from 200-500 to 3000 m). The upper limit of the B. depends on the depth at which the gently sloping shelf turns into a relatively steep slope.

Bental - part of the ocean floor inhabited by organisms .

Benthos -(from the Greek bentos - depth) a set of organisms that live at the bottom of water bodies on various substrates.

Bioaccumulation – ( from the Greek bios - life and lat. accumulatio - accumulation, gathering in a heap) accumulation in the body of pollutants coming from the environment through the lungs, skin and digestive tract.

Biogeocenosis -(from Greek bios, ge - Earth and koinos - general) 1) A homogeneous area of ​​the earth's surface with a certain composition of living (biocenosis) and inert (ground layer of the atmosphere, solar energy, soil, water column, etc.) components, united by the exchange of matter and energy into a single natural complex. The concept of B., introduced by V.N. Sukachev (1940), has become widespread in Russian literature.

Bioindicators (bioindication) -(from the Greek. bio and lat. indico - I indicate I determine) organisms or communities of organisms, the presence, number or features of development of which serve as indicators of natural processes, conditions or anthropogenic changes in the habitat.

Biological resources - include genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations or any other biotic component of ecosystems of real or potential benefit or value to humanity.

biological rhythms - periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.

Biome -(eng. biome from Greek bios - life and lat. -oma - a suffix denoting the totality) the totality of various groups of organisms and their habitat in a certain landscape-geographical zone.

Biomass -(from Greek bios - life and lat. massa - lump, piece) the total mass of all organisms on Earth in individual ecosystems, a group of species, individual species, etc. May refer to the raw (living) state of organisms or the dry state of their bodies.

Biosphere -(from the Greek bios - life and spharia - ball) the habitat of living organisms, the composition, structure and energy of which is determined by the activity of the entire set of living organisms - biota.

Biota - a historically established set of plants and animals united by an area of ​​​​distribution.

Biotic environment - A group of living organisms that influence other organisms through their activities.

Biotope -(from the Greek bios - life and topos - place) a section of a reservoir or land with the same type of relief, climate and other abiotic factors, occupied by a certain biocenosis.

Biocenosis -(from the Greek bios - life and koinos - general) the totality of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms that jointly inhabit a land area or reservoir. B. is an integral part of biogeocenosis.

Ecosystem buffering - the ability of ecosystems to withstand disturbing influences (including anthropogenic ones is characteristic), to maintain their structure, functional features and the closed nature of the circulation of substances.

View - a set of individuals with common morphophysiological features, having a common evolutionary fate, capable of interbreeding with each other, forming a single system of genomes, occupying a single or partially broken area.

Types - batteries - organisms capable of accumulating pollutants in quantities many times greater than their content in the environment.

Types of indicators - organisms highly sensitive to certain pollutants, reflecting changes in the natural background.

Gene pool -(from Greek genes - giving birth, born and French fond - foundation) the totality of genes of individuals that make up a given population or species.

Herbicides -(from lat. herba - grass and caedo - kill) substances from the group of pesticides for the destruction of mainly weeds and other unwanted vegetation.

Hydrobionts -(from the Greek hydor - water and bios - life) organisms that live in the aquatic environment.

Hypobiosis - a state of reduced vitality. At the same time, representatives of many species burrow into the silt and wait out adverse environmental conditions. This is how shields, planarians, oligochaete worms, mollusks, and some fish behave. Many protozoa form cysts, for example, ciliates, rhizomes, sunflowers.

Homeostasis - the ability to persist with correlated processes that maintain the most stable states. G. actively participates in the internal environment of the body (system) on the basis of a feedback mechanism that establishes a balance between need and opportunity.

Ecosystem homeostasis -(from the Greek homoios - similar, identical and stasis - state) the ability of an ecosystem to autoregulate when environmental conditions change. G.e. arises as a result of the interaction of the cycles of substances and energy flows, as well as “feedback” signals from subsystems.

Detritus -(from lat. detritus - worn) dead organic matter, such as fallen leaves, branches and other plant and animal remains, present in any ecosystem and decomposed by soil and aquatic organisms.

Detritophages -(from lat. detritus - worn out and Greek. phagos - devourer) animals that feed on detritus, i.e. dead, partially decomposed organic matter, together with the microorganisms it contains. For example, earthworms, crustaceans.

The law of the minimum (Liebig's law) - the yield of various crops is directly dependent on the content of nutrients in the soil, which are at a minimum.

Replaceable natural resources - natural resources that, in the process of being used with the development of the scientific and technological process, can now or in the future be replaced by other types of them.

Zoobenthos -(from the Greek zoon - animal and benthos - depth) bottom fauna, animal benthos, a set of animals living at the bottom of a reservoir.

Zooplankton -(from the Greek zoon - animal and planktos - soaring) a set of animals that inhabit the water column and are passively carried by currents.

Zoophages- (from the Greek zoon - animal and phagos - eater) carnivores that feed on other animals

Exhaustible natural resources - natural resources, the consistent use of which can reduce them to a level at which their further exploitation becomes economically unfeasible or there is a threat of their complete disappearance.

Commensals - organisms that benefit from cohabitation with other organisms.

Cooperation (collaboration) - both species form a community. It is not mandatory, but living in a community benefits both species.

Survival Curve - a graph showing the probability of individuals surviving to a certain age. Such graphs are built and, as a rule, differ for groups within a species, distinguished by various characters.

Convergence - the process of developing signs of external similarity in unrelated forms of organisms, if these species lead a similar lifestyle in similar environmental conditions. Convergence of signs in different forms affects those organs that are in direct contact with external environment.

Consumers -(from English consumers) organisms that feed on organic substances accumulated by producers - autotrophs, and convert them into other organic substances.

Climax -(from English climax, plant climax) the final stage of succession; a plant community that is in relative correspondence and dynamic equilibrium with the habitat environment (changes very slowly).

Lithosphere -(from the Greek lithos - stone, sphere) the solid outer shell of the Earth, with an average nominal thickness of 16 kilometers. The thickness of ice on the plains is 30–40 km, in the area of ​​mountain ranges 50–75 km, and within the basins of the seas, 5–6 km.

Local pollution - environmental pollution in the surroundings industrial enterprises, construction sites, quarries, settlements and other places, not spreading over large areas.

Habitat - part of the earth's space, the boundaries of which are clearly delimited, covering a place with certain conditions (territory or water area), providing the entire cycle of development of an organism, population or species as a whole, where this species is found.

Migration (of animals and plants) – the movement of animals and plants in space, caused by a change in the conditions of existence in habitats or associated with the cycle of their development.

Monitoring -(eng. monitoring, lat. monitor - warning) a system of regular long-term observations in space and time, providing information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and forecast in the future environmental parameters that are important to humans.

Mutualism - a biotic relationship in which each species can live, grow, and reproduce only in the presence of the other. They live in symbiosis.

Inexhaustible natural resources - Part natural resources, the use of which by man does not lead to a visible depletion of their reserves now and in the foreseeable future (solar energy, intraterrestrial heat, tidal energy).

Irreplaceable natural resources - part of natural resources that cannot be replaced by others now or in the foreseeable future (for example: environmental conditions of human life).

Neuston -(from the Greek neustos - floating) a community of microorganisms, plants and animals living in the surface film of sea and fresh waters. These are mainly organisms of small and medium sizes.

Nekton - aquatic animals capable of swimming quickly and overcoming the force of currents, for example, fish, squid, dolphins.

Noosphere -(from the Greek noos - mind and spharia - ball) literally “thinking shell”, the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of development (according to V.I. Vernadsky) of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and formation of civilized humanity in it, with a period when reasonable human activity becomes the main determinant of development on Earth. The concept of N. was introduced by the French mathematician and philosopher E. Leroy (1927) and P. Teilhard de Chardin (1930) and used by V. I. Vernadsky in the article “A few words about the noosphere” (1944).

Ozone layer(syn. ozone screen, ozonosphere) - a layer of the atmosphere at a height of approximately 10-50 km, characterized by an increased concentration of ozone (the gas molecules of which consist of three oxygen atoms - O 3), practically coincides with the stratosphere of the atmosphere. Bottom line O.s. at the poles it drops to 7-8 km, and at the equator it rises to 17-18 km. Thickness O.s. on average only 3 mm, which varies from 2 mm at the equator to 4.5 mm at high latitudes. O.s. absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which protects all life on Earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Environment - 1) The complex of all objects, phenomena and processes that are external to a given organism, population or community of organisms, but interacting with them. Interaction is carried out through the circulation of substances. 2) The totality of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic objects, phenomena and processes that are external to a person, with which he interacts in the course of his activity, therefore the term “human environment” is often used.

Oligotrophs - organisms (plants, microorganisms) that develop in an environment with a low concentration of nutrients.

Greenhouse effect - the effect of heating the lower layers of the atmosphere near the earth's surface, caused by the absorption of long-wave (infrared) radiation from the earth's surface. main reason This natural process is the content in the atmosphere of water vapor, carbon dioxide and some other gases (nitrogen dioxide, methane), the molecules of which absorb the thermal radiation of the Earth. They are called greenhouse gases.

Pedobionts - inhabitants of different soil layers.

Pelagial -(from the Greek pelagos - sea) the water column in the open part of a deep-sea reservoir.

Periphyton -(from the Greek peri - around, around and phyton - plant) a community of aquatic fouling organisms that cover objects and objects submerged in water - stones, piles, large plants, bottoms of ships, etc.

Plankton -(from Greek planktos - wandering) organisms living in suspension in natural waters, usually unable to move independently and therefore carried by currents. If these are plants, then they talk about phytoplankton, if they are animals, then they talk about zooplankton.

population density - the number of individuals (biomass) of a population per unit of space or volume. Being a species-specific ecological characteristic, population density significantly depends on environmental factors.

Population -(from lat. populus - people, population) a set of homogeneous individuals interacting with each other, having a common habitat in the form of a continuous range, within which they reproduce and live.

Shelford's rule (law of tolerance) - one of fundamental principles ecology, according to which the presence or prosperity of a population of any organisms in a given habitat depends on a complex of environmental factors, each of which has a certain range of endurance (tolerance) in an organism. The range of tolerance for each factor is limited by its minimum and maximum values, within which only an organism can exist.

Limit of stability - maximum tolerated by the body, community, etc. impact (while maintaining their structure and functional features).

Maximum Permissible Concentration (MAC) – the maximum concentration of harmful substances in soil, air or water, above which they are noted negative impact on human health and the environment. It is established by law or recommended by the competent authorities.

Producer(s) -(from lat. producentis - creating) autotrophic organisms that produce organic matter from inorganic matter through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. These are mostly green plants, including phytoplankton, using solar energy.

Profundal -(from lat. profundus - deep) the deepest part of the lake, into which wind-wave mixing and sunlight do not penetrate.

Regional pollution - environmental pollution found within a large area, but not covering the entire planet (for example: pollution of the World Ocean with oil products, waters of regions of intensive agriculture with phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, the atmosphere of industrialized territories with nitrogen oxides, sulfur, dust).

Synusia -(from English synusium) a structural part of a phytocenosis, characterized by a certain composition of ecologically more or less similar species belonging to the same life form. It has spatial (or temporal) isolation, and, consequently, a special phytocenotic environment.

Community - a set of cohabiting organisms of different species, representing a certain ecological unity (for example, phytoplankton of a reservoir, soil animals of a forest area). Sometimes S. is defined as the totality of all organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) inhabiting a land area or a reservoir, and is interpreted as a synonym for the term “biocenosis”. There are also S. plants - phytocenosis and S. animals - zoocenosis.

Stenobiont -(from Greek stenos - narrow and Greek biontos - living) an organism that can live in the constancy of any environmental factor or group of interacting factors. Stenobiontness can be expressed in relation to temperature (stenothermic organisms), salinity (stenohaline), hydrostatic pressure (stenobatic). Among S. there may be organisms that need an increased value of any factor (they are indicated by the addition of the ending - phylum - thermophiles, hygrophiles, etc.). Species or individuals that require reduced doses or absence of it (indicated by adding the ending - fob - calcephobe, gallophobes, etc.).

Stress -(from lat. stress - stress) 1) The state of stress of the body is a set of physiological reactions that occur in the body of a person or animal (possibly in plants) in response to the influence of various adverse, or, conversely, exceptionally favorable factors.

Sublittoral -(from Latin sub - under and litoralis - coastal) a transitional zone between the littoral and profundal of the lake, also called the embankment of the coastal shallows.

Succession -(from Latin successio - succession, inheritance) the development of an ecosystem, which consists in changing the species structure and biocenotic processes over time. In other words, this is a successive change in time of some biocenoses by others on a certain area of ​​the earth's surface, which, with an increasing degree of accuracy, ensure the closure of the biochemical cycle of substances.

Supralittoral -(from lat. supra - above, above and litoralis - coastal) splash zone, a zone on the border of the sea and land, lying above the littoral and not flooded during high tide. It is exposed to the action of the surf, covered with water during surge winds and strong storms.

Technogenesis - the process of changing natural complexes and biogeocenoses under the influence of human production activities.

Tolerance -(from lat. tolerantia - patience) the body's ability to endure the adverse effects of a particular environmental factor. All organisms are characterized by an ecological minimum and an ecological maximum of the magnitude of the influencing factor; the range between these two values ​​is the T limits.

Trophic chain (food chain) - relationships between organisms through which matter and energy are transformed in an ecosystem. In T.c. when transferring potential energy from link to link, most of it (80-90%) is lost, turning into heat. If you represent this ratio quantitatively, you get a food pyramid. T.c. divided into two main types: pasture and detrital. In the pasture shopping center (chain of grazing) autotrophic organisms form the basis, then herbivorous animals consuming them, then predators (consumers) of the 1st order, predators of the second order. In detrital T.c. (decomposition chains), most common in forests, most of the plants are not eaten, but die off and undergo decomposition by saprophytic organisms and mineralization.

Ultraabisal -(from Latin ultra - over, more and Greek abyssos - bottomless) zone of greatest ocean depths (6-11 km), confined to ocean trenches, located along the continents (Peruan-Chilean) or island chains (Japanese, Mariana) total area U. less than 1.5% of the ocean floor.

Soil fauna - highlight several environmental groups soil animals: 1) microfauna - microscopic animals ranging in size from 2 to 100 microns. These include protozoa, rotifers, nematodes; 2) mesofauna - this group includes animals with body sizes from tenths to 2-3 mm, for example, ticks, springtails, two-tailed, centipedes; 3) macro fauna - soil animals with body sizes from 2 to 20 mm. These are insect larvae, earthworms, bears, centipedes; 4) megafauna - These are large shrews, mainly from among mammals. A number of species spend their whole lives in the soil (moles, mole rats, mole voles, zokors), or part of life cycle(gophers, marmots, rabbits, badgers, etc.).

Phytobenthos -(from the Greek phyton - plant and benthos - depth), bottom vegetation, a set of plant organisms that live at the bottom of a river and reservoirs.

Phytoplankton- (from the Greek phyton - plant and planktos - soaring, wandering) a set of plant organisms passively soaring and carried by currents in the water column, mainly microscopic algae, unicellular and colonial.

Phytophages -(from the Greek phyton - plant and phagos - eater) herbivorous organisms, consumers of the 1st order. They provide the first step in the processing of living plant biomass along the grazing chain.

Phytocenosis -(from the Greek phyton - plant and koinos - general) plant community, a set of plants on a relatively homogeneous area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe earth's surface, producing organic matter based on photosynthesis. F. is characterized by a certain species composition and structure, formed as a result of the selection of species capable of coexisting with each other and with other organisms under certain conditions.

Fluctuation- these are reversible, multidirectional changes, when periods of aging and rejuvenation of populations alternate and generations continuously replace each other. Thus, the population size remains unchanged for a long period of time, and it retains the area it occupies.

Background pollution - pollution of the environment by physical, chemical or biological agents found far from their sources and practically anywhere in the world.

Background monitoring - monitoring whose main task is to fix and establish indicators characterizing the natural background, as well as its global and regional differences and changes in the process of biosphere development.

Predation - a type of biotic relationship in which a predatory species feeds on other animals.

Eurybionts -(from the Greek "evry" and bios - life) animals or plants that can exist with wide changes in environmental factors. So many terrestrial animals living in conditions continental climate, are able to withstand significant fluctuations in temperature (eurythermal organisms), humidity, solar radiation and other factors.

Euryphagia- (from the Greek "evry ..." and phagos - devourer) omnivorous, feeding animals (euryphages) with a wide variety of plant and animal food.

Ecological valency - the degree of adaptability of the species to changes in environmental conditions. Quantitatively, it is expressed by the range of environmental changes within which a given species retains normal vital activity.

Ecological niche -(from the English ecological niche) a set of chemical, physical and biological factors necessary for the life of an organism that has certain ecological characteristics. The same species may occupy different ecological niches in different parts of its range; the same ecological niche, in different geographical locations, can be occupied by different species.

Environmental factor - any environmental condition or a phenomenon (process) affecting the environment, to which living organisms and inert matter of nature react with adaptive reactions (factors that are lethal for organisms and irreversible changes in quality for inert matter lie outside adaptive abilities).

Ecosystem - Until now, there has been a wide variety of definitions of the concept of E. 1. E. (N.F. Reimers. Nature management. - M .: Thought. -1990) - a) any community of living beings and its habitat, combined into a single functional whole, arising on the basis of interdependence and causal relationships that exist between individual environmental components. b) E. synonymous with biogeocenosis. 2. E. (I.I. Dedyu. Ecological encyclopedic Dictionary. - Chisinau: Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia.-1989) - a term introduced into science by A. Tensley (1935) to denote any unity (of a very different volume and rank), including all organisms (i.e. biocenosis) in a given area (biotope) and interacting with the physical environment in such a way that the flow of energy creates a well-defined trophic structure, species diversity and circulation of substances within the system. 3. E. (Yu.P. Khrustalev, G.G. Matishov. Ecological and geographical dictionary. -Apatity: Kola Science Center. -1996) - a single natural or anthropogenic - natural complex, consisting of a combination of living organisms and their environment habitats interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy and combined into a single functional whole

Ecotype - a group of individuals of a plant species adapted to certain soil and climatic conditions.

environmental science- environmental science.

epipelagic - the lower boundary of the epipelagic zone (no more than 200 m) is determined by the penetration sunlight enough for photosynthesis. Green plants cannot exist deeper than this zone.

Literature

Main:

1. Buzmakov V.V. Nature management and agricultural ecology / Buzmakov V.V., Moskaev Sh.A.-M., 2005.-477 p.

2. Gorelov A. A. Ecology: a textbook for universities /A. A. Gorelov.-M.: Academy, 2006.- 400 p.

3. Denisov V.V. Ecology: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.V.Denisova.-Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2002.-640 p.

4. Dmitriev V.V. Applied ecology: a textbook for universities /V. V. Dmitriev, A. I. Zhirov, A. N. Lastochkin.-M.: Academy, 2008.-608 p.

5. Kolpakova V.P. Fundamentals of ecology: Uch. allowance for students / V.P. Kolpakova, N.D. Ovcharenko. - Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2005. -195 p.

6. Kolpakova V.P. Ecology: method. instructions for studying the discipline and performing tests /V. P. Kolpakova.-Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2009.-22 p.

7. Korobkin V.I. Ecology: a textbook for universities / Korobkin V. I., Peredelsky L. V. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003.-576 p.

8. Korobkin V.I. Ecology: a textbook for universities / Korobkin V. I., Peredelsky L. V. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2004.-576 p.

9. General ecology: a textbook for universities / ed. A. S. Stepanovskikh.-M.: UNITI, 2002.-510 p.

10. Rozanov S.I.. General ecology: a textbook for universities / Rozanov S. I. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2005.-288 p.

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12. Stepanovskikh A.S. Ecology: Textbook for universities /A.S.Stepanovskih.-M.: UNITI-DANA, 2001.-703 p.

13. Tetior A.N. Urban ecology: textbook /Tetior A.N.-M.: Academy, 2007.-336 p.

Additional:

1. Vronsky V. A. Ecology: dictionary - reference book /V. A. Vronsky.-Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2002.- 576 p.

2. Ignatov V.G. Ecology and economics of environmental management: Textbook for universities / Ignatov V.G., Kokin A.V. - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003.-512 p.

3. Kalygin V. G. Industrial ecology: textbook for universities /V. G. Kalygin.-M.: Academy, 2004.-432 p.

4. Markov Yu.G. Social ecology: the interaction of society and nature: a textbook for universities / Markov Yu.G..-Novosibirsk: Sib. univ. publishing house, 2004.-544 p.

5. Markov Yu.G. Social Ecology: Interaction of Society and Nature: Textbook /Institute of Philosophy and Law SB RAS.-Novosibirsk: Lada; Science, 2001.-544 p.

6. Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: Textbook for universities, secondary schools and colleges / Novikov Yu.V..-M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2002.-560 p.

7. Ovcharenko N.D. Business games in the course "Ecology": Guidelines for the implementation of practical exercises / ASAU; Comp.: N.D. Ovcharenko, O.G. Sidorova, O.E. Vlasov.-Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2003.-21.

8. Potapov A.D. Ecology: A textbook for university students studying in the direction of "Construction" / Potapov AD ..-M .: Higher School, 2002.-446 p.

9. Protasov V.F. Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia: Educational and reference manual / Protasov VF ..-M .: Finance and statistics, 2001.-672 p.

10. Protasov V.F. Ecology: Terms and concepts. Standards, certification. Standards and indicators: Educational and reference manual / V.F. Protasov, A.S. Matveev.-M.: Finance and statistics, 2001.-208 p.

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13. Ecology for technical universities /V.M.Garin, I.A.Klenova, V.I.Kolesnikov; Under total ed. V.M. Garina.-Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 200.- 1384 p.

Applications

Annex 1.

Ecology(from the Greek "oikos" - dwelling, "logos" - science) - the science of the laws of the relationship of organisms, species, communities with the environment.
External environment - all conditions of animate and inanimate nature under which an organism exists and which directly or indirectly affect the state, development and reproduction of both individual organisms and populations.
Environmental factors(from Latin "factor" - cause, condition) - individual elements of the environment that interact with the body.
Abiotic factors(from the Greek "a" - negation, "bios" - life) - elements of inanimate nature: climatic (temperature, humidity, light), soil, orographic (relief).
Biotic factors - living organisms interacting and influencing each other.
Anthropogenic factor(from the Greek "anthropos" - a person) - the direct impact of a person on organisms or impact through a change in their habitat.
The optimal factor the most favorable intensity of the environmental factor for the organism (light, temperature, air, humidity, soil, etc.).
Limiting factor - environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism (beyond the permissible maximum or minimum): moisture, light, temperature, food, etc.
Endurance limit - the boundary beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible (icy desert, hot spring, upper atmosphere). For all organisms and for each species, there are boundaries for each environmental factor separately.
Ecological plasticity - the degree of endurance of organisms or their communities (biocenoses) to the effects of environmental factors.
Climatic factors - abiotic environmental factors associated with the influx of solar energy, the direction of the winds, the ratio of humidity and temperature.
photoperiodism(from the Greek "photos" - light) - the need of organisms for a periodic change of a certain length of day and night.
Seasonal Rhythm - photoperiod-controlled reaction of organisms to changes in the seasons (with the onset of autumn short day leaves fall from trees, animals prepare for overwintering; with the onset of a long spring day, the renewal of plants and the restoration of the vital activity of animals begin).
The biological clock - the reaction of organisms to the alternation during the day of a period of light and darkness of a certain duration (rest and activity in animals, daily rhythms of the movement of flowers and leaves in plants, the rhythm of cell division, the process of photosynthesis, etc.).
Hibernation - adaptation of animals to the transfer of the winter season ( winter dream).
Anabiosis(from the Greek "anabiosis" - revival) - a temporary state of the body, in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and there are no visible signs of life (observed in cold-blooded animals in winter and in the hot period of summer).
winter calm - adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of above-ground shoots in herbaceous life forms and leaf fall in woody and shrubby forms.
Frost resistance - the ability of organisms to endure low negative temperatures.

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Ecological system - a community of living organisms and their habitats, constituting a single whole based on food relations and ways of obtaining energy.
Biogeocenosis(from the Greek "bios" - life, "geo" - earth, "tsenoz" - general) - a stable self-regulating ecological system in which organic components are inextricably linked with inorganic ones.
Biocenosis - a community of plants and animals inhabiting the same territory, interconnected in the food chain and influencing each other.
population(from the French "population" - population) - a set of individuals of the same species occupying a certain area, freely interbreeding with each other, having a common origin, genetic basis and, to one degree or another, isolated from other populations of this species.
Agrocenosis(from the Greek "agros" - field, "cenosis" - general) - a biocenosis artificially created by man. It is not able to exist for a long time without human intervention, does not have self-regulation, and at the same time is characterized by high productivity (yield) of one or more species (varieties) of plants or animal breeds.
Producers(from lat. "producentis" - producing) - green plants, producers of organic matter.
Consumers(from Latin "consumo" - to consume, spend) - herbivorous and carnivorous animals, consumers of organic matter.
decomposers(from Latin "reducer" - reduction, simplification of the structure) - microorganisms, fungi - destroyers of organic residues
Food chains- chains of interconnected species that sequentially extract organic matter and energy from the original food substance; each previous link is food for the next.
Nutritional level - one link in the food chain, represented by producers, consumers or decomposers.
Power supply networks complex relationships in the ecological system, in which different components consume different objects and themselves serve as food for various members of the ecosystem.
Ecological pyramid rule - the pattern according to which the amount of plant matter that serves as the basis of the food chain is about 10 times greater than the mass of herbivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less.
Self-regulation in biogeocenosis- the ability to restore internal balance after any natural or anthropogenic influence.
Population fluctuation - a successive increase or decrease in the number of individuals in a population, which occurs due to changes in the season, fluctuations in climatic conditions, fodder yields, natural disasters. Due to the regular repetition, fluctuations in population size are also called life waves or population waves.
Population regulation - organization of measures to regulate the number of individuals by their extermination or breeding.
Disappearing population - a population in which the number of species has declined to an acceptable minimum.
Commercial population - population, the extraction of individuals of which is economically justified and does not lead to the undermining of its resources.
Population overcrowding - a temporary state of a population in which the number of individuals exceeds the value corresponding to the conditions of normal existence. Most often associated with a change in biogeocenosis.
Density of life - the number of individuals per unit area or volume of a tone or other medium.
Self-regulation of numbers - limiting action of the ecological system, reducing the number of individuals to an average norm.
Change of biogeocenoses - the successive natural development of an ecological system, in which some biocenoses are replaced by others under the influence of natural environmental factors: swamps form in place of forests, and meadows in place of swamps. A change in biogeocenoses can also be caused by natural disasters (fire, flood, windfall, mass reproduction of pests) or human influence (deforestation, drainage or irrigation of land, earthworks).
Restoration of biocenosis - it is more natural to develop a sustainable ecological system capable of self-healing, which takes place in several stages over decades (after deforestation or fire spruce forest restored after more than 100 years)
Restoration of biocenosis artificial - a set of measures to ensure the renewal of the former biocenosis by sowing seeds, planting tree seedlings, returning extinct animals.
Phytocenosis(from the Greek "phyton" - plant, "cenosis" - general) plant community, historically formed as a result of a combination of interacting plants in a homogeneous area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe territory. It is characterized by a certain species composition, life forms, layering (aboveground and underground), abundance (frequency of occurrence of species), placement, aspect (appearance), vitality, seasonal changes, development (change of communities).

Lakhdenpokhya

2017

Dictionary of environmental terms

A

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT (from Greek. A is a negative particle andbiotikos - vital, living) - a set of inorganic conditions (factors) of the habitat of organisms.

AUTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS, AUTOTROPHS (gr. autos - myself, trophy - nutrition) - organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances using solar energy (phototrophs) or chemical bonds (chemotrophs); Autotrophs include plants and some bacteria.

AUTOCHTON(S) - living organisms that arose and initially evolved in a given place.

AGROCENOSIS (from Greek. agros- field and koinos- general) - a community of organisms living on agricultural land, occupied by crops or planting of cultivated plants.

ADAPTATION (lat. A dapto - fit) - adaptation of the body to various conditions of existence in the environment.

ALLELOPATHY (gr. allelon - each other, mutually,pathos - suffering) - the influence of cohabiting organisms of different species on each other through the release of waste products.

ALLOCHTON(S) - living organisms found in a given area, but originated outside of them.

ANTIGENS - substances alien to the body that cause the formation of antibodies in the blood and other tissues.

ANTIBODIES - proteins of the immunoglobulin group, which are formed in the human body and warm-blooded animals in response to the ingress of antigens into it and neutralize its harmful effect.

ANTHROPOCENTRISM (from Greek. antbropos - Human, kentron - center) - the view that man is the center of the universe and the ultimate goal of the entire universe.

AREAL (lat. A rea - area, space) - part of the earth's surface (territory or water area), within which a given species is distributed and undergoes a full cycle of its development.taxon : species, genus, family.

B

BACTERIOPHAGE - A virus that infects microorganisms.

BACTERIA(O)CID - a chemical substance of organic origin that kills bacteria. Inorganic synthesized substances (corrosive sublimate, formalin etc.) with the same effect are called antiseptics.

BENTAL - the bottom of the reservoir, inhabited by organisms that live on the ground or in its thickness.

BENTHOS - a set of organisms that live at the bottom of a reservoir

BIOGAS - a mixture of gases generated during the decomposition of waste (manure, straw) or organic household waste by cellulose anaerobic organisms with the participation of methane fermentation bacteria (approximate composition: methane - 55-65%, carbon dioxide - 35-45%, admixtures of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide).

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES - biogeochemical circulation of substances, the exchange of matter and energy between various componentsbiosphere , due to the vital activity of organisms and bearing a cyclical nature. All biogeochemical cycles are interconnected and form the dynamic basis for the existence of life. The energy flows of the Sun and the activity of living matter are the driving forces of biogeochemical cycles, which leads to the movement of chemical elements.

BIOGEOCOENOSIS - an evolutionarily developed, relatively spatially limited, natural system of functionally interconnected living organisms and their abiotic environment, characterized by a certain energy state, type and rate of metabolism and information. B. is an elementary ecosystem and geosystem.

BIOINDICATOR - a group of individuals whose presence, condition and behavior is used to judge changes in the environment, including the presence and concentration of pollutants.

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS - periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - the diversity of living organisms, as well as ecosystems and ecological processes, the links of which they are. Can be divided into three categories: genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

BIOM - (from Greek. bios - life and lat. O ma - ending, totality) - a combination of various groups of organisms and their habitat in a certain landscape-geographical zone, for example, in the tundra, coniferous forests, arid zone. For example, the tropical rainforest biome.

BIOMASS - the total mass of individuals of a species, group of species or community of organisms, usually expressed in units of mass of dry or wet matter, referred to units of area or volume of any habitat (kg/ha, g/m 3, kg / m 3, etc.)

BIOSPHERE (from Greek. bios - life; sphair - ball) - the shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms manifests itself as a geochemical factor on a planetary scale. B. - the largest ecosystem of the Earth - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsystem interactionalive And inert substance on the planet. It includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the Earth's lithosphere, inhabited by living organisms.

BIOTA(gr. biote - life) - a historically established set of living organisms, united by a common area of ​​\u200b\u200bdistribution, living in some large territory, isolated by any (for example, biogeographic) barriers. Unlike biocenosis, biota includes species that may not have ecological links with each other.

BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT - a set of living organisms that exert their vital activity on other organisms.

BIOTOPE - a space occupied by a biocenosis that is relatively homogeneous in terms of abiotic factors of the environment.

BIOFILTER (biological filter) - a facility for biological wastewater treatment, built on the principle of gradual passage of the cleaned masses either through the thickness of the filter material covered with an active microbiological film, or through the space occupied by an artificially created community of cleaning organisms, for example. reeds.

BIOCHOR - a set of similar biotopes. Biochores are combined into biocycles.

BIOCENOSIS (gr. bios - life and koinos - common) - a community of producers, consumers and decomposers that are part of the same biogeocenosis and inhabit the same biotope. Part of the ecosystem

BIOCYCLE - a large subdivision of the biosphere, a set of biochores: sea, land and inland waters.

BOGARA - land in areas of irrigated agriculture, on which agricultural plants are cultivated without irrigation.

BONITET - an economically significant, as a rule, comparative natural characteristic (richness of soils, wood yield per 1 ha, ease of extraction of mineral raw materials, etc.) of an economically valuable group of objects or lands that distinguish them from other similar formations.

SOIL BUFFERING - the ability of the soil to maintain an acid reaction (pH). Acquired special meaning due to acid rain.

IN

VALENCE ECOLOGICAL - the degree of endurance, or a characteristic of the ability of living organisms to exist in a variety of environmental conditions.

VERMICIDE - means for the destruction of worms.

EXPLOSION DEMOGRAPHIC - a sharp increase in population associated with a change in socio-economic or general environmental conditions of life (including the level of healthcare).

WATER IS PURE – water free of contaminants. From a sanitary point of view, V.h. - does not cause a deterioration in human health.

G

Heterotrophic organisms, heterotrophs (gr. heteros- different, different trope- nutrition) - organisms that use ready-made organic substances for nutrition. They live on autotrophs.

Hypodynamia (gr. hypo - at the bottom, dinamis - strength) violation of body functions with limited motor activity (musculoskeletal system, blood circulation, nutrition, digestion).

Global(from lat. globe - ball) - covering the entire globe, planetary.

HOMEOSTASIS(IS) - the state of the internal dynamic balance of the natural system, supported by the regular renewal of its main structures, material and energy composition and the constant functional self-regulation of its components.

HOMOYOTHERM(IA) - the ability of animals (birds and most mammals) to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the ambient temperature.

D

Degradation(fr. degradation - stage) - gradual deterioration, loss of original qualities.

DISINFECTION - the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases in humans and domestic animals in the external environment by physical, chemical and biological methods.

Demography(from Greek. demos - people, grapho - I write) - the science of population and the laws of its development.

Detritus(from lat. detritus - abraded) - small organic particles (the remains of decomposed animals, plants and fungi, together with the bacteria they contain), settled to the bottom of a reservoir or suspended in the water column.

Detritivores (from lat. detritus - worn and Greek.phagos - devouring) - aquatic and land animals that feed on detritus along with the microorganisms contained in it.

DEFLATION – blowing and grinding of rocks with mineral particles brought by the wind, the transfer of weathering products.

DIVERGENCE (from lat. divergence) - the process of divergence of signs in initially close groups of organisms in the course of evolution.

DOMINANT - a species that quantitatively predominates in a given community, as a rule, in comparison with similar forms or, in any case, those included in the same level of the ecological pyramid or vegetation layer.

AND

Living matter - the totality of all living organisms, numerically expressed in elemental chemical composition, weight, energy; connected with the environment by the biogenic current of atoms, respiration, nutrition and reproduction.

W

ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION - Pollution resulting from human activities.

SOIL SALINATION – an increase in the content of easily soluble salts in the soil (sodium carbonate, chlorides and sulfates), due to the salinity of soil-forming rocks, the introduction of salts by ground and surface waters, but more often caused by irrational irrigation. Soils are considered saline if the content of salts is more than 0.25% in the solid residue (for gypsum-free soils).

WASTE DISPOSAL - placing them underground, in geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines, sometimes specially created cavities) or the deepest depressions of the seabed without the possibility of reverse extraction.

"GREEN REVOLUTION" - a significant increase in the third quarter of the 20th century in the production of cereals (wheat, rice, corn) based on the success of breeding.

ZOOPLANKTON - a set of animals that live (as a rule, freely floating) in the water column of marine and freshwater reservoirs and are able to resist the transfer by currents. Z. is an integral part of plankton. Z., although very rarefied, occurs almost to the maximum depths of the World Ocean.

ZOOPHAG - an organism that feeds on animals, a carnivorous species.

AND

Immunity(from lat. immunitas - getting rid of something) - the body's immunity to infectious agents and foreign substances.

INTRODUCTION - intentional or accidental transfer of individuals of any living species outside the range.

IONOSPHERE - a layer of the atmosphere (lower I. - from 50 - 80 to 400 - 500 km, upper I. - up to several thousand km), characterized by a significant number of positively ionized molecules and atoms of atmospheric gases and free electrons. I. plays important role in the propagation of short-range radio waves on earth, auroras and ionospheric magnetic storms are observed in it, reflecting on the state of terrestrial organisms.

TO

CARCINOGEN - a substance or physical agent that promotes the development of malignant neoplasms or their occurrence.

QUARANTINE - a system of measures that ensures the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and the penetration of unwanted species of organisms into places where they do not yet live.

SOIL ACIDITY is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution (active or actual acidity) and in the soil absorbing complex (potential acidity).

CLIMAX - the "final" phase of biogeocenotic succession, or the "final" succession stage of the development of biogeocenoses for given conditions of existence (including anthropogenic, for example, "fire climax").

CLONE - 1) a group of individuals in same-sex organisms that reproduce by division, budding, fragmentation, etc., consisting of the offspring of one individual; 2) genetically homogeneous vegetative offspring of one individual.

COMMENSALISM - permanent or temporary cohabitation of individuals of different species, in which one of the partners feeds on the remains of food or excretory products of the other, without harming him.

COMPOST - fertilizer obtained as a result of microbial decomposition of organic substances, including from municipal waste.

CONVERGENCE - the emergence of similar external features in species and biotic communities of different origin as a result of a similar lifestyle and adaptation to similar environmental conditions (for example, the body shape of a shark and a dolphin, the appearance of deciduous forests northern parts Eurasia and North America).

COMPETITION - rivalry, competition, any antagonistic relationship between individuals of the same or different species, determined by the desire to better and faster achieve some goal compared to other members of the community; one of the manifestations of the struggle for existence; allocate intraspecific, interspecific, direct, and indirect K.

PRIMARY CONSUMER (FIRST ORDER) - an organism that eats plant foods.

SECONDARY CONSUMER (SECOND ORDER) - an organism that feeds on animal food.

COPROPHAGE - an organism that feeds on the droppings of other animals (for example, dung beetles).

RED BOOK – a list of rare and endangered organisms; an annotated list of species and subspecies indicating the current and past distribution, abundance and reasons for its decline, reproduction features, already adopted and necessary measures for the protection of species. There are international, national (on a national scale), and local variants of K. k., as well as separately K. k. of plants, animals, and other systematic groups.

SURVIVAL CURVE - a graph showing the number of individuals of a species that have survived to a certain period of time. It is built by deposition on the abscissa of time in years or as a percentage of the average (deviation of the recorded age from medium duration life) or absolute life expectancy, and along the y-axis - the number of surviving individuals per 1 thousand born.

A crisis(from Greek. krisis - decision, turning point, outcome) - a difficult, difficult situation.

CRYOPHIL - an organism that lives in melt water on the surface of ice or snow, as well as in water that impregnates sea ice. The mass development of algae colors the snow (eg "red snow") or ice.

CRYOPHYT - cold-resistant plant of dry habitats.

CRYPTOFIT - a perennial herbaceous plant, the terrestrial organs of which die off in a season unfavorable for vegetation, and renewal buds are laid on rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and lie deep in the ground (geophytes) or under water (hydrophytes).

CRITERION ENVIRONMENTAL - a sign on the basis of which an assessment, definition or classification is made ecological systems, processes and phenomena. K.e. May beenvironmental protection (preservation of the integrity of the ecosystem, living species, its habitat),anthropoecological (impact on a person, on his population) andeconomic (up to the impact on the entire system of "society - nature").

XENOBIOTIC (from Greek. xenos - alien) - any substance alien to a given organism or their community (pesticides, household chemicals, etc., pollutants) that can cause a violation of biotic processes, including disease and death of living organisms.

XEROPHIL - an organism adapted to life in conditions of lack of water, and therefore living in places with low humidity (from animals - lizards, turtles, etc.).

XEROPHYTE - a xerophilous plant that endures temporary wilt with a loss of 50% moisture or is able to live in arid areas. There are various categories of K. Real K. - wormwood, gray-haired veronica, etc.

culture(from lat. culture - cultivation, processing) - a way of adapting and organizing people's life, a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.

CUMULATION - 1) increase, collection, concentration of the active principle (eg, increase in the concentration of pesticides in the food chain);

2) the summation of the action of a drug or poison introduced into the body with a sharp increase in the effect or the appearance of new signs, often unfavorable (med.).

L

LANDSCAPE - a natural system homogeneous in terms of development, the main category of territorial division of the geographical envelope. A natural geographical complex in which all the main components: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation and animal world- are in complex interaction and interdependence, forming a single inseparable system homogeneous in terms of development. According to the nature of the impact on humans, the landscape is divided into topophilic (attractive) and topophobic (irritating).

Limiting (limiting) factor - a limiter for the flow of any process or the existence of an organism.

LITHOSPHERE - the upper solid shell of the Earth, composed of rocks and their derivatives of volcanic origin, sedimentary biogenic compounds, weathering products. Gradually passes with depth into spheres with a lower strength of the substance. Includes the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The thickness of L. is 50-200 km, including the earth's crust - up to 75 km on the continents, 10 km under the ocean floor.

Local(lat. localis - local) - relating to a limited area.

M

MESOSPHERE - layer of the atmosphere lying above the stratosphere, within 50 - 80 km above the earth's surface, and replaced by the thermosphere: characterized by a decrease in temperature with height (from about 0 o to -90 o C).

MELANISM - the phenomenon of the dark color of animals, depending on the presence of pigments (melanins) in their integuments. Industrial moth - the emergence of dark forms of butterflies (more than 70 species) as a result of natural selection of melanists in habitats polluted with soot.

HABITAT OF THE SPECIES - a spatially limited set of conditions of the abiotic and biotic environment, providing the entire development cycle of individuals, populations or species as a whole, - a place (territory, water area) with certain conditions where this type of living thing is found (cf. Station).

weather sensitivity (gr. meteora - atmospheric phenomena) - the body's sensitivity to weather changes.

MYCORRHIZA - the symbiotic habitation of fungi on the roots and in the tissues of the roots of plants, which ensures that the symbionts receive part of the nutrients from each other.

MICROCOSM - 1) an ecosystem, an extremely limited microecosystem in extent (often an artificial one is meant). Widely used to model large ecosystems; 2) figurative expression to denote the "world" of a single grain of sand, drop, atoll, etc. (lit. "miniature world").

MINERALIZATION - 1) the process of decomposition of organic compounds to carbon dioxide, water and simple salts, occurring with or without participationdecomposers ; 2) concentration of salts in waters; expressed in mg/l, g/l, g/m 3 and % 0 ; with an increase in the dryness of the climate, as a rule, it increases: for example, water in the river. Pechora has M. 40 mg / l, and in the river. Emba - 164 mg / l.

MONITORING(from English. monitor - warning) - observation, assessment and forecast of the state of various environmental parameters. It is customary to divide M. into basic, or background, M. global, M. regional and M. impact, as well as methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, human environment).

MUSEUM-RESERVE - a group of specially protected cultural objects in nature and within populated areas. Including historical, architectural and natural M.-z. (Valaam, Solovetsky, etc.), memorial natural M.-z. (eg, Gorki Leninskie) and purely architectural M.-z. inside cities or specially created (Kizhi, Small Karely, etc.).

Mutagenesis(lat. mutatio - change, genes - giving birth ) - the process of occurrence in the body of hereditary changes - mutations.

MUTUALISM - 1) a form of symbiosis, in which each of the cohabitants receives a relatively equal benefit: 2) a form of coexistence of organisms, in which partners or one of them cannot (cannot) exist without each other (without a cohabitant). For example, termites and some microorganisms of their intestines, which convert wood cellulose into digestible substances; 400 - 500 species of microorganisms live in the human stomach and intestines, many of which a person cannot do without.

H

NEISTON - a set of living creatures that live near the surface of the water, on the verge of water and air environment(then a surface film up to 5 cm deep into the waters). Sometimes only the population of the surface film is distinguished - hyponeuston.

necrophage - an organism that feeds on dead animals (lit. corpse-eater).

NICHE ECOLOGICAL - the place of a species in nature, including not only the position of the species in space, but its functional role in the community (for example, trophic status) and its position relative to abiotic conditions of existence (temperature, humidity, etc.). If a habitat is, as it were, an “address” of an organism, then AD This is his "profession".

NOOSPHERE(from Greek. n ö os - mind and spbaire -ball) - letters. "thinking shell", the sphere of the mind, the highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and development of mankind in it. The formation of the noosphere suggests that human activity in various fields is based on a comprehensive scientific knowledge natural and social activities, that the political unity of mankind will be achieved, wars will be excluded from the life of society, and the basis of the cultures of all peoples inhabiting the Earth will be eco-humanistic values ​​and ideals.

EMISSION RATE – total gaseous and/or liquid waste allowed by the enterprise to be discharged into the environment. Volume N.v. is determined on the basis that the cumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises in a given region does not create concentrations of pollutants in it that exceed the MPC.

PRODUCTION RATE - 1) a limit on the removal of individuals from a population, which establishes the number and sex and age composition of animals with the expectation of maintaining the natural density and structure of populations or changing them to an economically feasible level; 2) a certain restriction on the production of a given species of animal or group of animals (for example, ducks by an individual hunter in one day, etc.).

RESOURCE WITHDRAWAL RATE – a scientifically based limit of extracted natural resources (mineral values, forests, populations of terrestrial and marine animals, invertebrates, biomass of mushrooms, berries), ensuring their self-recovery or rational gradual use. NORMSANITARY AND HYGIENIC - a qualitative-quantitative indicator, the observance of which guarantees safe or optimal conditions for a person's existence (for example, the norm of living space per family member, the norm of water, air quality, etc.). Synonym - hygienic standard.

ABOUT

NEUTRALIZATION - complex measures aimed at: 1) suppression of the focus of an infectious or natural focal disease (med.); 2) destruction of formed or artificially distributed poisons (sanitary); 3) destruction of quarantine species of plants and animals (agricultural); 4) sterilization of instruments, materials, premises.

OZONE SHIELD - the layer of the atmosphere within the stratosphere, lying at altitudes of 7-8 km. At the poles, 17-18 km. At the equator and up to 50 km (with the highest ozone density at altitudes of 20-22 km) above the surface of the planet and characterized by an increased concentration of ozone molecules (10 times higher than at the Earth's surface), absorbing ultraviolet radiation, fatal to organisms.

ORGANISM (from lat. organize- arrange, give a slim look) - here: Living being, an individual having a system structure.

WASTE - types of raw materials unsuitable for the production of this product, its unused residues or substances arising in the course of technological processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) and energy that are not subject to utilization in the production under consideration (including in agriculture and in construction).

BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION – neutralization of waste with the help of biological objects (by passing through thickets of aquatic plants, activated sludge, sawdust, etc.).

P

PARK NATIONAL - a vast territory, including specially protected natural (not affected by humans) landscapes or parts thereof, intended, in addition to the main task of preserving natural complexes intact, mainly for recreational purposes. It has a special administrative department that implements land use throughout the park or its protected area. Territory P. n. zoned.

Greenhouse effect - the effect of heating the surface layer of air due to absorption by the atmosphere thermal radiation earth's surface. It increases with an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, ozone, freons, etc.) and water vapor in the atmosphere. Leads to climate warming.

PASTEURIZATION - destruction of organisms by prolonged heating at a temperature not exceeding 100 O C, and with radiation P. - the destruction of organisms by gamma radiation.

BIOMASS PYRAMID - the ratio between producers, consumers (of the first and second order) and decomposers in the ecosystem, expressed in their mass (the number is the pyramid of the Elton number, the enclosed energy is the pyramid of energies) and depicted in the form of a graphical model (such models are calledecological pyramids).

PLANKTON - a set of organisms passively floating in the water column (algae, protozoa, some crustaceans (krill) molluscs, etc.), incapable of independent movement over long distances. A distinction is made between phytoplankton and zooplankton, with limnoplankton in lakes and potamoplankton in rivers. Synonym - bioseston.

PLEYSTON - inhabitants (usually passively floating or semi-submerged) of a relatively thin (usually up to 15 m deep) surface layer of water in the ocean or continental reservoir with special environmental conditions resulting from the direct interaction of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Examples:sargasso algae, duckweed and other organisms.

FLOOD - annually repeating, usually in the same season of the year, a relatively long and significant increase in the water content of the river, causing a rise in its level, which, as a rule, is accompanied by the release of water from the channel and floodplain flooding.

GREEN SOUND PROTECTION STRIP - a strip of tree and shrub vegetation that separates the source of noise (highway, railway, roadway from the street, etc.) from residential, administrative or industrial buildings. A hedge 15–20 m wide in summer reduces noise by at least 10 dB, i.e. 10 times.

FOREST PROTECTIVE STRIP - forest and non-forest areas allocated on the lands of the state forest fund adjacent to roads; designed to protect roads from snow and sand drifts, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, landslides, wind and water erosion, to reduce noise levels, perform sanitary and aesthetic functions, to protect moving vehicles from adverse roads at least 50 m on each side roads, along highways - 25 m (GOST 17.5.3.02 - 79).

IRRIGATION FIELDS - areas intended for biological wastewater treatment and usually used for agricultural or forestry purposes.

FILTRATION FIELDS - territories intended (usually specially arranged) for biological wastewater treatment from pollutants and, as a rule, not used for other purposes.

population(from lat. populus - people, population) - a set of individuals of the same species that have a common gene pool and occupy a certain territory. Contacts between individuals within the same population are more frequent than between individuals from different populations.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (BOD) - an indicator of water pollution, characterized by the amount of oxygen, which for a set time (usually 5 days, BOD 5 ) went to the oxidation of chemical pollutants contained in a unit volume of water.

NATURE MANAGEMENT - the totality of all forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential and measures for its conservation. P. includes: a) the extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction; b) the use and protection of the natural conditions of the living environment and c) the conservation (maintenance), reproduction (restoration) and rational change in the ecological balance (balance, quasi-stationary state) of natural systems, which serves as the basis for preserving the natural resource potential of the development of society;

PRODUCTIVITY BIOLOGICAL (from lat. producer- produce create) - the rate of accumulation of biomass, i.e. biomass produced by a population or community per unit area per unit time; total or gross primary productivity should also include energy and biogenic volatile substances (gases, aerosols).

PRODUCTIVITY SECONDARY - biomass, as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by all consumers per unit area per unit of time, or the rate of accumulation of the biomass of consumers.

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY - biomass (aboveground and underground organs), as well as energy and biogenic volatile substances produced by producers per unit area per unit time, or the rate of photosynthesis.

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY GROSS (TOTAL, TOTAL) is the total amount of organic matter produced during photosynthesis, including the energy spent on plant respiration and volatile nutrients (phytoncides and so on.).

PRODUCTIVITY PRIMARY NET - the rate of accumulation of organic matter in plants, minus the part used for respiration and the release of nutrients. P. p. h. is also called observed photosynthesis or net assimilation.

PRODUCER(S) - (from lat. produceris - producing, creating) autotrophs and chemotrophs that produce organic matter from inorganic compounds. The main producers in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are green plants.

prokaryotes(from lat. pro - repartition, before, instead of and Greek.k ä ryon - core ) - organisms whose cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus (all bacteria, including archaebacteria and cyanobacteria).

R

Dynamic balance - the balance of the system, maintained by the constant renewal of its components and structure.

RADIATION – flux of corpuscular (alpha, beta, gamma rays, neutron flux) and/or electromagnetic energy.

IONIZING RADIATION – natural radiations (eg cosmic rays) which lead to ionization (formation of ions and free electrons) of electrically neutral atoms and molecules. R. i. acts destructively on living matter and is the source of a wide range of changes in living organisms (causes new mutations, radiation sickness, etc.).

VEGETATION RUDERAL - plant groups formed in garbage and landfills.

Regional (from lat. regionalis – regional ) - pertaining to a particular territory.

decomposers(from lat. redycentis - returning) - organisms (bacteria and fungi) that feed on dead organic matter and subject it to mineralization, that is, destruction to inorganic compounds, which are then used by producers.

RECREATION - restoration of health and working capacity by resting outside the home - in the bosom of nature or during a tourist trip associated with visiting places of interest for viewing, including national parks, architectural and historical monuments, museums.

RECLAMATION - artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation after man-made disturbance of nature (open-cast mining, etc.).

RELIC - a species or community, earlier in geological history, widespread, and now occupying small areas. According to the time of the previous domination or wide distribution, R. is distinguished by a certain geological dating:Tertiary, Pleistocene etc. Examples: blueberries - forest R. in the Arctic; the muskrat is a Neogene R. in the Volga and Ural basins;

REPELLENT - a substance that repels animals. In nature, one of the agentsallelopathy, in the economy is one ofpesticides. Distinguish olfactory and deodorant R. (neutralizing odors attractive to animals). R. use Ch. arr. to protect people and animals from the attack of blood-sucking insects, prevent ttransmissive diseases, protection against arthropods that spoil furniture, clothing, as well as to protect valuable vegetation (natural and cultural) from animals.

REPRODUCTION - reproduction of individuals. The size of the population R.(pure R.) is determined by the sum of the products of the size of survival, characteristic of a given age of individuals, by the birth rate, specific for this age (the number of offspring per female).

fertility - the birth of new individuals of any organism, regardless of whether they are born, hatch from eggs, germinate from seeds, or appear as a result of division. Fertility varies depending on the size and age of individuals in the population, as well as environmental conditions.

WITH

SAPROBITY - the degree of saturation of water with decomposing organic substances. Installed by species composition saprobiont organisms in aquatic communities.

SAPROPEL - a deposit formed at the bottom of continental water bodies and consisting of the remains of plant and animal organisms mixed with mineral sediments brought by water and wind, transformed under anaerobic conditions. Before this transformation - detritus. Used as fertilizer.

SAPROPHYTE (Saprotrophs) (from the Greek.sapr ö s - rotten and tropb ē- nutrition) - heterotrophic organisms that use organic compounds of dead bodies or excretions (excrement) of animals for nutrition.

RESET MAXIMUM (substances into a water body) (MPD) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for disposal in the established mode at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MPD is set taking into account the MPC of substances in places of water use, the assimilative capacity of a water body and the optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater.

environmental certification – activities to confirm the compliance of the certified object with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal acts in the field of nature management and environmental protection.

SYMBIOSIS - the joint life of two or more individuals of different systematic groups, during which both partners (symbionts) or one of them receive advantages in relations with the external environment (C. algae, fungi and microorganisms in the body of a lichen).

Mortality - the death of individuals in the population in a given period or the number of deaths per unit of time.

SMOG - a combination of field particles and fog drops (from the English. "smoke"- smoke, soot and"fog"- thick fog). There are London smog (a mixture of smoke and fog, occurs when the atmosphere is polluted with soot or smoke containing sulfur dioxide) and Los Angeles smog (photochemical smog caused by air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxides; occurs in clear sunny weather with low air humidity , ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed).

Medium resistance - the whole set of factors (including adverse conditions, lack of food and water, predation and disease) aimed at reducing the population size, preventing its growth and distribution. Opposite in action to biotic potential.

Habitat - a set of specific abiotic and biotic conditions in which a given individual, population or species lives.

STATION is the habitat of the population.

stenobiont - an organism that is unable to tolerate significant fluctuations in environmental factors, or with a narrow ecological valence.

STERILIZATION – complete destruction of microorganisms (temperature 100 O C, chemicals, filtration) in food products intended for long-term storage and on objects used for special purposes, e.g. medical instruments (sanitary).

DRAIN POLLUTED - wastewater containing impurities in quantities exceeding the MPC.

STORM DRAIN - resulting from intense rainfall (showers).

In the troposphere, the temperature drops by an average of 0.6 about 100 m.

Stress(lat. stress - stress) - a state of stress that occurs in humans and animals under the influence of strong influences.

SUCCULENT - a drought-resistant plant of dry habitats with succulent fleshy above-ground organs (trunks, stems, leaves) in which moisture is stored. A distinction is made between stem plants (cacti and cactus spurges), which store water in their stems, and leaf plants (agaves and aloe), which store moisture in their leaves.

SUCCESSION(from lat. successio - continuity) - a successive change of biocenosis, successively arising in the same territory (biotope) under the influence of natural factors (including internal contradictions in the development of the biocenoses themselves) or human impact; now, as a rule, is observed as a result of a complex interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors. S.'s end result is more slowly developing climax or nodal communities.

T

TECHNOLOGY (from Greek. tecbn ë art, craftsmanship, skill and logos - doctrine) - a set of rules, skills used in the manufacture of any type of tool, substance.

TOXIC SUBSTANCES (from Greek. toxicon - poison) - poisonous substances.

TOLERANCE (lat. tolerance - patience) - the ability of the body to endure the adverse effects of a particular environmental factor.

TROPHIC CHAIN ​​( food chain, power circuit) 1) the relationship between organisms through which the transformation of matter and energy occurs; 2) groups of individuals (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals) connected with each other by the relationship "food-consumer".

TROPHIC LEVEL - a set of organisms united by the type of food. Organisms of different trophic chains, but receiving food through an equal number of links in the trophic chain, are at the same trophic level.

At

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - such a development in the global system "society-nature," which ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people of the present without compromising the fundamental parameters biosphere and does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It implies the support by society of the development of the natural environment.

F

FACTORY LINKS – type of biocenotic relationship, when a species uses excretory products, dead remains of other species for its structures (fabrication)

PHYTOPLANKTON (from Greek. pbyton - plant, planktos - wandering) - a set of organisms that inhabit the water column of continental and marine reservoirs and are not able to resist the transfer by currents.

X

TAILING FACILITY – closed or semi-closed (semi-closed occurs when an earth or similar dam is created, through which liquid partially infiltrates) a reservoir for storing liquid tailings. Tails – wastes (usually meant liquid or gaseous) arising from the enrichment of minerals, etc. technological processes. "Fox tails" - emissions containing chlorine.

Chemosynthesis(from Greek. cb ë meia – chemistry, syntbesis - compound) - type of nutrition of bacteria based on the assimilation of CO 2 due to the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

CHEMOTROPH - an organism that synthesizes organic matter from inorganic due to the oxidation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other substances present in water, soil and subsoil.

E

ECOLOGICAL NICHE - a set of all environmental factors within which the existence of a species in nature is possible. This concept is usually used in the study of the relationship of ecologically close species belonging to the same trophic level.

ecological pyramid - a graphic representation of the ratio of various trophic levels. The base of the pyramid is the level producers. There can be three types: a pyramid of numbers, a pyramid of energy.

Environmental audit (environmentalaudit) - a systematic documented process of reviewing objectively obtained and evaluated audit data to determine compliance or non-compliance with audit criteria for certain environmental activities, events, conditions, management systems or information about these objects, as well as communicating to the client the results obtained during this process.

Ecology(from Greek. oikos - home and logos - word, doctrine) - a science that studies the relationship of living organisms with each other and the environment.

Ecosystem(from Greek. oikos - home and systema – combination, association) - a set of cohabiting organisms and the conditions of their existence, which are in a regular relationship with each other and form a system of interdependent biological and abiotic phenomena and processes.

Ecotop - habitat of a community of living organisms, including a set of abiotic components of the habitat.

PROJECT EXPERTISE – establishing compliance of the planned economic and other activities with environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and related social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise.

Extreme conditions (lat. extremum - extreme) - extreme, dangerous environmental conditions to which the body does not have proper adaptations.

endemic(from Greek. endemos - local) - a local species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.

EROSION - destruction of rocks, soils or any other surfaces with a violation of their integrity and a change in their physical and chemical properties, usually accompanied by the transfer of particles from one place to another ..

eukaryotes(from Greek. ë u- good, completely k ä ryon - nucleus) - organisms whose cells contain decorated nuclei (all higher animals and plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular algae, fungi and protozoa).

I

Layered- dismemberment of the plant community (or terrestrial ecosystem) on horizons, layers, tiers, canopies or other structural or functional strata. A distinction is made between above-ground and below-ground levels.