The role of demonstrative pronouns. Pronouns in Russian
As you can guess from the name, such words indicate something.
And they can point to a certain person, object, feature or quantity. "This ball is mine!" - you say, pointing to your ball, which you hold in your hands. “Yours is the one over there!” you continue, pointing at the ball a little further away from you. Words this And That are demonstrative pronouns.
The following words belong to the category of demonstrative pronouns: that, such, this, such, so much; as well as obsolete pronouns this, this, such, sort of.
We use some of them in stable combinations, for example, the pronoun this: so far, this time. In general, the listed obsolete pronouns are of little use, and today we will pay attention to demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such And so many.
2. The role of demonstrative pronouns
The listed words serve not only to directly indicate the object, feature or quantity, as in the case of the ball ( This ball is mine and that one is yours.), but also for building coherent speech. In such cases, pronouns indicate what was said earlier in the sentence or text or what will be said later.
Consider examples. Ask Vanya Korolev. This the boy always knows everything. demonstrative pronoun this indicates the person mentioned earlier, and serves to connect two sentences.
The situation is similar in the following sentence: Leave some toys at home. So many things will not fit in the bag. so many indicates the number of things mentioned in the previous sentence and helps build coherent text.
Next example. I have such good friends, which cannot be found in the whole wide world! Pronoun such(n. f. - such) in the first part of the sentence indicates the sign referred to in the second, and helps to connect these two parts into one.
... I will give a bouquet to the girl I love (N. Rubtsov). Here is a demonstrative pronoun toy(n. f. - That) indicates a sign that is named below: I will give a bouquet to which “that” girl? - beloved, or, in other words, "which I love."
3. Grammatical properties of demonstrative pronouns
Grammatical properties of demonstrative pronouns this, that, such, such resemble the grammatical properties of adjectives. All of them vary by gender and number. On the example of the word this Let's consider all possible forms of genders and numbers of this pronoun. Read an excerpt from a poem by Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet.
This morning, this joy, This power and day and light, This blue vault, This cry and strings, These flocks, these birds, This voice of waters…
This passage uses the demonstrative pronoun 8 times this. Depending on the number and gender of the noun to which it refers, the pronoun has different forms: singular. h. wed R. This, units h. R. this, units h.m. this and form pl. h. these.
Demonstrative pronouns change similarly that, such, such.
In addition to changing by number and gender, demonstrative pronouns this that And such change by case, like adjectives. A small feature of the use in prepositional has a word this. It is used with the preposition about, but not O, as with other demonstrative pronouns, for example:
I don't know anything about this writer. Compare this sentence with the following:
I don't know anything about this writer. Suggestion used here O.
The secret is that the pronoun this begins with a vowel, and in such cases to replace the preposition O his assistant always comes - an excuse about.
demonstrative pronoun such is in modern Russian it is used infrequently and has the form of the nominative case. Let's give examples.
What is the question, what is the answer.
That is life.
There is also a stable expression and was like that in meaning disappeared, disappeared. This expression is usually preceded by a dash:
The thief instantly put the apples into the bag, jumped off the fence - and that was it.
Now consider the features of the declension of the demonstrative pronoun so many, indicating the quantity. In its morphological features, it is similar to a cardinal number. This pronoun has no gender and number forms and only changes in cases. Its declension is a bit unusual, so we'll look at the pronoun so many in all possible case forms.
I. p.: so many books
R. p.: so many books
D. p:. so many books
V. p.: so many books
Etc.: so many books
P. p.: about so many books
4. Syntactic functions of demonstrative pronouns
Most often demonstrative pronouns this one, that one are definitions in the sentence, for example: Are you familiar with this person? You can rely on people like him. In these sentences, pronouns this And such V different forms perform the defining function.
However, pronouns this And That can act as subject and object.
The first prize will be given to the person who answers all the questions. Think about it!
Pronouns such And such is can play the syntactic role of the predicate, namely parts of the predicate. For an underused word such is the function of the predicate is unique.
Yes, I am!
Cheese fell out - with him there was a cheat.
Pronoun so many usually has the same syntactic function as the noun with which it is used, for example, the complement function:
I have never seen so many books.
Bibliography
- Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
- Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- From the history of demonstrative pronouns ().
- About demonstrative pronouns ().
Homework
Task number 1
Read set expressions with demonstrative pronouns. Include some of them in your proposals.
This and that (miscellaneous); all of a sudden (it is not known why, without any clear reason, visible reasons); get up on the wrong foot (be in a gloomy, bad mood); not from that opera (what is not relevant to the topic of this conversation). Task number 2
Insert the necessary demonstrative pronouns. What gesture can accompany statements with demonstrative pronouns? Are these gestures always appropriate?
1. Here is ... a house. 2. Here ... Dasha. 3. ... the street will be on the right. 4. ... the book lies on the left on the shelf. 5. ... the station will be in two stops. 6. ... the trolleybus is heading towards the city center. 7. ... girl - Katya, and ... - Larisa (N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language. Grade 5).
demonstrative pronouns or demonstrators(lat. pronomina demonstrativa) - pronouns indicating which object the speaker has in mind, as well as the location of the object relative to the speaker (or addressee). In many languages of the world, demonstrative pronouns perform not only a deictic, but also an anaphoric function.
The demonstrative pronoun can also express Additional information about the designated object: its animation, gender, etc.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns are not singled out in a separate class, since the corresponding meaning is expressed not by independent words, but by means of demonstrative particles attached to the noun.
Demonstrative pronouns in Russian are the words: this, these, That, those, such, such is, so many, as well as outdated this.
Encyclopedic YouTube
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Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in English: this-that-these-those #9
42 This, that, these, those - English demonstrative pronouns
Lesson 6 Demonstrative pronouns in Russian. Grammar of the Russian language from scratch. RCT
Demonstrative pronouns (Grade 6, video lesson presentation)
Subtitles
Types of demonstrative pronouns
Appropriative and pronominal demonstrative pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun that is used as an adjective is called nominative(or attributive) demonstrative pronoun: for example, English. this- this chair - this chair. If a demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun, it is called pronominal(or substantive) demonstrative pronoun: for example, English. I don't like that- I do not like This.
In a number of European and Asian languages, different lexemes are used for adjectival and pronominal demonstrative pronouns: for example, in French, celui("that one") and celle("that, this") replace a noun, and ce("that one") and cage("that, this") are used as definitions of nouns.
Adverbial and identifying demonstrative pronouns
In addition to demonstrative pronouns used in the position of an adjective and a noun, there are also adverbial demonstrative pronouns with an adverbial function ( So).
In some languages, among demonstrative pronouns, a separate class of so-called identification(or predicative) demonstrative pronouns, which are used only in clauses without a verb or in clauses with a linking verb.
The system of demonstrative pronouns in the Ponape language.
Usage example:
Neutral demonstrative pronouns
In most languages, demonstrative pronouns can also be used in those contexts in which the expression of deictic oppositions is not required. For example, in Modern Hebrew ze('this' - near) is also used in situations where the location of the object relative to the speaker (or addressee) is irrelevant. Other languages in such cases use the so-called neutral demonstrative pronoun .
Such a system of demonstrative pronouns is presented in the Lithuanian language:
Morphology of demonstrative pronouns
From a morphosyntactic point of view, deictic oppositions in the languages of the world are expressed by nouns (lat. ille And iste‘he’), adjectives (Russian. this, That), adverbs (Russian. there, Here, here), numerals (Buryat. edii ‘<вот>so much and tedii ‘<вон>so many’), as well as verbs (Buryatsk. iige-‘do so<как это, как здесь>' And tiige-‘do so<как то, как там>’) .
Usually demonstrative pronouns are expressed in separate words, but there are languages in which nominatives demonstrative pronouns - proclitics or enclitics, which are attached to a noun or to some other word in a sentence (for example, in the Lango language in Uganda).
In most languages, demonstrative pronouns are inflected for gender, number, and case, but this often depends on their syntactic position. In languages with a noun inflected for gender, number, and case, the pronominal demonstrative pronoun is also inflected, although adjectival and neutral pronouns may be indeclinable.
Types of deictic systems
Deictic indicators - in particular, demonstrative pronouns - form a deictic system. Depending on the number of oppositions, there are minimal and extended deictic systems.
It should be noted that pronominal demonstrative pronouns tend to express large quantity deictic oppositions rather than nominal ones.
Wed system of demonstrative pronouns in the Tongan language:
Minimum deictic system
The minimal deictic system includes two units: one of them expresses the meaning ‘close to the speaker’, another - ‘not close to the speaker’. For example, in Russian this- ‘close to the speaker’, That- ‘not close to the speaker’. Such a system is the most common; it is presented, in particular, in English, Buryat and Dutch.
Extended deictic system
The extended deictic system includes more than three units, expressing varying degrees of proximity of the designated object to the speaker (addressee). The most common extended deictic system is the three-term deictic system, but there are also four-member and five-member deictic systems in the languages of the world.
Three-term deictic system
Three-term deictic systems are divided into two types: student-centered And space-oriented. The person-oriented deictic system contains the following oppositions: ‘close to the speaker’/‘close to the addressee’/‘not near either the speaker or the addressee’ = “far away”. Thus, the members of this opposition are oriented towards both the speaker and the addressee.
An example of a person-centered deictic system: demonstrative pronouns in Japanese:
In the space-oriented deictic system, all demonstrative pronouns express the degree of remoteness of the object from the deictic center (the speaker).
An example of a space-oriented deictic system: demonstrative pronouns in Kurukh.
The three-term deictic system functions in Spanish, Portuguese, Armenian, Basque, Finnish, Georgian and other languages. Of these, 2/3 of the languages have a space-oriented system, and only 1/3 have a personality-oriented system.
Four-term deictic system
In a number of languages (for example, in Kui and Kuwi), a four-term deictic system is presented, in which there is a more fractional division of the degrees of proximity of an object than in a three-term one. In most cases, four-term deictic systems are person-oriented, that is, they contain a special form to denote an object close to the addressee.
Demonstrative pronouns in the Hausa language (a personality-oriented four-term deictic system):
Four-term and five-term systems are common in Africa, North America and the Pacific region.
Polynomial deictic system
As part of deictic indicators, non-deictic oppositions can also be expressed: for example, the characteristics of the designated object (living / inanimate, visible / invisible, etc.). In addition, the system of deictic indicators can be expanded by distinguishing more subtle features of the localization of an object (for example, above / below the speaker; up / down the river compared to the speaker, etc.). A polynomial deictic system is often found in Dagestan
It is difficult to say how we would manage without pronouns. Without them, it is impossible to build almost a single phrase. Here are the previous two. That is, of course, you can. But why bother.
If you put together all the pronouns in the Russian language, you get an impressive document in terms of volume. But just dumping everything in a heap does not make sense. Therefore, we have prepared a special article for you. It contains all the basic information about the categories of pronouns, their grammatical features and spelling, as well as a sample morphological analysis. Special tables will help you better understand everything necessary knowledge about pronouns in Russian. And examples from literary works help to visualize more clearly how the grammatical characteristics of pronouns are implemented in practice.
What are pronouns
pronoun called independent part speech that is used in place of nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (or their characteristics) to indicate those nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs (as well as their features and quantity) without naming them.
The grammatical features of pronouns depend on what part of speech they mean. More on this will be discussed below.
Pronouns are divided into two types of categories: by meaning and by grammatical features.
Ranks by value:
- personal;
- returnable;
- possessive;
- interrogative;
- relative;
- index;
- defining;
- negative;
- indefinite.
Sometimes reciprocal and general pronouns are also added to this classification.
Grammar ranks:
- generalized subject;
- generalized qualitative;
- generalized quantitative.
This classification looks at how pronouns relate to various parts speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals. In some sources, sometimes a special group of pronouns correlated with adverbs is included here.
Now we will analyze all these discharges in detail.
Categories of pronouns in Russian
By value:
Personal pronouns. In speech, they point to its object - the person about whom in question. Pronouns 1 ( I/we) and 2 ( you you) faces denote participants in the speech. 3rd person pronouns ( he, she, it / they) indicate persons who are not participating in the speech.
obsolete personal pronoun onet used to refer to objects of speech female(plural).
Personal pronouns in Russian change by persons and numbers, pronouns of the 3rd person singular - also by gender, as well as by cases.
In a sentence, they play the role of a subject or an object.
- I couldn't help feeling that they were seeing us. (Ch.T. Aitmatov)
- Life is always accompanied by effort, deprivation and hard work, because it is not a garden with beautiful flowers. (I.A. Goncharov)
- Why don't I want to be smarter if I understand how stupid everyone around me is? If you wait for everyone to get smart, it will take too long ... and then I realized that this is completely impossible. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
reflexive pronouns. In speech indicate the direction of action on the subject. reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form, but is declined in all other cases: myself, myself, myself / myself, (about) myself. It does not change by person, number, gender.
It plays the role of an addendum in a sentence.
- If you happen to be angry with anyone, be angry with yourself at the same time, if only for being able to be angry with another. (N.V. Gogol)
- There is nothing more pleasant than being indebted for everything to yourself. (N.V. Gogol)
- To live for oneself is not to live, but to exist passively: one must fight. (I.A. Goncharov)
- Often we allow ourselves to think that ancient people are like inexperienced children. (L. N. Tolstoy)
Possessive pronouns. In speech, they indicate the belonging of a certain object (objects) to the subject (or subjects).
Possessive pronouns:
- 1 person - my, my, my / my And ours, ours, ours / ours;
- 2 persons - yours, yours, yours / yours And yours, yours, yours / yours;
- 3 persons - him, her / them.
Possessive pronouns in Russian change, as you already understood, according to persons, genders and numbers, and also in combination with the noun they explain - according to cases. 3rd person pronouns are not declined.
- Our choice, more than our ability, reveals our true nature. (J.K. Rowling)
- In our office, out of thirty-two employees in the state, twenty-eight called themselves: "The Golden Pen of the Republic." The three of us, in order of originality, were called silver. (S.D. Dovlatov)
- There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. (K.G. Paustovsky)
Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns who?, what?, what?, what?, whose?, which?, how much?, where?, when?, where?, where?, why? serve as interrogative words (indicate persons, objects, signs, quantity) when making interrogative sentences.
They change by numbers, gender, cases, but not all.
- Do you know what is given to man, and only to him? Laugh and cry. (E.M. Remarque)
- Dear, dear, funny fool, / Well, where are you, where are you chasing? (S. A. Yesenin)
- What is a law? / The law is a tightrope on the street, / To stop passers-by in the middle of the road<...>(V.A. Zhukovsky)
Relative pronouns. Pronouns who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, where, when, from where, why act, among other things, in the role allied words in compound sentences and serve to connect the subordinate and main parts of a complex sentence.
Like interrogative, relative pronouns who what And How many decline in cases. The rest - by numbers, gender and cases. In addition to pronouns where, where, when, where, why, which are immutable.
In a sentence, depending on the part of speech they replace, they can act in different syntactic roles.
- There are such low characters who love, just hate! (F.M. Dostoevsky)
- People will always have something to find, discover, invent, because the very source of this knowledge is inexhaustible. (I.A. Goncharov)
- Outright malice repels much less than pretense of kindness. (L.N. Tolstoy)
- Joy can be compared to oil in a lamp: when there is little oil in the lamp, the wick quickly burns out and the light from the lamp is replaced by black smoke. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Demonstrative pronouns. They indicate the signs or the number of objects of speech. Pronouns in this category include: so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then, obsolete pronouns this one.
Demonstrative pronouns in Russian change according to cases, genders and numbers.
- I've been going to buy a castle for two years. Happy are those who have nothing to lock up. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
- Sometimes a person reaches such a point that if he does not step over, he will be unhappy, and if he steps over, he will become even more unhappy. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
- The truth should be presented as a coat is served, and not thrown in the face like a wet towel. (M. Twain)
- One who strives for self-improvement will never believe that this self-improvement has a limit. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Definitive pronouns. They serve to indicate the sign of the object of speech. These include: .
Definitive pronouns decline in cases, change in gender and number.
- Everyone who stops learning gets old, whether at 20 or 80, and anyone else who continues to learn remains young. The most important thing in life is to keep the brain young. (G. Ford)
- One good friend worth more than all the blessings of this world. (Voltaire)
- Even the most frank thought, the purest and most clearly conveyed fantasy, whether true or fiction, cannot arouse sincere sympathy. (L.N. Tolstoy)
- We do not need magic to change this world - we already have everything we need for this inside us: we can mentally imagine the best ... (J. K. Rowling)
negative pronouns. In speech, they act as a pointer to the absence of the object of speech or its signs. Pronouns no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one, nowhere and the like, as you can see for yourself, are formed from interrogative / relative pronouns by adding prefixes Not-(under stress) and neither-(no accent).
In Russian, negative pronouns change according to cases, genders and numbers.
- The old truth will never be embarrassed by the new - it will put this burden on its shoulders. Only the ailing, obsolete is afraid to take a step forward. (I.A. Goncharov)
- I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every little step matters for the present and future life. (A.P. Chekhov)
- Never take any complex moves when the same can be achieved much more simple ways. This is one of the most wise rules life. It is very difficult to apply it in practice. Especially intellectuals and romantics. (E. M. Remarque)
- Philosophers and children have one noble trait - they do not attach any importance to any differences between people - neither social, nor mental, nor external. (A.T. Averchenko)
indefinite pronouns. Speech expresses indefinite features and the number of objects of speech, as well as their uncertainty.
The pronouns of this category are also formed from interrogative / relative ones by adding prefixes to them: not-, some- - something, someone, some, some, somewhat, somehow, something and so on. As well as postfixes:- then, -either, -something - somebody, somewhere, how much and so on.
Indefinite pronouns in Russian change by gender and number, decline by cases.
- You can say a lot of nonsense, following only the desire to say something. (Voltaire)
- Some are accustomed to living on everything ready, to walk on someone's harness, to eat chewed food ... (F.M. Dostoevsky)
- In hardly anything else does human frivolity more often peep through to such a terrifying degree as in the arrangement of marital unions. (N. S. Leskov)
Mentioned above reciprocal pronouns serve to express an attitude towards two or more persons and objects.
Their number in the Russian language is very large due to the many prepositions, thanks to which for each mutual pronoun there is a large number of variant forms. For example, each other, about each other, in each other, for each other, one at the other, one for the other, one from under the other, one after the other, in the end, from end to beginning, from first to second, from case to occasion, time after time, from this to that- and this is far from a complete list.
In a sentence, they play the role of additions.
- People are squeezed together like rats in a cage, their anger at each other is natural for lonely kings. (A.V. Korolev)
- In bad weather, or just when we feel like it, we have fun looking at the contents of the tin boxes. Carefully unwrapping wax paper bags and showing each other what makes us who we are. (G. Petrovich)
General pronouns serve in speech to indicate objects that are combined according to any signs that do not express quality. For example, speech objects combined in pairs ( both; both), or identical ( the same, the same), or an integer set ( each, everyone, all) and so on.
Table of categories of pronouns in the Russian language
|
Rank by value |
Examples of pronouns |
| 1. Personal | 1st person - me, we 2nd person - you 3rd person - he, she, it, they (+ one) |
| 2. Refundable | myself |
| 3. Possessive | 1 person - mine, mine, mine, mine, ours, ours, ours, ours 2nd person - yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours 3rd person - his, her, them |
| 4. Interrogative | Who? What? Which? what? whose? which? How many? Where? When? Where? where? For what? |
| 5. Relative | who, what, which, what, whose, which, how much, where, when, where, why |
| 6. Index | so much, this, that, such, such, here, here, here, there, from there, from here, then, therefore, then (+ this, this) |
| 7. Determinants | all, everyone, everything, himself, most, everyone, any, other, different, all, everywhere, everywhere, always |
| 8. Negative | nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one |
| 9. Uncertain | someone, something, some, some, several |
"Non-classical" digits are not included in this table intentionally so as not to create confusion.
Correlation of the pronoun with other parts of speech
In other words, ranks according to grammatical features:
Noun pronouns indicate a person or thing. They are related to nouns by syntactic and morphological characteristics. For example, in a sentence, you can also ask questions who? So what? and they act as a subject or object. As well as the categories of person (in personal, through verbs associated with them), number, gender (expressed by words associated with the pronoun) and case. Incidentally, the pronoun Who- masculine, and What- average.
Pronouns-nouns in Russian include: all personal and reflexive pronouns, part of interrogative / relative, negative, indefinite. In particular: he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something etc.
Pronouns-adjectives in speech they indicate a sign of an object, and this allows them to be correlated with adjectives. In addition, they show inconsistent signs of gender, number, and can be declined according to cases. Although, for example, pronouns what And such is they do not decline and in a sentence, unlike others, they can only be predicates. All other pronouns-adjectives act either as definitions or as an integral part of the predicate.
Possessive pronouns of the 3rd person are also invariable: him, her, them.
Pronouns-adjectives include all possessive pronouns and all definitives, part of demonstrative and interrogative/relative, negative and indefinite. Namely: mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and so on.
Pronouns-numerals, as you might guess, indicate the number of items, not denoting it exactly. These include pronouns as much as and their derivatives are indefinite a few, some, some.
Pronouns of this category are able to decline in cases (everything is the same). But they do not change by gender and number. They agree with nouns in the same way as cardinal numbers.
Pronouns-adverbs, already mentioned above, are a special group that is not always distinguished. Often they are not classified as pronouns at all. Like pronouns-adjectives, they indicate a sign, but they are unchangeable and characterize an action. And this allows you to correlate them with adverbs.
Pronouns of this category do not show signs of gender and number, do not decline in cases. They agree with verbs in the same way as adverbs. And in the proposal they play the role of circumstances.
Adverb pronouns include: where, where, when, so.
Pronouns in Russian - a table of ranks in relation to parts of speech
|
Grammar grade |
Examples of pronouns |
| 1. Noun pronouns | he, she, it, they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others |
| 2. Pronouns-adjectives | mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others |
| 3. Pronouns-numerals | as much as, a few, as much, as much as |
| 4. Pronouns-adverbs | where, where, when, so |
Cases of pronouns in Russian
Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of change in cases. Now we will analyze some of them in more detail.
1. Cases of personal pronouns
In indirect cases, these pronouns change not only the endings, but also the stem:
I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they
R.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them
D.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them
V.p. me, you, us, you, him, him, her, them
etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them
P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.
The pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person of the singular do not have clearly defined categories of gender: they are used in both masculine and feminine, and in the middle.
3rd person pronouns, declensed, may lose their initial consonant: she- But her and so on.
2. For a reflexive pronoun myself there are only forms of indirect cases. It also declines like a personal pronoun. You:
etc. by yourself (by yourself)
P.p. (About Me
- possessive pronouns ( mine, yours, ours, yours);
- index ( that one, this one);
- interrogative/relative ( which, which, whose);
- definitive ( most, himself, all, everyone, other).
I.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such
P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (o) such, (o) such, (o) such, (o) such
Definitive pronouns myself And most, though similar, are inclined differently. The difference is mainly indicated by the emphasis:
I.p. most, himself
R.p. himself, himself
D.p. by myself, by myself
V.p. himself, himself
etc. by himself, by himself
P.p. (o) himself, (o) himself
* capital letter marked stressed syllable.
Pay attention to the declension of attributive pronouns all, all, all:
I.p. all, all, all
R.p. all, all, all
D.p. everything, everything, everyone
V.p. all, all, all
etc. all, all (all), all
P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone
When declining pronouns of the feminine and neuter gender, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender, the stem also changes.
4. Interrogative / relative ( who what) and the negative ones formed from them ( nobody, nothing) of pronouns, when changing in cases, the stems change:
I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing
R.p. who, what, nobody, nothing
D.p. who, what, nobody, nothing
V.p. who, what, nobody, nothing
etc. who, what, nothing, nothing
P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.
At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.
5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative form:
R.p. no one
D.p. no one
V.p. no one
etc. no one
P.p. not about anyone.
6. Indefinite pronouns are also declined like the interrogative / relative pronouns from which they are formed:
I.p. any, something
R.p. some, something
D.p. to something, to something
V.p. any, something
etc. any, something
P.p. (about) something, about something
7. There are variant case forms for the indefinite pronoun some:
I.p. some
R.p. some
D.p. to some
V.p. no one
etc. some (some)
P.p. (o) some
Variative case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.
8. Some pointers ( such is), relative ( what), undefined ( someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns-adverbs do not decline either where, where, when, so.
Morphological analysis of pronouns
We offer you a scheme for the morphological analysis of pronouns and an example of such an analysis.
Parsing scheme:
- Designate the part of speech, the grammatical meaning of the pronoun, write initial form(put in the nominative case (if any), singular).
- Describe morphological features:
- constants (rank by value, rank by grammatical features, person (for personal and possessive), number (for personal 1 and 2 persons);
- inconstant (case, number, gender).
- Determine what role it plays in the sentence.
Sample morphological parsing of pronouns
It's not worth wasting energy on changing people - They won't change. At them Who decided on a strong deed, That and right (F.M. Dostoevsky).
- Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - nominative, plural.
(at) them
- Pronoun; points to the object of speech without directly naming it, n.f. - They.
- Morphological features: constant - personal, pronoun-noun, 3rd person; inconstant - genitive, plural.
- Role in the proposal: addition.
- Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - Who.
- Morphological features: constants - relative, pronoun-noun; inconstant - nominative case.
- It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.
- Pronoun; points to the object of speech without naming it, n.f. - That.
- Morphological features: constants - demonstrative, pronoun-adjective; inconstant - nominative case, singular, masculine.
- Role in the sentence: subject.
Pronoun spelling
Personal pronouns
When declensing personal pronouns in Russian in oblique cases, the letter appears in the basis of 3rd person pronouns n if they are preceded by a preposition. For example, about him, to them, about her, among them and so on.
H not joining:
- V dative case if the pronoun is preceded by a derivative preposition thanks to, like, in spite of, according to, towards, in spite of: contrary to her, towards them, according to to him;
- if the pronoun is used in a phrase where it is preceded by an adjective or adverb in comparative degree: took more his bought cheaper their.
Indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns are always written with a hyphen and a prefix something and postfixes something, either, something: someone, somehow, something, somewhere and so on.
When declining indefinite pronouns in the prepositional case between the prefix something and a preposition is placed as a pronoun. In this case, they are written in three words: about something, in something, from something and so on.
Negative pronouns
Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative/relative pronouns using prefixes not-/none-. Not- written under stress, in an unstressed syllable - neither-: no one to trust - no one to see, nowhere to leave - nowhere to be found; nobody, nothing, not at all, none, no one.
When declining negative pronouns in Russian, prepositions can be used in the forms of indirect cases. They break the word into three, which are written separately, and the prefixes become particles: none - from none, nothing - from nothing, no one - about no one and so on.
note
1. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of prefixes not-/none- and homonymous particles not / neither:
- Remember spelling: How neither what Not used to. Particle spelling confusion not/neither leads not only to spelling mistakes but also to distort the meaning of the statement. Compare: not with anything(particle neither has an amplifying value) - nothing(particle Not has a negative value).
- Choosing a particle can completely change the meaning of the statement to the opposite: not one (= no one at all) – not one (= many), never (= never at all) – not once (= many times).
- Do not confuse negative pronouns with a prefix neither- (nowhere, no one, no one) and pronouns with particle neither (no one, no where, no one). Compare: Neither where there was no trace of a person. - I have no idea neither who are you, neither where do you live, neither who do you serve.
- Pay attention to the difference between the phrases none other than - no one else; nothing but nothing else. Particle Not expresses negation, and the whole phrase is used to oppose parts of the statement to each other. The opposition is expressed by the union How(= union A). If the sentence is affirmative and if it is impossible to add a second negation without violating the meaning, use the particle Not and write it separately. For example: Everything that happened was Not nothing but a stupid prank. On the threshold stomped uncertainly Not who other than the long-awaited guest.
- If the pronoun with a particle can be semantically replaced by particles exactly, just, then the particle is used Not and the phrase is written separately: none other than; nothing but. Example: A registered letter has arrived - nothing but an invitation to a competition that has been long awaited. - A registered letter has arrived - just the invitation to the competition, which has long been awaited.
- If the sentence is negative, i.e. the predicate has its own negative particle Not, That neither- acts as a prefix and is written merged with a negative pronoun: Neither who else would not say it better. This is donkey stubbornness neither nothing else to win.
- If the sentence is affirmative, the phrases nobody else, nothing else serve to connect. A negation that is not expressed in a sentence exists potentially and can be restored from the context: I only want this and neither anything else (don't want).
- If the phrase contains a union How, write all the words separately and with a particle Not: This package Not nothing more than a gift. If union How no, write a prefix neither-: Neither who else does not understand me so well.
- If the conjunction is used in the sentence A, write a particle Not(apart): I want to say everything Not to someone A only to him alone. If union is used And, write neither(separately if it is a particle, merged if it is a prefix): A lot is gone forever and neither that will no longer be the same.
2. Do not confuse homonyms: pronoun + preposition and conjunctions / adverbs. Pay attention to how they agree with other members of the sentence, what syntactic role they themselves play, what question you can ask them, etc.
- For what we go to the store, what will we look for there? - For what you follow me and whine all the time?
- For that that you helped me, I will thank you. - But I have a wide soul and a good heart!
- What does are all these people here? - They trained a lot and prepared for the competition, and some even dropped out of school.
- At the same time who we managed to unearth in ancient tomb, were a sword and a shield. - Moreover, if you think sensibly, he has strength on his side.
3. Remember that at all It's not a pronoun, it's an adverb.
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A pronoun is a special class of significant words that point to a subject without naming it. To avoid tautology in speech, the speaker may use a pronoun. Examples: I, yours, who, this, everyone, the most, the whole, myself, mine, another, another, that, somehow, someone, something, etc.
As can be seen from the examples, pronouns are most often used instead of a noun, and also instead of an adjective, numeral or adverb.
Pronouns tend to be divided into categories according to their meaning. This part of speech focuses on names. In other words, pronouns replace nouns, adjectives, numerals. However, the peculiarity of pronouns is that, replacing names, they do not acquire their meaning. According to the established tradition, only inflected words belong to pronouns. All invariable words are treated as pronominal adverbs.
This article will present the meaning and grammatical features, as well as examples of sentences in which certain pronouns are used.
Table of pronouns by category
Personal pronouns | I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they |
reflexive pronoun | |
Possessive pronouns | mine, yours, ours, yours |
Demonstrative pronouns | this, that, such, so much |
Definitive pronouns | himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other |
Interrogative pronouns | who, what, which, which, whose, how much, which |
Relative pronouns | who, what, how, which, which, whose, how much, which |
Negative pronouns | no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing |
Indefinite pronouns | someone, something, some, some, a few |
Pronouns are divided into three categories:
- Pronominal nouns.
- Pronoun adjectives.
- Pronominal numerals.
Personal pronouns
Words that indicate persons and objects that are participants in a speech act are called "personal pronouns". Examples: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they. I, you, we, you designate the participants speech communication. The pronouns he, she, they do not participate in the speech act, they are reported by the speaker as non-participants in the speech act.
- I know what you want to tell me. (Participant in a speech act, object.)
- You must read all fiction from the list. (The subject to which the action is directed.)
- We have had a wonderful holiday this year! (Participants of the speech act, subjects.)
- You played your part perfectly! (The addressee, the object to which the appeal is directed in the speech act.)
- He prefers a quiet pastime. (Non-participant in the speech act.)
- Is she definitely going to America this summer? (Non-participant in the speech act.)
- They jumped with a parachute for the first time in their lives and were very pleased. (Non-participant in the speech act.)
Attention! The pronouns his, her, their, depending on the context, can be used both in the category of possessive and in the category of personal pronouns.
Compare:
- He was not at school today, neither at the first nor at the last lesson. - His performance at school depends on how often he attends classes. (In the first sentence, his is a personal pronoun in genitive case, in the second sentence its is a possessive pronoun.)
- I asked her to keep this conversation between us. She ran, her hair flowing in the wind, and the silhouette was lost and lost with every second, moving away and dissolving in the light of day.
- They should always be asked to turn the music down. - Their dog very often howls at night, as if yearning for some unbearable grief of his.
reflexive pronoun
This category includes the pronoun itself - indicates the person of the object or addressee, which are identified with actor. This function is performed by reflexive pronouns. Suggestion examples:
- I have always considered myself the happiest person in the whole wide world.
- She constantly admires herself.
- He does not like to make mistakes and trusts only himself.
May I keep this kitten?
Possessive pronouns
A word that indicates the belonging of a person or object to another person or object is called a "possessive pronoun". Example: mine, yours, ours, yours, yours. Possessive pronouns indicate belonging to the speaker, interlocutor or non-participant in the act of speech.
- My The decision is always the correct one.
- Your wishes will surely come true.
- Our the dog behaves very aggressively towards passers-by.
- Is yours the choice will be yours.
- Finally I got mine present!
- Their keep your thoughts to yourself.
- My the city misses me and I feel like I miss it.
Words like her, him, them can act as a personal pronoun in or as possessive pronoun. Suggestion examples:
- Their the car is at the entrance. - They haven't been in the city for 20 years.
- His the bag is on the chair. - He was asked to bring tea.
- Her the house is located in the city center. - They made her the queen of the evening.
The belonging of a person (object) to a group of objects also indicates a possessive pronoun. Example:
- Our Joint trips will be remembered to me for a long time!
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative is the second name of the demonstrative pronoun. Examples: this, that, such, so much. These words distinguish one or another object (person) from a number of other similar objects, persons or features. This function is performed by the demonstrative pronoun. Examples:
- This the novel is much more interesting and informative than all those that I have read before. (Pronoun this distinguishes one object from a number of similar ones, indicates the peculiarity of this object.)
Pronoun This also performs this function.
- This sea, these mountains, This the sun will forever remain in my memory the brightest memory.
However, you should be careful with the definition of the part of speech and not confuse the demonstrative pronoun with the particle!
Compare examples of demonstrative pronouns:
- This it was excellent! - Did you play the part of the fox in the school play? (In the first case, This is a pronoun and fulfills the predicate. In the second case This- the particle has no syntactic role in the sentence.)
- That the house is much older and more beautiful than this one. (Pronoun That selects an object, points to it.)
- Neither such, no other option suited him. (Pronoun such helps to focus on one of the many subjects.)
- So many once he stepped on the same rake, and again he repeats everything anew. (Pronoun so many emphasizes repetition.
Definitive pronouns
Examples of pronouns: himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other. This category is divided into sub-categories, each of which includes the following pronouns:
1.Himself, the most- pronouns that have a distinguishing function. They elevate the object in question, individualize it.
- Myself director - Alexander Yaroslavovich - was present at the party.
- He was offered most a highly paid and prestigious job in our city.
- Most The greatest happiness in life is to love and be loved.
- Samo Her Majesty condescended to praise me.
2.Whole- a pronoun that has the meaning of the breadth of coverage of a characteristic of a person, object or feature.
- Whole the city came to watch him perform.
- All the road passed in remorse and the desire to return home.
- All The sky was covered with clouds, and not a single gap was visible.
3. Anyone, everyone, anyone- pronouns denoting the freedom to choose from several objects, persons or features (provided that they exist at all).
- Semen Semenovich Laptev - a master of his craft - this is for you any will say.
- Any a person is able to achieve what he wants, the main thing is to make an effort and not be lazy.
- Each blade of grass, every petal breathed life, and this desire for happiness was transmitted to me more and more.
- Anything the word he said turned against him, but he did not seek to correct it.
4.Other, other- pronouns that have the meaning of non-identity with what was said earlier.
- I chose different a path that was more accessible to me.
- Imagine another Would you have done the same in my place?
- IN different once he comes home, silently, eats and goes to bed, today everything was different ...
- The medal has two sides - another I did not notice.
Interrogative pronouns
Examples of pronouns: who, what, which, which, whose, how much, which.
Interrogative pronouns include a question about persons, objects or phenomena, quantities. A sentence containing an interrogative pronoun usually ends with a question mark.
- Who Was that the man who came to us this morning?
- What what will you do when the summer exams are over?
- What should be a portrait perfect person and how do you imagine it?
- Which of these three people could know what really happened?
- Whose is it a briefcase?
- How much is the red dress which did you come to school yesterday?
- Which your favorite season?
- whose I saw a child in the yard yesterday?
- How Do you think I need to enter the Faculty of International Relations?
Relative pronouns
Examples of pronouns: who, what, how, which, which, whose, how much, which.
Attention! These pronouns can act as both relative and interrogative pronouns, depending on whether they are used in a particular context. In a complex sentence (CSP), only a relative pronoun is used. Examples:
- How are you making a biscuit pie with cherry filling? - She told how she makes a cherry pie.
In the first case How - the pronoun has an interrogative function, i.e. the subject concludes a question about a certain object and about the method of obtaining it. In the second case, the pronoun How is used as a relative pronoun and acts as a connecting word between the first and second simple sentences.
- Who knows in which the sea flows into the Volga river? - He did not know who this man was to him, and what could be expected from him.
- What do you need to do to get hired Good work? - He knew what to do in order to get a well-paid job.
What- pronoun - is used both as a relative and as an interrogative pronoun, depending on the context.
- What shall we do tonight? - You said that today we should visit grandma.
To accurately determine the category of pronouns, choosing between relative and interrogative, you need to remember that the interrogative pronoun in a sentence can be replaced by a verb, a noun, a numeral, depending on the context. The relative pronoun cannot be replaced.
- What do you want to have dinner tonight? - I would like vermicelli for dinner.
- Which do you like the color? - Do you like purple?
- Whose is this a house? - Is this your mother's house?
- Which are you in line? Are you eleventh in line?
- How many do you have candy? - Do you have six sweets?
A similar situation with the pronoun than. Compare examples of relative pronouns:
- What would you like to do for the weekend? He completely forgot what wanted to do it for the weekend. (As we can see, in the second version the pronoun how enters the category of relative and performs a connecting function between the two parts of a complex sentence.)
- How did you get into my house yesterday? - Anna Sergeevna looked at the boy inquiringly and did not understand how he got into her house.
- How does it feel to know that you are in trouble? - I know for myself what it's like to realize that your plans are collapsing rapidly and irrevocably.
- How many times do I ask you not to do this again? - She has already lost count, which time her son brought his class teacher to tears.
- Whose car is parked at the gate of my house? - He was at a loss, so he could not figure out whose idea it was to provoke a fight.
- How much is this Persian kitten worth? - He was told how much a red Persian kitten costs.
- Who knows what year it happened battle of Borodino? - Three students raised their hands: they knew in what year the Battle of Borodino took place.
Some scholars propose to combine relative and interrogative pronouns into one category and call them "interrogative-relative pronouns". Examples:
- Who is there? He didn't see who was here.
However, at present, it has not yet been possible to reach a common agreement, and the categories of interrogative and relative pronouns continue to exist separately from each other.
Negative pronouns
Examples of pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing. Negative pronouns have the meaning of the absence of persons, objects, and also to indicate their negative characteristics.
- Nobody didn't know what to expect from him.
- Nothing he was not so interested that he could devote his whole life to this cause.
- No debt and none money could not keep him from running away.
- A lonely dog ran along the road, and it seemed that she had never had a master, a home, and tasty food in the morning; She was draw.
- He tried to find excuses for himself, but it turned out that everything happened precisely on his initiative, and no one was to blame.
- He was completely nothing to do, so he walked slowly through the rain past the glowing shop windows and watched the oncoming cars passing by.
Indefinite pronouns
From interrogative or relative pronouns, an indefinite pronoun is formed. Examples: someone, something, some, some, several Indefinite pronouns contain the meaning of an unknown, indefinite person or object. Also, indefinite pronouns have the meaning of deliberately concealed information that the speaker specifically does not want to communicate.
Such properties have Examples for comparison:
- someone's the voice was heard in the darkness, and I did not quite understand to whom it belonged: a man or a beast. (Lack of information from the speaker.) - This letter was from my no one an acquaintance who for a long time was absent in our city and now was going to come. (Intentionally withheld information from listeners.)
- Something an incredible thing happened that night: the wind tore and threw leaves from the trees, lightning flashed and pierced the sky through and through. (Instead of something you can substitute indefinite pronouns similar in meaning: something, something.)
- Some of my friends consider me a strange and wonderful person: I do not strive to earn a lot of money and live in a small old house on the edge of the village . (Pronoun some can be replaced by the following pronouns: someone, a few.)
- Some a pair of shoes, a backpack and a tent were already packed and waiting for us to pack up and leave far, far from the city. (The subject does not specify the number of items, generalizes their number.)
- someone informed me that you received a letter, but do not want to acknowledge in e volume.(The speaker deliberately hides any information about the face.)
- If anyone saw this person, please report it to the police!
- anyone knows what Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky were talking about at the ball?
- When you see anything interesting, do not forget to write down your observations in a notebook.
- some moments in learning in English remained incomprehensible to me, then I returned to the last lesson and tried to go through it again. (Deliberate concealment by the speaker of information.)
- how much I still had money in my purse, but I didn't remember how much. (Lack of information about the subject from the speaker.)
Grammar categories of pronouns
Grammatically, pronouns are divided into three categories:
- Pronoun noun.
- Pronoun adjective.
- Pronominal numeral.
TO pronominal noun include such categories of pronouns as: personal, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinite. All these digits are likened to nouns in their grammatical properties. However, pronominal nouns have certain features that a pronoun does not have. Examples:
- I came to you . (In this case, this is the masculine gender, which we determined by the past tense verb with a zero ending). - You came to me. (The gender is determined by the end of the verb "came" - feminine,
As you can see from the example, some pronouns are devoid of the category of gender. In this case, the genus can be restored logically, based on the situation.
Other pronouns of the listed categories have the category of gender, but it does not reflect the real relationship between persons and objects. For example, the pronoun Who always combined with a past tense masculine verb.
- Who was the first woman in space?
- Ready or not, here I come.
- She knew who would be the next contender for her hand and heart.
The pronoun what is used with past tense neuter nouns.
- What enabled you to do this?
- He did not suspect that something similar to his story could be happening somewhere.
Pronoun He has generic forms, but the gender here acts as a classification form, and not as a nominative.
TO pronominal adjective demonstrative, definitive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite pronouns. They all answer the question Which? and are likened to adjectives in their properties. They have dependent forms of number and case.
- This tiger cub is the most playful in the zoo.
Pronouns are pronouns as many as, several. They are likened to numerals in their meaning in combination with nouns.
- How many books did you read this summer?
- So many opportunities now I had!
- Grandma left a few hot pies for me.
Attention! However, in combination with pronoun verbs how many, how many, several are used as adverbs.
- How much is this orange blouse?
- So much can be spent on vacation.
- I thought a little about how to live and what to do next.
Meaning and grammatical features pronouns in Russian are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, attributive and demonstrative.
Table "Discharges of pronouns"
In order to correctly determine the category of pronouns, we will find out what meanings they have in speech, and highlight their main grammatical features.
| Discharge | Examples | syntax function |
|---|---|---|
| Personal | I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they | I went to the window. My phone rang. |
| returnable | myself | Look at yourself in the mirror. Cats are able to live on their own. |
| Possessive | mine, yours, ours, yours | I know your opinion. His face became sad. |
| Interrogative | Who? What? Which? what? which one? whose? how much? | Who is knocking on the door? At whose window doves sit? How many apples are on the table? |
| relative | who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much | I don't understand what could have delayed them so much. This is the house where I spent my childhood. |
| Negative | nobody, nothing, nobody nothing, none none, not at all | Nobody answered me. Someone to ask now. There is no error here. |
| indefinite | someone, something, some someone, how much something, someone some, any, someone, someone, someone | Someone sang a song. Someone's voice was heard in the yard. Mark the seedling with something. |
| Determinants | himself, most, everyone, any, any, whole, other, all, different | We have another path ahead of us. Everything will look different tomorrow. |
| pointing | this one, that one, such, such and such, such and such, so much, so much | There is a cafe behind that house. There was so much joy in her eyes! The essence of the issue is that it is better to solve it together. |
In the table, we got acquainted with the categories of pronouns with examples of their use in Russian. We previously learned .
personal pronouns "I", "we", "you", "you", "he", "she", "it", "they" point to a person or thing.
Pronouns "I", "we" refer to the first person; "you you"- to the second; "he she it"- to the third.
I climbed a tall pine tree and began to scream (K. Paustovsky).
We walked along the moose trail (K. Paustovsky).
Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? (K. Simonov)
Have you seen how, under a coniferous roof, a saffiano mushroom walks in morocco boots ..? (A. Kovalenko)
Pronouns "he she it" masculine, feminine and neuter are defined.
He sang, and from every sound of his voice something familiar and boundlessly wide blew, as if the familiar steppe was opening before you, going into the endless distance (I.S. Turgenev).
After Masha rummaged through the compositions, she settled on novels (A. Pushkin).
To the left, a field began at the edge of the village; it was visible far to the horizon, and in the full breadth of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also no movement, no sound (A. Chekhov).
Personal pronouns have the category of singular and plural.
Compare:
- I, you - we, you;
- he, she, it - they.
However, we keep in mind that the pronouns "I" And "We" , "you and "You" are not singular and plural forms of the same word. Pronouns "We" And "You" do not designate "a lot of me" or "a lot of you". They indicate the speaker or interlocutor together with other persons participating in a conversation or in a certain action.
All personal pronouns change by case. When they are declined in oblique cases, completely different words appear:
- i - me;
- you - you;
- she her;
- they are them.
As soon as I touch mathematics, I will again forget everything in the world (S. Kovalevskaya).
reflexive pronoun "myself" indicates the person they are talking about.
Do you look into yourself? There is no trace of the past (M. Lermontov).
I erected a monument to myself not made by hands (A. Pushkin).
This pronoun has no nominative form, grammatical categories of person, gender, number. It only changes in cases:
- i.p. -
- r.p. myself
- d.p. yourself
- c.p. myself
- etc. yourself
- p.p. About Me
horse (im.p.) (whose?) his (r.p.).
It happened that a nightingale flew to their noise (I.A. Krylov).
Noise (whose?) them- inconsistent definition.
Possessive pronouns "his", "her", "them" do not change.
Words that respond to nouns Who? What?), adjectives ( Which? whose? what? which one?) and numerals ( how much?) are interrogative pronouns.
Who's knocking at the gate? (S. Marshak).
What will I do for people? - Danko (M. Gorky) shouted louder than thunder.
Suddenly he turned to his mother: "Avdotya Vasilievna, how old is Petrusha?" (A. Pushkin).
"What don't you understand?" - Pavel Vasilyevich asks Styopa (A. Chekhov).
What news did you receive yesterday?
What is the answer to my question?
What is the number of math lesson?
The same pronouns, only without a question, serve to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one and are called relative:
Look how many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore (A. Kataev).
A hundred paces from me a dark grove which I just got out (A. Chekhov).
He was not at all what Konstantin (L. Tolstoy) imagined him to be.
It was already getting dark, and Vasily could not understand who was coming (K. Paustovsky).
Often I wanted to guess what he was writing about (A. Pushkin).
I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (A. Pushkin).
Indefinite pronouns
Indicate unknown objects, signs and quantities:
"someone", "something", "some", "several", "someone", "something", "someone", "anyone", "someone", "some ”, “some”, “some”, “some”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “any”, “so many”.
Someone played the violin ... the girl sang a soft contralto, laughter was heard (M. Gorky).
It became scary, as if some kind of danger silently lay in wait for him in this silence (V. Kataev).
In the living room, something small fell off the table and broke (A. Chekhov).
You are incapable of acting any motives (K. Fedin).
But, perhaps, in some ways he was right (M. Sholokhov).
Negative pronouns
Negative pronouns "no one", "nothing", "no one", "nothing", "none", "no one", "not at all" serve to deny the presence of some object, attribute or quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the whole sentence.
I do not want to sadden you with anything (A. Pushkin).
Nobody really knew anything (K. Simonov).
Vladik stood silently, not bullying anyone and not answering anyone's questions (A. Gaidar).
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- or shock attachment Not-.
Pronouns "no one", "nothing" do not have a nominative case.
They were silent, because there was nothing to tell each other (I.A. Goncharov).
There is no one to ask when he himself is to blame (proverb).
Pronouns "no one", "none", "no one", "no one", "nothing" can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix:
from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind anyone, from no one, not because of anything, etc.
In nothing is the folk character so freely manifested as in song and dance (A. Fadeev).
I don’t want to think about anything, interfere in anything (M. Prishvin).
An attempt to intercept Masha on the way did not lead to anything (A. Fadeev).
“that”, “this”, “such”, “such”, “so much” serve to distinguish among others some specific object, attribute, quantity.
I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals at a shot! (A. Griboedov).
All this would be funny if it were not so sad (M. Lermontov).
How many heads, so many minds (proverb).
In the dark, I climbed into such a windbreak, from which you will not soon get out even during the day. However, I managed to get out of this maze (V. Arseniev).
Definitive pronouns - “all”, “every”, “himself”, “most”, “each”, “any”, “other”, “other”, “whole”.
Everyone who is young, give us a hand - into our ranks, friends! (L. Oshanin).
Every work of the master praises (proverb).
Learn to control yourself; not everyone will understand you like me; inexperience leads to trouble (A. Pushkin).
To the right, the whole village was visible, a long street stretched for five miles (A. Chekhov).
These pronouns change in gender, number and case like adjectives.
Video lesson in Russian for students of the 6th grade “Pronoun. Ranks of pronouns»
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