What could be better than school time? However, despite this, many difficulties have to be faced. The biggest obstacle that anyone who decides to graduate from grade 11 will have to pass is the unified state exam.

In almost all universities and in all areas, you need to take a subject called social science. The hardest part of the exam is the essay. Therefore, before writing, you need to draw up a plan for an essay on social studies and follow it strictly point by point. This is the only way to write a beautiful essay. An essay plan in social science, as well as in other subjects, should contain three main parts: introduction, main part and conclusion. We will dwell on each point in detail.

Why do you need to be able to write essays?

Everyone makes us express our thoughts consistently, correctly and with reason. This will definitely come in handy in life. Even if you just have a friendly conversation, then here it would be appropriate not to be saturated with jargon and other “garbage” of the Russian language.

Also, writing essays teaches us to identify the main idea that they want to convey to us, analyze, express their personal opinion about the problem.

If we talk about exams, then before writing, you should develop a detailed plan for writing an essay on social studies. This will help you not to get lost in your own thoughts, not to move away from the main problem. Some people like to write essays very much, it is enough for them to write social studies in their head. For the rest, it is better to use a draft so that the plan is always in front of you.

The introduction and conclusion are short parts that are about three to four sentences each. All parts are separated by a paragraph. You should not write in a continuous canvas, it is very difficult for readers to perceive. For such a "sheet" you will not earn many points.

USE in social studies

The test part of the social studies exam is quite simple. You need to answer test questions, they all have 4 possible answers. The second part is a little more difficult. Here they offer to add the missing words, complete the table or connect the corresponding items.

The hardest part is C. Here you need to choose an expression (quote) of a famous person from several proposed options. Next - write an essay-reasoning on the topic of the statement. In order to cope with the work and get a good score, you need to draw up a plan for an essay in social studies. The exam is quite easy to pass if you prepare a little for it.

It is worth setting aside at least an hour a day for self-study either hire a tutor or attend specialized training courses. Pay special attention to the creative part. It is possible to draw up such a plan for an essay on social studies (USE) in order to use it for absolutely all topics. This is what we suggest you do right now. We will highlight the main parts that should be contained in your essay, we will give the main clichés. All this will greatly simplify your work during the unified state exam.

Plan

The plan of an essay on social studies is practically no different from that for other creative works. Now we will give a detailed plan of the essay, describe in sufficient detail what should be included in each part. So, the outline of an essay on social studies is as follows:

  1. Introduction. It should be said right away that there are no strict requirements for this work. The main thing is that the topic is disclosed. You need to demonstrate your knowledge of the theory and confirm it with facts from history, literature or life. Entry is optional, but encouraged. Many students cannot imagine an essay without an introduction. If it is difficult for you to start the essay right away with reflections, make a short introduction (2-3 sentences). Here the problem can be clearly defined. If there is no entry, points for this are not reduced.
  2. The meaning of the quote. This small part consists of no more than five sentences. It is not necessary to quote the statement in full. A reference to the author will suffice, and then interpretations in your own words. Here, many people use clichés, for example: “In the statement of the philosopher Feuerbach, a phenomenon (process or problem) is considered (or described) ...” or “The meaning of the statement ... lies in the fact that ...”. In the examples you will see how to use these forms correctly.
  3. Theory. In this part, you must write whether you agree with the opinion of the author or not. In most cases, students confirm the opinion and simply rewrite the quote using special terminology. Also in this part, you can give examples in defense of your point of view.
  4. Data. Better to avoid any common phrases, you need to give specific examples (“as we know from the chemistry course ...”, “as he said famous philosopher... "and similar forms).
  5. IN imprisonment we need to sum up what we have said before. Schoolchildren often use this form: “Thus, the examples given allow us to assert that ...” Instead of the ellipsis, you need to insert the reformulated main idea of ​​the statement.

Introduction

Essay on social studies (plan, cliche we have already provided) should be short, but reflect the main idea. In this part, we will give you examples of possible introductions.

  1. "Feuerbach is a famous German philosopher who argued that theory and practice are interrelated and complement each other."
  2. "The most interesting quote for me was the statement of the American writer L. Peter, who spoke about the high purpose of economic culture."

The meaning of the statement

  1. "The meaning of the statement is very simple - you need to be able to save and properly allocate resources, which will help stop hunger around the world."
  2. "Raising this problem, the author says that the younger generation understands little in adult life. They are like foreigners who do not know the customs and lifestyle of the inhabitants of this country."

Theory

Let's look at the plan for writing an essay on social studies. Next, we must demonstrate our theoretical knowledge gained in social science lessons at school. Here are some examples:

  1. "The behavior of each individual has great importance for the whole society. This is a separate, but connected with the world group. It is the social status that determines the model of behavior of each individual person. If someone stands out for their behavior, and this is unacceptable in society, then social control services are connected ... "
  2. "My opinion is this: I fully agree with the position of the author. Indeed, laws play a big role in a person's life. They help and protect against bad, immoral acts..."

Data

We almost figured out how to write an essay on social science, it remains to understand what examples can be given in the next paragraph. Facts might be like this:

  1. Literary. For example: "I would like to give an example from the book "Rich and Poor Dad", where the author R. Kiyosaki says that economic freedom is very important ... "
  2. From education, science, media and so on.“As an argument, one can cite the history of the development of the science of chemistry. How did people gain knowledge about possible reactions? Of course, from experience…”

Conclusion

The last part consists of 1-2 sentences, for example:

  1. “I fully agree with the statement, because only ... can lead to ...”
  2. “Thus, the philosopher ... expressed quite clever thought… which requires analysis and reflection.”

(writing an essay)

Task 36 in the exam in social studies is one of the most difficult, but interesting, creative tasks - writing an essay. An essay on social studies is an essay-reasoning on a given topic. The topic of the essay is one of the quotations selected by the examiner. Quotes belong to famous people and are arranged according to the science they are associated with: philosophy, social psychology, economics, sociology, political science.

As a rule, an essay suggests a new, subjectively colored word about something and can be of a philosophical, historical-biographical, journalistic, literary-critical, popular-science or purely fictional nature.What should you know when writing an essay?

YOUR WORK WILL BE APPRECIATED

ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA:

The meaning of the statement is revealed.

OR The content of the answer gives an idea of ​​its understanding

The meaning of the statement is not disclosed, the content of the answer does not give an idea of ​​its understanding

K2

The nature and level of theoretical argumentation

The presence of erroneous provisions from the point of view of scientific social science leads to a decrease in the score for this criterion by 1 point

The chosen topic is revealed based on the relevant concepts, theoretical provisions and conclusions.

Separate concepts or provisions related to the topic, but not related to each other and other components of the argumentation, are given.

There is no argumentation at the theoretical level (the meaning of key concepts is not explained; there are no theoretical provisions, conclusions).

OR Concepts, provisions and conclusions that are not directly related to the topic being disclosed are used.

K3

The quality of the factual argument

Arguments containing factual and semantic errors that led to a significant distortion of the essence of the statement and indicate a misunderstanding of the historical, literary, geographical and (or) other material used are not counted in the assessment.

K3

Facts and examples related to the thesis(s) being substantiated are gleaned from various sources: media reports, materials of educational subjects (history, literature, geography, etc.), facts of personal social experience and own observations are used. At least two examples from different sources are given (examples from different subjects are considered as examples from different sources)

The factual argumentation related to the thesis(s) being substantiated is given based only on personal social experience and worldly ideas.

OR Examples related to the thesis(s) being substantiated are given from a source of the same type.

OR Only one example related to the thesis(s) being substantiated is given

There is no actual argument.

OR The given facts do not correspond to the thesis being substantiated

Maximum score

5

Pay attention to the criterion K1. If you do not reveal the meaning of the statement, or reveal it incorrectly, and the expert will give zero points for this criterion, the work is not checked further.

WHERE TO BEGIN:

1. First of all, you should carefully read the instructions for task 36.

2. Topic selection. Everything USE options have the same structure. In task 36, you are offered five essay topics in the form of quotes. famous people in the following areas: philosophy, economics, sociology and social psychology, political science, jurisprudence. To complete the task, you choose one of the proposed topics.

When choosing a topic, you should proceed from the material of which topic you are most familiar with, how much you know the terminology of this science, how convincing you can be in arguing your statements.

3 . Workload. There are no strict requirements for the volume of an essay in social science. But the common practice is to complete tasks 28-34 on one side of form No. 2, and 35-36 on the other, with full use of its area. Therefore, when preparing for the exam, you should immediately get used to working on a standard A4 sheet.

4. Begin by writing a quote, the name of the person being quoted, the science and the assignment number, for example:

36.3 - economics. “Money begets money” (T. Fuller).

This will allow you to not constantly refer to the task form during work, and it will be easier for the inspector to analyze your work.

HOW TO WRITE:

5. Quote interpretation. First of all, you should explain how you understand the idea expressed in the quote. The same quote can be understood by different people in different ways, or at least interpreted with different nuances. This will allow you and the verifier to have a clear idea in what vein further reasoning will follow. The interpretation of the quote will take two to three sentences. Mention who the person being quoted was, if you know it.

6. Next, you should express your attitude to the thought expressed and interpreted by you. You can agree or disagree with it, or agree partially. It will depend on your assessment whether to prove, refute or partially prove and partially refute you will be quoted. Of course, you should explain your chosen position. This part of the work will also take several sentences.

7. The main part of the work - your reasoning using knowledge from the course. At the same time, it is recommended to use 5-6 terms strictly on the chosen topic, in our example - economic. Terms and concepts should be used to the point, and not randomly, mechanically, a couple of them can be deciphered, demonstrating your own lexicon. Recall once again: reasoning and terminology should correspond to the chosen topic.

8. Argumentation . Reasoning must be supported by arguments. True, logically correct conclusions, examples, references to authoritative opinion can be used as arguments. Most often, examples are used in student essays. It is better if these are facts from scientific practice, journalism, fiction. Household examples are less preferred. It is best to give 2-3 examples from the field of science, news or fiction, one from everyday practice. If your argument examples are described in detail, two is enough. Argumentation can be organically woven into the text of your reasoning on the topic, or it can become independent part work, occupying a separate paragraph.

9. The work ends with a summing up, a conclusion in which the author confirms his understanding of the thought expressed. After that, the work can be considered completed.

10. Check your work regarding the search for errors, relevance to the topic, the presence of relevant concepts and terms, arguments. Of course, the text must be clear, literate, handwriting legible. It is desirable to make at least preliminary outlines of the essay in a draft.

SAMPLE ESSAY:

1.Quote:

36.5. Jurisprudence. “Laws are needed not only to frighten citizens, but also to help them” (Voltaire).

3. The meaning of the statement:

The meaning of this statement is that the laws are needed primarily by the people themselves, for their own good.

4. Own point of view :

The law is needed to intimidate citizens, since not all citizens are law-abiding. Unfortunately, laws are often violated, and with them our rights. Therefore, the law provides for measures of responsibility that forcibly force citizens to implement the law in full. The law stops many people: no crimes are committed, tk. there is a fear of criminal liability, taxes are paid. The state has proposed to the people laws that regulate human activities and that suit the majority. In order for the law to be carried out as much as possible, there are measures of responsibility, intimidation, which only help to fully function. A person who is unsure of the possibility of defending his natural rights, such as life and private property, with the help of law, namely state coercion, feels unprotected by the state. Law is one of the most important components of modern society.

In my opinion, law was originally created as a defense against absolute freedom, that is, permissiveness, not burdened with duties.

5. Argumentation at the theoretical level : (numbering is given for clarity. Not used on the exam)

1. Law is a generally binding rule that regulates the behavior and activities of members of society and (or) their relationship with the state. Normative act adopted by the highest authority state power in the manner prescribed by the constitution.

2. Take the "Theory of the social contract" by T. Hobbes and J. Locke.

In their opinion, people by nature have inalienable natural rights - to freedom, to property, to achieve their personal goals, etc. But the unlimited use of these rights leads either to a "war of all against all", that is, to social chaos; or to the establishment of such a social order in which some cruelly and unjustly oppress others, which, in turn, gives rise to a social explosion and, again, chaos. Therefore, it is necessary that all citizens voluntarily renounce part of their natural rights and transfer them to the state, which - under the control of the people - will guarantee legality, order and justice.

3. The system of legislation in the state was created precisely for the purpose of protecting citizens, their rights and freedoms. The whole system of laws is aimed at streamlining the activities of people in all areas of their lives: personal rights and inviolability, political rights, consumer rights, and medical care.

6.Examples :

1. Every year, several tens of millions of various kinds of administrative offenses. Therefore, the state establishes and applies measures of administrative responsibility. For example, for breaking the rules traffic, for unauthorized occupation of land plots, for violation of forest management rules, for committing petty hooliganism, etc.

2. Laws are designed to protect the rights of citizens. For example, the Consumer Protection Act.

3. Laws not only streamline the life of society, but also contribute to its development. For example, according to the "Law on Education" every person has the right to receive a free secondary general education. This is not only his right, but also his duty. The state, in turn, guarantees free general secondary education.

7. Conclusion :

Administrative and legal prohibitions and responsibility for committing administrative offenses play exclusively important role in establishing and maintaining proper law and order. The state establishes for citizens and legal entities certain prohibitions for their behavior in order to protect the individual, protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, protect environment, public order and public security and other areas of state and public life society. Several tens of millions of various kinds of administrative offenses are committed annually in the country. Therefore, the state establishes and applies measures of administrative responsibility.

USEFUL TIPS:

    Use the sentence structure:

I believe (think, believe, etc.) that ..., since ...;

I think that this (act, phenomenon, situation) can be assessed as ..., because ...

I think that this (act, phenomenon, situation) can be assessed as ..., because ....

In my opinion..., I share the position of the author...;

In conclusion, it can be concluded that…

    highlight paragraphs; follow the red line; use short, simple, varied sentences.

    Have a set of definitions for each topic. Confident possession of social science terms and concepts is the primary condition for success when working on an essay.

    Use a draft when writing an essay. Between sentences, it is useful to leave empty lines, leave wide margins, where you can then make corrections, additions in the process of editing the original text.

    Be sure to write out the statement on which you will write an essay.

Each graduate who is interested in preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies will face the task of writing an essay. From several proposed quotes, the student must choose one thesis and write an essay. In 2018, there will be some changes to this final mission. Now you can get a maximum of 6 primary points for a correctly completed essay (until 2018, it was possible to score a maximum of 5 primary points). The word “problem” (which is raised by the author) has been replaced by the word “idea”. But this is completely unprincipled. The main thing is that the value of the essay has increased, which means that you need to double your efforts in order to get maximum score.

So, the value of the mini-essay has increased, so you need to seriously approach the most significant task of the exam. To begin with, you should study the criteria for evaluating an essay in social studies in 2018.

  1. The main criterion: disclosure of the meaning of the statement. It is necessary to correctly define the idea put forward by the author, and (or) put forward a thesis on the topic, which will be substantiated with the help of arguments. If there are 0 points for this item, the whole work is not counted.
  2. Lack of theoretical justification for their point of view. It is necessary to explain the meaning of the concepts given in the quote using theory (definitions and provisions from textbooks), reasoning (causal justification for what you think about it) and conclusions (your opinion, supported by arguments). If there is no theoretical content, it will be 0.
  3. New criterion! Factual error: if (from the point of view of the science of "social science") you gave an erroneous position, made an incorrect conclusion, illogical reasoning, mixed up the term, etc., then you face 0.
  4. Thematic incompatibility of an example or fact with a topic, conclusion and reasoning. Only those arguments that correspond to the stated topic will be counted. Incorrectly displayed and incomplete statements will also not be counted. For this item, you can get as many as 2 points if both examples are suitable. Facts must be formulated in detail and accurately, because a mistake can cost you points. Examples can be given from personal experience, other subjects (fiction, history, geography), media (from magazines, newspapers, television and radio programs).

Essay plan

In order to write an essay for the maximum score according to the above criteria, first of all, you must strictly follow the format or structure of the essay. So, the essay plan for the exam in social studies is as follows:

  • Designation of the problem and its interpretation.
  • Agree or disagree with the position of the author (explain why)
  • Argumentation of one's own position.
  • Output

We will discuss each of these points in detail in the next paragraph.

Structure and writing algorithm

Problem designation

When designating a problem, the graduate should, first of all, comprehend the thesis proposed by the author and highlight some problem (idea) in it. Most often, quotes include many problems and their interpretations. It is better for the student to dwell on one and consider it in detail, following the points of the essay structure. It is possible to identify several problems (ideas) contained in the thesis and disclose them, but, in my opinion, the time frame of the exam will not allow to thoroughly reveal several ideas at once and bring arguments to them. You can identify the problem with the help of cliché phrases, for example, these:

  • In his statement, the author wanted to draw attention to the problem associated with ...;
  • The main idea formulated by the author of the quote ..., I see ...;

It is important that the words “problem” and (or) “idea” sound in the essay, otherwise 0 points can be given for their absence. In the process of explaining the problem raised by the author, it is necessary to use social science terms and give them definitions; include material that was included in school curriculum course.

Your opinion

In the second paragraph, you should write about agreement or disagreement with the author about the problem. One phrase “agree” or “disagree” is not enough. Here it is important to write the reason on which you rely. This reason may generalize the arguments given below. The clichés are obvious:

  • “I completely agree/disagree with the opinion of the author…”
  • "It's hard not to agree with the opinion of the author...".

In this paragraph, you can also include a theory from the course of social studies. With its help, you will competently and reasonably explain why you adhere to the voiced opinion. Please note that it is easier to agree than to prove otherwise, so if you are not sure of yourself, do not run into ideological polemics with invisible examiners, but do your job impartially and detachedly. It is not at all necessary to express your real views on certain issues.

Arguments

The next paragraph is the most difficult and voluminous part of the essay. Making good arguments is often difficult. It is necessary to give at least 2 arguments that CLEARLY illustrate this problem. The main thing at this point is specificity. Examples containing "a lot of water" will be scored 0 points. Your arguments can be examples from fiction and scientific literature(history, chemistry, biology and other disciplines), biographies of great people, situations from films, TV shows, from life and personal experience. It is important to consider that these statements should be from different sources, for example, from personal experience and fiction. For examples taken from one area, the maximum score cannot be obtained. Let's say that even if both arguments taken from the books perfectly illustrate the problem, you won't be able to get the maximum score. Each argument should have a separate paragraph. Cliche phrases:

  • “To confirm my point of view, I will give the following argument ...”
  • “An argument capable of confirming my point of view is ...”

Output

The last point is the conclusion. The conclusion is a generalization of the reflections given above. This part is no different from the one that has to be written in essays on the Russian language and literature. Cliche phrases:

  • “Thus, we can conclude that…”,
  • “Summing up the general line, I would like to note that…”

It will be enough to write 2-3 sentences in the output.

Essay example

Especially for you we wrote . If you are interested in a specific topic on which you find it difficult to write an essay, write to us at

An example of an essay on the topic:
A political party is a union of people who have united in order to
to get the laws they want. (Ilyin).


Political Party - public organization fighting for power or for participation in the exercise of power, the purpose of which, ultimately, is to take seats in parliament and pass laws,
determining the policy of the country.
In addition to the struggle for power, any political party performs a number of other functions: expressing the interests of certain segments of the population, training and nominating political personnel, participating in election campaigns, educating loyal members, forming political culture citizens.
characteristic feature democratic state is a multiparty system. There can be two parties, as in England or America, or many, as in Russia. This is determined by the traditions of the country. Parties can differ in organizational principle, in ideology, in relation to power, in the type of membership, in the mode of activity and in the scale of the political spectrum. The party is a union of like-minded people, which is the bearer of a certain ideology and which is aimed at gaining power. In order to express the interests of as many voters as possible, parties form factions. The backbone of the party is the electorate - voters who regularly cast their votes for this party in elections.
As a result of the elections, the party receives a certain number of seats in the country's parliament. How more places in parliament, the greater the opportunity for the party to justify the trust of its voters, and to influence the adoption of laws in the country. An important role for voters is played by the personality of the party leader, because many voters, when voting, are guided not only by the party program, but also associate their expectations with the charisma of a certain leader. Representatives of political parties constitute the political elite of the country - a group of people with influence, prestige, directly involved in decision-making related to political power.
With the crash totalitarian regime in the USSR and the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution in the Russian Federation, a multi-party system began to take shape. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed ideological diversity.
The modern political parties in Russia are United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Patriots of Russia, Just Russia, Just Cause, the RODP "Yabloko". The ruling party is United Russia, which for a number of years has been adopting laws in parliament that, in my opinion, contribute to the stabilization of the state and the consolidation of democratic social forces.
Extremist political parties are banned in our state.
I am not yet a member of any political party, but I like the program of the United Russia party, so I am going to support this organization in the elections.
A political party, having come to power, adopts the laws it needs, but ordinary voters help the party come to power, so everyone should take an active life position.


An example of an essay on the topic:
Progress is a movement in a circle, but faster and faster. L. Levinson.


Humanity is in constant motion. Science, technology, the human mind are developing, and if we compare the primitive and our days, it is clear that human society is progressing.
From the primitive herd we came to the state, from primitive tools to perfect technology, and if earlier man could not explain such natural phenomena, like a thunderstorm or a change of year, by now he has already mastered space. Based on these considerations, I cannot agree with L. Levinson's point of view on progress as a cyclical movement. In my opinion, such an understanding of history means marking time without moving forward, constant repetition.
Time will never turn back, no matter what factors contribute to the regression. Man will always solve any problem and will not allow his kind to die out.
Of course, there have always been ups and downs in history, and therefore I believe that the graph of human progress is an upward broken line, in which ups predominate in magnitude over downs, but not a straight line or a circle. This can be seen by recalling some historical or life facts.
In the first place, downturns in the progress graph create wars. For example, Russia began its history as a powerful state, able to outstrip any other in its development. But as a result Tatar-Mongol invasion it lagged behind for many years, there was a decline in culture, the development of the country's life. But, despite everything, Russia stood up and continued to move forward.
Secondly, the progress of society is hindered by such a form of organization of power as a dictatorship. In the absence of freedom, society cannot progress; a person turns from a thinking being into a tool in the hands of a dictator. This is seen in the example Nazi Germany: Hitler's regime of power for decades slowed down political progress, the development of freedom and human rights, democratic institutions of power.
Thirdly, oddly enough, but sometimes recessions in the development of society occur through the fault of the person himself, i.e. associated with scientific and technological progress. Many people now prefer communication with machines to human communication.
As a result, the level of humanity is falling. The invention of nuclear reactors is, of course, a great discovery that allows you to save natural energy resources, but in addition to nuclear power plants, it was also created nuclear weapon, which brought incalculable troubles to people and nature. An example of this is nuclear bombings Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl explosion. Nevertheless, humanity has come to its senses, realizing the real threat of such weapons: many countries now have a moratorium on the production of nuclear weapons.
Thus, the progress of the human mind and society as a whole and the predominance in history of the positive actions of people over their mistakes are obvious. It is also obvious that social progress- this is not an endless movement in a circle, which, in principle, cannot be considered progress,
but moving forward and only forward.


An example of an essay on the topic:
Religion is one, but in a hundred guises. B. Show.


Among the proposed statements, I drew attention to the words of B. Shaw that "Religion is one, but in a hundred guises." In understanding this issue, I agree with the author.
Give exact definition religion is impossible. There are many such formulations in science.
They depend on the worldview (representation of the world) of the scientists who form them.
If you ask any person what religion is, then in most cases he will answer: "faith in God."
The word "religion" literally means binding, re-addressing (to something). Religion can be viewed from different angles: from the side of human psychology, historical, social, but the definition of this concept depends to a decisive extent on the recognition of the existence or non-existence of higher forces,
i.e. God and Gods.
Man is a spiritual being, therefore, era occupies a very important place in his life. Since ancient times, man has deified the forces of nature, plants and animals surrounding him, believing that through them higher power affect his life. The magical attitude to the word and movement forced a person to strive for the development of his aesthetic (sensual) perception.
Over time, human society developed, and paganism (heterogeneity) was replaced by more developed forms of beliefs. There are many religions in the world. The question arises: why are there so many of them? And in whom to believe?
The answer to this question is obvious: people are different, they live in dissimilar conditions and different parts planets perceive their environment differently. So different are their ideas about God or Gods, about what a cult (religious veneration of any objects) should be, many provisions of different beliefs, moral standards and rules of worship among different peoples somewhat similar. I think this is caused by borrowing the cultures of peoples from each other.
If we consider historical path humanity, it is possible to classify religions into: tribal ancient beliefs, national-state (they form the basis of the religious life of individual peoples and nations) and world religions (that have gone beyond nations and states, but have a huge number of followers in the world).
These are the three religions: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Also, beliefs can be divided into monotheistic (belief in one God) and polytheistic (worship of many gods).
Drawing a conclusion from the foregoing, a person has always needed faith as that spiritual principle that allowed him to rise above the ordinary. The choice of faith should be free and conscious for each person, because, no matter how different religions are, they are all just different forms of one thing - the elevation of the human soul.

"The market, which is the pinnacle of economic freedom, is also the strictest taskmaster"

The author believes that although the manufacturer has economic freedom, deciding for whom and what product to produce, the market exists according to its own rules, economic laws, acting as an overseer. The main law of the market is the law of supply and demand. The market price fluctuates between their values. To adapt to it, the seller has to reduce costs, increase labor productivity or improve technology. Thus, the market regulates pricing through supply and demand.

I agree with the author's opinion that the market is characterized as a system based on freedom of choice and competition, entrepreneurship, but if you do not follow its rules, you can fall out of the system. One of the mechanisms of the economy is the principle of the invisible hand, which coordinates all decisions of buyers and sellers. Its essence lies in the combination of different producers, effectively realizing the interests of the whole society. Profit ensures a competent and harmonious distribution of all resources, that is, it balances supply and demand.

Let me remind you that the economic system is organizational methods, mechanisms for the distribution of economic resources for the needs of people. Depending on how the main issues of the economy are solved, it is possible to define an economic system. The market economy is characterized by the presence of market legislation, competition, freedom of choice in decision-making. The market is an overseer, as it performs the most important functions: regulating, that is, coordinating economic activity without a state, intermediary, between supply and demand, pricing, stimulating. It is especially worth noting the role of the sanitizing function, when unnecessary products, firms leave the market, this is possible due to competition.

For example, SONY was forced to sell its share, the reason was the low competitiveness of products. The market liberates itself from producers who do not follow the rules.

It is also important to remember the rational behavior of the manufacturer. Consider the situation where an entrepreneur opens a Gucci store in an area dominated by a population of low level income. The store will not be able to sell goods, because in order to sell them, you need to lower the price. This will lead to ruin. It is necessary to know the Action of market mechanisms in order for a business to flourish and generate income.

In the epic about Sadko, the merchant decided to buy all the goods in Novgorod. He sent his men to do it, but each time the market became full again. Sadko himself created demand and indirectly influenced the increase in supply. This situation could lead to a shortage of goods, therefore, the existence of the law of supply and demand, which contribute to the successful functioning of the market, is important.

Thus, the market is an overseer, without which the economic system would not be able to fully function.

Jan 19

23

"A planned economy takes into account everything in its plans except the economy"

The author believes that in addition to its advantages, the command economy also has a number of disadvantages. The state plan determines how to produce a product, professional specialists, the "planners", decide what to produce. Because everything economic resources are owned by the state, it controls production and price levels.

I agree with the author's opinion that a planned economy has significant drawbacks, and besides, it is not interested in economic life. All production is carried out according to state plans, in which inaccuracies are inevitable. For example, as a result of planning, a specialist may make an error in calculations, which will lead to a surplus or shortage of a certain product. Also, in the absence of competition and protectionist policies, domestic production stood still, without introducing innovations.

In the USSR, in the absence of choice, there was always a demand for goods, therefore, equipment lagged behind advanced countries, workers were not interested in improving the quality of production.

We all know that a planned economy is an economic system in which material resources are in public ownership and distributed centrally, which obliges us to act in accordance with the plan. The state controls the production and distribution of goods, that is, the state monopoly of the economy dominates. After all, it uses administrative methods of management, orders, establishes state pricing. Being engaged in planning, she does not take into account the most important thing, the law of supply and demand. It turns out that the state does not take into account the needs of the population, does not think about the economic development of the country, focusing on the implementation of plans.

Another disadvantage is the lack of motivation of employees who do not see the point in hard work, on which their self-realization and position do not depend.

In Orwell's story Animal Farm, a planned economy was established, the animals were assigned duties that, according to planning, they performed. But one of the heroes of the story performed his duties poorly, without an incentive to work, for which there is already a predetermined reward. The result is the stagnation of economic life.

In modern times, a planned economy does not exist in its pure form, because it does not give freedom to creativity and entrepreneurial activity. For example, China periodically relaxes its control over the economy in order to give impetus to the growth of economic indicators. In China, a number of concessions are currently allowed in relation to businessmen and private owners.

Thus, the planned economy, which is based on planning, does not always take into account the most important thing - the economy. Being immersed in planning, does not pay due attention to economic life

Dec 18

28

The author wanted to convey to us the idea that taxes, as mandatory payments, perform certain functions (role) in our life and the functioning of the state. Taxes are necessary in order to live a full life of a citizen and be provided with the benefits of civilization that the state can give us. This is, first of all, social support, healthcare, transport, public Utilities, army and education.

Let us define the essence of the term "tax" as a key concept in this statement. A tax is a mandatory payment levied by the state (central and local authorities) from individuals and legal entities to state and local budgets. The author uses the word "price" in his statement when he speaks of a tax. Price is a form of expressing the value of goods, which manifests itself in the process of their exchange. The form of expression of value can be not only monetary, but also natural. A civilized society is a society based on the ideas of freedom, justice, reason, law.

The state, designed to provide the most Better conditions for effective economic growth, needs resources to fulfill this mission. Such resources cannot be formed exclusively, at the expense of the state's own sources, income from state enterprises. And the state is forced to withdraw part of the income of the private sector in order to form its monetary income.

When income is transferred to the state, there is a change of ownership. Resources are withdrawn free of charge. Such an unequal form of relations between the state, on the one hand, and private enterprises and individual citizens, on the other hand, indicates an unconditional form of monetary relations in which the parties are not equal partners.

The state forces the private sector to submit to macroeconomic and national interests.

The government pays pensions social benefits, finances institutions, ensures the security of the country. If citizens did not pay taxes, then the state would not be able to provide for their lives, there are not enough resources.

The state pursues a tax policy. Tax policy is a system of state measures in the field of taxation, which is built taking into account the compromise between the interests of the state and taxpayers. As part of the general economic policy of the state, it is determined by the goals of society. These goals formulate requirements for the tax base, the severity of taxation and the methods of withdrawing income.

Thus, in the work done, we have proved the theory and I agree with it.

Dec 18

27

“In business, no chance is lost: if you ruined it, your competitor will find it” A. Marshall

The meaning of this statement is that in the conditions of a modern market economy, one should not lose a single chance. You need to try, take risks, otherwise others will take advantage of it.
Entrepreneurship is an economic activity characterized by the transformation of the surrounding world and aimed at making a profit. In a market economy, along with state property, there is private property - a form of property in which the right to own, use, dispose of a separate individual. Certain conditions are necessary for the development of a market economy. One of them is competition - the rivalry between participants in the market economy for the best conditions for production and sale. In the production of goods - products of labor produced for sale, producers use factors of production such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial ability. The manufacturer who manages to use these factors wisely will remain in the black. And in a competitive environment, it is especially important to analyze all opportunities and use them to the maximum if you want to succeed in business and extract maximum profit.
Let's give some examples to prove it. The author of the Harry Potter novels, Joan Kathleen Rowling, was denied publication of books by various publishers several times. But one of them agreed to publish a cycle of her novels. Thus, those publishing houses that refused to cooperate with Joan missed the opportunity to make huge profits, because this work became very popular.
Another example is historical fact. Christopher Columbus turned to the Portuguese monarch for help to open the way to India, but he refused. Then Columbus was supported by Spain, which saw the benefit in time in this case. As a result, America was discovered under the Spanish flag, and the country itself achieved the status of a world power.
Based on all this, we can conclude that A. Marshall's expression can be useful for budding entrepreneurs. After all, in a competitive environment, it is important to think through all the options, use all the opportunities and not be afraid to take risks. And only then will the business be doomed to success.

Nastya Sadovnikova. Yu-11

Dec 18

27

“The economic problem: how to take away from everyone in order to add to everyone”

This statement reveals the problem of justice in the distribution of social benefits. This problem is relevant in today's market economy.
The meaning of this statement is that in society modern type there is a material inequality of people. And the main economic problem is how to collect money from people and distribute it evenly among everyone. In my opinion, the author quite clearly reflected one of the problems of our time.
Let's turn to terminology. For modern society social stratification is characteristic - stratification. The reason for this was miscellaneous income population. Income, as we know, is the money received as a result of activities. Regardless of income, every person must pay taxes - mandatory payments to the state treasury. Using these funds, the state produces public goods - benefits provided by the state for the whole society for free. That is, the state collects taxes from everyone, in order to later distribute them in the form of production goods.
In support of this statement, we can give an example from history. Communism, the socio-economic system characteristic of Soviet Russia, was based on social equality and public ownership of the means of production. That is, the state “took away” private property from everyone, but everyone was given the same number of needs. It can be said that we can consider the ideas of communism as an attempt to solve this economic problem.
The current tax system in the Russian Federation will also serve as a good example. The state collects taxes from everyone, in order to later convert them into public goods: free education, medicine and much more. That is, the state is taking steps to solve this economic problem.
Summing up a general line, I would like to note that by collecting taxes, the state performs an important function of producing public goods and ensuring equal access of people to them. And, perhaps, this economic problem is important and relevant for modern society.

Dec 18

27

“To stay healthy, the modern economy periodically needs a crisis” (W. Schwebel)

In my opinion, the main idea of ​​the author is that economic crises revitalize the country's economy and contribute to its modernization. In the words of the author, we are talking about the sanitizing function of the market, that is, in a competitive environment, inefficient firms go bankrupt and are removed from the market.
W. Schwebel talks about the modern market economy. On the one hand, it is a mixed economy, and on the other hand, it is the economy of a post-industrial society. The post-industrial type of society is characterized by certain features. First, the importance of the service sector is growing. Secondly, the number of people employed in the field of material production is decreasing. Thirdly, there is an individualization of production. Fourthly, science has become a direct productive force, that is, the achievements of science are necessarily used in production. And information technology is also actively used. A market economy is characterized by such features as a variety of forms of private property, competition, free pricing, economic freedom of economic entities, where the entrepreneur himself answers the three main questions of the economy, namely, what to produce?, how to produce?, for whom to produce? and chooses the form of entrepreneurship, and the consumer chooses what and from whom to buy that product or service, and is the “king of the market”. In other words, the consumer makes a demand, and if the producer wants to make a profit, then he must produce the product for which there will be a demand.
The cyclical nature of production is one of the market failures, as the economic downturn hurts the population. The business cycle is a recurring cycle of economic ups and downs. The negative roles of economic downturns include: the ruin of firms, entrepreneurs lose losses, unemployment is growing, incomes of the population are decreasing, and pessimism prevails in society. But the author draws attention to the positive role of economic downturns: weak firms that do not know how to work effectively go bankrupt, weak firms are removed from the market, the threat of ruin motivates entrepreneurs to improve their products, the crisis prompts to modernize the country's economy as a whole. At the lesson of economics, the teacher told us about the situation in 2014 in our country. The fact is that in Russia after 2014, the import substitution program began to develop. The government began to focus on the development of high-tech production. Vladimir Putin set the task of reorienting the Russian economy, that is, to stop relying on the sale of oil and gas. Also, my dad told me how the crisis affected his farmer friend. Before Russia began to pay attention to its own products, the farmer was not particularly rich and useful. But after that, many shops and supermarkets began to buy products from this farmer, namely meat, butter, sour cream, eggs. The farmer's income increased significantly and he opened his own factory for the production of dairy products.
Thus, the crisis helps to make the country's economy better by removing small and unnecessary firms from the market, and also contributes to the improvement of the economy as a whole.

Dec 18

26

I agree with N. Askeron that the freedom of the market economy should be regulated by the government. A market economy is an economy based on the principles of free entrepreneurship, variety of forms of ownership of the means of production, market pricing, contractual relations between economic entities , limited government intervention in the economic activities of entities . This is an economy organized on the basis of market self-regulation, in which the coordination of the participants' actions is carried out by the state, namely legislative and judiciary directly. Everything entrepreneurs in a market economic system must conduct their activities without violating the laws. A law is a normative legal act, which is adopted in a special order by a body legislative power or referendum , has the highest legal force and regulates the most important public relations . Fines, reprimands and even imprisonment can serve as types of punishment.
An example of non-compliance with the law can be the Norilsk mining - metallurgical plant named after A. P . Zavenyagin. Pollutants are constantly emitted into the atmosphere. This plant shows a violation of the Environmental Protection Act.
Everything entrepreneurs must conduct their business within antimonopoly law. Violation of this law will lead to insufficiently efficient distribution of resources, limited production, and an inexplicable rise in prices.
That's why entrepreneurs free market economic system , having demand , competition and supply , must operate within the law .

Dec 18

26

Inflation is when pockets are bursting with money, but there is still not enough for a new jacket. M.M.Mamich

In this statement, the author raises the topic of the impact of inflation on society. M. M. Mamich points out that during inflation there is a sharp increase in the money supply, but in this case it has a low purchasing power.

To clarify the proposed topic, we recall a number of terms. Inflation is the depreciation of money, manifested in the rise in prices for goods and services that are not associated with an improvement in their quality. It is customary to separate three types of inflation: moderate, galloping and hyperinflation. Note that in Everyday life normal to see moderate inflation. At this time, there is only an imperceptible increase in prices. However, this statement indicates the most dangerous view inflation - hyperinflation. The reasons for its appearance may be an increase in government spending, a reduction in real production, the monopoly of trade unions, or the monopoly of large firms. Whatever the reason, it is obvious that the consequences of inflation are negative. Since the economy is connected with each of the spheres of public life, inflation also affects the political, social, and spiritual spheres of society. There is a general decline in employment, which leads to unemployment and the emergence of social tension, the depreciation of the accumulation fund, the emergence of speculation, the depreciation of loans, etc. During hyperinflation, the state is forced to increase the issue of money, but their value is lost at an even greater pace, this leads to the fact that the population simply does not have time to satisfy their needs due to constantly rising prices. This can lead to the marginalization and lumpenization of society as a whole. In such cases, the state is forced to take urgent measures to prevent hyperinflation.

An example of how inflation affects the population can be the plot of the famous work by E.M. Remarque "The Black Obelisk". We see how hyperinflation unfolded after World War I in Germany. There were many factors that led to hyperinflation. For example, after the war, the country incurs huge public expenditures, especially due to the payment of indemnities. It is difficult to track how quickly the value of stamps changes. Prices changed every day, so it was almost impossible to predict what they would be tomorrow. It is noteworthy that in the novel there is indeed an episode when the main character tries to buy a new jacket, but despite the wads of money, it is difficult for him to do this, since this amount was not enough. Subsequently, all this led to a strong stratification of society into speculators, stockbrokers and ordinary employees and workers.

The strongest hyperinflation is observed in Venezuela, where the interest exceeds 13,000. One of the sites posted photos of a resident sitting next to a large pile of national currency money, but in reality they have a value of 3 US dollars. Due to hyperinflation, the population is not able to purchase the necessary food and clothing. In general, the country is experiencing devastation, hunger, lack of food.

Thus, due to the rapid rate of inflation, it is difficult to acquire the necessary goods and services. Hyperinflation has a negative impact on all spheres of public life.

Dec 18

26

“A smart state does not prevent its citizens from earning money, it only watches it, making a profit in the form of taxes, ”said the American economist J. Feilan.

The author of this statement believes that the state does not need to interfere in the economic life of its country, and also that the state should not interfere with the desire of citizens to earn money, because in this way the state will receive taxes and develop its economic power. According to the author, a good, developed state will not interfere with limiting its citizens in earning money for the benefit of the state, giving them in the form of taxes. Influencing economic growth and doing the right thing economic policy By maintaining a stable price level, monitoring the level of employment of the population, the state helps citizens, giving them confidence in what will happen tomorrow, and without preventing them from earning money, it collects income that comes in the form of taxes.

I agree with J. Feilan that a good state will not hamper its citizens in making money both for themselves and for the state. A normal state does not need to prevent citizens from earning money, because than more people earn, the more tax the state will receive. And with the increase in profits, the economic growth of the country increases.

The tax is the basis for expanding the state budget. A mandatory payment that is collected by the authorities from any organizations or any individuals in order to provide the country's finances. Taxes go to the needs of the state, and also provide funding for the needs of people, for example: health care, education. Due to the fact that the tax is a mandatory and gratuitous payment, there are people who do not want to pay them. People are hiding from taxes for personal enrichment, but ruining the financing of our country and our social projects. And because of this, public goods are also reduced. Therefore, taxes are so important in our life and for our life, as well as in the economic life of the state, because our well-being depends on them.

I agree with J. Feilan's statement, but not completely. The management of the economy by the state can indeed have a bad effect on the situation in the country. And a good example was the economy of the USSR. The state banned the work of private enterprise, so the state did not satisfy the needs of its people. The highest point of the bad influence of the USSR on the economy was the birth of the "shadow economy". The fact that the state for many years was not able to solve problems and became one of the reasons for the emergence of the "shadow economy", the massive flight of capital abroad, the lack of full-scale foreign investment in the Russian economy, which hindered the growth of the economy and the strengthening of statehood. The functioning of the tax system in the 90s showed many problems and contradictions, which found the government's response to further reform the taxation system.

I would like to believe that our state will become even smarter and more competent in its economic policy, because this will lead our country to economic recovery and development, which we really need now. Taxes - necessary condition for the policy of the state in relation to the economy. Because it is taxes that ensure the well-being of people living in the territory of a given state.

Dec 18

26

Savings constitute the richest income. I. Stobey

How to learn how to properly monitor the cost of savings? Is it true that savings make up the richest income? I will try to answer the question posed based on the statement of the Byzantine writer-compiler of the 5th century I. Stobey.

I believe that I. Stobei poses such a problem as the problem of the right choice. But why does it still arise? And each of us already knows that we are consumers. And our goal, the goal of the consumer, is to get all the possible benefits from the consumption of goods and services bought with our money. It is on this path to the goal that the consumer faces well-known issues such as limited funds, prices, and the like. In other words, we are limited in the possibility of buying, and this forces the manufacturer to solve such issues as the cost of goods and their cheap production. From all this, we can say that everyone should rationally approach the cost of savings and should have certain knowledge and skills . Then how can we learn how to rationally save our income? After all, every inhabitant of the country has income from different areas.

As you know, income is always divided into parts: the first is needed for the purchase of goods and services, the second serves to save our money. It all depends on the wages that earthlings receive. The more we receive, the less we will spend on needs, and therefore, there will be more savings.

In my opinion, I am sure that the standard of living of a citizen of any country on Earth mainly depends both on the size of his salary and on the funds that he was able to accumulate over a certain period of time, but also on how skillfully he money is spent on services and goods that he needs. Do not forget that you can insure your money in certain things: in bond papers, in real estate, in shares - all this will help to save the money earned.

Saving the budget is the greatest income, because if we spend our part of the savings correctly and, moreover, have the same additional income, then we can buy ourselves more expensive services and things that we need. Since our savings are obligatory for various occasions in difficult life situations. So let's say for a rainy day, for a while there is no work yet, and so on. But do not forget that if we spend our salary wisely and correctly, then this allows us to increase our savings by a large amount, but if we started spending without a mind, then this would not lead us to the beautiful.

So, we can say that I. Stobei is right in what he calls savings the best income.