Project 7 destroyers and foreign ones. Stalin series. Means of detection, navigation and communication
By the early 1930s, as part of Naval Forces(Navy) of the Red Army there were only seventeen destroyers - "noviks":
12 units in the Baltic Sea;
5 units in the Black Sea.
Such destroyers, built before the First World War, could not solve with high efficiency the expanded combat missions ships of their class. Therefore, in July 1931, the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR decided to provide for the accelerated creation of new destroyers in the next program of naval construction. For these purposes, the Central Design Bureau of Special Shipbuilding (TsKBS-1) was created.
Project 7 destroyers, also known as the "Angry" type, are a type of destroyers of the so-called "Stalin series", built for the Soviet Navy in the second half of the 1930s, one of the most massive types of destroyers in the history of the Russian and Soviet fleets. The most massive Soviet destroyers of the 1920s-1930s.
A total of 53 units were laid down. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original project. 18 were completed under the 7U project. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One ("Resolute") sank while being towed after launching and was not completed.
Project 7
In TsKBS-1, the design of a "serial EM" began, which was given the designation "project 7". In 1932, under the leadership of the chief engineer of TsKBS-1 Nikitin V.A., the Soyuzverf commission was sent to Italy, which chose the largest shipbuilding company Ansaldo, which had many years of experience in designing high-speed EM and KRL. The commission got acquainted with the latest Italian destroyers and the documentation of the Mistrale-type destroyer under construction, which became the closest prototype in the development of the "7" project.
December 21, 1934 common project"serial destroyer" was approved by the decision of the Council of Labor and Defense. Total The ships to be built according to the approved project changed more than once (increased), as a result, it was planned to hand over 21 ships to the fleet in 1937, and 32 more in 1938. Of these 53 destroyers, 21 ships were destined for the Baltic and Northern Fleets, 10 for Black Sea Fleet and 22 for the Pacific Fleet.
The construction of the ships was envisaged at factories No. 189 of the Shipyard named after. Ordzhonikidze and No. 190 Shipyard named after. Zhdanov in Leningrad, and factories No. 198 of the Shipyard named after. Marty and No. 200 Shipyard im. 61 Communards in Nikolaev.
Comparison with foreign destroyers confirms that when designing new series destroyers, significant progress was made and the ship in terms of its combat qualities was not inferior to the best foreign models of that time, and in terms of the firing range of the main caliber guns and speed significantly exceeded them.
Powerful artillery armament, perfect fire control devices, good torpedoes and decent speed. The power plant, with all its disadvantages, has proven to be more reliable than that of the German destroyers. But the main merit of our designers and shipbuilders is that such a large series of ships was nevertheless built, and built on time. It was the "sevens" that updated the surface fleet and brought the Soviet Navy to a qualitatively new level.
Project 7-U
On May 13, 1937, the British destroyer Hunter, which was on patrol near the port of Almeria and served as an observer of the hostilities of the warring parties (in Spain there was Civil War), was blown up by a drifting mine.
In August 1937, at a meeting of the Defense Committee in Moscow, the incident that happened with the Hunter was mentioned. The situation was analyzed when a ship with a linear arrangement of a boiler-turbine installation could lose its course as a result of a single hit by a projectile, mine or torpedo. As a result, project 7, which had the same scheme of the power plant, was called "wrecking". 14 Project 7 ships already launched were ordered to be redone, and the rest to be dismantled on stocks.
The project of the improved project 7-U was developed jointly by the design bureaus TsKB-17 (until October 1936 - TsKBS-1) and the Northern Shipyard named after. A. Zhdanova (chief designer - Lebedev N.A.). The final draft was approved by the People's Commissariat of the Navy on August 29, 1938.
Initially, it was planned to relaunch absolutely all the ships of Project 7. However, fortunately, the Deputy People's Commissar of the Defense Industry Tevosyan I.F. managed to convince the committee to complete the construction of 29 destroyers under Project 7 and only the next 18 were relaid under Project 7U. The last 6 units under construction, which were in a low degree of readiness, were decided to be dismantled.
Thus, during 1938-1939, 18 hulls of project 7 destroyers, located on the stocks of the Leningrad plants named after Zhdanov and Ordzhonikidze, and the Nikolaev named after 61 Communards, were relaid under the 7-U project. For this, the almost finished buildings of Project 7 had to be partially dismantled. A number of structures in the area of engine and boiler rooms were removed. As a result, the ships of the 7-U project became part of only two fleets - the Baltic and the Black Sea.
The Far Eastern destroyers, due to the busy work schedule and weak production base in Vladivostok and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, were completed according to project 7.
The lead destroyer of Project 7-U was the Sentry. During the factory tests, which took place in the fall of 1939, a significant overload of the ship was revealed and, as a result, its reduced stability. Correction work (stability was increased by laying solid ballast), as well as the elimination of many defects found, delayed the completion of the tests for more than a year. As a result, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, shipbuilders managed to hand over to the customer only half of all of the 18 declared ships of Project 7-U: 8 in the Baltic and 1 in the Black Sea. The remaining 9 were urgently completed and tested already in combat conditions.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Frame
The main difference between the destroyer of the 7-U project was the layout of the engine and boiler rooms. The fourth boiler that appeared and their increased dimensions, as a result of which the boilers did not fit inside the hull, led to the fact that the boilers towered about 2 meters above the main deck, eating up the volume of the central superstructures.
The case was made of low-manganese steel with a thickness of 5-10 millimeters. Most of the connections were riveted, although the stringers, part of the upper deck and a number of other elements were of welded construction. During the war, a serious drawback of low-manganese steel was revealed: brittleness. Sheets made from it, when hit by fragments of bombs and shells, split and gave themselves a large number of fragments that hit personnel, instruments and mechanisms. The usual "Steel 3", which was used in the construction of decks and superstructures, did not crack and did not give such fragments.
Power plant
In 1936, the People's Commissariat foreign trade ordered 12 sets of main turbo-gear units (GTZA) and auxiliary mechanisms for Project 7 ships from the British firms Metro-Vickers and Parsons. Such GTZA had a capacity of up to 24,000 liters. s., but they could be launched in a cold state, without preheating, which theoretically reduced the time it took to prepare the ship for going to sea.
In March 1938, the turbines received from England were distributed among the factories. Of the eight sets of power plants from Metro-Vickers, 7 went to Leningrad No. 189 and No. 190, and one more was sent to the KBF base as a backup. Four sets of the Parsons company went to the Black Sea: 3 - to the Nikolaev plant No. 200 and one - to the Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol. All imported GTZA hit the ships relaid under the 7-U project.
Steam for the turbines was produced by 4 tented vertical water-tube boilers with a side screen and one-way gas flow, equipped with loop superheaters. The heating surface of each boiler is 655 m², the productivity is 80 tons of steam per hour. The steam parameters are approximately the same as those of the Project 7 ships: pressure 27.5 kg/s², temperature 340 °C. Each boiler was placed in an isolated compartment.
One of the disadvantages of such a system can be called increased fuel consumption: four boilers compared to three for project 7. Moreover, it was not possible to increase the fuel reserves of project 7-U: after installing a more bulky power plant in a cramped building, there is already room for additional tanks did not remain. And after laying the solid ballast, the supply of fuel oil even had to be slightly reduced.
Armament
Main caliber
The artillery of the main caliber (GK) of the Project 7U destroyers remained the same as that of their predecessors: four 130-mm B-13-2 guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, manufactured by the Bolshevik plant. The ammunition included 150 shots per barrel, in overload (according to the capacity of the cellars) the ship could take up to 185 shots per barrel - that is, up to 740 shells and charges in total. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually, delivery - pneumatic rammer.
Anti-aircraft weapons
Anti-aircraft weapons were a pair of 76-mm universal installations 34-K moved to the stern. A third 45mm 21-K semi-auto was added. Thus, all three small-caliber anti-aircraft guns were located on the site behind the first chimney, for which heavy 90 cm searchlights had to be sacrificed (instead of them, one 60 cm was now installed on the foremast).
The number of 12.7-mm DShK machine guns doubled - two more were added to the two on the upper bridge behind the forecastle cut. However, despite some improvement over its predecessors, anti-aircraft weapons project 7-U continued to be extremely weak and poorly placed: from the forward course nodes, the ship was practically defenseless, and the crowding of all anti-aircraft weapons on two sites made them extremely vulnerable.
The experience of the first months of the war showed how dangerous it is to ignore the threat of air attacks. Therefore, already in July 1941, destroyers began to additionally mount 37-mm 70-K assault rifles on the superstructure in the area of the second pipe, and then replace them with 45-mm 21-K.
In May 1942, two 20-mm Oerlikons and one four-barreled 12.7-mm Vickers machine gun were installed on the "Strong".
By the end of the war, the Baltic destroyers ("Strong", "Resistant", "Glorious", "Watchdog", "Strict", "Slender") received the third 76-mm gun mount 34-K (on poop).
By 1943, the most powerful in terms of air defense systems, the Black Sea “Sposobny” and “Savvy” were armed with two 76-mm 34-K cannons, seven 37-mm 70-K submachine guns, four 12.7-mm DShK machine guns and two twin 12.7-mm Colt-Browning machine guns with water-cooled barrels.
Torpedo armament
Torpedo armament included two 533-mm triple-tube 1-N torpedo tubes. Unlike the 39-Yu gunpowder apparatus installed on Project 7 ships, the 1-N had a combined firing system - gunpowder and pneumatic. The torpedo departure speed was 15 - 16 m / s (against 12 m / s for 39-Yu), which made it possible to significantly expand the sectors of fire: project 7 destroyers could not fire torpedoes at sharp heading angles due to the risk that they would hit the deck . In addition, a number of improvements were made to the design of the TA, which doubled the accuracy of its guidance to the target. Project 7-U ships have never had a chance to use their completely modern torpedo weapons in battle.
Anti-submarine weapons
The mine and anti-submarine armament of the Sentry-class destroyers was practically no different from that used on their predecessors. On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 58 minutes of KB-3, or 62 mines of the 1926 model, or 96 minutes of the 1912 model (in overload). The standard set of depth charges is 10 large B-1s and 20 small M-1s. Large bombs were stored directly in the stern bombers; of the small ones, 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.
Already during the war, the destroyers received two BMB-1 bombers, capable of firing B-1 bombs at a distance of up to 110 m.
Destroyer Grozny (project 7)
Displacement 1525 - 1670t
Travel speed 39 knots
Length 112.5 m
Width 10.2 m
Armament:
130 mm guns 4
76 mm guns 2
45 mm guns 2
37 mm guns 3
Anti-aircraft machine guns 2
Mines, depth charges - 60 KB-3, or 65 minutes of the 1926 model, or 95 minutes of the 1912 sample.
"Storozhevoy" class destroyer (Project 7U)
Displacement 2000 t
Travel speed 39 knots
Length 115 m
Width 11.8 m
Armament:
130 mm guns 4
76 mm guns 2
37 mm guns 3
Anti-aircraft machine guns 4
Triple torpedo tubes 2
Mines, depth charges
Combat losses.
18 project 7 EM units took part in the hostilities.
11 units died
Causes of death
Navigation accidents - 2 cases
Air bombs - 5 cases
Mines - 4 cases
Of the 11 dead EMs
died without breaking the hull - 1 (Guardian)
died with a broken body - 1 (Proud)
died with a complete break of the hull - 9 (including EM Bystry), incl. with a broken body in two places - 2 (Resolute I and Sharp-witted)
with a break and a break in the hull - 1 (Merciless)
There were 29 cases of heavy damage to the EM project 7.
Typical places of cracks, breaks and breaks in the hull of destroyers of project 7 were the transition areas from the longitudinal framing system in the middle of the hull to the transverse framing system at the extremities - places of high stress concentration.
18 project 7U EM units took part in the hostilities
Of these, 9 units died
Causes of death
Air bombs - 4 cases
Mines - 5 cases
Artillery - 1 case
Out of 10 cases of death of EM
died without breaking the hull - 4
died with a broken body - 2
died with a broken hull - 4
There were 19 cases of severe damage to the EM project 7U.
The destroyers of the Pacific Fleet did not take part in the hostilities - 11 units.
Despite the measures taken to strengthen the hulls of the EM project 7U in comparison with the EM project 7, this did not bring the desired result. The weakness of the hull design became one of the significant shortcomings of the EM of both projects, which, of course, affected their military fate.
According to the latest data, of the destroyers of the "Stalinist" series, only one ship, the Reasonable, can claim a real combat victory. It was he who, together with the destroyer Zhivuchy transferred by the British, on December 8, 1944, pursued the German submarine U-387, which after that did not get in touch and did not return to the base.
In the history of the destroyers of both projects, the Guards EM project 7U "Savvy" stands apart. Its commander, Vorkov, recalled the combat path of his ship as follows: “56 times the destroyer fired at enemy battle formations, suppressed more than ten batteries, destroyed up to 30 tanks and vehicles, a lot of manpower. He used up more than 2,700 shells of the main caliber while participating in the artillery support of our ground forces. He escorted 59 transports without loss to Odessa, Sevastopol, Feodosia and the ports of the Caucasus ... He transported on board about 13 thousand people wounded and evacuated from Odessa and Sevastopol. He transported more than a thousand tons of ammunition to Odessa and Sevastopol. Repelled more than 100 enemy air attacks ... Shot down five enemy aircraft. 200 times the destroyer went to fighting, having traveled more than 60 thousand miles without repair. During the war, he spent almost 200 days at sea and did not lose a single fighter. There were no wounded on the ship."
The article uses the materials of A. Tsarenko and S. Balakin.
Article from the almanac "Marine Archive", No. 1, 2011
Chairman of the Editorial Board Markov A.G.
Editor-in-chief Maslov N.K.
In the Chinese cities of Qingdao and Rushan, old Soviet Project 7s have been preserved - known to naval historians as the legendary Soviet "sevens", which are now used as museum ships.
destroyers of this type immortalized themselves through participation in the Great Patriotic War. In 1955, four such ships from the USSR Pacific Fleet were transferred to friendly China. One was later scrapped, and the last - the fourth - the ship was transferred to the city of Dalian as a training ship for the Naval Institute.
On January 14, 1955, the Chinese Naval Forces received the first two Soviet destroyers project 7. They were renamed in honor of the Manchurian cities. Destroyers « Zealous" And " Decisive"Received new names:" Jilin" And " Changchun". The next two ships - " Record" and "Sharp" were transferred to China on July 6, 1955 and renamed " Anshan" And " Fushun" respectively. All destroyers of this type were carefully preserved by Chinese sailors and survived safely until the end of the 80s. But soon destroyer « Fushun”was scrapped and was dismantled at a shipyard in Zeng Su province.
All the "Far Eastern" destroyers of project 7 in August 1945 were part of the 1st destroyer division of the light forces detachment and took part in the hostilities against Japan on pacific ocean. In the early 1950s, there were overhaul and modernization with the installation of new radar stations and a three-legged foremast. The destroyers underwent another modernization in China in the period from 1971 to 1974. During the re-equipment, torpedo tubes were dismantled on the ships, and in their place were placed two twin launchers for anti-ship missiles "Hayin-22", which are analogous to Soviet anti-ship missiles of the P-15 type. Obsolete anti-aircraft guns were replaced by four twin artillery mounts V-11 caliber 37 mm.
Of the three Project 7 destroyers that remained, the best preserved destroyer « Zealous", which was withdrawn from the fleet in 1986 and from September 19, 1991 under the name" taiyuan” (tail number 104) is installed in the city of Dalian as a museum ship on the territory of the local naval institute.
Destroyer « Record”after being excluded from the fleet in 1986, it was relocated to Qingdao and since April 24, 1992 has been an exposition of the local naval museum.
Destroyer « Decisive”was bought by the city of Rushan, Shandong province in August 1990 to use it as a ship, but, unfortunately, no work has been carried out on the Changchun ship so far, so the legendary destroyer is gradually aging, turning into a pile of iron.
photos of project 7 destroyers
project 7 destroyers on the march
destroyer "Anshan" in combat campaign
destroyer "Taiyuan" as a museum ship
130 mm gun destroyer "Taiyuan"
Scharnhorst> Reaction time is faster, devices are more accurate, an unnecessary circuit element is eliminated in the face of targeting directly on the TA
If I understand correctly, you are talking about central administration fire. "An element of the scheme in the person of a gunner directly to the TA" is a local government, if I understand correctly. Did the "sevens" have local fire control, and not central? Did they have a Central Automatic Firing Machine, which was used both to control artillery fire and to control torpedo fire?
Scharnhorst> From the backwardness of the entire TA and turned. They didn’t know how to make power drives, the angle of rotation of the Aubrey device, too.
What does the term "power drives" mean?
Aubrey's device is a spindle input device? There were no spindle input devices on the submarines of the USSR either?
How did you aim the TA - at fixed angles, or at any heading angle in the firing sector? How did you turn the TA - manually or with the help of servos?
Scharnhorst> For our-absolutely had. As well as TA in general. I think it was necessary to remove them altogether to lighten the ships, at least some improvement in seaworthiness and strengthening of the MZA.
As far as I know, the Allies called "escort destroyers" did something similar. But before the war, no one built anything like this.
Poll>> How do you feel about the idea of using chargeable SLTs with variable elevation angle to fire depth charges?
Scharnhorst> Of course, I will react negatively. Have you tried to estimate how much the weight of such a "torpedo tube" will increase?
Of course, I understand that now is not the time in WWII, but for example, a stationary launcher and a rising launcher now do not even differ in index:
In principle, this task does not require vertical guidance, as you yourself said earlier - it is enough to have a system capable of raising the launcher to a fixed angle.
Poll>> Whereas, in your opinion, did BB-1 meet the global level at the time of its appearance?
Scharnhorst> Apparently-yes, consistent.
OK thanks. Then I'll wait for information from Cap on it.
Scharnhorst> Absolutely unrealistic. This is a completely new AU, which was impossible to create in our country during the war in principle - developments for the fleet were carried out according to the residual principle. It is no coincidence that the first universal 130-mm gun appeared only on ships of projects 41 and 56, in the mid-50s.
Then please comment on this passage:
In November 1929, a draft design was presented with a gun barrel length of 45 calibers. ...
The project provided for: cartridge case loading, a horizontal wedge gate with semi-automatic operation similar to the 180-mm B-1-K gun, a throw-type hydropneumatic rammer (similar in design to the B-7) and manual loading of the charge in the cartridge case. In general, the project was approved, but on January 23, 1930, the UVMS decided to make a number of changes to it: increase the rate of fire from 12 rounds per minute to 14, replacing manual guidance drives with electric ones, with Jenny clutches, etc.
The finalization of the project, drawings and production of a prototype, the plant was to be completed by the beginning of March 1932.
But the history of 1912 was repeated: again the command of the fleet was chasing cheapness. As a result, the designers were forced to consistently replace the cartridge case loading with a cap, the semi-automatic wedge lock with piston system Vickers, electric drives for manual guidance, etc.
_________________________________________________________
That is, was it technically possible to get a universal weapon for WWII?
60000 l. With. domestic
Max.: 36.8 knots with imported mechanisms
39 knots with domestic
economy: 1,380 miles
full: 700 miles
including 15 officers
2 x 34-K
3 x 21-K
4 x DShK
Also known as type "Sentry"- type of destroyers built for the Soviet Navy in the 1930s. Project 7-U was laid down as an improved project 7.
Prerequisites
The construction of the ships was envisaged at factories No. 189 of the Shipyard named after. Ordzhonikidze and No. 190 Shipyard named after. Zhdanov in Leningrad, and factories No. 198 of the Shipyard named after. Marty and No. 200 Shipyard im. 61 Communards in Nikolaev.
Project 7-U
Initially, it was planned to relaunch absolutely all the ships of Project 7. However, fortunately, the Deputy People's Commissar of the Defense Industry Tevosyan I.F. managed to convince the committee to complete the construction of 29 destroyers under Project 7 and only the next 18 were relaid under Project 7U. The last 6 units under construction, which were in a low degree of readiness, were decided to be dismantled.
By the end of the war, the Baltic destroyers ("Strong", "Resistant", "Glorious", "Watchdog", "Strict", "Slender") received the third 76-mm gun mount 34-K (on poop).
By 1943, the most powerful in terms of air defense systems, the Black Sea "Able" and "Savvy" were armed with two 76-mm 34-K cannons, seven 37-mm 70-K submachine guns, four 12.7-mm DShK machine guns and two twin 12.7-mm Colt-Browning machine guns with water-cooled barrels.
Torpedo armament
Torpedo armament included two 533-mm triple-tube 1-N torpedo tubes. Unlike the 39-Yu gunpowder apparatus installed on the Project 7 ships, the 1-N had a combined firing system - gunpowder and pneumatic. The torpedo departure speed was 15 - 16 m / s (against 12 m / s for 39-Yu), which made it possible to significantly expand the sectors of fire: project 7 destroyers could not fire torpedoes at sharp heading angles due to the risk that they would hit the deck . In addition, a number of improvements were made to the design of the TA, which doubled the accuracy of its guidance to the target. Project 7-U ships have never had a chance to use their completely modern torpedo weapons in battle.
Anti-submarine weapons
The mine and anti-submarine armament of the Sentry-class destroyers was practically no different from that used on their predecessors. On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 58 minutes of KB-3, or 62 mines of the 1926 model, or 96 minutes of the 1912 model (in overload). The standard set of depth charges is 10 large B-1s and 20 small M-1s. Large bombs were stored directly in the stern bombers; of the small ones, 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.
Already during the war, the destroyers received two BMB-1 bombers, capable of firing B-1 bombs at a distance of up to 110 m.
Navigation armament
The fire control system of the main caliber - PUS "Mina", created by the Leningrad plant "Elektropribor" specifically for the ships of project 7. Its main element was the central automatic firing system TsAS-2 - a calculating and decisive device, which, based on data received from rangefinder posts, continuously generated coordinates , speed and heading angle of the target, while simultaneously issuing full angles horizontal and vertical aiming of guns. TsAS-2 was considered a relatively small-sized device. In practice, its capabilities were severely limited due to the low accuracy of the Kurs gyrocompass, from which the circuit automatically received data on the course of its ship.
Information about the target went to the PUS system from the rangefinders of the KDP2-4 command and rangefinder post (factory index B-12) and night sights 1-Y. The Mina system made it possible to separate the fire of the bow and stern artillery groups, as well as to fire at a temporarily hiding sea target. In addition, she ensured the firing of torpedo tubes.
On some ships ("Able" and "Savvy"), auto-correctors were additionally installed for conducting aimed fire along the coast.
But there were no anti-aircraft fire control devices. Back in project 7, to ensure effective firing of 76-mm guns, it was planned to install MPUAZO, but by the time most destroyers were commissioned, these devices existed only on paper. The first MPUAZO Soyuz-7U system was installed literally on the eve of the war - in June 1941 on Black Sea destroyer"capable". It included a fairly advanced Soyuz anti-aircraft gun (according to the principle of operation, it is an analogue of the TsAS-2, but intended for firing at air targets), the Gazon gyro vertical and a stabilized sighting post SVP-1. Although the system operated in one plane and was ineffective against dive bombers, it significantly increased the ship's air defense. In 1942, the Soyuz-7U (with the replacement of the unsuccessful SVP-1 with the new SVP-29) was mounted on two more destroyers - the Black Sea Svobodny and the Baltic Strogiy. On the other ships of projects 7 and 7-U, the 76-mm 34-K guns were "self-guided".
see also
Notes
Literature
- Balakin S. A."Savvy" and other destroyers of project 7U (Russian) // Marine Collection: Magazine. - 1997. - No. 6.
| Project 7 and 7U destroyers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Project 7 destroyers | ||
| Northern Fleet | Terrible Loud Thundering Rapid Crushing | |
| Red Banner Baltic Fleet |
Wrathful Threatening Proud Guarding Sharp-witted | |
| Black Sea Fleet | Cheerful Fast Agile Ruthless Flawless Vigilant | |
| Pacific Fleet | Agile Agile Striking Zealous Aggressive Zealous Determined Zealous Enraged * Record Rare Sentient * | |
| Project 7-U destroyers | ||
| Red Banner Baltic Fleet |
Sentry Persistent Terrible Strong Bold Strict Fast Ferocious Stately Slender Glorious Severe Angry | |
| Black Sea Fleet | Perfect Free Able Smart Smart | |
| The * sign marks the destroyers transferred in 1942 by the Northern Sea Route from the Pacific to the Northern Fleet | ||
| Russian destroyers by type | ||
|---|---|---|
| Destroyers (1877-1903) |  |
|
| destroyers, reclassified to destroyers (1900-1907) |
||
| mine cruiser, reclassified to destroyers (1904-1906) |
||
They were chosen as the basis for the creation of new Soviet destroyers.
| Project 7 destroyers | |
|---|---|
"Terrible" |
|
| Project | |
| A country | |
| Manufacturers | |
| Operators | |
| Follow type | project 7-U |
| Scheduled | 53 |
| Built | 28 |
| Canceled | 6 |
| Losses | 9 |
| Main characteristics | |
| Displacement | Design: 1425 tons (standard), 1715 tons (full) Actual: 1525 - 1670 tons (standard) |
| Length | 112.5-8 m (maximum) |
| Width | 10.2 m |
| Draft | 3.1 m |
| Engines | 2 PTU GTZA-24, 3 boilers |
| Power | 48,000 l. With. |
| travel speed | 38 knots(project) 37.35-39.05 knots (full) |
| cruising range | 2640 miles (at 19.83 knots, design) |
| Crew | total 246 (including 15 officers) |
| Armament | |
| Navigation armament | gyrocompass "Kurs-1" |
| Artillery | 4x1 130/50mm B-13 |
| Flak | 2x76mm 34-K, 2x45mm 21-K, 2x12.7mm DShK or DK |
| Anti-submarine weapons | 2 BMB-1 bombers (only on ships of factories No. 199-202) |
| Mine and torpedo armament | 2x3 533mm TA 39-Yu; 60 min KB-3 or 65 arr. 1926 or 95 min arr. 1912 |
| Media files at Wikimedia Commons | |
A total of 53 units were laid. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original project. 18 were completed under the 7-U project. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One (“Resolute”) sank while being towed in a storm after launching (the ship was commanded by the future Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy S. G. Gorshkov) and was not completed.
Development history
Construction history
Armament
Main caliber
Project 7 destroyers have main battery artillery: four 130 mm B-13-I guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, manufactured by the Bolshevik plant, elevation angles from -5 to +45 °. All types of shells (high-explosive fragmentation, semi-armor-piercing and remote grenades) were of the same weight - 33.5 kg and were fired from a barrel with initial speed 870 m/s for a maximum range of 139 kbt (25.7 km). The ammunition included 150 shots per barrel, in overload (according to the capacity of the cellars) the ship could take up to 185 shots per barrel - that is, up to 740 shells and charges in total. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually, delivery - pneumatic rammer.
Anti-aircraft weapons
Anti-aircraft weapons were: a pair of 76-mm universal installations 34-K, two 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K, two 12.7-mm machine guns DShK. During the war, anti-aircraft weapons were strengthened by replacing 21-K semi-automatic guns with 70-K automatic guns and installing additional 1-3 (depending on the availability of guns) 70-K machine guns, DShK machine guns or Vickers or Colt anti-aircraft machine guns received under Lend-Lease. The destroyer destroyer of the Baltic Fleet "Grozyashchiy" also received an additional 76-mm 34-K gun.
Torpedo armament
Torpedo armament included two 533 mm triple-tube 39-Yu torpedo tubes. The torpedo launch speed was 12 m/s. 533-mm torpedoes 53-38 (53-38U), length 7.4 m, weight 1615 (1725) kg, explosive weight (TNT) 300 (400) kg, range: 4.0 km, 44.5 knots, 8 .0 - 34.5, 10.0 - 30.5. According to the project, the destroyers could carry an additional 6 spare torpedoes in racks, but manually reloading the vehicles in fresh weather turned out to be impossible. The first to understand this command Northern Fleet and in March 1942 ordered spare torpedoes to be withdrawn.
Anti-submarine weapons
On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 60 minutes of KB-3, or 65 minutes of the 1926 model, or 95 minutes of the 1912 model (in overload). Standard set of depth charges - 25 pieces (10 large B-1 and 15 small M-1); later it was brought up to 40 B-1 and 27 M-1. Large bombs were stored directly in the stern bombers; small - 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.
Power plant
Two main turbo-gear three-hull units of a mixed active-jet system and three triangular-type water-tube boilers, with a capacity of 48,000 liters. With. at 415 rpm, which rotated two propellers with a diameter of 3.18 m and a pitch of 3.65 m.
Auxiliary devices and systems
Means of detection, navigation and communication
Driving performance: overload, stability, seaworthiness
To increase stability, a part of the "sevens" in 1940-1941 laid solid ballast (82 - 67 tons). The seaworthiness of the "sevens" left much to be desired. Due to the narrowed contours of the bow of the hull, they were heavily buried in the wave; when the sea was 8 points, the speed dropped to 5-8 knots.
External differences
Crew
Service during the Great Patriotic War
Baltic Fleet
By the beginning of the war, the Baltic Fleet had five "sevens" - the destroyers "Wrathful", "Proud", "Threatening", "Sharp-witted" and "Guarding".
The destroyer Gnevny, the lead ship of this series of destroyers, died at the very beginning of the war, on June 23, 1941, when it exploded on a German minefield. The team managed to keep the ship afloat, however, in the conditions of detection of periscopes (which most likely just seemed to observers) and a mine explosion after the "Angry" also the cruiser "Maxim Gorky", the commander of the detachment of ships I. G. Svyatov ordered the destroyer team to be evacuated and the damaged ship to be shot ship.
The destroyer "Proud" in June-August 1941 operated as part of a detachment of light forces of the Baltic Fleet, participated in mine laying, rescue teams from the destroyers "Angry" and "Angry", provided fire support to the Soviet troops defending Tallinn. On August 28, 1941, during the evacuation of troops and fleet from Tallinn, he received heavy damage from a mine explosion near the side, the next day he was attacked by German aircraft, but reached Kronstadt. On September 29, in Kronstadt, she received additional damage and was transferred to Leningrad, where she was under repair until October 8. In November, the destroyer was among the ships participating in the evacuation of the garrison of the Khanko Peninsula to Leningrad, but on the night of November 13-14, when moving to Khanko, it was blown up by two mines and sank.
In the first months of the war, the destroyer "Grozyashchiy" operated in the Gulf of Riga and in the waters of the Moonsund archipelago. On July 20, during a minelaying in the Irben Strait, he was damaged by a mine explosion next to the side, after which he went to Kronstadt and was under repair until September. In September, he supported the Soviet troops at Oranienbaum with fire, but on September 18 he again got under repair in Kronstadt, and on September 21-23, the ship standing in the dock received several hits of air bombs. In October, the damaged destroyer was transferred to Leningrad, where it was repaired until June 1942. After the repair, the Grozashchiy was mainly engaged in artillery support for the troops defending Leningrad, in January 1944 he supported the Soviet troops with fire during the Krasnoselsko-Ropshinsky offensive operation.
The destroyer "Sharp-witted" also operated in the Gulf of Riga in June-early July, then moved to Tallinn. In the second half of July, repairs were carried out in Leningrad, after which he participated in the defense of Tallinn, the Tallinn crossing and support for those who defended Leningrad Soviet troops. On November 3, the ship made the transition to the Hanko naval base, where it took on board 560 soldiers evacuated from the peninsula, but on the way back the destroyer was blown up by two mines and sank, only 80 crew members and 270 passengers were saved.
The destroyer "Guarding" in July-August operated in the Gulf of Riga together with the destroyer "Grozyashchiy". On August 11, the destroyer escorted the hospital ship Vyacheslav Molotov at the passage to Kronstadt, was able to bring the ship blown up by a mine to its destination in tow. On September 21, the destroyer at Peterhof was attacked by a group of German bombers, received several direct hits and sank in shallow water. In October, part of the equipment and weapons were removed from the sunken ship, but it was not possible to carry out full-fledged lifting work due to the proximity of the front line. Only in July 1944, the ship, which had lain at the bottom for almost three years, was raised and in 1948 returned to the fleet.
Black Sea Fleet
The Black Sea Fleet had six "sevens" - the destroyers "Fast", "Cheerful", "Courageous", "Vigilant", "Flawless" and "Merciless".
"Fast" in the early days of the war was engaged in providing air defense of Sevastopol. On July 1, the destroyer was sent for repairs to Nikolaev, but at the exit from the bay it was blown up by a bottom mine and sank. On July 13, Bystry was raised and docked, but on August 30 the ship was taken out of the dock, and in early September the damaged destroyer was attacked by aircraft and sank again. The bow of the damaged destroyer was already in the fall of 1941 used to repair the same type of "Merciless", and the entire hull was raised only after the war for disposal.
"Bodry" met the beginning of the war in Sevastopol, carried out sentinel service from August to October, participated in the support and supply of the Soviet troops defending Odessa. On October 31, the ship was attacked by aircraft and received serious damage from close explosions, which is why it went into repair for a month and a half. At the end of December, the destroyer, together with the cruisers Krasny Kavkaz and Krasny Krym, the leader Kharkiv and the destroyer Nezamozhnik, delivered reinforcements and ammunition to Sevastopol, and in January 1942 participated in the landing of a tactical assault at Sudak. In February-July 1942, she again went for repairs in Tuapse, in July she was transferred to Poti, but on July 16, the destroyer, which had already completed repairs, was hit by German bombers attacking the port of Poti, received severe damage and was out of order almost until the end of the war - the repair was completed December 31, 1944.
Boiky, like Bodry, in August-October was engaged in supporting troops in Odessa, participated in the landing at Grigorievka, then escorted transports going to Sevastopol, and in early November ensured the evacuation of troops and ammunition from Yalta to Sevastopol. On December 28-30, the destroyer participated in the landing in the port of Feodosia. In January, the ship underwent repairs, after which it participated in the supply of Sevastopol, several raiding operations, including raids on the Romanian and Bulgarian coasts. In 1943, until the ensuing ban in October on the use of destroyers in combat operations without Moscow's sanction, Boyky made several exits to the coast of the Taman Peninsula and the Crimea, shelling the coast and laying mines. Since October, the destroyer went to sea only sporadically (including the wear and tear of mechanisms) and did not take part in hostilities.
"Vigilant" met the beginning of the war in a major overhaul in Sevastopol and did not participate in hostilities until October. In late October - early November, he took part in the evacuation of troops from Donuzlav and from the Tendra Spit to Sevastopol, in February-March he supported the southern flank of the Crimean Front. On April 17, he accompanied the Svanetia ambulance at the crossing from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk, after the death of the transport he saved 143 people. Participated in the delivery of reinforcements to Sevastopol, was one of the last large ships that reached the city (June 25). On July 2, 1942, the destroyer located in Novorossiysk was attacked by German bombers, one of the bombs hit the bow torpedo tube and caused the torpedoes to detonate, from which the ship was literally torn into two parts. The destroyer was not subject to restoration.
"Flawless" at the beginning of the war was engaged in staging minefields, participated in the defense of Odessa, while supporting the landing at Grigorievka, was heavily damaged by German aircraft. In November, after repairs, he participated in the evacuation of Soviet troops from Yalta and from the Tendrovskaya Spit, the defense of Sevastopol. in January-March 1942, he supported the Soviet landing at Sudak and the southern flank of the Crimean Front. On June 24, the destroyer, together with the leader "Tashkent", delivered reinforcements to Sevastopol and took out the wounded. On June 26, the leader and the destroyer set off on a second voyage, but in the evening of the same day the destroyer was attacked by enemy aircraft and sank with the entire crew and the soldiers on board.
"Merciless" was also engaged in minelaying in the first days of the war, then participated in the defense of Odessa and the landing at Grigorievka, during which he received significant damage and was sent for repairs to Sevastopol. In early November, the ship, which was under repair, was again attacked from the air, because of which the hastily repaired ship was evacuated to Poti, where it was under repair until September 1942. From October 1942 to October 1943, the ship participated in the transportation of troops from Poti and Batumi to Tuapse, escorted transports, made several trips to the Crimean coast and to the coast of Bulgaria. October 6, 1943. "Merciless" together with the leader "Kharkov" and the destroyer "Able" made a raid to Yalta and Feodosia. On the way back, the detachment of ships was subjected to four successive bomber attacks, during the second attack the destroyer was heavily damaged, and finished off during the next attack.
Northern Fleet
Pacific Fleet
Modernization
Post-war service
"Threatening" in 1946 became part of the 4th (South-Baltic) Navy, from December 1948 - as part of the 8th (North-Baltic Navy). In June 1952, the ode was put into overhaul, but already in August next year repairs were stopped, and the ship was expelled from the Navy and sent for scrap.
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