The length of the state border of the Russian Federation. The total length of the borders of Russia

Russia has common borders with a number of European countries. Russia (Murmansk region) and Norway have 196 km of borders. The length of the border between Russia (Murmansk region, Karelia, Leningrad region) and Finland is 1340 km. The border line of 294 km separates Estonia and the Leningrad and Pskov regions of Russia. The Russian-Latvian border is 217 km and separates the Pskov region from the territory of the European Union. The Kaliningrad region, located several times, has a 280 km border with Lithuania and 232 km with Poland.

The total length of Russia's borders is, according to the border service, 60,900 km.

Western and southwestern borders.

Russia has 959 km common border from Belarus. Russia has 1974 km of land and 321 km of maritime common border with Ukraine. With Belarus, the Pskov, Smolensk and Bryansk regions, and with Ukraine - the Bryansk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Rostov region. In the region of the Caucasus Mountains, Russia has 255 km of border with Abkhazia, 365 km with Georgia, 70 km with South Ossetia(or 690 km of the border with Georgia, according to the UN), as well as 390 km of the border strip with Azerbaijan. borders with Abkhazia Krasnodar region and Karachay-Cherkessia, with Georgia - Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechen and Dagestan. With South Ossetia North Ossetia. Dagestan borders Azerbaijan.

Estonia, Latvia, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Japan are trying to challenge part of the border territories of Russia.

Southern borders.

The longest border of the Russian Federation is with Kazakhstan - 7512 km. Russian regions bordering Central Asia - Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk region, as well as the Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Russia has 3485 km of border with Mongolia. Mongolia borders Altai, Tuva, Buryatia and Transbaikal region. Russia has 4,209 km of border with the People's Republic of China. This border separates the Altai Republic, the Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories from China. Primorsky Krai also has 39 km of border with North Korea.

Russia has borders of exclusive economic zones with Norway, the USA, Japan, Abkhazia, Ukraine, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, North Korea, Turkey, Poland and Lithuania.

Maritime borders.

Russia borders by sea with 12 countries - the USA, Japan, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and North Korea.

Switzerland is a country in Western Europe. It borders on several other European states, has no access to the sea, part of the border runs through the Alpine Mountains. The old name for Switzerland is Helvetia, or Helvetia.

Swiss borders

The area of Switzerland is about 3 thousand square meters. km. There are several other states in the neighborhood. Switzerland borders Germany to the north, France to the west, Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, and Italy to the south.

A significant part of the border with Germany runs along the Rhine River, and near Schaffhausen the river crosses into Switzerland. Then, on the eastern side, part of the border with Germany and Austria runs along the shore of Lake Borden. with France, it also passes along the water shore - this is Lake Geneva, it is known for its beauty and picturesque landscapes. Of all the borders of Switzerland with different countries, the longest is the Italian one. Its length is approximately 741 km. To feel the difference, it is useful to say that with France the length of the border is only 570 km, and with Germany - about 360 km. The length of the border with Austria and Liechtenstein in total is about 200 km.

Geography of Switzerland

More than half of the territory of Switzerland is covered by the Alps (only 58% of the territory). Another 10% of Switzerland is occupied by the Jura mountains. No wonder that ski resorts Switzerland is one of the most popular in the world: there are many beautiful peaks and descents. The most high mountain The Jura-Mont-Tandre system is located in Switzerland. The highest point in Switzerland, however, is in the Alps, Dufour Peak. Lake Lago Majore is the most significant of the country.

In the central part of Switzerland there is a mountain plateau, it is called the Swiss Plateau. Most of the industry is located in this part of the country. Here it is especially developed Agriculture and cattle breeding. Almost the entire population of the country lives in the Swiss plateau.

The territory of Switzerland is largely covered by various lakes, many of which are of glacial origin. In total, according to experts, about 6% of the world's fresh water is concentrated in the country! Despite the fact that the territory of the country is relatively small. In Switzerland, such large rivers as the Rhine, Rhone and Inn begin.

Switzerland is usually divided into 4 districts. The most flat is the northern one, there are the cantons of Aargau, Glarus, Basel, Thurgau, St. Gallen and Zurich. The western region is already covered by mountains to a greater extent, Geneva, Bern, Vaud, Fribourg and Neuchâtel are located there. In central Switzerland are the cantons of Unterwalden, Lucerne, Uri and Schwyz. The southern region of the country is quite small in area.

Why is Switzerland called that?

The Russian name of the country goes back to the word Schwyz - that was the name of the canton (as the administrative unit is called in Switzerland), which became the core for all the other cantons to unite around it in 1291. On German this canton is called Schweiz.

USSR, farewell!

Its current independent Czech Republic, or the Czech Republic, began to change and legally formalize immediately after the withdrawal of January 1, 1993 from the CSFR (Czech and Slovak Federal Republic). So, two "transitional" years before the collapse were called the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic), created after the Second World War. A country in which the military-political bloc of socialist countries called the Warsaw Pact was disbanded a little earlier.

For four decades, Czechoslovakia, building socialism, both with the capitalist Germany and Austria, and with other representatives of the European socialist camp - Hungary, the GDR, Poland and even the USSR. But, since the political and closely related territorial redistributions in Europe took place not only in the territory of the former Czechoslovakia, but also in other countries of the continent, the changes turned out to be serious. Firstly, the “pro-Soviet” GDR and the “hostile”, and therefore willingly accepting Czech emigrants, FRG, which became a single Germany, disappeared from the world map forever.

Secondly, after a peaceful “divorce” with Slovakia, later called “velvet”, the sovereign Czech Republic lost its common border not only with Hungary, but also with Ukraine, which had left the USSR by that time. By the way, the disintegration of Czechoslovakia into two separate states is the only such case in Europe that was not accompanied by an armed conflict, bloodshed, mutual territorial border claims and other revolutionary excesses.

Finally, thirdly, the newly minted country in the center of the continent has new frontier- with related Slovakia. And the total length of the border strip is now 1880 km. In Czechoslovakia, it was, of course, longer. The longest section of the Czech border is located in the north and connects it with Poland, it is 658 km. The Czech-German border in the west and north-west of the country is in second place and is slightly inferior to the leader - 646 km. The third longest is the southern state border with Austria, it reaches 362 km. And the last, fourth place, is occupied by the eastern and youngest border, with Slovakia, - only 214 km.

Edge at the border

Separate regions of the Czech Republic are called "edges" and almost all of them border on one or even two neighboring countries. In particular, the South Bohemian Region with its capital in the city of České Budějovice, located in the south of the historical region of Bohemia and, partly, in Moravia, has 323 km of common borders with Austria and Germany. Four more regions adjoin Germany - Pilsensky (its capital is Pilsen, the city of Prazdroi beer and Skoda cars), Karlovy Vary (half Russian-speaking resort city with healing springs of Karlovy Vary), Ustetsky (Usti nad Labem, famous for Rudny , Labsky and Lusatian mountains) and Liberec (Liberec). Moreover, the latter is territorially close not only to Germany (the length of the common border is 20 km), but also to Poland (130 km).

With the former Polish People's Republic, with its mining Silesian region, the Czech Republic is connected by a common border in four more regions - in Pardubice (Pardubice), Kralovehrad (Hradec-Kralove), Olomouc (Olomouc), where it has the longest length - 104 km, and , finally, in Moravian-Silesian (Ostrava). In the north and northeast, the Moravian-Silesian Region is in close contact with Poland, and in the southeast - with Slovakia. There is also a common border with the “relative” at the Carpathian region of Zlín (Zlin) and South Moravian (Brno), next to which there is not only the Slovak, but also the Austrian border area.

United Europe

In 2004, the Czech Republic entered the zone of the so-called European Union and the Schengen Agreement, removing the guards and opening the borders for free movement. Moreover, all border states - Austria, Germany, Poland and Slovakia - also joined the European Union. All the more surprising is the fact that the first places in the number of foreigners who came to the Czech Republic not only for the sake of such popular tourism (the Slovaks are out of competition), but also settled here, are occupied by Ukrainians, Vietnamese and Russians.

Border length

The length of the Russian borders is more than 60.9 thousand kilometers, which are guarded by approximately 183 thousand border guards. More than 10,000 border troops are stationed on the border of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, operational groups of the Federal Border Service of Russia guard the border of Kyrgyzstan and China, Armenia, Iran and Turkey.

The modern borders of Russia with the former Soviet republics are not fully formalized in international legal terms. For example, the border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Ukraine has not yet been demarcated, although the delimitation of the land border was completed long ago.

Russia borders on 16 states

The border with Norway is 219.1 kilometers long,
with Finland - 1325.8 kilometers,
with Estonia - 466.8 kilometers,
with Latvia - 270.5 kilometers,
with Lithuania (border with the Kaliningrad region) - 288.4 kilometers,
with Poland (border with the Kaliningrad region) - 236.3 kilometers,
with Belarus - 1239 kilometers,
with Ukraine - 2245.8 kilometers,
with Georgia - 897.9 kilometers,
with Azerbaijan - 350 kilometers,
with Kazakhstan - 7,598.6 kilometers,
with China - 4,209.3 kilometers,
with the DPRK - 39.4 kilometers,
with Japan - 194.3 kilometers,
from the USA - 49 kilometers.

Land borders of Russia

On land, Russia borders on 14 states, 8 of which are former Soviet republics.

The length of the land border of Russia

with Norway is 195.8 kilometers (of which 152.8 kilometers are the border passing along rivers and lakes),
with Finland - 1271.8 kilometers (180.1 kilometers),
with Poland (border with the Kaliningrad region) - 204.1 kilometers (0.8 kilometers),
with Mongolia - 3,485 kilometers,
with China - 4,209.3 kilometers,
from the DPRK - 17 kilometers along rivers and lakes,
with Estonia - 324.8 kilometers (235.3 kilometers),
with Latvia - 270.5 kilometers (133.3 kilometers),
with Lithuania (border with the Kaliningrad region) - 266 kilometers (236.1 kilometers),
with Belarus - 1239 kilometers,
with Ukraine - 1925.8 kilometers (425.6 kilometers),
with Georgia - 875.9 kilometers (56.1 kilometers),
with Azerbaijan - 327.6 kilometers (55.2 kilometers),
with Kazakhstan - 7,512.8 kilometers (1,576.7 kilometers).

The Kaliningrad region is a semi-enclave: the territory of the state, surrounded on all sides by the land borders of other states and having access to the sea.

Western land borders are not tied to any natural boundaries. In the area from the Baltic to the Sea of Azov, they pass through populated and developed flat areas. Here the border is crossed by railways: St. Petersburg-Tallinn, Moscow-Riga, Moscow-Minsk-Warsaw, Moscow-Kyiv, Moscow-Kharkov.

Russia's southern border with Georgia and Azerbaijan runs along the Caucasus Mountains from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. Railways are laid along the edge of the coast, two highways pass through the central part of the ridge, which are often closed in winter due to snow drifts.

The longest land border - with Kazakhstan - runs along the steppes of the Trans-Volga region, the Southern Urals and southern Siberia. The border is crossed by many railways connecting Russia not only with Kazakhstan, but also with other countries Central Asia: Astrakhan-Guryev (further to Turkmenistan), Saratov-Uralsk, Orenburg-Tashkent, Barnaul-Alma-Ata, a small section of the Trans-Siberian Railway Chelyabinsk-Omsk, Central Siberian and South Siberian Railways.

The second longest - the border with China - runs along the channel of the Amur River, its tributary the Ussuri River, the Argun River. It is crossed by the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), built back in 1903, and the Chita-Vladivostok highway, laid through Chinese territory, in order to connect Far East and Siberia.

The border with Mongolia runs along mountainous areas Southern Siberia. The Mongolian border is crossed by a branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway - Ulan-Ude-Ulan-Bator-Beijing.

Crossing the border with North Korea Railway to Pyongyang.

Maritime borders of Russia

By sea, Russia borders on 12 states.

The length of the sea border of Russia

with Norway is 23.3 kilometers,
with Finland - 54 kilometers,
with Estonia - 142 kilometers,
with Lithuania (border with the Kaliningrad region) - 22.4 kilometers,
with Poland (border with the Kaliningrad region) - 32.2 kilometers,
with Ukraine - 320 kilometers,
with Georgia - 22.4 kilometers,
with Azerbaijan - 22.4 kilometers,
with Kazakhstan - 85.8 kilometers,
with the DPRK - 22.1 kilometers.

Russia has only a sea border with the USA and Japan. These are the narrow straits that separate the South Kuriles from the island of Hokkaido and the island of Ratmanov from the island of Krusenstern. The length of the border with Japan is 194.3 kilometers, with the United States - 49 kilometers.

The longest maritime border (19,724.1 kilometers) runs along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. Year-round navigation without icebreakers is possible only off the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula. All northern ports except Murmansk operate only during the short northern navigation: 2-3 months. Therefore, the northern maritime boundary does not have of great importance for connections with other countries.

The second longest maritime border (16,997 kilometers) runs along the coast of the seas Pacific Ocean: Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka goes directly to the ocean. The main ice-free ports are Vladivostok and Nakhodka.

Railways reach the coast only in the south of Primorsky Krai in the area of ports and in the Tatar Strait (Sovetskaya Gavan and Vanino). The coastal territories of the Pacific coast are poorly developed and populated.

The length of the sea coast of the Baltic and Azov-Black Sea basins is small (126.1 kilometers and 389.5 kilometers, respectively), but is used with greater intensity than the coasts of the northern and eastern borders.

In the USSR, large ports were mainly built in the Baltic region. Now Russia can use their capacities only for a fee. The country's largest marine merchant fleet is St. Petersburg, and new ports and oil terminals are being built in the Gulf of Finland.

In the Sea of Azov, the maritime boundary runs from the Taganrog Bay to the Kerch Strait, and then along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The main ports of the Black Sea coast are Novorossiysk (the largest port in Russia) and Tuapse. The ports of Azov - Yeysk, Taganrog, Azov are shallow and inaccessible to large vessels. In addition, the Azov coast freezes for a short time and navigation here is supported by icebreakers.

The maritime boundary of the Caspian Sea is not exactly defined and is estimated by Russian border guards at 580 kilometers.

Border population and cooperation

Representatives of almost 50 nationalities live in the border regions of Russia and neighboring states. Out of 89 entities Russian Federation 45 represent the border regions of the country. They occupy 76.6 percent of the entire territory of the country. They are home to 31.6 percent of Russia's population. The population of the border regions is 100 thousand people (as of 1993).

Cross-border cooperation is usually understood as a state-public structure, which includes Federal departments, bodies state power subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments, activities of the population, public initiatives.

Both the old border regions and the new ones are interested in the development of cross-border cooperation. In the latter, periodically there are problems associated with a sudden break in the established ties between neighboring regions. In some cases, the border "breaks" the resource (water, energy, information, etc.) communications of economic objects (for example, the energy dependence of the Omsk region on Kazakhstan). On the other hand, in the new border regions, the flow of goods is constantly increasing, which can bring many benefits, subject to large investments in the appropriate infrastructure.

Thus, the border regions of the states need joint socio-economic development, joint use of resource sources, information infrastructure and restoration of communications between the population.
The basis for the successful development of cross-border cooperation is the good neighborly relations of the parties on state level, a developed legal framework (framework agreements on cooperation, legislative regulation of customs rules, the abolition of the practice of double taxation, simplification of the procedure for the movement of goods) and the desire of the regions to participate in the development of cooperation

Problems of cooperation in border areas

Despite the imperfection of the federal legislation of Russia in relation to cross-border cooperation of its regions, at the level of municipal and local self-government, it is, one way or another, carried out in all 45 border regions.

Lack of good neighborly relations with the Baltic countries does not provide an opportunity for the broad development of cross-border cooperation at the regional level, although its need is acutely felt by the population of the border regions.

Today, on the border with Estonia, a simplified procedure for crossing the border is applied for the border population. But from January 1, 2004, Estonia switched to a strict visa regime established by the Schengen Agreement. Latvia abandoned the simplified procedure as early as March 2001.

As far as regional cooperation is concerned, back in July 1996 in Pulva (Estonia) a Council for Cooperation of Border Regions was established, which included representatives of the Võru and Põlva counties of Estonia, the Aluksne and Balvi regions of Latvia, as well as the Palka, Pechersk and Pskov regions of the Pskov region. The main tasks of the Council are the development of a joint strategy for cross-border cooperation and the implementation of projects to improve infrastructure and environmental protection. On the territory of the Pskov region there are more than two hundred enterprises with the participation of Estonian and Latvian capital.

Lithuania has introduced visas for Russian citizens transiting through its territory. This decision affects the interests of the inhabitants of the Russian semi-enclave, the Kaliningrad region. Economic problems in the region may also arise due to the introduction of a visa regime by Poland. The authorities of the Kaliningrad region are pinning great hopes on the resolution of visa issues with the European Framework Convention on Cross-border Cooperation between Territorial Communities and Authorities, which has just been ratified by Russia.

On a contractual basis, the Kaliningrad region cooperates with seven voivodships of Poland, four counties of Lithuania and the district of Bornholm (Denmark).

In 1998, the region joined the multilateral cross-border cooperation within the Euroregion "Baltic", and three of its municipalities- work on the creation of the Euroregion "Saule" (with the participation of Lithuania and Latvia). In the second half of the 1990s, a number of agreements were signed on the line of interregional cooperation between the Kaliningrad region and Klaipeda, Panevezys, Kaunas, and Marijampole districts of Lithuania.

Quite tense relations have been established in the Caucasus region of Russia and Georgia. In 2000, restrictions on movement between Georgia and Russia were introduced, which tangibly hit the residents of both republics of Ossetia. Today, at the regional level, the regions of North Ossetia have established border ties with the Kazbek region of Georgia, since August 2001, their residents can cross the border without issuing visas.

The situation on the Dagestan section of the border is better: in 1998, the efforts of the government of Dagestan lifted restrictions on crossing the state border between Russia and Azerbaijan, which helped to reduce tension and intensify economic ties. In pursuance of the intergovernmental agreement on trade and economic cooperation between Dagestan and Azerbaijan, an industry agreement has been prepared - on cooperation in the agro-industrial complex.

The expansion of cooperation between the neighboring regions of Kazakhstan and Russia is associated with the issues of completing the processes of delimitation and demarcation of borders. For example, the Altai Territory is actively cooperating with China, Mongolia and the Central Asian republics of the CIS (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan). Main partners in cross-border cooperation Altai Territory- East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The volume of foreign trade turnover between Altai and Kazakhstan is about a third of the total foreign trade turnover of the region. As a necessary legal basis for the development of this kind of cross-border cooperation, Russia considers bilateral agreements on cooperation between the administration of the region and the regions of Kazakhstan.

The nature of the border ties between the Russian Federation and Mongolia is determined by the underdevelopment of the western aimags of Mongolia. Trade with Mongolia is dominated by small contracts. Promising direction in cross-border cooperation between Russia and Mongolia - the development of ore deposits explored in the west of the country. In the case of the implementation of direct transport projects, the possible construction of a gas pipeline between Russia and China through Mongolia, the necessary energy and infrastructure conditions will be created for the participation of the Siberian regions in the development of raw materials in Mongolia. A stage in the development of relations was the opening in February 2002 of the Consulate General of Mongolia in Kyzyl.

Cross-border cooperation between the regions of Russia and Japan is influenced by the interest of the Japanese side in the islands of the South Kuril chain. In 2000, the "Program of Japanese-Russian cooperation in the development of joint economic activities on the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Khabomai" was signed at the state level.

Former residents of the islands and members of their families - Japanese citizens can visit the islands under a simplified visa regime. For many years there have been visa-free exchanges between the parties. Japanese Foreign Ministry organizes Japanese language courses.

Objective difficulties are connected with the fact that the Japanese do not recognize the islands as Russian. The assistance of the Japanese side in the construction of power plants and clinics can be regarded as an act of good will, and not as cooperation of equal parties.

The most active in the development of cooperation are the northwestern and southeastern directions - the "old" border regions.

Cooperation in the Russian-Finnish border region

Murmansk and Leningrad region, Republic of Karelia - participants of cross-border cooperation with the regions of the Finnish side. There are several programs of cooperation: the program of the Council of Ministers Nordic countries, Interreg and Northern Dimension program. The fundamental documents are the Agreements on the Establishment of Friendly Ties between the Regions and bilateral cooperation plans.

In 1998, at the international seminar "EU external borders - soft borders" in Joensuu (Finland), the government of the Republic of Karelia proposed to create the Euroregion "Karelia". The idea was supported by the leaders of the border regional unions and approved at highest level both states in the same year.

The purpose of the project is to create a new model of cross-border cooperation between the regional unions of Finland and the Republic of Karelia. The task is to remove barriers that exist in cooperation between territories, first of all, to develop communication between residents of adjacent regions.

In the structure of the economy of the Karelia Euroregion, the main industry is the service sector, both in the territory of the Finnish regional unions and in the Republic of Karelia (at least two thirds of the working population are employed in this sector). The second largest sectors are industry and construction, followed by agriculture and forestry.

Weak sides of the Russian part of the region, which can negatively affect cooperation and must certainly be taken into account in close cooperation with the Finnish side, are the raw material orientation of industry, poor development of communications, local environmental problems and low living standards.

In October 2000, Karelia adopted the "Program of cross-border cooperation of the Republic of Karelia for 2001-2006".

The Government of Finland approved and sent to the EU the Interreg-III A-Karelia Program in Finland. At the same time, in 2000, the general Action Program for 2001-2006 and the work plan for the next year were approved, according to which 9 priority projects. Among them are the construction of the International Automobile Checkpoint, the development of scientific cooperation, the development of the border territories of the White Sea Karelia.

In January 2001, the activities of the Euroregion received support from the EU Tacis program - the European Commission allocated 160 thousand euros for the Euroregion Karelia project.

There is a simplified visa regime on the Russian-Finnish border.

Cooperation in the Russian-Chinese border region

Cross-border cooperation on the Russian-Chinese section of the border has a long history.

The legal basis for interregional relations is the Agreement signed on November 10, 1997 between the governments of the Russian Federation and the PRC on the principles of cooperation between the constituent entities of Russia and the provinces, autonomous regions and cities of the central subordination of the PRC. The development of cross-border trade is facilitated by significant benefits provided by China to its participants (reduction of import tariff by 50 percent).

In 1992, the State Council of the People's Republic of China declared four cities adjacent to Russia (Manchuria, Heihe, Suifenhe and Hunchun) "cities of border cooperation." Since that time, the Chinese side has been actively raising the issue of joint "free trade zones" on the border near the main checkpoints.

In 1992, a simplified procedure for crossing the Chinese-Russian border was introduced.

At the end of November 1996, Chinese trading complexes on the border were opened, where Russian citizens are delivered with special passes (the lists are compiled by the local administration).

In order to facilitate the individual commercial activities of residents of the border regions of Russia, in February 1998, through the exchange of notes, a Russian-Chinese Agreement was concluded on the organization of a simplified pass for Russian citizens to the Chinese parts of shopping malls.

On January 1, 1999, the Regulations on New Rules for the Regulation of Border Trade came into force, in particular, residents of border areas are allowed to import duty-free goods worth three thousand yuan into China (previously - one thousand).

Among the promising projects is the development of cooperation in the field of the timber industry complex, the construction of infrastructure facilities, the construction of pipeline networks for interstate projects, etc.

Cooperation between the border regions of Russia and China is also developing through the programs of UNIDO and UNDP. The most famous is the regional UNDP project for the development of economic cooperation in the Tumen River Basin (Tumen River Area Development Program) with the participation of Russia, China, North Korea, the Republic of Korea and Mongolia. The main areas of cooperation are the development of transport and telecommunications infrastructure.

Last year, the two largest banks of the parties, Vneshtorgbank of Russia and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, entered into an agreement on settlements for border trade between the two countries. The agreement provides for the possibility of conducting bilateral settlements for border trade within one day on the basis of mutually established credit lines.

At the state level, a policy of cultural rapprochement between neighboring countries is being pursued: the General Consulate of the PRC has been opened in Khabarovsk, Chinese festivals are held, scientific conferences, bilateral meetings of regional authorities and economic partners.

The main problem of the region is the fear of the Russian side of the demographic pressure from the Chinese population. The population density of the border areas on the Russian side is extremely low in absolute and relative terms compared to the population density of the Chinese side.

From the history of relations between the border population

Russian-Chinese and Russian-Korean sections of the border.

Economic and economic activity and trade on the border of China and Russian Empire regulated by the following main documents:

The Aigun Treaty - allowed mutual border trade for citizens of both states living along the Ussuri, Amur and Sungari rivers.
The Beijing Treaty - allowed free and duty-free barter trade throughout the border line for subjects of Russia and China.
"Rules for land trade between Russia and China", signed at the government level in 1862 for 3 years and then confirmed in 1869, established duty-free trade at a distance of 50 miles on both sides of the Russian-Chinese border.
The Petersburg Treaty of 1881 confirmed all the articles on the "Rules of Russian-Chinese Trade in the Far East", which were recorded in the previous agreements.

By the end of the 19th century, land border trade was the main form of economic relations between the Russian population of the Far East and Manchuria. She, especially initial period development of the region, played an extremely important role. The first settlers needed the most essential personal and household items. The Cossacks received tobacco, tea, millet, bread from Manchuria, selling, in turn, cloth and fabrics. The Chinese willingly purchased furs, dishes, silver in coins and items.

The trade turnover of the Russian Far East with Manchuria in 1893-1895 amounted to 3 million rubles and was distributed accordingly by regions: Amur - one million rubles, Primorskaya - 1.5-2 million rubles, Transbaikal - no more than 0.1 million rubles.

The free port regime (duty-free trade regime) established in the border zone, along with positive aspects, contributed to the development of smuggling, which Chinese merchants widely used in their activities. The annual smuggling of gold into Manchuria in late XIX century was equal to 100 pounds (which amounted to 1,344 thousand rubles). The cost of smuggling furs and other goods (except gold) was approximately 1.5–2 million rubles. And Chinese vodka khanshin and opium were smuggled into the territory of the Far East from Manchuria. In the Primorsky region, the main import went along the Songhua River. For example, in 1645, 4,000 poods of opium worth up to 800,000 rubles were brought to the Primorsky Region. Alcohol smuggling from the Amur region to China in 1909-1910 was estimated at about 4 million rubles.

In 1913 Russian government extended the Petersburg Treaty (1881) for 10 years, excluding the article providing for duty-free trade within a 50-verst border strip.

In addition to border trade, the Cossacks leased land shares to the Chinese and Koreans. There was a mutual influence of the agricultural cultures of the Chinese, Koreans and Russians. The Cossacks learned to grow soybeans, melons and corn. The Chinese used Cossack mills to grind grain. Another form of cooperation is the hiring of Chinese and Korean agricultural workers in the Cossack farms, especially in seasonal periods agricultural work. Relations between the owners and workers were good, the poor Chinese willingly used the opportunities to earn money in the Cossack farms. This also formed good neighborly relations on both sides of the border.

The Cossacks living on the border had strong, economically developed military, stanitsa and settlement farms, well-established economic, trade and cultural ties with the population of the adjacent territory, which had a positive effect on the general situation in the Russian-Chinese border area, and on the border itself. Many Ussuri and Amur Cossacks spoke Chinese well.

Good neighborly relations were manifested in the joint celebration of Russian, Orthodox and Chinese holidays. The Chinese came to visit their familiar Cossacks, the Cossacks went to celebrate Chinese New Year. There were no special problems with visiting acquaintances on the adjacent side, the border in this regard was more conditional, all visits were under the control of the Cossack population and local authorities.

Of course, there were also conflicts at the local level. There are known cases of theft of livestock, hay, use of hayfields by the other side. There were cases of smuggling of alcohol by the Cossacks to the adjacent territory and selling it through their acquaintances. Often disputes arose over fishing on the Ussuri River, Lake Khanka. Conflicts were sorted out by chieftains and stanitsa boards or through the border commissioner of the South Ussuri Territory.

All data on the length of the state border according to the information of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation.

SIMILAR MATERIALS (BY MARKS):

Northern necklace. On the rivers and lakes of the north-west of Russia

The total length of Russia's borders is the longest in the world, because our country is the largest on the planet. In terms of the number of neighbors, we are also ahead of everyone - 18

And our country, like no other, has enclaves, exclaves and semi-exclaves, that is, territories that belong to the Russian Federation, but do not have a common border with it - taken out on the territory of other countries.

Some discrepancies

62,262 kilometers is the total length of the land and it is divided like this - the sea border, stretching for 37,636.6 kilometers, is much longer than the land border, equal to 24,625.3 km. It should be noted that the data in some sources differ. Inconsistencies occur due to the annexation of the Crimea. Of the total length of the maritime borders, a large part, namely 19,724.1 km, falls on the Arctic sector, that is, on the northern border of Russia.

border in the north

The eastern border also runs exclusively along the seas, but already in the Pacific Ocean - it accounts for 16,997.9 km of the total water border of Russia. The length of Russia's maritime borders is one of the longest in the world. Its shores are washed by 13 seas, and according to this indicator, our country is the first in the world. On what seas do the cordons of our country pass? In the north, Russia is washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Located from west to east, they follow in this order: Barents and Kara, Laptev and East Siberian.

The easternmost is In the western part there is also the White Sea, washing Russia, but it is completely inland. In addition to part of the westernmost Barents, all the rest are covered with pack (slipped from mainland glaciers) perennial ice floes, which makes it very difficult for ships to pass through them and is possible only with the help of True, now the ice is melting so much that unknown islands appear from under them. The entire territory from the northern shores to the Pole belongs to Russia. And all the islands, except for a few in the Svalbard archipelago, belong to our country.

Eastern Frontiers

The maritime borders themselves run at a distance of 22 km from the coastline. In addition, there is such a thing as a maritime economic zone. It extends from the mainland and the islands for 370 km. What does it mean? And the fact that ships from all over the world can sail in these waters, and extract minerals from the bottom of the seas and lead another economic activity Only Russia has the right.

The length of Russia's borders in the east, as mentioned above, is 16,997.9 km. Here the borders pass through the following seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japan, which does not freeze in winter, belonging to the Pacific Ocean. The eastern neighbors are the USA and Japan. With the United States, the border, the length of which is 49 km, passes through between the islands of Romanov and Kruzenshtern. The first belongs to Russia, the second belongs to the USA. The border between Russia and Japan runs along the La Perouse Strait with a total length of 194.3 km.

Borders passing along the western and southern seas

The nine seas of the north and east are listed. What are the names of the other four along which the border passes? Baltic, Caspian, Black and Azov. With what countries does Russia border on these seas? The total length of the western border of Russia is 4222.2 km, of which on the coast Baltic Sea accounts for 126.1 km. The northern part of this sea freezes in winter, and the movement of ships is possible only with the help of icebreakers. "Window to Europe" allows you to trade with all

On the Black and Azov Seas, Russia borders on Ukraine, on the Caspian - on Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. It should be noted that the total length of Russia's borders includes 7,000 km along rivers and 475 km along lakes.

The length of the frontiers with neighbors in the west

The land border runs mainly along the west and south of Russia. Here neighbors are Norway and Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. With Poland Russia. In the south, we are neighbors with Abkhazia, Georgia (its common border with Russia is torn in the middle by the border of South Ossetia), Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea in the southeast.

The total length of the borders of Russia, passing by land, between the neighbors is divided as follows. With Norway, the land border is 195.8 km, of which 152.8 km are along the seas, rivers and lakes. With Finland, our land borders stretched for 1271.8 km (180.1). With Estonia - 324 km (235.3), with Latvia - 270.5 km (133.3), with Lithuania (Kaliningrad region) - 266 km (233.1). The Kaliningrad region has a border with Poland of 204.1 km (0.8). Further on, a completely land border with Belarus stretches for 1239 km. The length of the borders of Russia with Ukraine is 1925.8 km (425.6).

southern neighbors

The border with Georgia is 365 km, the share of Abkhazia and South Ossetia is 329 km. The Georgian-Russian border itself split into two parts - western and eastern, between which the 70-kilometer Russian-South Ossetian border was wedged. The Russian-Azerbaijani border is 390.3 km. The longest border between Russia and Kazakhstan is 7512.8 (1576.7 km passes through the seas, rivers and lakes). 3485 km - the length of the Russian-Mongolian borders. Further, the border with China stretches for 4209.3 km, and with the DPRK it is only 30 km. 183 thousand border guards guard the borders of our vast country.

Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area, which is 1/7 of the entire land mass. Canada, which is in second place, is almost twice as large as us. And what about the length of Russia's borders? What is she?

Longer than the equator

The borders of Russia stretch from the Pacific Ocean through all the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean in the north, through the Amur, the miles-long steppes and mountains of the Caucasus in the south. In the west, they extend through the East European Plain and the Finnish swamps.

According to data for 2014 (excluding the annexation of the Crimean peninsula), the total length of Russia's borders is 60,932 km: 22,125 km are land borders (including 7,616 km along rivers and lakes) and 38,807 km are sea borders.

Neighbours

Russia also holds the record among countries with the largest number of border states. The Russian Federation neighbors with 18 countries: in the west - with Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine; in the south - with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea; in the east - with Japan and the USA.

border state	Land border length, including river and lake borders (km)	Length of land border only (km)
Norway
Finland



Belarus



Azerbaijan
South Ossetia
Kazakhstan
Mongolia

North Korea

The length of the maritime borders of Russia is about 38807 km, including segments along the oceans and seas:

Arctic Ocean - 19724.1 km;
Pacific Ocean - 16997.9 km;
Caspian Sea - 580 km;
Black Sea - 389.5 km;
Baltic Sea - 126.1 km.

History of territory changes

How did the length of the Russian border change? By 1914, the length of the territory of the Russian Empire was 4,675.9 km from north to south and 10,732.4 km from west to east. At that time, the total length of the borders was 69,245 km: 49,360.4 km of them were maritime, and 19,941.5 km were land borders. Then the territory of Russia was 2 million km 2 larger than the modern area of the country.

In Soviet times, the area of the union state reached 22,402 million km2. The country stretched for 10,000 km from west to east and 5,000 km from north to south. The length of the borders at that time was the largest in the world and was equal to 62,710 km. After the collapse of the USSR, Russia lost about 40% of its territories.

The length of the Russian border in the north

Its northern part runs along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The Russian sector of the Arctic is limited by conditional lines running to the west from the Rybachy Peninsula and to the east from Ratmanov Island to the North Pole. On April 15, 1926, a resolution was adopted by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the division of the Arctic into sectors based on the International Concept. It proclaimed the full right of the USSR to all lands, including islands in the Arctic sector of the USSR.

Southern border

The land border starts from which connects the Black and Azov Seas, runs through the territorial waters of the Black Sea to the Caucasian river Psou. Then it goes mainly along the Bolshoy Dividing Range Caucasus, then along the Samur River and further to the Caspian Sea. The land boundary line between Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia runs in this area. The length of the Caucasian border is more than 1000 km.

There are a lot of problems in this area. First, it is a conflict between Georgia and Russia over two self-proclaimed republics - South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Further, the border runs along the periphery of the Caspian Sea. A Russian-Iranian agreement on the division of the Caspian is in force in this section, since during the Soviet era only these two states divided the Caspian Sea. The Caspian states (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan) demand an equal division of the waters of the Caspian Sea and its shelf, which is rich in oil. Azerbaijan has already started developing deposits.

The border with Kazakhstan is the longest - more than 7500 km. There is still an old inter-republican border between the two states, which was proclaimed in 1922. The question was raised about the transfer to Kazakhstan of parts of the neighboring regions of the country: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Omsk, Orenburg, Kurgan and Altai. Kazakhstan had to cede part of the following territories: North Kazakhstan, Tselinograd, East Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Ural and Aktobe. From the census data for 1989, it follows that more than 4.2 million Russians live in the above-mentioned territories of Kazakhstan, and more than 470 thousand Kazakhs live in the mentioned territories of Russia.

The border with the PRC passes almost everywhere along rivers (about 80% of its entire length) and stretches for 4,300 km. The western part of the Russian-Chinese border is delimited, but not demarcated. Only in 1997 did the demarcation of this section take place. As a result, several islands, whose total area is 400 km 2, were left in the joint economic board. And in 2005, all the islands within the water area of the rivers were demarcated. Claims for some areas Russian territory were presented in their maximum volume in the early 1960s. They included the entire Far East and Siberia.

In the southeast, Russia is adjacent to the DPRK. The entire border runs along the Tumannaya River, stretching for only 17 km. Further along the river valley, it goes to the shores of the Sea of Japan.

Western frontier

Almost along its entire length, the border has a pronounced natural boundary. It originates from the Barents Sea and extends to the Pasvik valley. The length of the land borders of Russia in this territory is 200 km. A little to the south, for 1300 km, the border line with Finland stretches through a heavily swampy area that stretches to Gulf of Finland the Baltic Sea.

The extreme point of the Russian Federation is the Kalingrad region. It is adjacent to Lithuania and Poland. The total length of this frontier is 550 km. Most of the border with Lithuania runs along the Nemunas (Neman) River.

From the Gulf of Finland to the Taganrog in the Sea of Azov, a border line with four states stretched for 3150 km: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. The length of the Russian border is:

with Estonia - 466.8 km;
with Latvia - 270.6 km;
with Belarus - 1239 km;
with Ukraine - 2245.8 km.

Eastern border

Like the northern part of the borders, the eastern one is completely maritime. It stretches across the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: the Sea of Japan, the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. The border between Japan and Russia runs along four straits: Soviet, Treason, Kushanir and La Perouse. They separate the Russian islands of Sakhalin, Kushanir and Tanfiliev from the Japanese Hokkaido. Japan claims ownership of these islands, but Russia considers them an integral part of itself.

The state border with the United States passes through the Bering Strait along the Diomede Islands. Only 5 km separates the Russian island of Ratmanov from the American Krusenstern. It is the longest maritime border in the world.

Federations - a line and a vertical surface passing along this line, defining the limits of the state territory (land, water, subsoil and air space) of Russia, the spatial limit of the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation.

The protection of the state border is carried out by the Border Service of the FSB of Russia within the border area, as well as Armed Forces Russian Federation (air defense and naval forces) - in the airspace and underwater environment. The arrangement of border points is in charge of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

Russia recognizes the existence of borders with 18 states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea, Japan and the United States, as well as partially recognized by the Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The length of the Russian border (excluding the annexation of Crimea in 2014) is 60,932 km according to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (or 62,269 km according to other data), including 38,000 km of maritime borders; Among the land borders, 7 thousand km of borders along rivers and 475 km along lakes stand out.

length

Russia has maritime boundaries of exclusive economic zones (EEZ) in the Barents Sea, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, Azov, Black and Baltic Seas with the following countries: Norway, USA, Japan, North Korea, Abkhazia, Turkey, Ukraine, Poland, Sweden, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland. According to federal law dated December 17, 1998 No. 191-FZ “On the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Russian Federation” and the relevant UN Convention on maritime law 1982, the internal boundary of the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation is the outer boundary of the territorial sea (territorial waters), and the outer boundary of the EEZ is located at a distance of 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) from the baselines from which the width of the territorial sea is measured.