2.1.3 Territories of regulated recreational use

Specially Protected Natural Areas (PAs) are designed to preserve

typical and unique natural landscapes, animal diversity and flora, protection of objects of natural and cultural heritage. Completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, they have a special protection regime, and protected zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity can be created on adjacent land and water areas. Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage. There are the following main categories of these territories:

State nature reserves, including biospheric;

National parks;

natural parks;

State nature reserves;

Monuments of nature;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Therapeutic areas and resorts.

Preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priorities of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation.

"right">Table 4 "right">Specially protected natural areas

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Territories of regulated recreational use include specially protected natural territories, as well as hunting and fishing grounds.

Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of the authorities state power fully or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage. Specially protected natural territories (PAs) of the Tyumen region are objects of national heritage. These include areas of land and water surface that are of particular environmental, scientific, cultural and recreational importance. PAs have been completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, and a special protection regime has been established for them. In the context of intensive industrial development of Western Siberia, which is the main fuel and energy region of the Russian Federation, environmental protection issues are becoming the most important state task that must be addressed without delay using the results of modern scientific research in this direction.

On the territory of the southern zone of the Tyumen region, there are 3 categories of specially protected natural areas: state nature reserves: federal significance 2, wetlands of international importance 1

The wetland "Lakes of the Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe" meets the criteria of the Ramsar Convention. Specially protected natural territories (PAs) of the Tyumen region are objects of national heritage. These include areas of land and water surface that are of particular environmental, scientific, cultural and recreational importance. PAs have been completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, and a special protection regime has been established for them. In order to preserve the Tarmansky lake-bog complex - a unique natural object in the vicinity of the regional center - in 1958 the Tyumen State Zoological Reserve of republican, now federal significance was created. In the 1960s, as work was underway to reacclimatize the river beaver in the southern regions of the region, a network of species reserves was created, which were subsequently transformed into complex reserves of regional significance, as well as a number of objects of exceptional importance for the reproduction of waterfowl and near-water birds. Not so long ago, orders were signed in the Tyumen region defining the status of two new natural monuments of regional significance. One of the documents establishes the Ryamovoe Swamp in the Omutinsky District as a specially protected natural object. The area of ​​the natural monument is over 2 thousand hectares. The new status will allow better control of the ecological situation in the territory, which is the source of the Vagay River. The second decree expands the boundaries of the natural monument Poluyanovsky forest in the Vagay district. Now its area will increase from 260 to 554.8 hectares. Thus, this entire forest area, the main wealth of which is centuries-old cedars, falls under special protection.

Table 6. Specially protected natural areas.

Thus, on beginning of XXI V. A fairly extensive network of protected areas of various categories operates in the region: 4 state reserves, 8 state complex biological reserves of federal significance, 48 state complex zoological reserves of regional significance. In addition, there are state natural monuments (more than 50), reproductive and hunting sites of regional importance (4) and wetlands of international importance (4), mainly for the protection of waterfowl habitats, as well as green areas around some settlements. The total area of ​​protected areas within the region is 6.2%.

Figure 7. Location map of Belozervsky (a) and Tyumensky (b) reserves

Figure 8. Map-scheme of the protected areas of the Tyumen region.

Figure 9. Map-scheme of fishing and hunting grounds.

Thus, we can conclude that the Tyumen region has significant areas of hunting grounds, which makes the region especially popular among hunters. Hunting in this region is allowed for fur-bearing animals, except for those protected by the Red Book, as well as for bears and ungulates. That is, all segments of hunting are represented, including hunting for waterfowl.

Russian international academy tourism

Dmitrovsky branch

Course work

By discipline: Recreational resources

On the topic: Recreational assessment of natural recreational resources of the Perm region

Completed by: St. 12 groups Jalalyan A.M.

Checked by: Associate Professor Pospelova A.A.

(signature)

INTRODUCTION3

4

I. Recreational assessment of landscapes

1.1. Relief 4

1.2. Water objects 5

1.3. Land cover 9

1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal

plants 12

1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape 12

1.6. Landscape and recreational potential and

landscape and recreational zoning of the territory 12

II. Territory reglaminated recreational

use

2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds 13

2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural

territories 15

III. Bioclimate

3.1. Mode solar radiation 24

3.2. Atmospheric circulation 25

3.3. Wind regime 25

3.4. Thermal 25

3.5. Humidity and Precipitation Mode 26

3.6. Bioclimatic potential and bioclimatic

zoning of the territory 27

IV. Hydromineral and unique natural resources

4.1. Mineral waters 28

V. Conclusion 29

INTRODUCTION

In this work, a study and analysis of the natural recreational resources of the Perm region will be carried out.

The purpose of this work is to study the suitability of the natural recreational resources of the Perm region for the purposes of tourism activities. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to do the following - to study and characterize:

Water bodies

ground cover

Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal plants

Hunting and fishing grounds

Bioclimate

Hydromineral and unique natural resources

After that, we can analyze and draw conclusions.

The object of study in this work is the natural recreational resources of the Perm region.

At the end of the work, we will be able to summarize all our conclusions and characterize the natural recreational resources of the Perm region as favorable or unfavorable for the development of tourism.

Natural recreational resources

1. Recreational assessment of landscapes

1.1. Relief

The relief of the region was formed under the influence of mountain-building processes in the Ural Mountains (Hercynian folding, about 250 million years ago), as well as marine and continental sedimentation on the ancient crystalline basement of the platform.

The large (about 80% of the territory) western part of the region is located on the eastern outskirts of the East European Plain, where low-lying and flat terrain prevails, which is not very favorable for recreation. In the east, in the meridional direction, the Ural Mountains stretch, occupying 20% ​​of the region's territory.

The mountainous part of the region is represented by the mid-mountain relief of the Northern Urals and the low-mountain relief of the Middle Urals. The border between them is drawn at the foot of Mount Oslyanka (59 degrees north latitude). The mountains in the north of the region are by far the highest part of the region. Here is the highest point of the Perm region - Tulymsky Stone (1496 m) and other significant peaks: Isherim (1331 m), Prayer Stone (1240 m), Khu-Soik (1300 m). Stones in the Urals are mountains that rise sharply above the rest of the area. In the past, all the Ural Mountains were called the Belt Stone. The mountains of the Middle Urals are the lowest part of the Ural Mountains to the greatest extent. The highest heights here are in the Basegi ridge (Middle Baseg - 993 m).

The highest point of the Perm region - the Tulymsky ridge

The flat part of the region has a hilly and hilly relief with a height of 290 - 400 meters above sea level. Uplands (Tulvinskaya Upland, Ufimskoye Plateau, Northern Ridges) and lowlands (the wide low valley of the Kama, partially coinciding with the Cis-Ural marginal foredeep) stand out on it.

The flat areas of the region have a two-tiered geological structure: a crystalline base and a sedimentary cover of marine origin. Once on the site of the modern plain was the ancient Perm Sea. It was relatively shallow, well warmed up to the bottom, so plants and animals developed abundantly in it. From their remains, mixed with rocks, modern rocks and minerals were formed: limestone, anhydrite, gypsum, salt, oil, coal.

Relief assessment for therapeutic recreation.

It is possible to create paths of 1,2 and 3 degrees of complexity.

Terrain assessment for sports tourism.

The relief of the region is represented by both flat areas and areas located in the aisles of the Ural Mountains, which contributes to the development of various sports.

Relief assessment for speleotourism.

Features of the local geological structure are conducive to the formation of caves. The Ural Mountains have over 500 caves. Particularly stand out among them: the ice Kungur cave.

Relief assessment for mountain tourism and mountaineering.

For these purposes, the northern part of the Ural Mountains, located in the Perm region, is most predisposed. Mountaineering is possible.

1.2. water bodies

Rivers form the basis of the hydrographic network of the region. All of them belong to the basin of one river - the Kama, the largest left tributary of the Volga. By the way, if we approach strictly from the standpoint of the science of hydrology, taking into account all the rules for identifying the main river, it turns out that not the Volga, but the Kama flows into the Caspian Sea. Along the length of the Kama (1805 km) - the sixth river in Europe after the Volga, Danube, Ural, Don and Pechora. The vast majority of its tributaries are small, that is, less than 100 km. 42 rivers of the region have a length of more than 100 km each, but of them only Kama and Chusovaya belong to the category big rivers(more than 500 km).

The longest and most abundant rivers of the Perm region:

The rivers of the Western Urals are very picturesque and diverse in character. Some are typically flat (these are all the right tributaries of the Kama: Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Obva and others; some are left: Veslyana, Lupya, South Celtma, Tulva, Saigatka). They have a calm current, a winding channel with numerous meanders, islands, channels, and aquatic vegetation. Their floodplains abound with oxbow lakes, and are often swampy.

The left-bank tributaries of the Kama, originating in the Ural Mountains, in the upper reaches - typically mountain rivers with fast flow. Along the banks of these rivers, there are often outcrops of numerous stones and picturesque cliffs. The channel is replete with rifts, rapids and small waterfalls. When they reach the plain, the rivers lose their mountainous character.

Vishera river. Stone Vetlan.

The main source of nutrition for the rivers of the Western Urals is melt water (more than 60% of the annual runoff). Therefore, the rivers of the region are characterized by prolonged freezing, high spring floods, low summer and winter low water. Forests significantly affect the regime of rivers. In the northern part of the region, due to forests, thick snow cover, and in the northeast and mountains, the flood lasts longer than in the south. Near the rivers of the forest-steppe south, the duration of freeze-up is shorter, they break up early in spring, and in summer there are high rain and flash floods. In the north-east of the region (the basin of the Vishera River), the rivers are full-flowing all year round. The level rise in spring exceeds 7-10 m, the current is fast (up to 2-3 m/s), the waters are cold, and the ice cover is thick. In the south, in summer, the rivers become very shallow and even dry up. In some harsh winters with little snow, small rivers freeze to the bottom. In the east, due to the high development of karst, disappearing rivers are not uncommon, there are second underground channels, watercourses with increased mineralization and hardness.

Ponds and reservoirs. Ponds were created in the Kama region for a variety of purposes: to regulate the flow of small rivers, for the needs of small-scale energy, timber rafting, fishing, water supply, irrigation, and to decorate rural areas. The largest ponds:

Nytvensky (6.7 sq. km) on the Nytva River

Seminsky (area 5.2 sq. km) on the Zyryanka River

Ochersky (area 4.3 sq. km) on the Travyanka River

The most ancient ones were created 150-200 years ago at the old Ural factories. Now about five dozen such veteran ponds as Ochersky, Nytvensky, Pashiysky, Pavlovsky, Yugo-Kamsky and others have become a kind of monuments of history and culture.

In the region there are also larger reservoirs than ponds - reservoirs created in connection with the construction of hydroelectric power stations: Kamskoye and Votkinskoye on the Kama, Shirokovskoye on Kosva.

lakes poetically called "the blue eyes of the planet." In the Perm region, there are a variety of types of lakes: deep and shallow, small and medium, flowing and drainless, surface and underground, floodplain, karst, tectonic, natural and man-made, fresh and salty, overgrown, completely lifeless and rich in fish, with beautiful names and completely unnamed. At the same time, most of the lakes are small, floodplain and nameless.

In terms of the number of lakes, the Kama region is inferior to other Ural regions. The total area of ​​lakes in the Perm region is only 0.1% of its area.

The largest lakes are located in the north of the region:

l Chusovskoye (19.4 sq. km)

b Big Kumikush (17.8 sq. km)

b Novozhilovo (7.12 sq. km)

The deepest lakes (all of them are of karst origin):

b Rogalek (depth 61 m)

b White (depth 46 m)

Bolshoye in the Dobryansky district (depth 30 m)

Lake Igum (25.6 g/l) in the Solikamsk region has the highest salinity among surface lakes.

The largest of the underground today is the lake in the grotto of Friendship of Peoples in the Kungur Ice Cave (about 1300 sq.m). In total, more than 60 lakes were found in this cave. Lakes are also known in other karst caves - Pashiyskaya, Divya, Kizelovskaya.

Lake Goluboe is a bulge of an underground river.

Since many rivers of the Perm region originate in the mountains, their temperature regime often does not meet the required assessment for a beach and bathing holiday. In the south, many rivers disappear during the summer season, which is caused by karst phenomena. Climatic conditions generally do not correspond to the necessary. There is no beach season.

Perhaps the development of yachting, which is most consistent with the Kama and a number of other rivers, of which there are many, as well as numerous ponds and reservoirs.

Rafting is carried out on rivers on boats and rafts.

1.3. land cover

Podzolic and sod-podzolic soils with low natural fertility predominate in the Perm region. There are sod-carbonate
(along river valleys), alluvial-soddy, soddy-meadow, leached chernozems, clayey and heavy loamy. In the Suksun, Kungur and adjacent areas there are degraded chernozems, dark gray, gray and light gray forest-steppe soils, which have the highest natural fertility in the region.

The nature of the soils in the Kama region, significant slopes of the surface, intense summer rains contribute to the development of erosion: more than 40% of the arable massifs of the region are subject to it to one degree or another.

The vast majority of soils need to increase fertility through the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, and 89% of arable areas require liming.

The main type of vegetation on the territory of the Perm region is forests, which occupy 71% of the territory. The main tree species are dark coniferous: spruce and fir. At the same time, spruce clearly prevails.

As we move from north to south of the region, the share of deciduous species gradually increases, the undergrowth, shrub layer, grassy and ground cover change. In the northern regions of the flat part of the region, spruce-fir forests are distributed in large continuous massifs. Under the canopy it is dark and humid, so the undergrowth and grass cover are poorly developed, and green mosses predominate in the ground cover, hare oxalis on the elevations of the relief, and cuckoo flax in the depressions. Such forests in the Kama region are usually called Parma. They are allocated to the subzone of the middle taiga.

To the south of the latitude of the city of Berezniki, linden is mixed with spruce and fir at limestone outcrops. In these forests, which form the subzone of the southern taiga, the shrub layer is more diverse, the moss cover is replaced by herbaceous vegetation. South of the city of Osa, the forests are changing again. From broad-leaved species, in addition to linden, maple, elm, elm, sometimes oak appear, and among shrubs - warty euonymus and common hazel. This is a subzone of deciduous-taiga forests. The most typical site of such a forest has been preserved on the right bank of the Tulva River, in the Tulvinsky Reserve.

Along swampy river valleys and near peat bogs, the so-called sogre forests (spruce, spruce-alder, pine) are developed. They are characterized by the depressed state of the tree cover: dry top, short stature, curvature of the trunks. The ground cover is dominated by sphang mosses.

Pine forests are common in the north-west of the region, on sandy-argillaceous sediments left over from glaciation, along sandy terraces of large rivers. Among coniferous forests, pine forests occupy the second place in the region.

Enough a large share among the tree plantations of the Kama region are small-leaved birch-aspen forests. Many of them are of secondary origin (they arose during the natural change of vegetation at the site of fires and during the felling of dark coniferous species). In the forests of the northeastern and eastern parts of the region, along with dark coniferous species, there are light coniferous species - cedar and larch.

A significant part of the region's forests (over 50%) are mature and overmature stands. About 20% of the forested area is accounted for by young forests. The rest is medium-aged forests. Since intensive logging is carried out on the territory of the region, permanent forest nurseries have been created to organize reforestation work, where planting material is grown.

Meadow vegetation is common both in interfluves (dry meadows) and in river valleys (water meadows with the highest natural productivity). About 10% of the territory is occupied by meadows and pastures in the region. Swamp vegetation is represented on 5% of the territory

swamps in the Perm region, they are widely distributed, both upland and lowland. Swamps and lakes in the north of the region are traces of the former continental glaciation. Part of the swamps was formed as a result of natural processes in slow-flowing reservoirs. Often leads to swamping economic activity human: intensive deforestation, the creation of reservoirs, the construction of dams, the construction of roads.

There are over 800 bogs in the Perm region, the peat deposits of which can be of industrial importance. But the development of peat in many swamps is not recommended because of their role in water conservation, biological and other valuable qualities. In addition, vitamin-rich cranberries, cloudberries, and princesses grow in swamps. Many swamps are good haylands.

The largest swamps are located in the north of the region:

Big Kamskoye (area 810 sq. km)

Djurich-Nyur (area 350 sq. km)

Byzimskoye (area 194 sq. km)

1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal plants

650 plant species have been noted, including 67 rare and endemic ones.

Species quantity allows us to talk about a wide variety of species. There are territories (reserves, sanctuaries) where the abundance of growing plants is also high.

1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape

The landscape has high attractive properties. Gives it attractiveness a large number of rivers and reservoirs, landscape and relief features. As well as a number of other features.

1.6. Landscape and recreational potential and landscape recreationrational zoning of the territory

The environmental assessment varies greatly from unfavorable (near Perm) to favorable. In general, the characteristic is moderately favorable.

Landscape and recreational potential is characterized by 3 points.

The general assessment is a favorable territory for recreational development.

2. Territory of regulated recreational use

2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds

In total, there are about 60 species of mammals, over 200 species of birds, almost 40 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians in the Perm region. More than 30 species of mammals are of commercial importance.

Of the carnivores, the pine marten is widely represented in the region. Its favorite habitats are overripe, cluttered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region is one of the first places in the country in terms of the number of martens. Stoats and weasels live everywhere in the forests. In the southern and central regions - badger and otter, and in the northern - wolverine. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their numbers are small. The wolf is also found everywhere.

Most of the region's animals are of European origin, but Siberian species also penetrate. So, at the end of the nineteenth century, columns appeared in the eastern regions.

Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, moose prevail, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow, roe deer enter the eastern regions from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region. Deer penetrate from the Komi Republic to the northern regions.

Most carnivores and artiodactyls are of great commercial importance. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are under protection, hunting for them is prohibited.

The wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to animal husbandry and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small mustelids (polecat, weasel) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread of infectious diseases (tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).

Much work is being done in the region on acclimatization and artificial breeding some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrats, arctic foxes and minks.

Of the 200 species of birds in the region, the most common are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, several species of tits, among migratory birds there are starlings, thrushes, rooks, swallows. Of the birds of prey, eagles, owls, crows and magpies are most often found. Of the birds, the capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse are of the greatest commercial importance.

The reservoirs of the region are inhabited by more than 30 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance. Such mass species as bream, roach, sabrefish, perch, pike form the basis of fishing and recreational fishing.

The stocks of the main commercial species are in a satisfactory condition, however, the commercial fish productivity of the Kama reservoirs is one of the lowest in Russia and is only 2-3.5 kg/ha. Low rates of commercial productivity of reservoirs are due to shortcomings in the organization of fishing, as well as the low production capacity of reservoirs. The main limiting factors are massive industrial pollution and the unfavorable hydrological regime of reservoirs.

Despite the high level of anthropogenic pressure, the main fishery reservoirs of the region - the Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs - provide more than 90% of the catch, which is an average of 850-100 tons of fish over the past decade.

The reform of state management systems had a negative impact on fisheries. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a steady decline in catches of almost all major commercial species. The catches of bream, pike perch, pike, as well as roach and sabrefish at the Votkinsk reservoir have dropped sharply. With an increase in the number of blue bream, its catches did not increase.

Catches of amateurs, licensed fishing and poaching are practically unaccountable. But even assuming that the unrecorded prey of poachers and recreational fishermen is equal to organized fishing, there is an underutilization of the commercial stock.

Positive trends are observed in dynamics commercial fish Kama reservoirs. The number and catches of burbot, catfish, and asp are growing.

The stocks of sterlet in the Votkinsk reservoir were favorably affected by the long-term work of Kamuralrybvod on transplanting spawners into the reservoir.

The reservoirs of the north of the region - numerous lakes and oxbow lakes - are practically not mastered by organized fishing. The main reasons are the inaccessibility and complexity of the catches.

In the reservoirs of the region, 3 species of fish require special protection measures: taimen, sterlet of the upper Kas population and brook trout. In recent years, there has been some stabilization in the number of the first two species. The state of the population of brook trout in the basin of the river. Iren catastrophic. The experience of the Ulyanovsk region, where in the early 1990s specialized reserves were created to save the brook trout, shows that the restoration of a seemingly extinct species is possible.

As we can see, the Perm region has rich resources for the development of hunting and fishing tourism.

2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas

The following reserves are represented in the Perm region:

Vishera Nature Reserve:

Number of lichen species: 100

Number of moss species: 286

Number of species higher plants: 528

Vegetation:

The nature of the vegetation of the southern and northern parts of the reserve differ. In the south, middle taiga forests dominate, nemoral and forest-steppe species are found, in the north - north taiga forests. In the forest stand, the dominance of Siberian fir and Siberian pine was noted, an increased role of herbs compared to shrubs, and a wide distribution of associations with the participation of ferns were noted. Mountain middle taiga dark coniferous forests rise to a height of up to 400 m above sea level, giving way to northern taiga forests. The following altitudinal belts are distinguished: 1) mountain-forest (up to 600 m above sea level); 2) subalpine (about 600-850 m); 3) mountain-tundra (about 850-1000 m); 4) belt of bald deserts (over 1000 m). As an addition to this scheme, within the subalpine belt, the following are distinguished: a subbelt of park crooked forests and tall grass underaltic meadows and a subbelt of mountain wastelands with Siberian juniper, thickets of dwarf birch (from Betula nana), large willows, woody elfins, and herbaceous psychrophytes. The mountain-tundra belt is characterized by a more or less dense cover of mosses and lichens and is similar to the zone of the arctic lowland tundra. In the bald deserts, which are typical only for the highest ranges, epiphytic lichens dominate.

Number of fish species: 6

Number of reptile species: 1

Number of bird species: 143

Number of mammal species: 35

Animal world:

The fauna of the reserve in general has a typical taiga appearance with a common habitat in the same area of ​​characteristic European (pine marten, European mink) and Siberian (Siberian salamander, nutcracker, red-backed vole, Asian chipmunk, sable) species. In some areas, there are inhabitants of open steppe (field harrier, kestrel, common mole) and near-water (great merganser, carrier) spaces, amphibiotic species (grass and moor frog, muskrat, beaver, otter) and species characteristic of the tundra zone (grouse, arctic fox, reindeer).

Of the mammals, rodents are the largest - 16 species, then carnivores - 15, insectivores - 6, bats - 3, ungulates - 3, lagomorphs - 2 (the number of species is to be specified). Some of them are only occasionally found in the reserve, not being its permanent inhabitants - mustachioed and water bats, raccoon dogs, etc. Widespread: common shrew, red and common voles, ermine, pine marten, wolverine, bear, elk.

The avifauna of the reserve and adjacent territories is unique, which was the reason for the allocation of this area to the Ripeysky ornithogeographic district due to the presence of representatives of various faunas here. A number of nesting, as well as migrant and migratory birds (golden plover, merlin, crunch, harshnep, waxwing, bluetail, yellow-winged warbler, scurry, Lapland plantain, etc.) are characteristic only for the territory of the reserve and are extremely rare or irregular in other areas of the Perm areas. In general, taiga inhabitants are common - hazel grouse, three-toed woodpecker, spruce crossbill, black-throated thrush, nutcracker.

Of the amphibians, the grass frog is common, of the reptiles, the viviparous lizard.

Fish belong to three faunal complexes - Arctic, Ponto-Caspian and boreal-plain. Most species are cold-loving, there are glacial relics. The most numerous and ubiquitous river minnow, European grayling.

Basega Nature Reserve

At present, the Basega Ridge is the only part of the taiga in the Middle Urals that has almost completely survived from cutting and acts as an “island” where many species of plants and animals of this region have found refuge. Eight rivers of the reserve are protected as spawning grounds for valuable fish species - taimen and grayling. The Perm Regional Executive Committee established a buffer zone along the border of the reserve with total area 25.6 thousand hectares.

The reserve has no natural boundaries. The borders are marked with full houses on quarterly clearings. The territory of the Basegi reserve is stretched in the meridional direction along the mountain range. The distance between the northern and southern borders is about 25 km, between the western and eastern borders - 8-9 km.

There are 11 small rivers flowing on the territory of the reserve, their width is from 3 to 10 m. All of them are typically mountainous, with a significant slope of the channels, a high flow rate (from 3 to 5 and even 8 m/s). Flowing from the western slope of the ridge, the rivers Big Empty, Small and Big Baseg, Lyalim flow strictly to the west, flowing into the river. Usva. The Porozhnaya and Khariusnaya rivers flow from south to north and are also tributaries of the Usva. The Korostelevka river with numerous tributaries originates in the intermountain basin to the east of the ridge, flows from north to south and flows into the river. Vilva. The spring flood, starting on April 25-30, usually lasts about 40 days and, as a rule, does not pass in one wave, but with 4-5 rises in water. During the period of powerful heavy rains in the middle and at the end of summer, the rivers swell again, almost reaching the level of the spring flood.

Most major rivers reserve - Usva and Vilva. The largest width of the first of them is 92 m, the depth is from 30 cm (on the rifts) to 2.2 m. The water level can fluctuate greatly over the years and seasons, the amplitude reaches 1.5 m. The Usva flows to the east, then to the north, turns west a third of the way and, having rounded the Basegi ridge, rushes to the southwest and flows into the river. Chusovaya. The beginning of freeze-up on Usva falls on the period from October 20 to November 24. Ice keeps from 175 to 218 days. Its thickness ranges from 6 to 78 cm. Ice drift lasts an average of 6 days. The waters of the river are rich in oxygen and are not polluted.

Vilva originates on the western slope of the Ural Range, 50 km east of the reserve. Its length is about 170 km. The greatest width of the river is 84 m, the depth varies from 60 cm to 2.2 m. At the same time, during the spring flood, the water level rises by 4 m, and its fluctuations over the years and seasons range from 1.5 to 4 m. on Vilva are characterized by later (by 2-3 days) compared to Usva, the start of freeze-up and earlier (by 5-6 days) ice drift, so the ice cover on Vilva lasts almost 10 days less than on Usva. The bottom of both rivers is sand and gravel, rapids are frequent, dotted with detrital material.

Quite a few streams and springs flow into the rivers, some of them are very short - about 2 m. The springs are confined to hollows, but sometimes they are also found on hills, causing swamping. The soils of the mountainous regions of the Western Urals are poorly studied. The territory of the reserve belongs to the zone of podzolic loamy-stony soils of the western slope of the Urals.

The reserve is home to 51 species of mammals, more than 150 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians. Such species diversity of animals in a relatively small area is explained by the heterogeneity of natural conditions, including vertical zonality. An analysis of the fauna of the mountainous regions of the Middle Urals allowed E. M. Vorontsov (1949) to put forward a hypothesis at the end of the 40s, the essence of which is that animals inhabited the Ural mountainous country not from the west and east, but vice versa: during the Ice Age, the Urals, and in particular Basegi, was a place where birds and animals were preserved, settling as the glacier retreated to the plains of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia. True, today most scientists believe that Siberia and the plains of the European part of the USSR were the centers of settlement of terrestrial vertebrates, from which the settlement of the Urals proceeded, which, by the way, is not a significant barrier to the movement of these animals.

The fauna of the Basegi reserve is typical of the taiga zone. There are many species of animals and birds common with the fauna of the forests of the more western European plains, but Siberian forms also play a significant role. European fauna species include the bank vole, wood mouse, common vole, marten, European mink, and most bird species; to representatives of the Siberian fauna - weasels, sable, red-backed vole, red-gray vole, Siberian subspecies of roe deer; from birds - bunting-remez, bluetail, nightingale rubythroat, dark-throated thrush.

Many animals are represented in the reserve by specific Ural subspecies that are not found outside this mountainous country. E. M. Vorontsov considers mole, common shrew, forest mouse, red-backed vole, housekeeper vole, dark vole (South Ural subspecies) as such species, and from birds - capercaillie, goshawk, long-tailed owl, brambling, common and reed bunting , forest hawk, dipper. He also includes the Baseg three-toed woodpecker, the brambling Krestyannikov, the Belousov forest hawker, and the Ural bunting Vlasov as endemics (the names of the subspecies are given in honor of biology students who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War).

Among the mammals in the reserve, small insectivores (8 species) and rodents (19 species), as well as carnivores (14 species) are most numerous.

The common mole is found in meadows and edges of spruce-fir forests, is quite common in the reserve, but its numbers are small here.

Shrews are one of the most numerous groups of animals in the reserve. With tiny sizes of animals in some years, their total weight in forest landscapes can be more than 70% of the total weight of all vertebrates. There are 6 species in this group. Of these, the most numerous are the common and medium shrews, which live in almost all natural complexes of the reserve. The lesser shrew inhabits a variety of forest areas and meadows, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and also quite numerous. The even-toothed shrew, quite rare in the flat part of the Perm region, also turned out to be common in the reserve.

The white hare is found almost everywhere, especially in forest-meadow areas and in sparse forests.

Rodents are very diverse in the territory of the reserve. The flying squirrel is occasionally found in the tall coniferous and deciduous forests of the reserve. Chipmunk is very rare in the reserve and lives in river valleys in areas with cedar. The squirrel, one of the main fur-bearing game animals of the Perm region, is common in all forests, except for purely deciduous ones. In some years, squirrels are very numerous, in others, when the seeds of coniferous trees fail, the animals make mass migrations, leaving the territory of the reserve. In the forests of the Basegi Ridge, squirrels also make local migrations, periodically moving in different years and seasons to forest areas with a sufficient harvest of cones. In addition to the seeds of coniferous trees, in the summer, squirrels feed on mushrooms, berries, and sometimes juicy parts. herbaceous plants and large seeds. The number of mice on the Basegi Ridge is quite high.

There are few mouse-like rodents in the reserve. These are field and forest mice. In the river valleys and on the lawns you can meet the baby mouse - the smallest rodent of our fauna. The animal prefers thickets of tall grass, with all this it lives not only in shelters underground, but sometimes weaves a spherical nest from dry blades of grass, firmly attaching it to the stems of herbaceous plants, sometimes at a height of up to 1.5 m. Baby mice weigh 6-7 g, very rarely come across "giants" weighing up to 9 g. In the 40s, there was a gray rat, which practically disappeared with the destruction of permanent human dwellings.

The most diverse among rodents are hamsters (9 species), some of them are very numerous. Finds of forest lemmings in the Kama region are rare, but in the reserve this northern taiga animal is quite abundant in moss dark coniferous forests.

On the other hand, the more southern voles - the common and field voles - are relatively rare and live mainly in meadow biotopes. In wetter places, the root vole is found. Numerous in the reserve forest voles that are found in all forest communities. This is a bank vole - a species of European mixed and broad-leaved forests, as well as Siberian taiga species - red and red-gray voles. All three species are common in forests and light forests, and in summer they can also be found in meadows. Red-backed and red-gray voles go higher into the mountains than the red-backed voles, penetrating to the remains on the tops of the ridge, populating rocky placers and mountain tundra. The water rat is also common in near-water biotopes, but in summer it can also live in subalpine meadows. In the reserve, this large vole is quite common. Muskrat is occasionally found in the Vilva Valley.

Of the ungulates in the reserve, there are elk, roe deer and reindeer. Elk annually late autumn or at the beginning of winter migrates from the foothills of the Perm region to the eastern slopes of the Urals. Even for such a huge animal, the snow cover of the ridge is too deep, so only a few elks winter in the reserve. The summer density of moose is 2-3 individuals per 1000 ha. In some years, reindeer come to Basegi from the Komi ASSR and the northern regions of the Perm region in winter, but large herds have not appeared in the last decade. Roe deer can migrate to the reserve from the eastern regions of the Urals in summer. It is as rare as the reindeer. In 1985, a wild boar was recorded for the first time.

The pine marten is a typical predator of the old dark coniferous forests of the reserve, mostly littered areas with hollow trees. Its number in the reserve is significant.

Weasels and stoats are common and found everywhere in various biotopes. There are numerous columns, mink and otter. The badger is rare and prefers open dry areas, forest edges. In winter, the wolverine is noted in the reserve, and wolves occasionally come. The fox lives in meadows and crooked forests. Brown bear and lynx are common in the forest belt.

Birds are the most species-rich group of vertebrates in the Basegi Reserve, but they are still rather poorly studied. Almost every year, since 1978, when the staff of the Perm University began to study the fauna of this territory, the list of birds is supplemented with new species, most often Siberian.

There are 150 species of birds of 13 orders in the reserve. The most diverse are passerine birds, represented by 19 families and more than 70 species.

In the reserve, all corvids known in the Kama region are quite numerous: gray crow, raven, jackdaw, magpie, nutcracker, jay, and cuckoo. Only the rook had almost disappeared from the vicinity of the reserve by the middle of our century, which is probably due to the disappearance of the settlements. This can also explain the absence of the house sparrow in the area, which was quite common here in the 1940s. Only field sparrows live at the foot of the Southern Baseg and on the site of the former village of Korostelevka.

Dipper lives on the banks of fast-flowing rivers and streams. This small bird is not afraid of cold weather, it migrates to the south only after the reservoirs are completely frozen.

In various types of forests there are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpeckers - yellow, three-toed and large motley, common cuckoo, oatmeal - remez, common and reed, lentils, brambling, warblers - willow and chiffchaff, garden warbler, garden warbler, meadow chasing, song thrush, fieldfare, forest hawker, bullfinch, waxwing, nuthatch, pika, forest pipit, crossbill, spruce, great tit, hawk - sparrowhawk and goshawk.

In the mountain-meadow tall-grass glades with areas of forest and willow shrubs, there are buzzard, hobby, kestrel, corncrake, great snipe, forest pipit, white and yellow wagtails, lentils, garden warbler, gray warbler, meadow coin, chaffinch, warbler, willow warbler, hoodie.

Capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, common cuckoo, brambling, chaffinch, buntings - common, dubrovnik, crumb and remez, siskin, powdery, pika, willow warbler, green warbler and chiffchaff, forest convert, redstart, gray and garden warbler, robin, smurf, thrushes - white-browed and fieldfare.

In the mountain tundra and on stony placers, the bird fauna is very poor. Here you can meet peregrine falcon, common wheatear, meadow chaser, meadow pipit, mountain wagtail. During the ripening period of blueberries, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse migrate here.

Along the rivers and floodplain swamps, there are mallards, teals - crackers and whistles, as well as waders - black and carrier, large merganser, garden warbler.

On sedge-sphagnum and sedge raised bogs live gray warbler, white wagtail, warbler, buntings - remez and reed, some sandpipers.

Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR, the white-tailed eagle and the peregrine falcon nest in the reserve, and the osprey and golden eagle are encountered on migration. E. M. Vorontsov (1949) indicated a black stork for the Basegi Ridge.

Only two species of reptiles have been recorded on the territory of the reserve: viviparous lizard and common viper. The latter is found in the reserve only at the foot of the mountains, in the most dry and well-warmed areas. The viviparous lizard is much more widely distributed. It occurs along the edges of forests in the mountain-taiga zone, in meadows, is quite numerous in the strip of light forests and crooked forests, penetrates into rocky placers and into the tundra.

The reserve is inhabited by 3 species of amphibians - the gray toad, common frog and moor frog. Gray toads are found at the foot of the ridge, i.e., along the outskirts of the reserve. At the same time, their number is greater in the extensive clearings adjacent to the reserve. Grass and moor frogs are inhabitants of the mountain-forest belt and subalpine meadows. Only a few animals occasionally penetrate into areas of light forests adjacent to meadows. In general, for the life of relatively heat-loving amphibians, the cold reservoirs of the reserve, which are slightly warmed up in summer, as well as the close level of cold groundwater, are not very favorable.

The riverine valleys and forest areas adjacent to mountain meadows and old clearings are most populated by animals. The population of birds and animals of recent cutting areas near the northern and southern borders of the reserve is very poor. Therefore, the taiga massif of the reserve is a natural "island", in which many animals and birds move from the adjacent, almost completely cut down areas.

3. Bioclimate

3.1. Solar radiation mode

Compared to areas lying at the same latitude in the European part of Russia and Western Siberia, the solar energy resources in the Perm region are greater. This is due to the corresponding circulation conditions, which determine the significant frequency of anticyclonic weather (with low cloudiness and high atmospheric transparency).

Cloudiness reduces the inflow of direct solar radiation by 2-3 times and at the same time increases diffuse radiation by an average of 1.9 times.

3.2. atmospheric circulation

The circulation processes of the atmosphere over the territory of the Perm region are determined by the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, but big influence render and local physical and geographical conditions.

In winter, the air over Asia becomes very cold, and an anticyclone area of ​​high pressure forms here with a closed clockwise circulation. The main factor determining the nature of the climate of the cold period of the Perm region is the influence of the Asian anticyclone, which almost completely fills the territory of the republic at this time. The movement of cyclones from west to east in the north of the region is often accompanied by strong winds and prolonged snowstorms.

3.3. wind regime

The northern, northeastern and westerly winds, and in the southeastern part - southern. The summer distribution of wind directions continues from May to August. In the transitional seasons, which include September and April, the winter distribution of wind directions is combined with the summer one.

3.4. Thermal regime

The climate of the region is temperate continental.

Winter is usually snowy and long. The average January temperature in the northeast of the region is -18.5 degrees Celsius, and in the southwest -15. The absolute minimum temperature in the north of the region reaches -53 degrees Celsius.

Summer is moderately warm. The warmest month is July. The average July temperature in the north-east of the region is +15, and in the south-west - +18.5 degrees Celsius. The absolute maximum temperature reaches +38 degrees Celsius. The duration of the growing season (with temperatures above +5) ranges from 145 to 165 days.

3.5. Humidity and Precipitation Mode

The annual precipitation rate increases from 410-450 mm in the southwest to 1000 mm in the extreme northeast, in the most high-mountainous part of the region. Most of precipitation falls on the warm half of the year (from May to September they fall from 66 to 77%). Snow cover is established in late October - early November and lasts an average of 170-190 days a year. The snow thickness by March reaches 80-90 cm in the north of the region and 60-70 cm in the south.

The peculiarities of the climate of the Perm region include a fairly frequent occurrence of dangerous meteorological phenomena (fogs, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.).

Fogs are observed throughout the year, but more often - in warm time(July - October). In the eastern mountainous part of the region (Polyudova Kamen area) there are up to 195 foggy days a year. Winter fogs are associated with the phenomenon of temperature inversions, when dense cold air stagnates in closed valleys and mountain hollows.

Thunderstorms usually occur in summer, and sometimes at the end of winter, more often in the afternoon. The largest number of days with thunderstorms is also observed in the north-east of the region (near Polyudov Kamen 27 days a year). Winter thunderstorms are a rare natural phenomenon. They were recorded during abrupt intrusions of Arctic air masses against the general background of western transport, at a temperature of about zero. Usually they are accompanied by squally winds, heavy snowfalls and lightning discharges, and after them a sharp drop in air temperature occurs.

3.6. Bioclimatic potential and bioclimatic zoning of the territory

Among the uncomfortable phenomena characteristic of the Perm region are:

b Lack of UV

b Short duration of the summer season

b Significant precipitation

b Hypothermia

4. Hydromineral and unique natural resources

4.1. Mineral water

Klyuchi, a balneo-mud resort 150 km southeast of Perm and 60 km from the city of Kungur. Located at the foot of Klyuchevskaya, on the left bank of the river. Irgina, near the village. Keys. Average January temperatures are -17C, July 16C. Precipitation up to 550 mm per year. The main natural healing factors are sulfide mineral water containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfide silt mud from the Suksun pond, located 12 km from the resort, near the village of Suksun. In the resort area there is also sulfate calcium water; iodine-bromine brines were obtained by drilling from a depth of more than 1000 m. Sanatorium, balneary. Treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, movement and support, nervous system and skin.

Outcrops of mineral springs in Klyuchi have been known since the beginning of the 18th century; they have been used for medicinal purposes since the 2nd half. 19th century

UST-KACHKA, a village 58 km from Perm and 12 km south-west of the city of Krasnokamsk, on the left bank of the Kama. The largest in the Urals balneological resort. The climate is temperate continental. Average temperatures in January -16C, August 20C. Precipitation is about 600 mm per year. Basic natural healing factor- mineral waters: sulfide chloride sodium brine containing bromine and iodine (diluted is used for baths), as well as sulfate-chloride sodium-calcium-magnesium (obtained by drilling in 1972, used for drinking treatment). Treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, movement and support, digestion, nervous system and gynecological diseases.

Conclusion

The Perm region has rich natural resources. The development of health tourism is possible here, which is facilitated by the features of the relief, nature and climatic features.

Relief, also, primarily thanks to Ural mountains, contributes to the development of mountaineering and speleotourism.

There are many rivers in the region, which can be used for river rafting. At the same time, due to the low temperature of the waters, they cannot be used for a beach holiday.

There are many forests in the region (71%). Rich flora and fauna. What makes the development of fishing and hunting tourism promising. There are also widely represented stocks of berry and mushroom lands, as well as medicinal plants.

Ecology is generally satisfactory. There are two reserves - Vishersky and Basegsky. On their basis, it is possible to conduct ecological tours.

The regime of solar radiation is more favorable for tourism than even in the Central European part of Russia. The landscapes of the Perm region are highly attractive.

All this makes it possible to characterize the natural recreational resources of the Perm region as favorable for the development of tourism.

List of studied literature and sources

1. Garkin A.P. Geography of Russia. - M., "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1998 - 800s.: illustration, maps.

2. Kozlova I.I. Health resorts of trade unions of the USSR, sanatoriums, boarding houses, rest houses. - M., ed. 6th, revised. and additional - M.: Profizdat, 1986 - 704 p., ill.

3. Kolotova E.V. Recreational Resource Science: Textbook for students majoring in Management. - M., 1999

4. Lappo T.M. Cities of Russia. - M., Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994 - 559 pp.: ill., maps.

5. Radionova I.A. Economical geography. - M., Moscow "Moscow Lyceum", 1999

6. Stepanov M.V. Regional economy. - M., Moscow "Infa M", 2000

Semester program

1. Introduction to the course

Recreational resource science as a science that studies natural and historical and cultural resources involved in recreational activities. The concept of recreational resources. The role of recreational resources in the development of the tourism industry. The main components of recreational resources: natural recreational resources (landscapes, hunting and fishing grounds, bioclimate, natural medicinal resources), historical and cultural potential ( historical cities, monuments of civil and religious architecture, archeology, ethnography), tourist infrastructure, recreational network, labor resources. The degree of knowledge and principles of evaluation. Terms of use and protection. Stocks, reliability, capacity of recreational resources.

2. History of the study and development of recreational resources

The study of natural recreational resources in Russia from Petrine times to the present day. The study and development of cultural heritage in excursion activities. The history of the development of tourism infrastructure and the material base of tourism.

3. Natural recreational resources
3.1. Landscape and recreational assessment of the territory.
Factor-by-factor, integral and differential assessment of landscapes. Reliability and capacity natural complexes.

• Evaluation of the relief, water bodies and vegetation cover. Evaluation of the relief for various types of recreational activities: medical and recreational recreation, sports tourism (mountain hiking, mountain climbing, caving, skiing). types of water tourism: yachting, surfing, sports rafting, family water tourism. Evaluation of vegetation cover for recreational purposes. Significance of vegetation: ionization, volatile properties of plants, bioenergetics, environmental protection of the natural environment, others. Taxation estimates of forest, meadow and marsh lands. Recreational assessment of agricultural land. Permissible anthropogenic recreational loads on natural complexes. Recreational assessment of mushroom and berry lands and lands with medicinal plants. Principles of recreational assessment: types of landscapes, assessment of the abundance of berries, mushrooms and medicinal plants, the degree of diversity of species, rare species, seasonality of use.
• Aesthetic and ecological assessment of landscapes. Landscape diversity: type of space (open, closed), vertical and horizontal position, panoramic views, color range of territories.
• Landscape and recreational potential and zoning of the territory. Determination of the landscape and recreational potential of the area. Landscape and recreational zoning of the territory, taking into account ecological state natural environment.

3.2. Territories of regulated recreational use

Hunting and fishing grounds. Their assessment: types of tracts and reservoirs, abundance of fauna, degree of diversity of species, presence rare species fish, animals and birds. Geography of distribution of hunting and fishing grounds.
Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs). Types of protected areas and recreational activities allowed in them: nature reserves (botanical, zoological, complex landscape, geological, hydrological), natural monuments (unique and memorial natural objects), protected forest areas, national parks. Reserves.

3.3. Bioclima
The concept of bioclimate and the main climate-forming factors. Principles for assessing bioclimate parameters: sparing. Trainer. Irritating modes of bioclimate impact on the human body. The concept of climatic and temporal adaptation of a person.

• Medico-climatic assessment of meteorological regimes. Assessment of comfortable and uncomfortable effects on the human body: solar radiation regime (insolation and ultraviolet), atmospheric circulation regimes (variability of weather and meteorological parameters), wind, thermal regimes, humidity and precipitation regimes. Seasonal changes in bioclimatic parameters. Climatotherapy and climate prevention.
• bioclimatic potential. The concept of the seasonal and annual bioclimatic potential of the area. Bioclimatic zoning of the territory according to the degree of comfort. Bioclimatic conditions of various geographical zones. local bioclimate. Concept, evaluation methods. Microclimatic surveys and the significance of their implementation in the territory of resort areas. Microclimatic zoning of health resort territories.

3.4. Hydromineral resources

• Mineral waters. Main indicators: composition, mineralization, temperature regime, reserves. Use in sanatorium and non-resort practice. Characteristics of the most common types of mineral waters. Deposit protection. Geography of distribution of mineral waters on the territory of Russia.
• Healing mud. Types, main properties of therapeutic mud. Application in sanatorium and non-resort practice. Deposit protection.
• Geography of distribution of therapeutic mud.
• Unique natural healing resources. Superheated gas and water vapor (Yangan-Tau).
• Salt mines (Sol-Iletsk). Gaseous radon (Borovichi).
• Areas with extremely low humidity (Bayram-Ali). Koumiss treatment (Yumatovo).

3.5. Integrated natural and recreational zoning of territories

Comprehensive recreational assessment of natural areas, taking into account all natural recreational resources. Natural and recreational zoning of territories according to the degree of favorableness for the development of various types of tourism activities.

4. Historical and cultural potential
4.1. Main types and principles of assessment of cultural complexes

The main types of cultural complexes. Principles of assessment of cultural complexes. The concept of ranking. The concept of necessary and sufficient time for inspection. Reliability and capacity of cultural complexes.

4.2. The main components of the historical and cultural potential

• Monuments of archeology. Settlements, settlements, mounds, rock paintings, museum archaeological expositions. Historic cities.
• The main components of the historical and cultural potential. Principles of recreational development and geography of location. Monuments of religious architecture. Orthodox monasteries, history and geography of their placement on the territory of Russia. Principles of organization of pilgrimages. Organization of monastic natural-historical parks. Monuments of religious architecture of other confessions: centers of Muslim and Buddhist culture in Russia. Monuments of secular architecture. Urban and suburban development. Palace and park architecture and manor complexes. The history of development and the geography of the location of the Russian estate. Organization of natural-historical manor recreational parks. Monuments of industrial architecture. Memorial complexes and structures. memorial sites. Places of battles and other historical events. Places of residence of figures of history and culture. The main types of use of memorial complexes: memorials, museum-reserves, houses and apartments of prominent cultural figures, places reflected in their work.
• Ethnographic complexes and folk crafts. Russian ethnographic villages, settlements of small peoples, museums of wooden architecture. Geographic features ethnographic complexes. Folk arts and crafts, centers of arts and crafts. The main types of folk crafts. The history of their development and geographical location. Use in souvenir products.
• Scientific and technical complexes and structures. Scientific centers, scientific museums, unique technical facilities and objects of their use for the purposes of educational and scientific tourism.

5. Tourism infrastructure

Sociocultural infrastructure. Museums, cinema-concert and exhibition halls, libraries, theaters, clubs, leisure centers, etc. Location geography.
Transport security. Accommodation and catering facilities for tourists (restaurant and hotel chain). Trade and consumer services. Telecommunications. Heat-water-energy supply system.

6. Recreational network

Types of recreational institutions: enterprises of medical and recreational and children's recreation, sports tourism and their material base.

7. Thematic retreat

It is held at the end of the reading of the course and involves the acquaintance of students with natural landscapes, historical and cultural monuments, elements of the socio-cultural and tourist infrastructure and with one of the types of recreational institutions.
1. Moscow - St. Petersburg - Moscow - 3 day field lesson. Study of anthropogenic recreational resources.
2. Sergiev Posad - a one-day offsite lesson. The study of folk crafts, religious architectural styles in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
3. Lake Seliger. The study of natural recreational resources.

Questions for credit

1. Introduction. An integral part of recreational resources. What reflects recreational resource science.
2. Classification of tourist resources.
3. Relief assessment for the development of hiking.
4. Relief assessment for the development of sports tourism. Mountaineering and skiing.
5. Assessment of water recreational resources for the development of sports tourism.
6. Evaluation water resources for the development of beach and health tourism.
7. Bioclimate. Solar radiation mode. Adaptation.
8. Climate. atmospheric circulation.
9. Characteristics of climatic conditions temperate zone Western Europe for the development of excursion tourism.
10. Feature climatic features subtropical zone for the development of beach and health tourism.
11. Characteristics of the climatic features of the subtropical zone for the development of excursion tourism.
12. Mineral waters. Classification of mineral waters: by composition, salinity, temperature.
13. Geography of mineral waters in Russia. Development of health tourism.
14. Therapeutic mud. Classification of therapeutic mud according to: origin, temperature and effect on the human body.
15. Unique natural healing resources. Geography of health tourism.
16. Classification of natural recreational resources. Characteristics of a natural object (at the student's choice).
17. Recreational use of specially protected areas.
18. Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal plants. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape.
19. Hunting and fishing grounds. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas.
20. Reserves of Russia and the Near Abroad.
21. National and natural recreational parks. Principles of placement of recreational parks in an urbanized area.
22. Classification of anthropogenic recreational resources.
23. Monuments of religious architecture. Characteristics of one temple of any religion (at the student's choice).
24. Monuments of religious architecture. Orthodox Christianity. Characteristics of the temple (at the choice of the student).
25. Monuments of religious architecture. Catholicism. Characteristics of the temple (at the choice of the student).
26. Monuments of secular architecture. Characteristics of the famous squares of the world.
27. Monuments of secular architecture. Famous gardens and parks of the world.
28. Monuments of secular architecture. famous museums peace.
29. Monuments of secular architecture. famous art galleries.
30. Monuments of secular architecture. Famous palace and park ensembles.
31. Monuments of secular architecture. The history of the development of the Russian estate.
32. Archaeological sites.
33. Ethnographic monuments. Description of the Museum of Ethnography and Anthropology in Saint Petersburg.
34. History of development of museum business in Russia.
35. Folk crafts. Characteristics of folk crafts in Russia.
36. Characteristics of Moscow museums. Kremlin.
37. Characteristics of Moscow museums. Museum fine arts named after A.S. Pushkin, Museum of the East.
38. Characteristics of the palace and park ensembles of Moscow and the Moscow region. Ostankino. Arkhangelsk.
39. Characteristics of the palace and park ensembles of the Leningrad region. Peterhof, Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk.
40. Characteristics of the museums of St. Petersburg. Hermitage, Russian Museum.
41. Scientific and technical complexes and structures.
42. Basic principles of recreational development of natural and historical heritage.
43. Tourism infrastructure. Transport support.
44. Tourism infrastructure. Utility systems. Places of accommodation and meals.
45. Trade and consumer services of telecommunications.
46. ​​Recreational network. Institutions of health-improving rest.
47. Tourist institutions. Children's recreation facilities.
48. Labor resources of tourist complexes.

textbooks

1. Vedenin Yu.A., Miroshenichenko N.N. Assessment of natural conditions for the organization of recreation // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series "Geography". 1969. No. 4
2. Vedenin Yu.A. Filippovich L.S. Experience in identifying and mapping the landscape diversity of natural complexes // Geogr. problems of organization of recreation and tourism. - M., 1969.
3. Geography of recreational systems of the USSR. - M.: Nauka, 1980.
4. Kornilova R.P. Duration of the bathing season in the territory of the USSR // Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series "Geography". 1979. No. 4.
5. Mukhina L.I. Principles and methods of technological assessment of natural complexes. - M.: Nauka, 1973.
6. Preobrazhensky B.C., Shelomov N.P. The problem of using natural resources // Urban planning. - Kyiv, 1982. No. 32.
7. Svatkov M.N. and others. Tourist resources of the USSR // Izvestia VGO, 1981. No. 113. Issue. 2.
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1. Hunting and fishing grounds

In total, there are about 60 species of mammals, over 200 species of birds, almost 40 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians in the Perm region. More than 30 species of mammals are of commercial importance.

Of the carnivores, the pine marten is widely represented in the region. Its favorite habitats are overripe, cluttered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region is one of the first places in the country in terms of the number of martens. Stoats and weasels live everywhere in the forests. In the southern and central regions - badger and otter, and in the northern - wolverine. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their numbers are small. The wolf is also found everywhere.

Most of the region's animals are of European origin, but Siberian species also penetrate. So, at the end of the nineteenth century, columns appeared in the eastern regions.

Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, moose prevail, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow, roe deer enter the eastern regions from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region. Deer penetrate from the Komi Republic to the northern regions.

Most carnivores and artiodactyls are of great commercial importance. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are under protection, hunting for them is prohibited.

The wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to animal husbandry and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small mustelids (polecat, weasel) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread of infectious diseases (tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).

A lot of work is being done in the region on acclimatization and artificial breeding of some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrats, arctic foxes and minks.

Of the 200 species of birds in the region, the most common are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, several species of tits, among migratory birds there are starlings, thrushes, rooks, swallows. Of the birds of prey, eagles, owls, crows and magpies are most often found. Of the birds, the capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse are of the greatest commercial importance.

The reservoirs of the region are inhabited by more than 30 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance. Such mass species as bream, roach, sabrefish, perch, pike form the basis of fishing and recreational fishing.

The stocks of the main commercial species are in a satisfactory condition, however, the commercial fish productivity of the Kama reservoirs is one of the lowest in Russia and is only 2-3.5 kg/ha. Low rates of commercial productivity of reservoirs are due to shortcomings in the organization of fishing, as well as the low production capacity of reservoirs. The main limiting factors are massive industrial pollution and the unfavorable hydrological regime of reservoirs.

Despite the high level of anthropogenic pressure, the main fishery reservoirs of the region - the Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs - provide more than 90% of the catch, which is an average of 850-100 tons of fish over the past decade.

The reform of state management systems had a negative impact on fisheries. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a steady decline in catches of almost all major commercial species. The catches of bream, pike perch, pike, as well as roach and sabrefish at the Votkinsk reservoir have dropped sharply. With an increase in the number of blue bream, its catches did not increase.

Catches of amateurs, licensed fishing and poaching are practically unaccountable. But even assuming that the unrecorded prey of poachers and recreational fishermen is equal to organized fishing, there is an underutilization of the commercial stock.

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