Features of the structure of the stingray. Stingray sea cat or stingray stingray. Where to see in Anapa

Stingrays are one of the oldest fish. Habitat - fresh and salt water. Stingrays are found all over the planet: in tropical regions, subtropical, and also off the coast of Antarctica.

IN tropical latitudes stingrays live in small sizes up to 15 cm, Cook's stingray has an average size, about 5 meters. The sea devil is the most big representative Stingrays, reaches 7m in width, weighing 3.5 tons. Let us analyze the main characteristics of the superorder of rays.

The structure of the slopes

It is common for stingrays to have flattened body, with the presence of massive pectoral fins that are connected to the head section. The caudal fin is thin, with undeveloped lobes; the anal fin is absent. The internal skeleton is made up of cartilage.

The underside is equipped with nostrils and five gill arches. Upper skin covering can be painted in light colors or dark, depending on the habitat of the animals, which helps them to camouflage and go unnoticed.

Teeth in the form of spikes or flattened, tightly closed, forming a grater. Eyes located on the back, devoid of nictitating septum. The surface of the body is covered with placoid scales, which has a cavity with connective tissue, where blood vessels and nerves lie.

Stingrays have a good developed vision, chemical reception, lateral line. Thanks to electroreception, they are able to pick up electrical impulses from other fish (contraction of the heart or respiratory muscles). The swim bladder is missing.

Respiratory system It has distinctive features compared to other fish. Since stingrays are constantly at the bottom, and often burrow into the sandy bottom, during breathing, along with water, sand would also get into the respiratory organs, in order to avoid this. respiratory system stingrays has adapted to their benthic way of life.

Air enters through the sprinklers, which are located on the dorsal side. They are equipped with a special valve that prevents foreign bodies from entering. Even if the valve fails, the fish can get rid of the foreign object by supplying a jet of water.

Squads of stingrays

- lead a sedentary lifestyle, often burrow into the sandy bottom. In the region of the pectoral fins, there is an organ that generates current. The power of an electric charge can also harm a person, but the rays themselves do not attack people, they use current as a defense.

- the pectoral fins are not as developed as in other representatives, they use the caudal fin to move. The head section is flat, wide, with sharp teeth on the sides, they help to hunt or search for prey in the sand. Sometimes they can swim and live in fresh water.

- have a diamond-shaped, flattened body, with outgrowths in the region of the pelvic cartilages, near the spiracles are the remains of gill folds. They reproduce mainly by live birth. Guitar rays still have dorsal fins. famous representative living off the coast of Europe - sea fox.

- large fish, move easily with the help of pectoral fins, which end at eye level, so the head section is clearly visible. The Orlyakov detachment includes a large family of stingrays, which is often distinguished into a separate detachment. These fish in the tail part have a bony protrusion - a thorn necessary for protection and hunting, it also contains poison. People on the beach, not noticing the stingray in the sand, can step on the Stingray and get hit. Poisonous substances stuck in the wound cause vomiting, pressure drop, paresis.

Reproduction of rays

Stingrays are dioecious fish, reproduce in two ways: some are capable of live birth, others lay eggs surrounded by a capsule.

Viviparous females give birth to small offspring, for example, up to 14 cubs are born in electric stingrays, and the female sea devil is completely capable of carrying only one child (the weight of a newborn stingray is about 10 kg). Their uterus is equipped with special outgrowths (trophoteniums) that supply nutrients fetus.

The lifespan of individual individuals depends mainly on their size, than smaller sizes, the shorter life cycle, small fish live under favorable conditions up to 10 years, larger ones can live up to 20 years.

Lifestyle of stingrays

The bottom lifestyle of stingrays determined characteristic appearance fish. They for a long time are at the bottom, you will never meet them in surface waters, so they have a flattened wide body. They move with the help of lateral fins, smoothly flapping them like wings, while swimming does not use the tail fin at all.

They can live in low temperatures(about 2°C), and quite high (up to 30°C). Stingrays - predatory fish, the main food products are shellfish, crayfish, salmon, sardines, some species also feed on plankton. In the process of capturing food, they press the prey to the bottom surface and capture the fish with their mouth located in the abdominal region.

Some stingrays that are able to highlight electricity, hiding at the bottom, waiting for their prey. When octopuses or crayfish swim close, stingrays hit them with a discharge, and then collect prey. The key-tailed stingray has a special weapon - a caudal fin with many spikes on the surface, with which it strikes its victims.

The value of rays in human life

They are used as raw materials for the manufacture of dietary supplements;
stingrays - a valuable food product, is a delicacy in the restaurant menu, especially in the east. Koreans eat raw meat;
survive in captivity, so they are kept as aquarium fish;
due to their predatory nature, they are a necessary part of the ecosystem to regulate the number of marine organisms, on early stages developments themselves become fodder;
stingray skin is durable with a specific texture, so it is used for sewing bags, wallets.

Stingray (sea cat)

I saw the photo and immediately wanted to know what kind of “humanoid” creatures they were :-) And it turns out to be children of a sea cat!

Sea cat (Stingray, European stingray, Stingray stingray) - Dasyatis pastinaca - a rather thermophilic fish belonging to the class Cartilaginous fish, order Stingrays (Dasyatiformes), family Stingrays (stingrays, stinging rays) (Dasyatididae).

Stingrays are known by the name of the sea cat. The name "sea cat" most likely received the stingray for appearance- a stem resembling a tail and habits: like cute domestic cats, the stingray has a predilection for night hunting in shallow water. In a calm state, the stingray burrows into the sand, leaving a protruding stalk on the surface, the stalk trembles (like a cat's) attracting curious victims ....

The fur cat has a diamond-shaped or rounded body disk. The tail is long, filiform, armed with a long serrated spike; individuals with two spikes are also found. The dorsal and caudal fins of this species are absent. The body is naked, without spines and spinules. The upper side of the disk is gray or olive-brown, the lower side is white, often with a brown border around the edge. Usually the stingray reaches 1-2 m in length, but sometimes there are individuals up to 2.5 m long, females are larger than males.

The sea cat lives in the waters Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa, often kept in large flocks, several thousand individuals each. We find it all over Black Sea coast enters the Sea of Azov. The sea cat is a heat-loving bottom fish, it appears off our coasts only in summer time leaving them again in the fall. Usually the sea cat stays at the bottom, often half buried in the ground, and seems shapeless immobile mass. However, periods of rest are replaced by unexpected rapid "ups". Having risen from the bottom, the stingray “floats” or “flies”, flapping its fins like wings, and stirring up sand and silt to make it easier to swallow crustaceans and mollusks living at the bottom.

The main food of the sea cat is small fish, crustaceans and other bottom animals.

All stingrays are ovoviviparous, but in addition to nutrition due to the yolk of the egg, the cubs that develop in the womb also receive a special nutritious liquid rich in proteins - something like milk.

This liquid is secreted by special outgrowths located on the walls of the “womb”. Bundles of such outgrowths penetrate into small holes located behind the eyes - sprinklers - of the embryos, and the nutrient fluid enters directly into them. digestive tract. In our waters, juveniles are born in June or July. Each female gives birth to 4 to 12 cubs. Despite the presence of spikes, this process occurs painlessly for the female due to the fact that in her womb the flat-bodied embryos are rolled into a tube resembling a cigar in shape. As soon as the cub leaves the mother's body, it turns around and swims away.

The commercial value of this stingray is small, although it is sometimes caught in significant numbers. Sea cat liver contains up to 63 % fat rich in vitamin D. Wounds inflicted by a thorn of this species are extremely painful.

In the waters of Southern Primorye, another species is quite common - the red stingray. (Dasyatis akajei) not exceeding 1 m in length. giant stingray(Urolophoides giganteus), reaching a length of 2.3 m, is extremely rare here stingray matsubara(Dasyatis matsubarai).

The consumption of stingray meat is not widespread. Sometimes the needle of a caught stingray is used as a weapon - it can become the tip of a spear. Fish oil is obtained from the liver of stingrays.

However, the stingray is dangerous - it can kill a person. Most often this happens when swimmers step on a fish buried in the sand. Serrated needles can inflict serious wounds on the enemy. Stingray venom is very toxic, it causes spasmodic pain, muscle paralysis, and sometimes leads to death of the victim.

Catfish- the most numerous of European stingrays. This animal can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, near the British Isles and Spain, as well as in the Mediterranean Sea.

The fish themselves are sensitive to changes in water temperature. At a temperature of +6 ° C ... +7 ° C, she still survives, but at a lower temperature she already dies. In the seas of the North and South America, from New Jersey to Brazil, there is an American stingray. There are species of stingrays that can live in fresh water, for example, in the mouths of American rivers.

The coloration of stingrays varies depending on the habitat. In some stingrays, the back is dark brown, in others it is dark gray. Bottom part body - chest - can be white or light cream.

Indians Central America tips for spears, daggers and needles are made from stingray needles, and drums are covered with leather. According to ancient Greek mythology, Odysseus was killed with such an arrow.

In West Africa and Ceylon, whips were made from the prickly tails of small rays, with which criminals were punished, and on Seychelles such whips were kept to intimidate wives

The stingray needle inspires fear in fishermen. If a stingray gets into their net, they cut off its tail and only then the crippled animal is released back into the sea. Such a fate befell many large stingrays.

The fishermen of southern England believe that the oil obtained from the liver of stingrays can easily cure pneumonia, and also protects a person from this serious disease.
Off the coast of Mexico stingrays - stingrays groups of hundreds of individuals gather in small sea depressions, called "paradise".

It is not entirely clear why, with such menacing weapons, tourists are happy to splash and hug these stingrays. I didn't find an explanation for this:

The poisonous stingray needle is located on a long, pointed tail. When the stingray is enraged, it strikes with its tail and sets the needle into a state of readiness for action. This is very strong weapon, which can paralyze a swimmer, inflict severe bodily harm or even kill him. Tail needle length happens different. In some stingrays, it reaches 42 cm. This terrible needle has a groove with a poisonous secret.

Sea cat venom is highly toxic. It enters the wound with tissue filling the grooves of the thorns and immediately strikes cardiovascular system(causes a drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate), poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and intense sweating.

According to statistics, in the United States alone, about 1,500 people suffer from their injections every year. This happens not because stingrays are especially aggressive, they simply chose coastal waters for living in a vast area - from countries Northern Europe And North America to the middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere, and there are almost always a lot of swimmers and fishermen.

The sea cat's weapon is one or more sharp spines located at the end of a whip-like tail. Even in a small half-meter stingray living in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the length of the tail spike reaches 20 centimeters, and in 3-4-meter rays, there is a 30-centimeter spike on the tail as thick as a human foot. The stingray is capable of delivering a blow of such force that it can pierce the bottom of the boat with its tail spike.

So what's the point anyway? Are there non-poisonous stingrays? Tell …

This is how you can play with sea cats in the Caribbean, the Cayman Islands or in French Polynesia.

Occasionally, the European stingray is kept in aquariums with sea water, but keeping this stingray in a room aquarium is difficult - this requires a very large vessel (the optimal volume is about 1 thousand liters), in addition, the sea cat is very demanding on temperature regime And chemical composition water. However, sea cats are kept in large aquariums and oceanariums, for example, in Alushta. In this aquarium, the stingrays receive food, consisting mainly of small marine fish.

In tropical seas and temperate latitudes you can meet representatives stingrays . These are almost regular diamond-shaped or oval-shaped fish.
Basic data:
DIMENSIONS
Width: depending on the type from C cm to 4.4 m.
Length: up to 4.3 m.
Weight: from 750 g to 340 kg.
BREEDING
Puberty: age unknown.
Spawning: usually in spring.
The development period is from 4 months to a year.
Number of fry: 2-9.
LIFESTYLE
Habits: loners; are mostly found at the bottom of the sea.
Food: shellfish, crustaceans, fish.

Related SPECIES
About 80 species of stingrays are known, ranging in size from 1.5 to 2.5 m. The species - river stingray - lives in fresh water.
Distinguish about 80 various kinds stingrays 4.4 m long. hallmark- a long tail in the form of a whip and a needle with a poisonous secret, which is capable of causing painful and very serious damage.
BREEDING
ABOUT stingray breeding little is known. It is precisely established that in summer months the female brings from 2 to 9 fry. They develop in an egg attached to the walls of the oviducts.
The young also hatch in the body of the female. In the mother's body, the fry first feed on the substances contained in the egg yolk, and when they grow up, on the protein-rich liquid (something like milk) secreted by the walls of the uterus.
LIFESTYLE
Stingrays are often found in shallow water. They usually lie on a sandy or muddy bottom, partially or completely buried in the ground, while only the eyes, nose and tail are visible. The pectoral fins frame the entire front of the body. If the stingray is frightened by something, it quickly passes with the help of huge wings - pectoral fins. In European waters, stingrays are found only in summer. Some biologists suggest that they go to deeper waters in winter. Other researchers believe that stingrays simply burrow deeper into the sand for the winter.
FOOD
stingrays feed sea worms, crustaceans and other invertebrates. Large individuals eat dead fish and cephalopods.
The stingray's mouth is located on the underside of the head. It has several rows of blunt and wide teeth in its mouth. They serve to gnaw the shells of molluscs. Since the stingray has a camouflage coloration, it is almost invisible during the hunt and is quite well protected from enemies.
Stingrays AND MAN
The consumption of stingray meat is not widespread. Sometimes the needle of a caught stingray is used as a weapon - it can become the tip of a spear. Fish oil is obtained from the liver of stingrays.
However, the stingray is dangerous - it can kill a person. Most often this happens when swimmers step on a fish buried in the sand. Serrated needles can inflict serious wounds on the enemy. Stingray venom is very toxic, it causes spasmodic pain, muscle paralysis, and sometimes leads to death of the victim.

TYPES of stingrays
Catfish- the most numerous of European stingrays. This animal can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, near the British Isles and Spain, as well as in the Mediterranean Sea.
The fish themselves are sensitive to changes in water temperature. At a temperature of +6 ° C ... +7 ° C, she still survives, but at a lower temperature she already dies. In the seas of North and South America, from New Jersey to Brazil, the American stingray is found. There are species of stingrays that can live in fresh water, for example, in the mouths of American rivers.
The coloration of stingrays varies depending on the habitat. In some stingrays, the back is dark brown, in others it is dark gray. The lower part of the body - the chest - may be white or light cream.
OR DO YOU KNOW THAT...
The Indians of Central America make spearheads, daggers and needles from stingray needles, and drums are covered with leather.
The stingray needle inspires fear in fishermen. If a stingray gets into their net, they cut off its tail and only then the crippled animal is released back into the sea. Such a fate befell many large stingrays.
The fishermen of southern England believe that the oil obtained from the liver of stingrays can easily cure pneumonia, and also protects a person from this serious disease.
Off the coast of Mexico stingrays - stingrays groups of hundreds of individuals gather in small sea depressions, called "paradise".
NEEDLE stingray
The poisonous stingray needle is located on a long, pointed tail. When the stingray is enraged, it strikes with its tail and sets the needle into a state of readiness for action. This is a very powerful weapon that can paralyze a swimmer, inflict severe bodily harm on him, or even kill him.
Tail needle length happens different. In some stingrays, it reaches 42 cm. This terrible needle has a groove with a poisonous secret.
LIVING PLACE
Lives in all seas of the world, in tropical and temperate zone, off the coast mediterranean sea. In the north, it can even be found on the Southern Scandinavian coast.
PRESERVATION
stingray not threatened with extinction, despite the fact that their food is mainly mollusks, which are very sensitive to habitat pollution.

If you like our site tell your friends about us! Stingray (sea cat)

I saw the photo and immediately wanted to know what kind of “humanoid” creatures they were :-) And it turns out to be children of a sea cat!

Stingrays are known by the name of the sea cat. The stingray most likely got the name "sea cat" for its appearance - a stem resembling a tail and habits: like cute domestic cats, the stingray has a passion for night hunting in shallow water. In a calm state, the stingray burrows into the sand, leaving a protruding stalk on the surface, the stalk trembles (like a cat's) attracting curious victims ....

The sea cat lives in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa, often kept in large flocks of several thousand individuals. In our country, it is found along the entire Black Sea coast, enters the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. The sea cat is a heat-loving bottom fish; it appears off our shores only in the summer, leaving them again in the fall. Usually the sea cat stays at the bottom, often half buried in the ground, and seems to be a shapeless motionless mass. However, periods of rest are replaced by unexpected rapid "ups". Having risen from the bottom, the stingray “floats” or “flies”, flapping its fins like wings, and stirring up sand and silt to make it easier to swallow crustaceans and mollusks living at the bottom.

The main food of the sea cat is small fish, crustaceans and other bottom animals.

This liquid is secreted by special outgrowths located on the walls of the “womb”. Bundles of such outgrowths penetrate into small holes located behind the eyes - sprinklers - of the embryos, and the nutrient fluid enters directly into their digestive tract. In our waters, juveniles are born in June or July. Each female gives birth to 4 to 12 cubs. Despite the presence of spikes, this process occurs painlessly for the female due to the fact that in her womb the flat-bodied embryos are rolled into a tube resembling a cigar in shape. As soon as the cub leaves the mother's body, it turns around and swims away.

The consumption of stingray meat is not widespread. Sometimes the needle of a caught stingray is used as a weapon - it can become the tip of a spear. Fish oil is obtained from the liver of stingrays.

Catfish- the most numerous of European stingrays. This animal can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, near the British Isles and Spain, as well as in the Mediterranean Sea.

The fish themselves are sensitive to changes in water temperature. At a temperature of +6 ° C ... +7 ° C, she still survives, but at a lower temperature she already dies. In the seas of North and South America, from New Jersey to Brazil, the American stingray is found. There are species of stingrays that can live in fresh water, for example, in the mouths of American rivers.

The coloration of stingrays varies depending on the habitat. In some stingrays, the back is dark brown, in others it is dark gray. The lower part of the body - the chest - can be white or light cream.

The Indians of Central America make spearheads, daggers and needles from stingray needles, and drums are covered with leather. According to ancient Greek mythology, Odysseus was killed with such an arrow.

In West Africa and Ceylon, whips were made from the prickly tails of small stingrays, with which criminals were punished, and in the Seychelles such whips were held to intimidate wives.

It is not entirely clear why, with such menacing weapons, tourists are happy to splash and hug these stingrays. I didn't find an explanation for this:

The poisonous stingray needle is located on a long, pointed tail. When the stingray is enraged, it strikes with its tail and sets the needle into a state of readiness for action. This is a very powerful weapon that can paralyze a swimmer, inflict severe bodily harm on him, or even kill him. Tail needle length happens different. In some stingrays, it reaches 42 cm. This terrible needle has a groove with a poisonous secret.

Sea cat venom is highly toxic. It enters the wound with tissue filling the grooves of the spikes and immediately affects the cardiovascular system (causes a drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate), poisoning is accompanied by vomiting and intense sweating.

According to statistics, in the United States alone, about 1,500 people suffer from their injections every year. This happens not because stingrays are especially aggressive, they simply chose coastal waters for living in a vast area - from the countries of Northern Europe and North America to the middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere, and there are almost always a lot of swimmers and fishermen.

So what's the point anyway? Are there non-poisonous stingrays? Tell …

This is how you can play with sea cats in the Caribbean, the Cayman Islands or in French Polynesia.

Occasionally, the European stingray is kept in aquariums with sea water, but keeping this stingray in a room aquarium is difficult - this requires a very large vessel (the optimum volume is about 1 thousand liters), in addition, the sea cat is very demanding on the temperature regime and the chemical composition of water. However, sea cats are kept in large aquariums and oceanariums, for example, in Alushta. In this aquarium, the stingrays receive food, consisting mainly of small marine fish.

Among cartilaginous fish the most dangerous is stingray. So called eagle rays- one of the largest and, perhaps, the most dangerous families of marine poisonous fish.

The body of stingrays is flattened, like that of a flounder, since these fish also lead a bottom lifestyle. On the sides they have strongly overgrown pectoral fins, which have turned into wide, wing-like formations. Merging with the sides of the head and body, they help the fish swim. The mouth and gill slits open on the underside of the body, and the eyes are located on the top.

Stingrays, like benthic animals, lead a sedentary lifestyle, mostly lie on the bottom, feed mainly on mollusks, gnawing their shells with their teeth. Most often found radiant stingray, spiny stingray and some others. Their body, together with fins, resembles a rhombus in shape from above. At relatively great depths in the tropical seas live electric rays, the body of which has a rounded shape, as well as saw-fish, resembling a shark in body shape and reaching several meters in length. The habitat of stingrays is extensive. Stingrays can live in the cold waters of the Arctic and Antarctic, and in warm waters tropical seas, often close to the coast.

Inhabitant of the Indian Pacific seas- blue-spotted stingray (extremely toxic)

There is evidence that on the coasts of North America alone, the number of victims of stingrays, on average, is 750 people per year. Very often people are injured by stingrays in the Western Pacific, for example, off the coast of China, Korea, Japan and in the south of the Primorsky Territory of Russia, where the dangerous stingray red stingray. Catfish also widely distributed in the northeastern waters of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Mediterranean, Black and Seas of Azov. The most dangerous wounds are in the chest and abdomen. Of those injured, about 1% die.

Some types of stingrays, for example, river stingers, prefer shallow waters - no deeper than 1 m. They inhabit wind-protected bays, shallow lagoons, sandy areas between reefs and even estuaries. Everywhere in these spaces they are quite easy to encounter. Stingrays are not always visible, because they burrow into the sand so that only the eyes, poison rod and part of the tail are visible. On the tail of many stingrays there are from one to two serrated poisonous spikes, the length of which depends on the type of stingray and on its size.

For example, stingray Dasyatis hastata reaches a diameter of 2 m with the same length of the tail. At the base of the tail there is a serrated spike almost 40 cm long. This animal is gray on top and blue on the bottom, which allows it to camouflage quite successfully in the water. The stingray lives in coastal grass, where it catches crayfish and molluscs.

“And just imagine,” writes F. Talyzin, “what happens if you jump out of the boat and step on the slope! He will immediately strike with a thorn, forming a lacerated wound, into which he will inject poison from the glands of the skin!

In the waters of Mexico, rarely, but there is an electric ray, as large as a stingray. Its electrical organs are located on the sides of the body between the head and pectoral fins. The current voltage can reach 220 V, with a power of 8 A. Such a discharge can kill not only a person, but also a large animal. Also known from stingrays rhombic stingray that lives in the waters British Columbia before Central Africa. European stingray more commonly referred to as a sea cat. It prefers the waters of the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, often found in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean. This is one of the most common types of stingrays.

Offspring of a sea cat (European stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca) - real death with a smile - although, of course, funny faces are nothing more than a pattern on the underside of the body, characteristic of the species as a whole

Found in California waters and south to Mexico stingray butterfly, and a very beautiful outwardly slope - spotted bracken lives in the tropical part of the Red Sea, in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. quite numerous and California stingray preferring Californian waters. Of freshwater stingrays, one can distinguish South American living in the rivers of Paraguay and Brazil. This stingray is very dangerous, there are many cases of people being affected by the poison of this animal. And finally, among the numerous slopes are also round stingray, which, unlike others, has a rounded body shape and more short tail. It lives in the waters of California and south to the Gulf of Panama.

The spotted bracken is a beautiful stingray belonging to the bracken family - one of the most dangerous and numerous

Preferring shallow water, stingrays can also be found near beaches, posing a threat to swimmers. Without noticing the animal buried in the sand, a person can come close to the stingray. Unlike many other fish, the stingray does not swim away from a person approaching it, being well protected by nature. The person who steps on it gets swipe in the leg with a spike from the sharp movement of the tail. Rays are more likely than other poisonous fish to be the cause of accidents, since they are very numerous, well hidden in their favorite places and have a strong weapon of defense.

The injured person immediately feels intense pain. Particularly severe pain from a blow to the tail freshwater rays. The victim may have a sharp drop in blood pressure, vomiting, and indigestion. There is an increase in heart rate, paralysis may develop. At severe poisoning the person may die.

The jagged spike of stingrays along its entire length is attached to the skin in the middle part of the tail. Sometimes there are specimens that have three spikes on the tail. Scientists believe that the thorn is preserved by the stingray throughout its life, since there is no evidence that every year there is a change of the old thorn to a new one.

Some Native American tribes use the serrated spines of freshwater Amazon rays as natural arrowheads.

The spike is made up of a substance similar to bone tissue. Several furrows run along its surface. From its lower surface, a deep furrow also runs along each side of the edge. It contains a soft grayish tissue, which produces a poisonous secret.

Stingray venom is primarily a protein from which ten different fractions or parts can be isolated. At least five of them are poisonous.