Fish and crafts. Scary and exotic inhabitants of the Barents Sea (7 photos) Fish living in the Barents Sea

Getting closer and closer in 2018 summer holidays. Russians are happy to spend this long-awaited time not only in the south of the country. Amateur fishermen appreciate every opportunity to go out into nature, where they plunge into the familiar and reckless process of fishing.

A great opportunity to turn the most daring fishing fantasies into a real rich catch is summer fishing in the Barents Sea. It will require from each participant who gets to the northern outskirts of the country (as a "savage" or "organized" tourist) courage, foresight, good physical shape and careful preparation of equipment.

Features of national fishing in northern latitudes

Many come to the Kola Peninsula not only for a wonderful catch, but also for the unique emotions that sea fishing gives. The local inhabitants of the depths were forced to adapt to the harsh climate, so they are much more active, powerful and larger than their river counterparts. Fishing in the Barents Sea is of 2 types:

1. In the numerous bays that cut through the complex coastline, free fish is caught from the shore, from a boat, near the piers. There is one problem - to drive up to open water it will work only on the Sredny Peninsula, near the villages of Rybachy, Dalnie Zelentsy, Teriberka, Ura-Guba.
2. Actually sea (paid) fishing, where only the vast expanse, seals, whales and birds are visible from the yacht, since you have to move away from the coast at a distance of 5-10 km. It is recommended to rent a vessel (for a day with an overnight stay, without going ashore, for 45,000 rubles) or buy a 3-day complex tour for 66,000 rubles (with processing of the catch on the ship, excursions, insurance, meals, paperwork).

Fauna of the Barents (Russian) Sea

• Shark (polar and prickly);
• Char;
• Catfish (three subspecies);
• Flounder;
• capelin;
• Sea bass;
• Minek;
• Navaga;
• Gerbil;
• Haddock;
• Halibut (two subspecies);
• Sayda;
• Herring (two subspecies);
• Saika;
• Salmon;
• stingray;
• Cod.

What gear, bait, bait, bait are used

For a sea adventure, you need to stock up on a large fishing assortment, which consists of several items. Tackle. A rod up to 2 m long, with a test of 500-700 g, a multiplier reel with a diameter of 0.4-0.8 mm and a 200-meter nylon or dacron fishing line, stranded cords, a cord with a lead core, marine echo sounders, extractors, landing nets, hooks, loops - grabs, cages, depth gauges, lights for night fishing.

The bait is:

• Marine polychaete worms, dung worms;
• Crabs and their meat;
• Shrimps;
• squids;
• Mussels;
• Zywiec;
• pieces of fish;
• The spleen of birds and animals.

Groundbait is prepared from ground fish, which is placed in a feeder and lowered into the water below the waterline (this method is only effective in areas with good flow). They mostly consist of chopped mackerel, herring, sardines and other fish that are thrown overboard to attract sharks, tuna. Widely used for catching flounder, cod perforated canned food for pets.

Artificial bait (jig heads, twisters, vibrotails, spinners) should look like real food. (Will serve good help silicone baits treated with attractants). It is important not to miss the moment for hooking and playing the fish until it spit out the bait. However, this standard rule of classic fishing is applicable everywhere and always.

Video summer fishing in the Barents Sea:

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Barencevo sea

water area Barents Sea is 1400 thousand km2, the volume of water is 332 thousand km3. Its maximum depth is 600 m, the average depth is about 200 m. For the most part, the Barents Sea is located on a plateau with depths of less than 200 m, and depths of more than 500 m are only in a trench protruding from the west. In the eastern shallow water there are several bottom uplifts - “cans”. From the west, waters of the warm Atlantic current penetrate into the sea with a water temperature of 4-12 ° C, salinity of 34.8-35.2 ppm, so the southwestern part of the sea does not freeze in winter. The waters of the western part of the sea are warmed to the bottom, but in the middle and eastern parts seas 7/8 of the water column - with negative temperatures. In one day, about 150 km3 of warm Atlantic water penetrates into the Barents Sea between the North Cape and Bear Island, of which 2/3 then turn first to the north and then back to the west. Only an insignificant part of them enters the Kara Sea through the Kara Gates.

The surface temperature of the water in the Barents Sea in winter (February) is 3-5°, in summer it rises. At the junction of warm and cold water masses, powerful vertical circulation occurs and the so-called “polar fronts” are formed, where, as a result of good aeration of the deep layers and the removal of biogenic elements to the surface, an increased development of plankton and benthos occurs, and nekton hydrobionts accumulate - objects of fishing. In the Barents Sea species composition fish (ichthyofauna) has 150 species from 41 families. Here we can distinguish three environmental groups species: 1) boreal (temperate warm water), 2) temperate cold water, and 3) arctic.

There are about 17 commercial fish species, most of them are boreal, for example, Atlantic herring, salmon, cod, haddock, saithe, sea bass, halibut. It is these species that account for up to 80% of the total fish catch in the Barents Sea. They breed, as a rule, off the coast of Norway, and their juveniles feed directly in the Barents Sea. Arctic fish (polar shark, small-vertebral herring, navaga, black halibut, polar flounder, smelt) are distributed mainly in the eastern, colder part of the Barents Sea and in the White Sea. Their commercial value is relatively small.

Moderately cold-water fish, such as capelin, stingrays, catfish, etc., have slightly more weight than Arctic fish in local fisheries. However, only six species play the main role in the fishery, which account for 95% of the total catch in the reservoir: cod, haddock, polar sea ​​bass, herring and capelin.

The average fish productivity in the Barents Sea is about 4.5 kg/ha (about four times higher than in the White Sea). At the end of the 70s of this century, the catches in the Barents Sea were maximum and reached almost 0.9 million tons, but later they were significantly reduced as a result of excessive “pressure” of fishing and the low yield of generations of fish such as capelin, herring, cod, haddock, sea bass, etc. The ratio of species in catches also changed: for example, if before 1976 the basis of the catch of the USSR was cod and sea bass valuable in nutrition, then after 1977 capelin became the basis of catches (70-90% of catches ). Later, capelin stocks also dropped sharply, which caused an indirect “hit” to cod, since capelin is the main food for cod. In addition, in capelin fishing with small-mesh fishing gear in in large numbers juveniles of others were caught valuable species fish. As a result of all this, the Barents Sea has lost for us its former great economic importance, however, after the restoration of stocks of valuable species, this value, presumably, will be restored.

The Barents Sea has never been considered friendly. It is no less severe than the harsh nature of the Arctic. But most importantly, unlike other Arctic seas, the Barents Sea does not freeze in winter. Warm currents from the Atlantic warm its waters. That's why amateur fishing in the Barents Sea attractive at any time of the year.

The coastal zone of the Barents Sea is distinguished by an uneven bottom with a predominance of depths up to 200 meters, and the bottom also has many shoals. The shores are mainly composed of rocky granite rocks. They are devoid of vegetation and steep in many places. The sea is characterized by frequent stormy weather. 114 species of fish live in the waters of the Barents Sea, of which about 20 species are commercial species having importance. The most important commercial species are halibut, cod, herring, catfish, salmon, polar cod and other species. Of particular value is salmon, which spawns in many rivers on the Kola Peninsula.

The richest in terms of number of species is the family cod fish, of which there are 19 species, followed by the flounder family of 9 species. Salmon breeds 7 species live in the Barents Sea, as well as 12 goby species. The tides of the Barents Sea can reach a height of 4 m, which leads to strong currents in the bays.

Amateur fishing in the Barents Sea most favorable at this time. During the high tide, large flocks of saithe, flounder, haddock, cod rush to the shore in search of food. Amateur fishing away from the coast due to harsh conditions and great depths is practically inaccessible.

In the Barents Sea, among the numerous bottom fish, cod is considered the main species. Spawning of this fish occurs off the coast of Norway in its northwestern part. The main feeding grounds for cod are on the southern side of the Barents Sea.

The largest and oldest cod spawns the very first, the caviar of this fish is not in one place but floats on the water. When the cod reaches an age, at 3-4 years old it strays into large flocks, and at the age of 5 years it begins to move over fairly long distances. In feeding areas, cod keeps both at the very bottom and in the water. In summer, cod prefers to be on banks, and in winter it goes to great depths. With the onset of spring, huge schools of cod come into southern waters Barents Sea from the west and further moving eastward as the water warms up. Throughout the summer, cod intensively feeds on banks, and with the onset of cold weather, the fish begins to migrate back to the coast of Norway, where its spawning grounds are concentrated. Large shoals of cod that have not yet reached spawning age winter in the Barents Sea. Cod migration paths to feeding grounds practically coincide with the direction of the currents. In autumn and spring, cod can make vertical diurnal migrations. One more important feature cod is its fastest growth.

Fishing enthusiasts prefer to fish in bays and bays. The longest and widest bay in the Barents Sea is the Kola Bay. Few amateurs dare to fish in the open sea, as it is dangerous. In winter, when there are severe frosts, some bays and bays can become covered with ice. But it is impossible to fish on this ice, it is usually too thin, it begins to break as soon as the first waves begin to come from the sea.

Fishing in the Barents Sea in most cases, it is carried out with the help of sheer glittering, or jigging. Part of this is best suited spinning equipped with a spinning or inertial reel, and better multiplier, some anglers prefer to use a reel.

To do this, a strong fishing line with a diameter of 0.8-1 mm is selected, and a heavy lure equipped with a large double or tee is mounted at the end of the fishing line. Above the spinner, from three to five leashes equipped with hooks are attached at a distance of 30-50 cm from each other. Hooks should be equipped with rubber tubes. Fishing in the Barents Sea using sheer lure is carried out at the very bottom, while the tackle periodically twitches. This method is best for catching haddock, cod or saithe. If in the place of fishing big fish absent, use less aggressive tackle. In this case, the lure is replaced with an ordinary sinker and smaller hooks are placed, and bait is also used in this case. Usually serves as bait sea ​​worm, amphipod, or pieces of any fish. The load must be lowered to the very bottom, in this way it is good to catch haddock, medium-sized cod, halibut, flounder. In late summer or early autumn, large flocks of saithe begin to appear. And this period it can be caught not only on the described tackle, but also with ordinary spinning with any bait.

The Barents Sea has a close relationship with the Atlantic Ocean, more precisely with its northern part. Here the Arctic region of high atmospheric pressure and a specific Icelandic low. In addition, a strong influence on climatic features has a North Atlantic warm current and its branches. This determines the complex hydrological regime and climate of the Barents Sea. The coldest month is February, at this time in the northern part of the sea t ° is usually - 25 ° and about - 5 ° in its southwestern part. Concerning summer period then in the warmest August in the southwest, t ° is about +10, ° and in the north it is 0 °.

Also in the Barents Sea there are frequent fogs, sometimes (even in June) there are snowballs and high clouds. The sea near the coast is very rich not only in the ichthyofauna, which was mentioned above, but also in various marine flora, especially brown, green and red algae, among which kelp, ascophyllum and fucus predominate.

Fishing in the Barents Sea requires skill and courage, but the catches justify all the efforts expended by anglers.

Other interesting materials:

The Barents Sea is located on continental shelf. The southwestern part of the sea does not freeze in winter due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current. The southeastern part of the sea is called the Pechora Sea. The Barents Sea is of great importance for transport and for fishing - large ports are located here - Murmansk and Vardø (Norway). Before World War II, Finland also had access to the Barents Sea: Petsamo was its only ice-free port. A serious problem is the radioactive contamination of the sea due to the activities of the Soviet / Russian nuclear fleet and Norwegian radioactive waste processing plants. IN Lately the sea shelf of the Barents Sea in the direction of Svalbard becomes the object of territorial disputes between the Russian Federation and Norway (as well as other states).

The Barents Sea is rich various types fish, plant and animal plankton and benthos. Seaweeds are common off the south coast. Of the 114 species of fish living in the Barents Sea, 20 species are the most important for commercial purposes: cod, haddock, herring, sea bass, catfish, flounder, halibut, etc. Mammals are found: polar bear, seals, harp seals, white whales, etc. Seals are hunted. Bird colonies abound on the coasts (guillemots, guillemots, kittiwakes). It was introduced in the 20th century king crab, which was able to adapt to new conditions and begin to multiply intensively.

Finno-Ugric tribes - the Sami (Lapps) - have lived off the coast of the Berents Sea since ancient times. The first visits of non-autochthonous Europeans (Vikings, then Novgorodians) began, probably, from the end of the 11th century, and then intensified. The Barents Sea was named in 1853 in honor of the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. The scientific study of the sea was started by the expedition of F. P. Litke 1821-1824, and the first complete and reliable hydrological description of the sea was compiled by N. M. Knipovich at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Barents Sea is the marginal water area of ​​the Arctic Ocean on the border with the Atlantic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe in the south and the islands of Vaigach, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land in the east, Svalbard and Bear Island in the west.

In the West it borders on the Norwegian Sea basin, in the south - on the White Sea, in the east - on the Kara Sea, in the north - on the Arctic Ocean. The area of ​​the Barents Sea, located to the east of Kolguev Island, is called the Pechora Sea.

The shores of the Barents Sea are predominantly fjord-like, high, rocky, and heavily indented. The largest bays: Porsanger Fjord, Varangian Bay (also known as Varanger Fjord), Motovsky Bay, Kola Bay, etc. East of the Kanin Nos Peninsula, the coastal relief changes dramatically - the coasts are mostly low and slightly indented. There are 3 large shallow bays here: (Cheshskaya Bay, Pechora Bay, Khaipudyrskaya Bay), as well as several small bays.

The largest rivers flowing into the Barents Sea are Pechora and Indiga.

The surface currents of the sea form a counterclockwise circulation. Along the southern and eastern periphery, the Atlantic waters of the warm North Cape current (a branch of the Gulf Stream system) move east and north, the influence of which can be traced to the northern shores of Novaya Zemlya. The northern and western parts of the gyre are formed by local and arctic waters coming from Kara Sea and the Arctic Ocean. In the central part of the sea there is a system of intracircular currents. The circulation of sea waters changes under the influence of changes in winds and water exchange with adjacent seas. Of great importance, especially near the coast, are tidal currents. The tides are semi-diurnal, their greatest value is 6.1 m near the coast of the Kola Peninsula, in other places 0.6-4.7 m.

Water exchange with neighboring seas is of great importance in the water balance of the Barents Sea. During the year, about 76,000 km³ of water enters the sea through the straits (and the same amount leaves it), which is approximately 1/4 of the total volume of sea water. The largest number water (59,000 km³ per year) carries a warm North Cape current, which provides exclusively big influence on the hydrometeorological regime of the sea. The total river flow to the sea is on average 200 km³ per year.

The salinity of the surface layer of water in the open sea during the year is 34.7-35.0 ppm in the southwest, 33.0-34.0 in the east, and 32.0-33.0 in the north. In the coastal strip of the sea in spring and summer, salinity drops to 30-32, by the end of winter it rises to 34.0-34.5.

The Barents Sea occupies the Barents Sea Plate of the Proterozoic-Early Cambrian age; anteclise bottom elevations, depressions - syneclises. Of the shallower landforms, there are remnants of ancient coastlines, at depths of about 200 and 70 m, glacial-denudation and glacial-accumulative forms, and sand ridges formed by strong tidal currents.

The Barents Sea is located within the continental shallows, but, unlike other similar seas, most of it has a depth of 300-400 m, an average depth of 229 m and a maximum depth of 600 m. depth 63 m)], depressions (Central, maximum depth 386 m) and trenches (Western (maximum depth 600 m) Franz Victoria (430 m) and others). South part The bottom has a depth of mainly less than 200 m and is distinguished by a leveled relief.

From the cover of bottom sediments in the southern part of the Barents Sea, sand prevails, in some places - pebbles and crushed stone. On the heights of the central and northern parts of the sea - silty sand, sandy silt, in depressions - silt. An admixture of coarse clastic material is noticeable everywhere, which is associated with ice rafting and the wide distribution of relict glacial deposits. The thickness of sediments in the northern and middle parts is less than 0.5 m, as a result of which ancient glacial deposits are practically on the surface on some hills. The slow rate of sedimentation (less than 30 mm per 1 thousand years) is explained by the insignificant influx of terrigenous material - not a single one flows into the Barents Sea due to the features of the coastal relief. major river(except for the Pechora, which leaves almost all of its alluvium within the Pechora Estuary), and the land shores are composed mainly of solid crystalline rocks.

The climate of the Barents Sea is influenced by warm Atlantic Ocean and the cold Arctic Ocean. Frequent intrusions of warm Atlantic cyclones and cold Arctic air determine the greater variability weather conditions. In winter, southwest winds prevail over the sea, in spring and summer - northeast winds. Frequent storms. average temperature air in February varies from -25 ° C in the north to -4 ° C in the southwest. The average temperature in August is 0 °C, 1 °C in the north, 10 °C in the southwest. Cloudy weather prevails over the sea during the year. Annual amount precipitation ranges from 250 mm in the north to 500 mm in the southwest.

severe climatic conditions in the north and east of the Barents Sea determine its large ice coverage. In all seasons of the year, only the southwestern part of the sea remains free of ice. The ice cover reaches its greatest distribution in April, when about 75% of the sea surface is occupied by floating ice. In exceptionally unfavorable years at the end of winter floating ice approach directly to the shores of the Kola Peninsula. The least amount of ice occurs at the end of August. At this time, the ice boundary moves beyond 78°N. sh. In the northwest and northeast of the sea, ice usually stays all year round, but in separate, favorable years, the sea is completely freed from ice.

The inflow of warm Atlantic waters determines relatively high temperature and salinity in the southwestern part of the sea. Here, in February - March, the water temperature on the surface is 3 °C, 5 °C, in August it rises to 7 °C, 9 °C. North of 74° N. sh. and in the southeastern part of the sea in winter the surface water temperature is below -1 °C, and in summer in the north 4 °C, 0 °C, in the southeast 4 °C, 7 °C. In summer, in the coastal zone, the surface layer of warm water 5-8 meters thick can warm up to 11-12 °C.

The sea is rich in various fish species, plant and animal plankton and benthos, so the Barents Sea is of great economic importance as an area of ​​intensive fishing. In addition, the sea route is very important, connecting the European part of Russia (especially the European North) with the ports of the western (from the 16th century) and Eastern countries(from the 19th century), as well as Siberia (from the 15th century). The main and largest port is the non-freezing port of Murmansk, the capital of the Murmansk region. Other ports in the Russian Federation - Teriberka, Indiga, Naryan-Mar (Russia); Vardø, Vadso and Kirkenes (Norway).

The Barents Sea is a region of deployment not only for trade, but also navy RF, including nuclear submarines.

For the Barents Sea, 114 species of fish are known, which are part of 41 families. As we move to the east, within the Barents Sea, the species diversity of fish rapidly decreases, and in the eastern part of the sea, only half of the indicated number was found. In this case, the main negative factor is a significant decrease in temperature and mainly a severe winter regime and floating ice.

Among all the fish of the Barents Sea, they are distinguished by the number of species of the cod (12 species), flounder (11 species), eelpout (13 species), goby (10 species) and whitefish (7 species) families. Most families are represented by one or two species. Such single species There are also important commercial objects - sea bass (Sebastes marinus) and herring (Clupea harengus).

A little more than 20 species can be classified as commercial fish of the Barents Sea, of which only about a dozen are of the most significant importance. In the first place in the fishery are cod (Gadus callarias), haddock (Gadus aeglefitius), sea bass and herring (Fig. 205).

Figure 205.

The importance of these fish in the fishery varies greatly from year to year (Table 50).

Minor species of fisheries include several species of catfish (Anarrhichas), sea flounder (Pleuronectes platessa), ruff flounder (Hippoglossoides platessoides), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), pollock (Gadus virens) and shark (Somniosus macrocephalus).

The discovery by H. Knipovich at the very beginning of this century of the possibility of a large development of trawl fishing in the Barents Sea for a long time not used in tsarist Russia, and fishing in Murman bore a purely artisanal coastal nature of longline fishing. Only attempts were made to organize a trawl fleet by private industrialists. IN Soviet time trawling began to develop rapidly (Table 51).

In 1938, in the Barents Sea, the trawl fleet of the USSR, England and Germany produced about 6 million centners. To this should be added at least another 1 million centners from coastal fishing.

Herring fishing in the Barents Sea is not yet regular, but in some years it gives our country up to 1 million centners.

There are in the Barents Sea also such mass fish, very valuable in food terms, which are still very little or not yet captured by the fishery, but in the future they present very great opportunities. These, by the way, include small pelagic fish: capelin (Mallotus villosus) and polar cod (Boreogadus saida), flounder-ruff and some others (Fig. 206).

Figure 206.

All this mass of commercial fish, estimated in millions of tons, requires significantly large quantities food organisms- plankton and benthos. We defined total one in the other in 200-240 million tons; in some part this huge mass of organisms is used commercial fish. The main fish species are distributed according to nutrition mainly among different food groups of organisms - some feed on plankton (herring, sea bass), others on benthos (sea flounder, haddock), and others on fish (cod) and planktonic crustaceans.

Small mass pelagic fish are sometimes used by the most various fish and other animals, which can be seen in the example of the polar cod.

The main food of cod is small pelagic fish: herring, capelin, juvenile cod and haddock and polar cod. Fish makes up at least 60% of cod food. In second place after fish are large planktonic crustaceans from amphipods, euphausiids and decapods. In the eastern part of the sea, a significant part of the food is made up of bottom animals - crab, hermit crab and various other larger representatives of amphipods, isopods and cumaceans, and to a lesser extent worms and molluscs.

Haddock, in contrast to cod, feeds on benthos: mollusks, worms, crustaceans and echinoderms.

The main food of the herring, as we have indicated, is planktonic copepods.

It remains to say a few words about birds, since they are essential for marine organisms, mainly for planktonic crustaceans and small fish.

By western coasts Novaya Zemlya is home to large bird colonies. The main form is guillemot (Uria lomvia), the number of which on Novaya Zemlya is estimated at 4 million pieces. The waters of the Barents Sea, teeming with life, provide abundant food for all this mass of birds, which consume mainly capelin and polar cod from fish, and euphausiids from crustaceans.