All exam tasks in Russian. Materials for preparing for the exam in the Russian language
Practice tests with answers to all tasks.
Demo version (demo version) FIPI Unified State Examination in Russian 2016 with answers and comments
Demo version of FIPI 2016 interactively with answers and comments
Task 1. Information processing of written texts
Exercise 1 checks the ability to work with the information contained in a short text.
No knowledge required. You just need to carefully read and comprehend the text, and then correlate your understanding with the proposed wording.Task 2. Means of communication of sentences in the text
In task 2 it is necessary, having understood the text and the nuances of the meaning, to restore the missing semantic component. It is expressed by a word or a combination of words offered for selection.
Task 3. Lexical meaning of the word
It would seem that the usual words: cup, product, show, number, approach... But all these words are polysemantic, and it may not be easy to determine in which of the meanings presented in the dictionary they are used in the proposed texts.
Task 4. Orthoepic norms (emphasis)
Task 4 checks the possession of orthoepic (accentological) norms. Know that for many reasons, errors in stress are not uncommon. Often people are unaware that they put the stress incorrectly. The volume of words is determined by the FIPI list
Task 5. Lexical norms (use of a word in accordance with the lexical meaning and the requirement of lexical compatibility)
Task 5 devoted to the use of paronyms. Help prepare , in it you will find an interpretation of meanings and examples of lexical compatibility of words
Task 6. Morphological norms (formation of word forms)
Task 6 — one of the most complex and voluminous tasks. You need to know the typical errors in the formation of forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, verbs and be able to notice them in a number of examples proposed for analysis
Task 7. Syntactic norms. Agreement norms. Management norms
Task 7 introduced in 2015. In the version of the Unified State Examination in 2016, changes were made to it. We offer you already updated training options for task 7. Remember: it can bring as much as 5 points. Therefore, it requires special attention in the preparation
Task 8. Spelling roots
Task 8 - a simple task in which you need to correctly determine the spelling "Checked vowel in the root" and, having selected a test word, correctly write down the selected word in the answer
Task 9. Spelling prefixes
Task 9 voluminous, but not difficult. The spelling of prefixes is checked. Let's remember how Russian prefixes are written
Task 10. Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech (except for suffixes with Н and НН)
Task 10 voluminous, but not difficult. The spelling of suffixes is checked. Let's remember how Russian suffixes are written
Task 11. Spelling of personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes
Task 11 needs attention. If you make mistakes in the tests, get acquainted with step-by-step tactics. To do this, see the Handbook for preparing for the exam
Task 12. Spelling NOT and NOR
Task 12 requires understanding of the topic, attention and knowledge in which cases NOT or NOR becomes a prefix
Task 13. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words
To complete task 13 you need to remember the basic rules for continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words and learn to distinguish between homonyms
Task 14. Spelling -Н- and -НН- in various parts of speech
Task 14 covers a number of rules for writing H and HH. This is one of the most erroneous tasks. Requires attention and knowledge
Task 15. Punctuation marks in a simple complicated sentence (with homogeneous members). Punctuation in a compound sentence and a simple sentence with homogeneous members.
For task 15 you can get 2 points. To do this, you need to correctly place punctuation marks in five sentences and choose two of them that require only one comma
Task 16. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members (definitions, circumstances, applications, additions)
Task 16 is one of the more difficult ones. Find out what is isolation and what types of isolation are found in CIMs
Task 17. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and structures that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
Task 17 checks the ability to recognize introductory words and combinations and not their way with homonymous members of the sentence. Recall the lists of introductory words. Find out which words are not introductory
Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
Task 18 devoted to the punctuation of complex sentences. Consider the different cases encountered in CMMs
5 best manuals for preparing for the exam in the Russian language
Legotskaya V.S.,
teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU "Gymnasium No. 5", Bryansk
I will pass the exam! Russian language. Workshop and diagnostics. Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Alexandrov V.N.
1. I will pass the exam! Russian language. Modular course. Practice and diagnostics. Textbook for educational organizations. Ed. I.P. Tsybulko. M.: "Enlightenment", 2017.-320 p.
2. You can download this manual http://www.alleng.ru/d/rusl/rusl1199.htm
3. The material is presented in an accessible way
Professional assessment
1. The tasks presented in the manual are easy to understand, they correspond to real KIMs, they can be used in Russian language lessons at the stage of summarizing the material and preparing for the exam, as well as during independent work of students.
2. The level of complexity of tasks is different - from basic to advanced complexity.
3. All topics of the school course of the Russian language have been worked out extensively and completely.
5. The material presented in the manual is systematized conveniently, corresponds to KIMs in the Russian language.
6. The tests presented in the manual objectively assess the degree of preparedness of students for the exam.
7. This manual can be used under the guidance of a teacher from grade 7, individual tasks from grade 6.
8. There are no illustrations and tables, as already noted, but this is not necessary to prepare for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language.
9. The allowance is quite expensive, the minimum cost is 320 rubles. We, teachers of the Russian language, know that all the books of I.P. Tsybulkoare more expensive than other authors, and we understand why. I.P. Tsybulko headsthe federal commission of developers of control measuring materials for the Russian language and does not hesitate to successfully and expensively sell his books.
conclusions
1. This manual can be used for self-training, for frontal work in the classroom, training with a tutor. Particularly interesting in the manual is the system of homework from lesson to lesson, the implementation of which provides both repetition and advanced familiarity with the material.
3. The price of the benefit, as already mentioned, is high.
5. All the skills that are tested at the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are formed by this manual. I would like to note the rich material for checking morphological and syntactic norms. When wrinkling the manual, you can also organize effective work on an essay in the USE format. The manual contains a rich selection of modern texts, an algorithm for completing assignments for writing creative work.
6. The chances of getting a high score on the exam, if you conduct conscientious preparation for this manual, are great, but on condition that the work will be carried out under the guidance of a teacher. Do not rely solely on self-study for this manual.
USE. Russian language. Independent preparation for the exam. Highest mark.
1. Russian language. Independent preparation for the exam. Highest mark.Egoraeva G.T., Serebryakova O.A.M.: "Exam", 2017.-352 p.
http://www.alleng.ru/d/rusl/rusl1238.htm
3. The material is presented in an accessible way, I would like to note the richest theoretical material, Glossary of USE terms.
4. Artistic decoration. There are no illustrations, which is methodologically justified.
5. Offset paper, offset printing.
Professional assessment
1. The tasks presented in the manual are easy to understand, correspond to real KIMs,The manual is intended for teachers who use tests to prepare students for the Unified State Exam, it can also be used by students for self-training and self-control. With the help of the manual, the teacher can organize a system of homework that will allow the formation of the necessary skills, primarily speech.
3. All the topics of the school course of the Russian language have been worked out extensively and completely, the undoubted merit of the authors is a serious study of topics in morphology, which in many respects goes beyond the USE, but is necessary for the formation of general grammatical thinking.
4. Comments on the answers are understandable and accessible to students.
7. This manual can be used under the guidance of a teacher starting from grade 7, separate tasks, in particular, the spelling of roots and prefixes, from grade 5. Spelling material, in particular, the spelling of homonymous parts of speech, can be especially valuable for a practicing teacher. This material can be used by the teacher in lessons starting from the 7th grade.
8. There are no illustrations, as already noted, but this is not necessary to prepare for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The schemes and tables presented in the theoretical part allow you to visually familiarize yourself with the material being studied, are relevant and methodologically competent.
9. Benefit cost and benefits practical application correlated correctly, the average cost is 260 rubles.
conclusions
1. This manual can be used for self-training, for frontal work in the classroom, training with a tutor. Especially valuable in the manual is the study of topics on morphology, these materials can also be used at the middle level in preparation for olympiads and intellectual marathons, in extracurricular work.
2. Parents who are far from the USE and the Russian language will most likely find it difficult to check, using this manual, how the child is coping with preparing for the exam.
4. The manual complies with all the latest requirements of the Unified State Examination.
5. All the skills that are tested at the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are formed by this manual. I would like to note the rich material for checking morphological and orthoepic norms, for studying and consolidating topics in vocabulary.
USE 2017. Russian language. 50 variants of typical test tasks.Vasilyeva I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Lvov V.V.
2. You can download this manualhttp://www.alleng.ru/d/rusl/rusl1198.htm
provides readers with information about the structure and content of KIM in the Russian language, the degree of difficulty of tasks.
4. Artistic decoration. There are no illustrations, which is methodologically justified.
5. Offset paper, offset printing.
Professional assessment
1. The tasks presented in the manual are easy to understand, correspond to real CIMs,there are answers to all test options, comments on the answers; sample forms used on the exam to record answers.The manual is intended for teachers who use tests to prepare students for the Unified State Exam, it can also be used by students for self-training and self-control. With the help of the manual, the teacher can organize a system of homework that will help to form the necessary skills. Particularly valuable is the material with answers to task 24. The table shows an approximate range of problems and the position of the author, which will allow students to correctly navigate the texts, write an essay correctly, following the algorithm.
4. Comments on the answers are understandable and accessible to students.
5. The material presented in the manual is systematized conveniently, corresponds to KIMs in the Russian language.
6. The tests presented in the manual objectively assess the degree of preparedness of students for the exam.
7. This manual can be used under the guidance of a teacher from the 7th grade.
9. The cost of the allowance and the benefits of its practical application are correlated correctly, the average cost is 230 rubles.
conclusions
1. This manual can be used for self-training, for frontal work in the classroom, training with a tutor. Especially valuable in the manual is the selection of texts, they are understandable to modern schoolchildren, the problems raised in them are relevant and interesting to high school students.
3. The price of the allowance and the benefits of its use, as already indicated, are correctly correlated.
4. The manual complies with all the latest requirements of the Unified State Examination.
6. The chances of getting a high score on the exam, if you conduct conscientious preparation for this manual, are great, but on condition that the work will be carried out under the guidance of a teacher. You should not rely only on self-study for this manual, you should also not consider this manual as the only one when preparing for the exam, because comments on the answers are given only to two options (No. 20 and 31), which, of course, is not enough to prepare for exam.
USE 2017. Russian language. A set of materials for the preparation of students. Drabkina S.V., Subbotin D.I.
1. Drabkina S.V. USE.Russian language. A set of activities for the preparation of students. Tutorial.-M.: Intellect-Centre, 2017.-320 p.
2. You can download this manualhttp://www.alleng.ru/d/rusl/rusl1211.htm
3. The manual presents the theoretical material in the most structured form, which allows you to independently master topics in the Russian language.
4. Artistic decoration. There are no illustrations, which is methodologically justified.
5. Offset paper, offset printing.
Professional assessment
1. This manual presents a step-by-step system for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, which provides, firstly, familiarity with the content of examination tasks, and secondly, algorithms and reasoning patterns for their correct solution. The manual logically builds a sequence of actions necessary to select the correct answer, given in the form of algorithms. Typical mistakes that students make when completing assignments are considered. Contained guidelines on writing an essay-reasoning, examples of essays are given. A set of typical training tasks with guidelines and answers allows you to consolidate your knowledge and prepare for passing the exam In Russian. The manual contains examples USE options 2017 The manual is addressed to high school students who are preparing for the exam on their own or under the guidance of a teacher. It can be used by a teacher in practical work when developing the necessary skills in the Russian language.
2. The level of complexity of tasks is different - from basic to advanced complexity, working with the manual will ensure both overcoming the minimum threshold and getting a high score on the exam.
3. All topics of the school course of the Russian language have been worked out extensively and fully, the undoubted merit of the authors is a detailed commentary on the solution of such complex topics as “Identification of the main information contained in the text”, “Means of connecting sentences in the text”, “Contextual definition lexical meaning polysemantic words.
4. Comments on the answers are understandable and accessible to students, the algorithm for completing tasks is presented step by step, a sample application of the algorithm is presented, a comment on the task, there are tasks for independent work.
5. The material presented in the manual is systematized conveniently, corresponds to KIMs in the Russian language.
6. The tests presented in the manual objectively assess the degree of preparedness of students for the exam.
7. This manual can be used under the guidance of a teacher starting from grade 8, theoretical material can be presented to students from grade 7, in particular, the algorithm for completing assignments and comments on them.
8. There are no illustrations, as already noted, but this is not necessary to prepare for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. The schemes and tables presented in the theoretical part allow you to visually familiarize yourself with the material being studied, are relevant and methodologically competent. The manual contains tables that are not found in many other manuals.
9. The cost of the allowance and the benefits of its practical application are correlated correctly, the average cost is 300 rubles.
conclusions
1. This manual can be used for self-preparation of students, the teacher for organizing frontal, pair and individual work in the classroom, training with a tutor. Particularly valuable in the manual is the theoretical material, algorithms for completing tasks, these materials can also be used at the middle level in preparation for olympiads and intellectual marathons, in extracurricular work.
2. Parents can use this guide to check how their child is doing in preparing for the exam.
3. The price of the allowance and the benefits of its use, as already indicated, are correctly correlated.
4. The manual complies with all the latest requirements of the Unified State Examination.
5. All the skills that are tested at the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are formed by this manual. I would like to note the rich theoretical material on all topics of the exam.
6. The chances of getting a high score on the exam, if you conduct conscientious preparation for this manual, are great, but on condition that the work will be carried out under the guidance of a teacher.
USE 2017. Russian language. 1000 tasks with answers. All tasks of part 1. Egoraeva G.T.
2. You can download this manual http://www.alleng.ru/d/rusl/rusl1123.htm
3. The material is presented in an accessible way,will help students not only to generalize and systematize their knowledge in all areas of the science of language, but also to assess their level of preparation for the upcoming exam.
4. Artistic decoration. There are no illustrations, which is methodologically justified.
5. Offset paper, offset printing.
Professional assessment
1. The collection contains a large number of tasks corresponding to the demo version of the USE test materials in the Russian language in 2017, solving which graduates will be able to acquire practical skills in completing exam tasks and eliminate existing gaps in knowledge in the shortest possible time. The manual is intended for teachers who use tests to prepare students for the Unified State Exam, it can also be used by students for self-training and self-control. With the help of the manual, the teacher can organize a system of homework that will help to form the necessary skills.
2. The level of complexity of the tasks is average, however, working with the manual will ensure not only overcoming the minimum threshold, but also getting a high score on the exam.
3. All topics of the school course of the Russian language have been worked out extensively and completely, in strict accordance with the KIMs of the Unified State Examination.
4. Comments on the answers are understandable and accessible to students.
5. The material presented in the manual is systematized conveniently, corresponds to KIMs in the Russian language.
6. The tests presented in the manual objectively assess the degree of preparedness of students for the exam.
7. This manual can be used under the guidance of a teacher from the 5th grade.
8. There are no illustrations, as already noted, but this is not necessary to prepare for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language.
9. The cost of the allowance and the benefits of its practical application are correlated correctly, the average cost is 200 rubles.
conclusions
1. This manual can be used for self-training of high school students, for frontal work in the classroom, training with a tutor. Particularly valuable in the manual is the selection of tasks for working out morphological and syntactic norms.
2. Parents are likely to find it difficult to check how their child is doing in preparing for the exam using this guide.
3. The price of the allowance and the benefits of its use, as already indicated, are correctly correlated.
4. The manual complies with all the latest requirements of the Unified State Examination.
5. All the skills that are tested at the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are formed by this manual.
6. The chances of getting a high score on the exam, if you conduct conscientious preparation for this manual, are great, but on condition that the work will be carried out under the guidance of a teacher. You should not rely only on self-study for this manual, you should not also consider this manual as the only one in preparing for the exam.
The USE in Russian consists of two parts and 25 tasks.
First part represents 24 tasks. They can be test, the choice of one or more answers, open type (enter the pass yourself).
The answer to the tasks of part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers) written without spaces, commas and other additional characters.
Part 1 assignments test graduates' learning educational material both at basic and advanced levels of difficulty (tasks 7, 23–24).
Second part - consists of one task - 25. This task involves writing an essay based on the read and analyzed text.
The task of part 2 (task 25 - composition) can be completed by the examinee at any level of complexity (basic, advanced, high).
210 minutes - 3.5 hours are given for work.
Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper
| Parts of work | Number of tasks | Maximum primary score | Job type |
| 1 part | 24 | 33 | Short answer |
| part 2 | 1 | 24 | Detailed response |
| Total | 25 | 57 |
Scattering by tasks
Below I will give the "cost" of each task performed.
For the correct completion of each task first part (except tasks 1, 7, 15 and 24) the examiner receives 1 point each. For an incorrect answer or its absence, 0 points are set.
For completing tasks 1 and 15, from 0 to 2 points can be set.
The answer is considered correct if it contains all the numbers from the standard and there are no other numbers.
Task 7 can be assigned from 0 to 5 points.
For each correctly indicated digit corresponding to the number from the list, the examinee receives 1 point (5 points: no errors; 4 points: one mistake was made; 3 points: two mistakes were made; 2 points: two numbers are correctly indicated; 1 point: correctly indicated only one number 0 points: completely wrong answer, i.e. wrong sequence of numbers or none.
Task 24 can be assigned from 0 to 4 points. The answer is considered correct if it contains all the numbers from the standard and there are no other numbers.
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive if he correctly completed the task second part , is 24 points.
For the correct completion of all tasks of the examination paper, you can get the maximum 57 primary points .
Algorithm for completing USE tasks
In Russian.
Part 1.
Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
Task execution algorithm:
Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Read the text carefully.
2. By successively selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.
Task 3. Read the snippet dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
Task execution algorithm:
if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;
if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.
read the task carefully;
find the specified offer;
include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis;
listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;
determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:
Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
Remember: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task.
agent, Augustow, agency, agony, acropolis, alcohol, alphabet, anApest, anAtom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, arrest, aristocracy, argument, asymmetry, astronom, Atlas (collection of geographical maps), atlas (fabric), bourgeoisie, being, being
bureaucracy, airports
scam, crimson, ballot, pamper, pampered, pampered, bow (banta, bows)
bartender, unrestrained, birch bark and birch bark, gas pipeline, blessing, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (securing something for someone), armor (protective sheathing), bakery, bourgeoisie, sandwich, being, bureaucracy
gross, cook (cook, cook, cook, cook), watchman, willow, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgodonsky, wolf (wolf, wolves, wolves), thief (thieves, thieves, thieves, about thieves), magic, invest, concave, arouse, exorbitantly
gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier, pear
cousin, girlish, democracy, department, despot, hyphen, action, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, white, mining, dogma, contract, contractual, naked, red-hot, document, report, naked, dosinya, leisure, associate professor, daughter, dramaturgy drowsiness, confessor,
heretic,
blinds, vent, life,
book, (secure something for someone), book (cover with armor), enviably, bent, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), bent, long, frosty, busy (man), busy (by someone ), clog, clogged, mold, seal, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, sign, significance, sorcery, jagged
scoop, scoop, cleaner,
chassis, seamstress, shake, syringes, sorrel, crushed stone, wood chips, wood chips,
excursion, expert, export, equipped, express, epilogue, pullover
yurOdivy
religion, exhaust,
flounder, catalog, rubber, cough, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, whooping cough, college, colossus, compass, complex, self-interest, more beautiful, nettle, flint, cooking, kitchen, scrap, scrap, blade, waste (waste, waste remnants), flap (a piece of cloth),
alluring, masterful, medicines, briefly, manager, metallurgy, meager (allowed - meager), youth, milkman, monologue, ordeal,
naked, naked (cut off), naked (hold checkers), bent over, for a long time, intention, tilt, backhand, start, started, arrears, illness, obituary, hatred, unpretentious, oil pipeline, newborn,
provision, facilitate, sharpen, Embraced, embraced, facilitate, encourage, borrow, embittered, wholesale, inform, point, uncork, Adolescence, in part, paralysis,
partner, plowing, first-born, mold, pizzeria, offer, fable, understood, understood, understood, raised, noon, briefcase, pedestal, funeral, at a funeral, plateau, anticipate, undertaken, fail, reward, reward, sentence, dowry
knowledgeable, beets, silos, orphans, orphans, plum case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statue, status, statute, shorthand, carpenter, ship, bent,
customs, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoe,
decoration, speed up, deepen, Coal, Ukrainian, improve, deceased, mentioned, mention, strengthening, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, extravaganza, phenomenon, fetish, fluorography, flyleaf, form,
chaos, characteristic (typical), characteristic (actor), intercessor, intercession, intercession, well-groomed (adj.), well-groomed (adj.), Christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsies,
Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Task execution algorithm:
read all offers carefully;
determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronymic words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;
indicate the correct answer.
Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom it is addressed mailing(recipient); addressee - a person or organization sending a postal item (sender).
anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (an anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).
archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - obsolete, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).
weekday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).
Breathe in - breathe in. Inhale - take in, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); to grieve, be sad (sigh for children).
Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).
Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).
Elective - selective. Elected - related to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (selective check)
Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - slender, coordinated (harmonious personality).
main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).
Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, power (electric motor); mover - what sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated.).
Democratic - Democratic. Democratic - pertaining to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).
Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement (dynamic theory); dynamic - possessing great internal energy (dynamic pace).
Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).
Long - long. Long - having a great length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).
Voluntary - voluntary. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).
dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (dramatic circle).
friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).
pitiful - pitiful. Pitiful - expressing sorrow, longing, suffering; plaintive, sad (pitiful voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).
Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a spare (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).
Evil - malicious. Evil - filled with a sense of enmity (an evil person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious non-payer).
Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, having as its goal the implementation of something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skills).
seconded - business trip. Seconded - a person who is on a business trip (a seconded specialist); business trip - relating to a business traveler (travel expenses).
Comic - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).
Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).
logical - logical. logical - pertaining to logic ( logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).
methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodological conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).
Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful acts); hateful - causing hatred (hated enemy).
intolerable - intolerable. Unbearable - one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).
to dine - to dine. To become poorer - to become poor (to become poorer as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).
dangerous - fearful. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).
typo - unsubscribe. A typo - an accidental mistake in writing (an annoying typo); unsubscribing - an answer that does not affect the merits of the case (impudent unsubscribing).
Learn - learn. To master - to learn how to use something, to include it in the circle of one's activities (to master the release of new products); to assimilate - to make habitual; understand, memorize
Organic - organic. Organic - pertaining to a vegetable or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).
Condemnation - discussion. Condemnation - an expression of disapproval, sentencing (condemnation of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);
Responsible - responsible. Reciprocal - being the answer (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible employee).
Reporting - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - well distinguishable (distinct sound).
Political - political. Political - pertaining to politics ( political figure); political - acting diplomatically, cautiously (political hint).
Understandable - understandable. Understanding - quickly understanding (understanding person); understandable - clear (clear reason).
Representative - representative. Representative - making a favorable impression (representative appearance); representative - elected (representative body); relating to representation, representative (representation expenses).
Presentation - provision. Submission - presentation for familiarization, nomination for promotion (representation of a characteristic); provision - the allocation of something at someone's disposal (granting a loan).
conspicuous - conspicuous. Perceptive - able to notice (perceptive critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).
Realistic - realistic. Realistic - next to realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).
Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible (hidden threat); secretive - unrevealed (secret person).
Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (a tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).
Technical - technical. Technical - relating to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).
Lucky - lucky. Lucky - happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (good day).
Actual - actual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (actual report).
Master's - economic. Master - relating to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - busy with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).
Explicit - obvious. Explicit - obvious, undisguised (clear superiority); clear - distinct, well distinguishable (clear whisper).
Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
Find mistakes in education and usage
case forms of numerals;
numerals one and a half, one and a half;
collective numerals, including numerals both, both;
comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;
nominative and genitive plural some nouns;
imperative forms of some verbs.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Determine which part of speech the given word belongs to.
2. If this name is a numeral, remember that
in complex quantitative names of numerals both parts are inclined;
Cases
From 50 - 80
200, 300, 400
From 500 - 900
fifty
heels and ten and
heels and ten and
fifty
five Yu ten Yu
oh heel and ten and
two hundred
dv wow honeycomb
dv mind st am
two hundred
dv knowing st ami
about dv wow st Oh
five hundred
heels and honeycomb
heels and st am
five hundred
five Yu st ami
oh heel and st Oh
when declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word;
numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both – female;
Cases
M., cf. genus
G. genus
both
both
both
both
both
about both
both
both
both
both
both
about both
collective nouns ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting males, names of baby animals, paired objects or having only the plural form.
3. If this name is an adjective, check if the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Comparative
excellent
simple
composite
simple
composite
beautiful´v- her(s)
less- she
deep e
more beautiful
less beautiful
beautiful´v- ash- uy
great- aish- uy
nai most difficult
most beautiful
most beautiful
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
comparative
excellent
simple
composite
composite
-her(s)- it hurts - it hurts her, ill her
-e - easy - easy e-she- thin - thin e
adverb + more (less) more thin
less interesting
comparative+ pronoun all, everything:
did the best (of all)
4. If this is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation
imperative mood forms;
forms of the past tense used without a suffix are -NU-.
(there is - well - in the verb - error - correct answer)
5. If this is a noun, make sure the formation is correct
nominative plural forms;
genitive plural forms.
NOMINATIVE PLURAL
m. kind
With the end - and I(emphasis on ending)
With the end - s, -i ( accent based)
dual number influence)
Addresses, shores, centuries, fans, director, doctor, gutter, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, vacation, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, haystack, paramedic, outbuilding, barn, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.
sentences, mines,
editors, snipers, tractors, cakes, fronts, drivers.
volumes
locksmiths bakers
1. Animated foreign nouns. on the
-torus, -sor stylistically neutral: directors
1. Animated foreign nouns. on the -er,
-er:engineers
2. Inanimate. foreign words on the
-torus, -sor:processors
3. Animated foreign nouns. on the
-tor with a book touch: editors.
Remember: oil - pl. hours - oil a
cream - pl. – cream s(not cream a)
male
female
average
banknotes
giraffe
Hall
corrective
piano
only
tulle
shampoo
sandal, boot
cuff, callus
sneaker
reserved seat
gravy (with gravy)
slipper
shoe (no shoes)
surname
bast
tentacle
Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
1. Look for mistakes in sentences:
1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the union I. Ask a question from the verb to the homogeneous members of the sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then an error !!! This will be the correct answer. (I see??? (a member of the sentence is missing) and I'm proud nature? I see what?, I'm proud of what?)
2) with participle turnovers; (look at the end of the sacrament, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)
3) with proper names enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;
4) with derivative prepositions thanks to, in spite of, in spite of and non-derivative preposition on used in speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;
5) with double alliances not only but; like…and;
6) using quotes;
7) beginning with the words: everyone who…; those who…; none of those who...
Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:
1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root ( gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, creature - creation, lag - lodge, bir - ber, fir - lane, dir - der, tir - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, stil - stel, jig - burned, chit - even, kas -kos, rast - rosch - grew, jump - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).
2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, an unstressed vowel in which requires memorization;
3) if you found a dictionary word, you can cross it out, as it will not be the correct answer;
4) if by the way you managed to pick up a test in which an obscure vowel sound was stressed and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.
Task 9. Identify the sequence in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
You need to know the following spelling rules:
spelling of prefixes on -З and -С;
spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;
PRE -
AT -
To stay (=trans-)
arrive (approach)
despise (hate)
To despise (to give someone shelter)
Betray (= re-)
to give (to add, to change something, to add)
bow down, bow down (= re-)
bow down (approach)
transform (implement)
Pretend (incomplete action)
Transient (= re-)
Incoming (approach)
endure (endure)
get used to (get used to)
Successor (= re-, adopt)
Receiver (radio)
Resign (die)
Attach (put close)
Vicissitudes (reversals in fate)
gatekeeper - gatekeeper
Immutable (immutable, indestructible)
attach (attach)
Prerequisite (mandatory)
Unacceptable conditions (impossible)
Limit (border)
Aisle (extension in the church)
Downplayed (very)
Reduced (slightly)
Remember:
PRE-
AT-
preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, do not fail, premiere, neglect, drug, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, pretender, preference
private, fastidious, privilege, contingency, comely, picky, adventure, prima donna, primate, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical
Prefixes on -З and -С:
spelling depends on the subsequent consonant
before voiced consonants - s appeal, rootless
before voiceless consonants
bake, careless, silent
Task 10. Write out the word in which the letter E / I / is written at the place of the gap
Task execution algorithm:
1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.
2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:
in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation, vowels E, U are written;
in the personal endings of the verbs of the second conjugation, vowels I, A (I) are written.
3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:
missing vowel in participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, box, im, eat (om).
missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn .
4) Spelling participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:
in participles formed from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written ush, yusch, em (om) ;
in participles formed from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written ash, box, im.
5) Vowel spelling before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends from that to at - yat or it - et the indefinite form of the original verb ends:
yat or yat , then before nn in passive past participles, the vowel is preserved and I);
if the original verb ends in eat or eat , then before nn only written e ;
before suffix vsh retains the same vowel , as before the end be in an indefinite form.
HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-yut - verb 1 conjugation - in endings you should write a letter E,
Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND.
Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap
Need to know the spelling of suffixes
nouns ( ets, itz; ink, enk; out, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek );
adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );
verbs ( willow, willow; eva, ova; And, E before the stressed suffix wa) .
Task execution algorithm:
1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.
2) Apply the desired rule.
adjective
-ev- unstressed: glue ev oh, enamel ev th
-iv- percussion: linen willows th
An exception: kindly willows oh, fool willows th
-chiv-:infusion chiv th
-living-: talent Liv th
verb
-ova- (-eva-)
hang up
I'm hanging
Yva- (-iva-)
annoy
I'm annoyed
TABLE OF DEFINITIONS
VERB ENDINGS AND PARTICIPLE SUFFIXES
Verb endings
Suffixes are valid. participles
Suffixes suffer. participles
I conjugation
rest
-eatwriteeat
-eatwriteeat
-etwriteee
-utwriteut
-utthoughtut
-usch-writeyi uy
-yusch-thoughtYusch uy
-om-carriedohm th
-eat-blowing eatth
II conjugation
N.F. on the - and be
-themstrictthem
-ishstrictish
-itestrictite
-atstrictyat
-yatstorageyat
-ash-breatheash uy
-box-storagecrate uy
-them-storagethem th
Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the nightingale is written ONE. (SEPARATE). Open the brackets and write out this word.
)? It should be remembered that the spelling rules are NOT with different parts speeches can be grouped as follows:
Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs in O, E
NOT with nouns, quality adjectives, adverbs in -O and -E;
NOT with verbs and gerunds;
NOT with participles.
together
apart
1. Not used without NOT:
ignoramus
fables
careless
ridiculous
1. If there is opposition with uniona Not true but false
Not happy but sad
Not close but far
adverb not in O-E: did not enter like a friend
2. If the word with the prefix NOT can find a synonym without NOT
Foe (enemy)
Misfortune (grief)
Enemy (enemy)
unhappy (sad)
Close (far)
2. If at the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, by no means
Far from pretty
Not a friend at all
Nothing interesting
Not at all sweet
3.Remember:
small
slave
confusion
imperfections
undergrowth
dunno
klutz
3.Remember:
not in measure, not as an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not within the power, not according to the gut, not from the hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, for nothing
not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny etc.
not one (no one) - not one (many), never (never) - not once (often) .
2.Not with verbs and gerunds
together
apart
1. Not used without NOT:
resent (indignant)
rage (rage)
unwell
dislike
hate
1.Always separate
Was not
Not catching up
Not knowing
2. With the prefix under-
UNDER-= below normal, not 100% be in insufficient quantity
there is an antonym with re- (=excess)
undersalt the soup (oversalt the soup)
the result is unsatisfactory
missing = not enough
You lack patience.
^ I always lack money.
2. With prefixes not + to
done not to end
do not watch the movie, do not take home
She did not finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
does not reach = does not reach
The rope is missing before gender.
Before poplar is missing the fifth floor
3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.
together
apart
1. not used without NOT:
n units mindful (adj., not packing without NOT)
2. NO opposition with union A and
dependent words: n no sown field (no a, AP)
1. with brief participles: not_ closed
2. IS opposition with union a:
unfinished, a started meeting
3. IS dependent the words:
unsown in time field, not yet plowed field
4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS
together
apart
There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one
THERE IS A SUGGESTION
With no one, with no one
Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written CLEARLY (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write out these two words.
Task execution algorithm:
1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.
2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.
Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together ; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.
Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound whatever, the same likewise, for that, for that, for that , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (well, would) can either be removed from the proposal, or rearranged to another place; other component (that, that, than, yes, that) replace with other words.
Derivative prepositions are written together: DUE TO = due to, IN VIEW = due to, ABOUT = about, TOGETHER = to, DESPITE = contrary to.
Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.
For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.
Derived prepositions
Nouns with prepositions
during
There was no news v flow of the year.
How long?
(time value)
during (what?) rivers
See v continue (what?) series.
V(fast) currents rivers
See v(soon) continued series
in continuation
She said in continuation hours.
Finally articles
At the end, in the end
Sat v conclusionI.
Sat v(debt) conclusionI.
Unlike from others
(used with from)
Difference v differences life.
Difference v(strong) differences life.
due to= due to
He did not come due to illness.
Remember: later I - adverb
as a consequence
intervened as a consequence in the case of theft.
intervened v(new) consequence in the case of theft.
like=like
vessel like flasks
Error v kind noun.
about= about, about
Reach an agreement about excursions.
Put on the check in the bank.
Put on the(mine) check.
towards= to
Go towards friend.
go to a meeting with friends.
go on the(long awaited) meeting.
due to= due to
In view of We didn't go to the cinema when it rained.
I AM meant tomorrow. (stable expression).
as cones
in mind cities
(cone view, city view)
adverbs
Nouns with prepositions
climb up (refer to the verb)
climb to the top the mountains
on the(most) top the mountains
shoes me fit
at the right time flowering -
v ( spring) time flowering
Derived prepositions
Participles with negation
In spite of rain, went out of town
(although it was raining).
Regardless of bad weather, we went camping.
(in spite of what?)
Despite father, he got up from the table.
Regardless of me, he left the room.
(=not looking)
Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH (H) is written
determine what part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;
apply the spelling rule Н and НН in the suffix of this part of speech.
Noun:
HH
H
1. If the root of the word ends in H, and the suffix begins with H:
malinn ik(Mali n a)
2.If noun. formed from an adjective with HH, or from a participle:
diseasesenn awn(diseases enn th)
pampered(spoiled)
3. Remember: besprida nn itza
1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-
peatyang ik(from noun peat)
2. In words formed from adj. with one H: studyn ik(from adj. study n th), martyr, worker
3. In words:
gaff yang itza (bagr yang th), cannabis yang ir(cannabis yang th)
var en ik (var yon th), smoked yon awn (kopch yon th)
cost yang ika (cost yang oh) wise yon awn (wise yon th)
oil en itza (oil en th), oats yang itza (oats yang th)
gost in itza (guest in th), firewood yang ik (firewood yang Oh)
smart yon awn (meaning n th), great en itza
Adjective:
HH
H
1. n. -H+ -H-: karmann th
2. -ONN-, -ENN-: commissionion th, cranberriesenn th,
! without wind nn th
3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASSHH YY, TINHH YY, WOODHH YY
YU nn and you ( young s nat Uralists)
1. -IN-: goose in th
2. exception WINDH YY(day, person)
3. -AN- (-YAN-): leatheren th
Remember: Yu n th;
gaff yang oh, rum yang oh, r yang oh, pi yang oh, right n yy (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n oy, svy n oh si n oh, green n oh, go n oh, core n th.
In short adjectives, the same number of n is written as in full adjectives.
Tuma nn aya distance - the distance of the fog nn a
wind n th girl - girl in the wind n a
Participles:
Н - НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES
HH
H
1. There is a prefix: about seeded flour
(except for attachment not-)
But: no problem her nn oh flour
1. There is a prefix not-: not sowing n oh flour
2. No ¬, but there is AP: soya nn and I through a sieve flour
2. No ¬: sowing n oh flour
3. have a suffix -ova-/-eva-:
marin ovann th cucumbers
3. Exceptions: kova n oh, chew n oh, cool n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)
4. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb:
Reshe nn task (to solve - what With make?)
But: from wound nn th , wound nn th in leg fighter
! Being woundnn th, the soldier remained in the ranks.
Women immediately hung washingnn oh.(Suffering. adverb, since they retain the verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless
4. Exception: wound n oh, windy
5. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles : name nn oh play, end nn th work.
5. When the participle turns into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, planted father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, finished man.
Exceptions: covetous, desirable,
unheard, unseen, sacred,
unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, done, slow, awake, swaggering, chased
6. Spelling does not change as part of compound words: golden n oh, scrap n th-fracture n th, Word everything in general has adjective meaning (high degree quality), and not the value of “adj. + communion.
7. Brief participles: a spoiled girl n a
SHOULD BE DISTINCTIVE
short adjective
Brief Communion
Girl brought up nna (sama - short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: educated I am.
Girl brought up n and in the orphanage (by whom?) - a short adverb .. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.
Adverb
Short neuter participle
Ch. adv.
He answered deliberately(how? in what way?).
Thoughtfully - a circumstance.
noun cr. moreover
Case thoughtful (how?) from all sides.
Considered - predicate.
Task 15. Set up punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of sentences in which you need to put one comma.
Execution algorithm:
1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.
2. Determine which unions connect them:
if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction ( and, or, either, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not put ;
if it is a double union ( as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union ;
if this repeated alliances , then a comma is placed only in front of those who are between homogeneous members ;
before opposing alliances between homogeneous members always put a comma .
3. Check if the offer is homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are combined in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!
Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Remember:
participial answers the questions which? which? which? which? ;
gerund answers the questions having done what? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions as? when? why?
punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;
the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;
homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participle turnovers and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.
Task execution algorithm:
1) Find in the sentence involved and adverbial phrases by correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.
2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies (DO- does not stand out with commas !!! AFTER the word being defined - stands out !!!).
3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or participial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.
4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the turnover, this provocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the trick to eliminate the highlighted turnover.
Task 17.
Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of the syntactic construction. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.
Task execution algorithm:
1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.
Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.
Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.
Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.
Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Execution algorithm:
1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.
3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.
Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with adjectives , in them conjunction word which is not at the beginning of the subordinate part, but In the middle her, therefore A comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"
4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.
Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
To complete the task, use the algorithm:
1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
2. Define boundaries simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.
3. See how these parts are connected.
4. Find out if the offer contains Union And , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:
if homogeneous members , then there is a comma before it not put ;
if parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma before it put .
5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:
Comma between conjunctions NOT put if the words go further in the sentence then yes, but
Comma between conjunctions put, if no THEN, SO, BUT.
Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
Special attention should be given to the second and third sentences:
they (argument and output) contain the main information;
therefore, among the answer options, one should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.
Remember the main information is given only in its direct meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICLY)
Task execution algorithm:
1. Highlight in each sentence keywords important for understanding the issue addressed in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.
2. Determine the causal relationship between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, introductory constructions.
3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (all sorts of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).
4. Convey in one sentence main information contained in the text.
5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.
Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Read the text.
2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary "photography":
if it is possible to “photograph” the entire text in one frame, this is description ;
if it is possible to “photograph” the text in a successive series of frames, this is narration ;
if the text cannot be "photographed" - this reasoning .
3. Remember that
description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);
narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);
reasoning proves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - proof - final conclusion.
Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.
Types of speech
composition scheme
Narration
(what happened?)
I came, I saw, I conquered.
communicate a sequence of actions or events.
verbs are used.
Multiple Frames
exposition
tie
Development of action
climax
5. Interchange
Description
(which?)
indicate the signs of an object, person, place, state. Adjectives are used.
1 frame
From the general impression to the details.
Reasoning (why?)
substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.
It talks about causes and effects, events and phenomena, our ideas about them, assessments, feelings. - about what can not be photographed.
1. Thesis (a thought that is being proved) →
2. arguments (proofs, examples) →
3. conclusions.
Task 22. From the given sentences write out synonyms (synonymous pair). (There may be various lexical means.
Task execution algorithm:
1. If in the task it is required to find a certain lexical unit in the specified passage of text, it is necessary
recall the definition of this lexical unit:
Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual.
Homonyms-these are words thoughhigher in sound (withpossible differentwriting) or writesledge (if possiblenom different soundingnii), but different in meaning.
historicisms- These are obsolete words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects and phenomena that they denoted from life.
Neologisms– new words of limited use.
Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, win, voice of crying)
Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is related to the previous one using possessive pronoun(other means of communication). Write the number of this offer.
Lexical means links required in task B7:
lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);
synonyms and synonymic substitutions;
contextual synonyms;
antonyms (including contextual ones).
Morphological means of communication:
unions;
personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;
adverbs;
degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
The syntactic means of communication of sentences include:
syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences);
parceling (withdrawal from the sentence of any part and its execution in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);
incomplete sentences;
introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.
Task execution algorithm:
1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.
2. Remember that you must determine the relationship of this sentence with the previous , with the one that is to the offer you are considering .
CATS OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING
Personal
Unit h. pl. h.
1 l. - I we
2 l. - you you
3 l. - he, she, it they
returnable
myself
Interrogative
relative
who, what, which, whose, which, how much, what
indefinite
someone, something, some, several, someone, something, someone, someone, someone, some someday
Negative
no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing
Possessive
mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs
pointing
that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)
Determinants
all, everyone, everyone, himself, any, other, most, other
When declining some pronouns, the whole word changes: I - to me, you - to you ...
Distinguish the categories of pronouns.
Wed Her (his, them) book- whose? - possessive pronoun.
We sawher (his, their ) - whom? - personal pronoun.
Who on duty today? - interrogative pronoun.
We do not know, who today duty is a relative pronoun.
Task 24. Restore the terms missing in the text of the review, with the help of which the language features of this text.
Task execution algorithm:
Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive means of the language presented in the sample of answers.
Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.
Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.
4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list of those terms that, according to the meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.
1. trails - words and expressions used in a figurative sense:
epithet - figurative definition (Through wavy the moon sneaks through the fog ... / A.S. Pushkin/);
personification - attribution of qualities, actions, emotions of a person to objects, nature, abstract concepts ( The earth is sleeping in the glow of blue / M.Yu. Lermontov/);
comparison - a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice weak on the studenoy river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov/);
metaphor - the transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lights rowan bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin /);
metonymy - allegorical designation of the subject of speech, "renaming", replacing one concept with another that has a causal relationship with it ( All flags will visit us / A.S. Pushkin/);
synecdoche - a kind of metonymy, when the name of the part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);
hyperbola - excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned in a hundred thousand suns / V.V. Mayakovsky /);
litotes - excessive underestimation of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboyedov /);
irony - hidden mockery; the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal (Otkol, clever, you wander head? / I.A. Krylov/);
paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of it hallmarks or pointing out the characteristic features ( King of beasts/instead of a lion/);
2. Figures of speech - special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:
antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images (You are wretched, You are plentiful, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Russia! / N.A. Nekrasov /);
inversion - reverse word order (whitens sail lonely/M.Yu. Lermontov/);
gradation - the arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes)
oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);
parceling - intentional violation of the boundaries of the sentence (It happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna had trouble. Big.);
anaphora monophony, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait a lot. Wait when yellow rains make you sad, Wait when it snows, Wait when the heat Wait when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov/);
epiphora - repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent constructions (I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? /N.V. Gogol /);
a rhetorical question - a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? / Shakespeare /);
rhetorical appeal - emotional appeal to people who are not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);
ellipsis - omission of the predicate, giving speech dynamism (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);
lexical repetition - intentional repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).
questionable - response form of presentation - a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What to do? I don’t know. Whom to ask for advice? Unknown.);
syntactic parallelism - the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. / M.Yu. Lermontov /);
homogeneous members of a sentence .
3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary
Dialect words - a word or phrase existing in a particular locality (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism): cock-kochet
jargon- speech social group, different from the general language, containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, philistine, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. "Smell" - from the jargon of hunters, "amba" - from the sea.
Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on uma - name) - words that have opposite meanings: "Deceit and love", "Whiter is only a shine, blacker is a shadow."
Archaisms(from Greek Archaios - ancient) - obsolete word or turn of speech.
Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, "mediocrity" instead of "mediocrity".
Synonyms(from Greek - the same name) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or the same) in meaning: defeat-overcome (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - charming; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that converge in meaning in the same context, these words are individual, situational in nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); the voice (murmur) of the waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.
Contextual synonyms - words or a combination of words that acquire a close meaning only in a certain context. "Doing nothing" - passive rest.
Phraseologism - lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, a phrase that is integral in meaning, reproduced in the form of a finished speech unit. (Frown eyebrows, win, lower head, bloody nose, burn with shame, bare teeth, sudden death, longing takes, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate position)
Homonyms- similar-sounding words with different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (a lot and change your mind). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.
PART 2
It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author's position on one of the issues raised in it, correctly and conclusively expressing one's own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.
In order to perform the task correctly, you need to know Part C evaluation criteria.
Essay writing plan - reasoning on the proposed text
Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of part C:
1. Formulate the problem - K 1
2. Comment on the problem.K-2
4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4
5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).
6. Final conclusion (conclusion).
Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.
Line UMK M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)
Line UMK VV Babaytseva. Russian language (10-11) (deep)
Line UMK Kudryavtseva. Russian language (10-11)
Line UMK Pakhnova. Russian language (10-11) (B)
Unified State Examination in the Russian language: a detailed analysis of tasks with specialists
The Unified State Examination in the Russian language is one of the mandatory subjects for final exams. USE results in the Russian language will be required upon admission to universities for each area of training (specialty). Today we will consider in detail one of the options for the exam task.New materials on the exam are available for review at the link:
Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.
The examination time is 3.5 hours (210 minutes).
The minimum number of points in the Russian language:
- to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
- for admission to a university - 36 points.
The structure of the examination paper:
Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of complexity.
Part 1 contains 24 short answer tasks. In the examination paper, the following types of tasks with a short answer are proposed:
- tasks of an open type for recording a self-formulated correct answer;
- tasks to choose from and write down one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.
Part 2 contains 1 open-ended task with a detailed answer (composition), which tests the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.
Our experts:Sosnina Irina Vasilievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the competition "Moscow Grant" in the field of science and technology in the field of education.
Awarded Honorary diploma Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.
Ryabtseva Elena Alexandrovna, a teacher of the highest category, teaches at a high school. Labor veteran, Winner of the competition of the best teachers of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project "Education". Twice Laureate of the competition "Moscow Grant" in the field of science and technology in the field of education. Pedagogical experience - 46 years.
Part 1
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1)L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed to the fact that rapid social change on the continent associated with solar activity cycles , which are quite fully described by astronomers. (2) Following the specialists in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this relationship is natural . (3)<…>He put forward and developed the hypothesis that a sharp increase in solar activity favors that that on Earth in in large numbers "passionaries" are born - people of increased activity that promote social change and guide the historical movement of peoples.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between the active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.
2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.
3) L.N. Gumilyov, putting forward the hypothesis of "passionaries", explained the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.
4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilyov, owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.
5) Studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilyov put forward the hypothesis of "passionaries", according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.
Answer: 3 5
Task execution algorithm:
1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text.
2. Determine the causal relationship between the sentences in the text.
3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (all sorts of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).
4. Transmit in one sentence the main information contained in the text.
5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.
Try to concisely retell the text:
Let's compare the retelling with the options:
- in the first version, emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
- in the second version there is extra information that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
- in the third version, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is put forward, the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
- in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
- in the fifth variant, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of the Sun's activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.
Correct answers - 3 5
2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
But
because
Meanwhile
but
Moreover,
Answer: 5
Task execution algorithm:
To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:
1) Carefully read the test and understand the logic of the author's reasoning.
2) Determine what logical link in the author's reasoning is the sentence with the gap:
Does not indicate the cause of the described phenomena (hence, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );
Is not introductory phrase and does not indicate a mention of anything, (therefore, it is impossible to choose the place of the gap according to the meaning MEANWHILE );
It is used for opposition, emphasizing the contradiction (therefore, it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, BUT, BUT );
Used to indicate special importance subsequent phrase (therefore, in place of the gap in the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );
3) Perform the substitution, and then reread the resulting version again and make sure that you have correctly established a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
DEVELOP- I call, - you call, owls.
1) Strengthen, give something. strengthen, strengthen. R. interest in music.
2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, culture. R. child. Reading developed it.
3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.
4) Do something. on a large scale, with all the energy to deploy sth. R. agitation. R. activity.
Answer: 3.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Read the assignment carefully.
2. Find the specified offer.
3. Include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis.
4. Determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:
If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;
If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.
Word DEVELOP- I call, - you call, owls. used in the sense to spread, expand, deepen the content or application of something.
R. idea. R. argumentation.
4. In which word there is a mistake in setting the stress: INCORRECT is the letter for the stressed vowel highlighted? Write out this word.
adolescence
bleeding
vulgarize
Answer: vulgarize
Task execution algorithm:
It must be remembered: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.
1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A: took, took, took, took, took, poured in, burst in, perceived, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, waited, waited, took, locked, locked, called, lied, lil, poured, lied, tore, called As, poured, narwhal, started, doused, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, withdrew, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, took off, created, plucked, removed.
Note:
The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which pulls the stress on itself: poured out, called ;
For verbs to put, sneak, send, send, send, the stress in the past tense feminine form does NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis: put, stole, sent, sent, sent.
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
The jury reached a guilty verdict in the case.
Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and ORGANIC carbon, a ball of silicon and silicon carbide fibers is formed.
“He was a very HIDDEN person who knew how to keep silent,” the writer's contemporaries recalled.
Inside the Soviets, instead of democracy, the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks was established.
I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING from the one who speaks about it.
Answer: hidden.
Paronyms are single-root words belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addresser - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.
Members of paronymic pairs
They have different lexical meanings;
Combine with different words.
|
ACCUSED- participle from ch. accuse, one who is found guilty. |
accusatory- containing an accusation. |
|
ORGANIC. 1. (special) Belonging to the plant or animal world, relating to living organisms. 2. Concerning the internal structure of a person, his body, his organs. 3. Concerning the very essence of something, root. 4. (trans.) Inherent in someone. |
ORGANIC. Having deep roots in a personal or social organism, inherent in someone, something, not accidental, naturally arising from something; integral, inseparable. |
|
SECRETIVE. Not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank. Synonym: closed. Antonyms: frank, sincere. Stealthy: ~th person; ~th person; ~th creature; ~th people; ~th character. |
HIDDEN. Secret, not obvious. Antonym: obvious. Hidden: ~th meaning, hint; ~th enmity, irony, pain; ~th excitement, observation; ~th power; ~th temperament; ~th opportunities, reserves, thoughts, intrigues; ~th enemy. |
|
DICTATION(ped.). Written work consisting in writing dictated text. |
DICTAT- demand, instruction, dictated by one, strong point and imposed for unconditional execution on the other, weak side. |
|
INITIAL- initial. |
OUTGOING is a document flow term. |
The correct answer is " SECRETIVE”, not inclined to share his thoughts and experiences with others.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
WILL ERASE from the board
sing ZONCHE
v 150 meters
two pairs SOCKS
not SPEECHING not a word
Answer: uttering
Task execution algorithm:
To complete this task, you need a good knowledge of the theory.
1. The formation and use of the nominative and genitive plural of nouns (For most masculine nouns, in initial form ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), characteristically ending -OV in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).
2. The use of numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred ( The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except for the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).
3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
|
comparative adjective |
Superlatives adjective |
||
|
Suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE STRONG HER LOUD E JUNIOR E |
MORE
MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT |
Suffixes: -AYSH-, -EYSH- DEEP ASH ii NEZH H ASH ii |
MOST MOST LEAST MOST KIND MOST DANGEROUS |
|
Comparative degree of adverb |
Superlative adverb |
||
|
Suffixes -EE, -E, -SHE EXACT HER HIGH E TONSH E |
MORE AND LESS MORE EXACTLY MORE HIGH MORE THIN |
Pronoun ALL + simple comparative degree MORE PRECISELY ALL ABOVE ALL THINER ALL |
|
The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other in terms of syntactic functions in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adjective acts as a predicate of a personal sentence, a definition and, very rarely, a subject; the comparative degree of the adverb is in the role of a circumstance.
There is a mistake in the word " uttering". This is a gerund participle formed from a perfective verb. Perfective gerunds are formed by adding the suffix -v- to the basics of the infinitive into a vowel: push - pushing, come - stepping on, see - looking.
We also bring to your attention work program for the TMC Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.
From the fifth grade, you can already take it to work work program for the teaching materials of Albetkova R.I. in Russian literature.
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun
with a pretext
B) incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover
C) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
D) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
D) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
SUGGESTIONS
1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin lookalike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the final.
2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.
3) Nekrasov's poem "Railway" presents a picture of folk life.
4) Turning back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.
5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.
6) From June 1, commuter trains will depart according to the summer schedule.
7) The beast carefully made his way along the road leading to the village and along which he had already walked more than once.
8) A group of rescuers advanced towards a group of tourists.
9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
A.8. Errors related to the incorrect use of the CASE FORM of a NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION.
B.4. Errors in the construction of sentences with gerunds.
A sentence is grammatically incorrect in which the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the participle are performed by different persons.
AT 5. Errors associated with a violation of the connection between SUBJECT and PREDICT.
In complex sentences built according to the model " THOSE WHO... », « EVERYONE WHO... ”, with the subject KTO, the verb-predicate is put in the singular, and with the subject TE (ALL), the verb-predicate is used in the plural.
D.2. Errors in the construction of sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.
When translating direct speech into indirect in the subordinate part, it is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun "I": pronouns and verbs in the form of the first person should be replaced by pronouns and verbs in the form of the third person.
D 7. Errors in the construction of sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.
The error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (Proposition 7) is that different syntactic constructions are included in a number of homogeneous members. Need: either two participial turnovers, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.
8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
note..
friendly .. native (station)
ex..mother
Sat..Register
anal..gyny
Answer: hug
Task execution algorithm:
1) Choose test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, the unstressed vowel in the root of which requires memorization.
If you find words that have a checkable vowel in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, as they will not be the correct answer
2) Read all the words carefully and find among them a word with an alternating vowel in the root:
GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - TVOR; LAG - LODGE; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TER; WORLD - MER; BLIST - SHINE; STEEL - STEL; YIG - ZHEG; CHIT - THUNDER; KAS - KOS A; (I) - MI (IN); RAST - RASH - ROS; SKAK - SKOCCH; MAC - IOC; EQUAL - ROVN; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; ZHA - PRESS; AE - NIM; KLYA - WEDGE.
It should be remembered:
1. Checked unstressed vowels in the root of the word
(in an unstressed position at the root of the word, the same vowel is written as under stress in cognate words or forms of this word: noteworthy - notice; save - carefully; analogous - analogy).
2. Alternating vowels at the root of the word (Hug - hug).
9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.
pr .. miracle, pr .. back (interpret)
pr..mazh (with glue), pr..grandfather
not..bendable, ..give
voz..chalk, inter..grovoy
under .. yachiy, about .. ate
Answer: inflexible, surrender
To complete the task correctly, you need to know the following spelling rules:
Spelling of invariable prefixes: (always spelled the same. You need to know them “by sight”: in-, in-, vzo-, you-, before-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, it is necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, both-, re-, over- , under-, under-, pr-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co- . In the word “smear” (with glue) write the prefix PRO-, and in the word “great-grandfather” - PRA-)
Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 and -WITH(the prefix is \u200b\u200bwritten with the letter Z if the root begins with a vowel or voiced consonant, and with the letter C if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t - the word for remembering "KapuST": without-/bes-, air-/sun- (air-/sun-), from-/is-, down-/nis-, times-/races, roses-/rose-, through/through (through/through) ;
Spelling prefixes PRE- and AT-: (so as not to make a mistake in writing the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, one should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their spelling is based on the meaning of the prefixes that they contribute to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word "whim" is a morpheme -CHUD-: Quirk-Wonderful-Wonders. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PRI- in the word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in this word. And in the word "misinterpret" the choice of prefix depends on the lexical meaning of the word. Words with prefixes PRE- / PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of prefix: in this case, “false, distorted”, so we choose the prefix PRE-);
Spelling I, Y after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND root changes to S: the game- draw , famous - unknown , story - backstory .
But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And it does not change: ultra-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-play, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.
excl.: charge);
Spelling separators Kommersant and b characters (separating Kommersant written only after consonant prefixes before letters e, yo, yu, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th '] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, yo, i, yu, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk), etc. write b).
In the words "unbending" and "surrender" the prefix is missing WITH-. No prefix Z-. The prefix C- does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations Sat, sg, sd, szh, sk, mid.
10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.
koch..vat
suede..out
eclipse
thoughtful .. out
Answer: Thoughtful
This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective suffixes –LIV-, -CHIV-, are always written with the letter I.
Adjectives have suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.
2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:
vowels are written in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation E, U ;
vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation I, A (I) .
3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:
missing vowel in participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) .
omitted vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.
4) Spelling participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:
In participles formed from verbs of the I conjugation, suffixes are written ush, yusch, em (om) ;
In participles formed from verbs of the II conjugation, suffixes are written ash, ash, im.
5) Vowel spelling before participle suffixes vsh and nn depends on the at - yat or it - et the indefinite form of the original verb ends:
if the original verb ends in at or yat, then before nn in the passive participles of the past tense, the vowel a (ya) is preserved;
if the original verb ends in it or et , then before nn only written e ;
before the suffix vsh the same vowel is retained as before the ending be in an indefinite form.
Help: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-ut - verb 1 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter E ,
Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND .
11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.
hopeful
(they) offended..tsya
(patients) recover..t
sealed
(they) sit..t
Answer: offended
This is a verb derived from the verb "OFFEND" relating to the second conjugation. See table:
Conjugation of verbs
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II conjugation |
I conjugation |
Heterogeneous |
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1) All verbs in -it, Besides shave and lay . 2) and 11 more verbs: Drive, hold breathe, offend. Hear, see, hate. Depend and endure. And also watch, turn . You remember, friends, them on -E- cannot be hidden. |
1) all other verbs, except for non-conjugated ones; 2) plus verbs shave and lay |
to want, run, honor |
12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written CLEARLY.
Open the brackets and write out this word.
We lived in poverty, constantly (NOT) EATING, exchanged for food those things that we brought with us.
My trained eye determined that the area was (NOT) DIVINED, but I still decided to look for at least some signs of human presence.
It is still far (NOT) CLEAR whether such an evaluation criterion is applicable to everyone and to the same extent.
The zoo accepts (NOT) SOLD-OUT fruits for the New Year, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.
She is an amazing Russian actress, he is an (UN)KNOWN genius teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.
Answer: Undernourished, because.:
UNDER-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underdeveloped, underdeveloped, underdeveloped . It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- denoting the achievement of the goal, bringing the action to the end ( to eat, to reach, to finish reading, to live ), and particles not-, which negates what "before" means ( miss, miss …).
Verbs with UNDER- The incompleteness of the action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is connected in verbs
1) with a lack of quantity of something ( underestimate, underestimate underestimate, underestimate ),
2) with a lack of length of something in time ( undersleep, undersleep, undersleep, undersleep ),
3) with an insufficient degree of intensity of action ( overlooked, overlooked, overlooked, overlooked ).
The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among verbs with UNDER- there are those without NOT not used (n misunderstand, misunderstand, underutilize, underestimate, dislike, underhear, perplex, miss… ) Verbs to harass, to understand, to use up, to underestimate, to love, to hear, to understand, to count ... absent in the language.
It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:
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Apart |
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If the word without NOT is not used: indignant, indignant, indignant, fiction |
If there is a contrast with the union a Not true, but a lie |
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If you can replace with synonyms without NOT: not wide - narrow |
If at the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, by no means a beauty |
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There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one |
With verbs and gerunds: didn't know, didn't know |
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with prefixes not + before not completed |
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With short participles: not_ closed |
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Pronouns HAVE a preposition With no one, with no one |
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Exceptions: not in measure, not as an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not within the power, not to the inside, not from the hand, etc .; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, for nothing not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny, etc. not one (no one) - not one (many), never (never) - more than once (often). |
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13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
Evidence research (BECAUSE OF preceded by the disclosure of the documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the procedure for examining evidence.
Nihilistic philosophy does not allow any (SUPER)PERSONAL values on which the individual could rely, TO) justify your existence.
(FIRSTLY , everything should be fair, so you need to share the booty (EQUALLY .
(DESPITE to the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels enjoyed great fame even ( INITIALLY XX century.
The theater was (WHITE) STONE building with a high porch and AS (SAME) tall oak doors.
Answer: superpersonal, to
Adjective " SUPER PERSONAL » is written together, because
The first part of the compound adjective " IN EXCESS OF » enters the value of exceeding the usual measure, limit;
Word " TO " is a union, it can be replaced by a synonym.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.
2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.
Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.
Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound what would, the same, the same, for that, at that, at what, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (or would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; another component ( that, that, than, so, that ) to be replaced with other words.
Derivative prepositions are written together: DUE TO = due to , IN VIEW = due to , ABOUT = O , TOGETHER = To , IN SPITE OF = despite .
Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = CONTINUED, UNLIKE, FINALLY , FOR .
For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.
Derivative prepositions - during E: No news for a year. (time value)
Nouns with prepositions - during AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. See the continuation AND(what?) series. In contrast E from others (used with from). As a result E= due to
Nouns with prepositions - go up (refer to the verb),
Climb to the top of the mountain.
Participles with negation
Despite the rain, we left the city (although it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.
14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) is written HH.
The young officers appointed (1) to the regiment were spoiled (2) with a gentle attitude towards them during the training period and completely (3) did not know anything about the true (4) life of ordinary soldiers.
Answer: 1,3,4.
The word "appointed" is a passive past participle should be written HH
1. The word "spoiled" is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning that coincides in form with passive participles past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn
2. The word "True" - HH - because it is formed at the junction of a stem ending in the letter H, and suffix H
Reasoning algorithm:
1 Determine which part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;
2.Apply spelling rule H and HH in the suffix of this part of speech.
Noun: NN
1. If the root of the word ends in H , and the suffix starts with H: raspberry(raspberries)
2.If noun. formed from adj., having HH, or from participle: soreness (painful), spoiled (spoiled)
3. Remember: dowry
1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan- : peat bog (from noun peat)
2. In words formed from adj. with one H : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, laborer
3. In words: purple (crimson), hemp (hemp), varenyk (boiled), smoked products (smoked), bone (bone), sophistication (tricky), Shrovetide (oily), fescue (oatmeal), hotel (living room), woodcutter (wood), cleverness (intelligent), great martyr
Adjective:
1. n. -H+ -H -: pocket
2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless
3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN
Youths (young naturalists)
4. -IN- : goose , an exception WINDY (day, person)
5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunken, spicy (historical suf. - YAN- ); lamb, pork, blue, green, uniform, vigorous .
In short adjectives, the same number is written n, how much and in full
foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl
Participles:
Н - НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES
1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except prefix not-)
But: wholemeal flour
1. There is a prefix not-: wholemeal flour
2. No ¬, but there is AP: sifted flour
3. No ¬: seed flour
4. have a suffix -ova-/-eva-: pickles
Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)
5. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb:
A solved problem (to decide - what to do?) But: a wounded soldier, wounded in the leg! Being wounded, the soldier remained in the ranks.
Women immediately hung up what was washed. (Suffering. adverb, since they retain the verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless
An exception: wounded, windy
6. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles: titled play, finished work.
7. When the participle turns into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, finished man.
Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unseen, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, done, slow, awake, conceited, chased.
8. Spelling does not change as part of compound words: golden-woven, broken-broken, The word everything as a whole matters adj. (high quality), not the value of "adj. + communion.
9. Brief participles: spoiled girl
SHOULD BE DISTINCTIVE
short adjective
The girl is brought up (herself is a short adjective). Can be replaced by a full adjective: educated.
Brief Communion
The girl was brought up in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short adverb. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.
Impl. ? cr. moreover
The matter is considered (what?) from all sides. Thoughtful - predicate.
15. Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.
2) The romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communion with the elements: with the world of the ocean or sea, mountains or coastal rocks.
3) In the excerpt from Bunin's "Antonov apples" one feels not so much the author's desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.
4) Constant movement aspiration to other limits is the essence creative life and just about this Pasternak wrote in one of his poems.
5) In the morning, the east lit up with a blush and small clouds turned into a delicate color.
Answer: 2.3
2-sentence - repeated conjunction OR with homogeneous members.
3rd sentence - union " as much as', which expresses collation under constraint; the same as " not to the extent...". The punctuation mark is placed between the parts of the sentence (before the second part of the union).
Reasoning algorithm:
1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.
2. Determine which unions connect them:
if it is a single connecting or dividing union (and, or, either, yes (= and) , do not put a comma before it;
if it is a double union ( as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union;
If these are repeated unions, then a comma is placed only before those of them that are between homogeneous members;
A comma is always placed before opposing unions between homogeneous members.
3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between the paired groups and there is only one.
16. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two "parents" - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of the "parents" (5) its essence cannot be understood.
Answer: a) 1,2 - participle turnover after the word being defined, b)3,4- gerund (single)
Reasoning algorithm:
The participial phrase answers questions which? which? which? what kind?;
The participle answers questions having done what? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate; adverbial phrase answers questions as? when? why?
* punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;
* the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;
*homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.
2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies ( BEFORE- not separated by commas. AFTER the defined word - highlighted
3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or participial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.
Difficult cases of punctuation in participles and participles.
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Participial |
Participial turnover. |
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stands out participial turnover, which has the meaning of reason or concession: Connected with the great poet by cordial friendship, Zhukovsky was very upset by his death (he was worried because he was connected by friendship - the meaning of the reason). |
Not highlighted single adverbs after the predicate, if they are circumstances of the mode of action, and also close in function to adverbs: He walked limping. Reading lying down is harmful. |
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Not separated by comma homogeneous participial and participle turnovers connected by a single connecting or dividing union: Pletnev's disinterestedness, who worked for the greatness of Russian literature and understood the uniqueness of Pushkin's phenomenon, is striking. They walked, looking around warily and not saying a word. |
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Expressions with words are not highlighted STARTING FROM, STARTING FROM(they can be omitted without prejudice to the meaning): We start work STARTING next week. Phraseologisms that include adverbial phrases are not distinguished: They listened to his story WITH HOLDING THE BREATH. |
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17. Put in all the missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in sentences.
Winds (1) winds (2) o snowy (3) winds (4)
Notice my past life.
I want to be a child of light
Or a flower from the meadow border.
I (5) would like (6) under horse snores
Hug with a neighboring bush.
Raise w (7) you (8) moon paws (9)
My sadness in heaven with a bucket.
(S. Yesenin)
Answer: 1,2,4 - this is an appeal
8.9 is an appeal
Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of the syntactic construction. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.
Reasoning algorithm:
1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.
Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.
Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.
Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.
18. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
It was as if Chekhov could not keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius snatched everywhere (4) so he became a master of short stories.
Answer: 1,4 - adnexal clauses are separated
Reasoning algorithm:
1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.
3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.
Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with adjectives, in them conjunction word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate part, but in the middle of it, therefore A comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"
4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.
19. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
How nice it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of gear (3) from which (4) there is no passage (5) and you see everything from the inside (6) you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamer over the sailboat.
Answer: put commas
3 - the subordinate clause ends, a new one begins
5-between parts of a complex sentence
6-ended clause
Reasoning algorithm:
1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic construction.
3. See how these parts are connected.
4. Find out if the offer contains Union And , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:
· if homogeneous members, then there is a comma before it not put;
· if parts of a complex sentence, then in front of him a comma is placed.
5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:
A comma between unions is NOT put if words go further in the sentence then yes, but
A comma is placed between unions, if not THAT, YES, BUT
Read the text and complete tasks 20–24.
(1) The sky was covered with evil clouds, the rain sadly beat on the glass and made me sad. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, he stood by the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin.
(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the weeping sky. - (4) What is she? (5) Some kind of book with a mass of pages on which more suffering and grief are written than joys ... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, good and omnipotent, did not create the world for sorrows! (8) And it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter ... "
(10) Judas took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.
(11) “Yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one asks, for what?
(15) He took out left hand and mournfully passed it over his face.
(16) “But how easy it would be to help people’s grief: you just have to lift a finger.” (17 Here, for example, there is a rich funeral procession. a mile away a line of carriages. (19) Torchbearers importantly act with lanterns. (20) Cardboard emblems dangle on horses: an important person is buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not ... tinsel!
- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?
- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the costume. (26) In my opinion, you can’t give more than six rubles for it. (27) And she asks for seven; says the kids are sick, they need to be treated.
- (28) And six rubles will be a bit much. (29) Do not give more than five, otherwise we will burn out like that. (30) Just take a good look around, if there are any holes and if there are spots left where ... (31) “Well, sir, so here it is - life that makes you think about human nature. (32) Behind a rich hearse stretches a cart, onto which a pine coffin is piled. (33) Behind her weaving, slapping through the mud, only one old woman. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner son in the grave ... (35) And ask if that lady who is sitting in the carriage will give her at least a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although he may express his condolences ... (37) What else is there?
- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat ... how much to give?
- (39) Rabbit fur ... (40) Nothing, strong, it costs five rubles. (41) Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, is forward ... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t care ... "
(44) Judas pressed his forehead against the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.
(according to A.P. Chekhov*)
* Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855–1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, older brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
1) Polikarp Semenovich Iudin - one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.
2) The woman who took the suit to the pawnshop had sick children.
3) In the city pawnshop of Judah, interest is taken forward.
4) The owner of the city pawnshop is worried about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.
5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to hand over a hare coat, as she was very poor and she needed money for a funeral.
To complete the task, use the following algorithm:
Read the text carefully
Find in it a confirmation or refutation of a particular statement
・Choose the correct answers
Consider how you can apply this algorithm to perform this task.
The first answer is unfaithful, because Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (offer No. 2)
The assertion made in the fourth variant of the answer, is directly opposite to what the author says in the text itself. So this answer wrong.
In the fifth version the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need money for the funeral
So answer number 5 is also incorrect.
Statement No. 2 is correct: “He says that the kids are sick, they need to be treated” (sentence 27). This loyal answer.
Statement No. 3 is correct: “Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, is forward ...” (sentence No. 41). This loyal answer.
Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.3
21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
1) Sentence 2 contains a description.
2) Sentences 11-14 present the narrative.
3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated
in sentences 21–22.
4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning
5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.
Task execution algorithm:
Read carefully the suggested passages;
Remember that the description shows, describes.
Varieties of description:
1) description of an object, person (his characteristic)
2) description of the place
3) description of the state of the environment
4) description of the state of the person (person)
5) description of actions
The story tells about the actions, deeds of the hero. We can trace a series of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).
reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, proof, conclusion.
Attention! Not always in the passage there is a pronounced thesis. But if there is an explanation, a discussion of any event, phenomenon, then this discussion, not storytelling. The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.
Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to
Let's try to apply this algorithm.
1) Sentence 2 contains a description.
“In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, he stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin.”
The fragment describes the pose, clothing. We "see" this hero.
So this correct answer
2) Sentences 11-14 present the narrative.
(11) “Yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one asks, for what?
This answer incorrect. In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, humanity. It has introductory word, a rhetorical question. So, uh then reasoning.
3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated in Propositions 21-22.
(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life? (22) Did you warm the poor? (23) Of course not ... tinsel! Question, question and answer. This correct answer.
4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning.
(34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner son in the grave ... (35) And ask if that lady who is sitting in the carriage will give her at least a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although he may express his condolences ...
This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness, condolences. We observe in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.
5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.
(44) Judas pressed his forehead against the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.
A series of actions: he pressed his forehead, thought, tears came out. So this answer incorrect, it narration.
Therefore, the correct answer is: 134
22. From sentences 39–45 write out antonyms (antonymic pair).
Task execution algorithm:
1. Remember what antonyms are.
Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.
Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are an individual stylistic use of a particular word ... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymous relations to each other. So, in the context of A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", the words "wave" and "stone", "poetry" and "prose", "ice" and "flame" are antonyms..
3. Determine the specified lexical unit
4. Choose the correct answer
(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t care ... "
These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.
Therefore, we write out: the poor, the rich
23. Among sentences 15-23, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
Reasoning algorithm:
Recall what conjunctions are (coordinating and subordinating)
1. Find coordinative union
2. Remember the ranks of pronouns
3. Find a personal pronoun
4. See which sentence has both a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun
Coordinating conjunctions
Connecting and, yes(=and), no-no, too, also
opposing but, but, yes (= but), but, however, the same
Dividing or, either, something, or ... or, not that ... not that
Personal pronouns (initial form)
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Unit hours / many h. |
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he, she, it/they |
Case forms
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He she it |
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Him, her, him |
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Him, her, him |
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Him, her, him |
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Him, her, them |
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About him, about her, about him |
Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM match with possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to distinguish?
By initial form and question:
saw (who?) her, him, them .
Initial form: she, he, it, they.
Therefore, it is a personal pronoun.
Her, him, them books (R. p.).
Initial form: her, him, them books.
Books (whose?) her, him, them.
Therefore, they are possessive pronouns.
(20) Cardboard emblems dangle on horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life?
24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed in tasks 20-23. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number
Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments - his voice sounds low, but at the same time firm and distinct. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, competent selection pictorial and expressive funds. In the presented fragment, it is worth noting the trope - (A) __________ (“evil clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), the lexical means - (B) __________ (“hang out” in sentence 20, “burn out” in sentence 29 , “weaves, spanking ...” in sentence 33), the syntactic means is (B) __________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (D) __________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main ones in the construction of this text.
List of terms
1) phraseological units
2) antithesis
3) epithets
4) colloquial vocabulary
6) interrogative sentences
7) lexical repetition
8) hyperbole
9) synecdoche
Reasoning algorithm:
We divide all terms into 3 groups
There is a hint in the first question:mark trail.
trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative sense.
We recall the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, litote, irony, paraphrase.
We look at which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - this is first group
We recall the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotionally evaluative definition.
Hyperbole and synecdoche do not fit.
« Evil clouds», « gloomy street"- this is a figurative, emotional-evaluative definition, expressed by an adjective.
Therefore, this epithet.
In the second task, we are talking about lexical means.
We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.
The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.
Colloquial vocabulary gives speech the character of ease and some reduction (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).
Phraseological units and colloquial vocabulary are second group
- The words “hang out”, “burn out”, “weaves, spanking ...” refer to colloquial vocabulary.
Therefore, the answer is: #4
In task "B" they ask about the syntactic means.
- We recall the syntactic means of expression, and look at what are in the list of terms:
antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of a sentence.
- The list of terms includes:
Antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.
Interrogative sentences - a question that is posed in order to obtain an answer.
Lexical repetition is the intentional repetition of the same word or phrase.
Homogeneous members of the sentence - enumerated actions, objects, signs.
Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the proposal - this is the third group.
(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the weeping sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life?
These are interrogative sentences.
Hence, answer #6
Task "G" I propose to perform by the method of elimination.
1) phraseological units
2) antithesis
3) epithets
4) colloquial vocabulary
5) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal
6) interrogative sentences
7) lexical repetition
8) hyperbole
9) synecdoche
(11) “Well, yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are.
The text is built on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.
Therefore, answer "No. 2
We fill in the table: A- 3, B- 4, C- 6, D- 2
25. Write an essay based on the text you read.
State one of the problems delivered the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the original text without any
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