Brandt's bat - Myotis brandtii Eversmann, 1845

Order Bats - Chiroptera

Family Smooth-nosed bats - Vespertilionidae

Category, status. 4 - status indeterminate, rare species. Included in the Red Books Leningrad region, Republics of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia. It is protected by the Berne Convention (Appendix II). Guarded in Western Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic republics under the 1991 Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats (EUROBATS).

Short description. small bat. Body length 38-55 mm. The length of the forearm is 33-39 mm, the wingspan is 19-24 cm. The color of the back is dark, brown-brown. Lower body grayish tones. The fur is thick, long. Ears and membranes are dark brown, almost black. The epiblema is not developed. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. By outward signs difficult to distinguish from the mustachioed bat.

Range and distribution. Distributed in Europe, in the south of Siberia to the Okhotsk coast, in Primorye, Japan, Korea, Sakhalin. Inhabits mainly mixed and widely deciduous forests, penetrates into the taiga and steppe along river floodplains (1).

In the Pskov region, it is known for most areas (2, 3, 4).

Habitats and features of ecology. Tied to forest areas. It settles in hollows of trees, behind lagging bark, in human buildings. Late departure, active all night. It occurs singly or forms small colonies of 10-15 individuals. Feeds over forest roads, park alleys, over reservoirs, clearings, on the edges of forests. The flight is uneven, maneuverable. Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. In late June - early July, the female brings one cub. A sedentary species that does not make long-distance migrations. Winters, like other bats, in various underground shelters, where the temperature does not fall below 0 ° C and high relative humidity is maintained.

The number of species and limiting factors. There are no long-term observations of the distribution and state of the population. In the neighboring Leningrad region, there is a decrease in the number of wintering. The limiting factors include: low reproductive capacity, deforestation, disturbance in the locations of brood colonies and wintering areas.

Security measures. Organization of specially protected natural areas in the locations of vy-vodkovy colonies and wintering areas. Preservation of old hollow trees. Educating the public about the need to protect the species.

Sources of information:

1. Pavlinov et al., 2002; 2. Chistyakov, 2000; 3. Chistyakov, 2002; 4. Chistyakov et al., 2010; author data.

Compiled by: D. V. Chistyakov.

I am Alone nocturnal, bat-winged from an ancient family.

An unknown mouse hanging upside down on a tree.

I may be a bird of some rare breed

from the realm of ultra, from the city of echo echo hero?

Many beliefs and predictions are associated with bats: they beat at the window and walls - wait for the rain, flew into the house - to money and good luck, if a bat flew into the wedding, this sign is unpleasant for the couple. According to ancient beliefs living together will either be unlucky or very short. Scientists prove that these creatures never visit places with bad energy. Therefore, if a bat is in your house, this is a good sign. This means that there is no negativity in your house, and only pleasant events await you.

There are also bats in Kamchatka. Today we will get acquainted with Brandt's small animal, listed in the Red Book of Kamchatka.

Brandt's bat (lat. Myotis brandti) is a small bat of the genus of bats.

This insectivorous mammal weighs on average 5 to 9 grams (less than two teaspoons of sugar), body length 38-55 mm, tail length 31-45 mm, forearm length 33-39 mm, wingspan 19-24 cm, but can live up to 40 years old. This is about as long as a dolphin lives, and more than a horse or a cow. Brandt's nightlight requires relatively long time to reach puberty. As a rule, one female produces one cub, whose weight at the time of birth is about a seventh of the weight of the parent.

The ear is of medium length, tapering towards the end, with a notch at the rear edge. The mask is covered in dark hair. The foot with claws is approximately equal to half the tibia. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The fur is thick, long, slightly disheveled. Hair with dark bases, the color of the back is from reddish to dark brown, the belly is from grayish to fawn-whitish.

Brandt's night bat can be found from England and east of Spain through the Urals and Southern Siberia to Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Japan and Korea.

It is attached to mixed and broad-leaved forests, but penetrates into taiga and steppe along floodplains. Shelters - hollows of trees, hollows, rocky cracks, less often - buildings. Flies out to hunt after the thickening of twilight. Hunts for flying insects in the forest over gaps and clearings at the level of crowns or between trunks, in parks, and also low above the surface of water bodies. The flight is smooth, unhurried, maneuverable. Echolocation signals of low intensity in the range of 80-35 kHz, with a maximum amplitude of about 45-50 kHz. Sedentary, winters in various underground shelters. Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. It breeds in early-mid-summer, brood colonies up to several dozen females, males usually keep apart. There is 1 cub in the brood, lactation is about 1.5 months.

Brandt's bat Myotis brandtii

2. Brandt's bat Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845)

Order Chiroptera - Chiroptera

Family Smooth-nosed bats - Vespertilionidae

Mammals of Kamchatka: Brandt's bat Myotis brandtii (Eversmann, 1845)

Finds of Brandt's bat: 1 - reliable, 2 - unreliable

Spreading. The exact boundaries of distribution in the region have not been established. Reliable finds are known for the southeastern part of the peninsula, within the limits bounded from the west and northwest by the valleys of the Kamchatka and Bolshaya rivers (1–4). Separately, for the coastal zone of Western Kamchatka there is an indication (5) approximately for the area of ​​the river. Duck. Presumably, it is Brandt’s bat that should be attributed to bats observed to the north of this area: they are common in the middle part of the basins of the Palana, Tigil, Belogolovaya, Morochechnaya, Vorovskaya, Krutogorova, Ozernaya (Vostochnaya) rivers, and were observed in the north of Karaginsky Island. In the late 1970s an individual stray or brought by a vessel was caught in the village. Nikolskoye on Bering Island (not preserved) (4, 6–8). In continental regions, encounters of bats are rare and sporadic. Singly observed in the village. Upper Pakhachi, repeatedly - in the village. Achaivayam and the bay of Natalia, as frequent - in the village. Manila, Tilichiki, Korf (4, 8, 9).

Appearance. The sizes are small. The main parameters of the body and weight are somewhat less than those of the northern kozhan (partially overlapping). Forearm length 34.1–38.0 mm. Body weight 3.1–12.0 g. The ear, extended forward along the head, protrudes 1–3 mm beyond the tip of the nose. The tragus is long (more than half the length of the ear), pointed, evenly tapering towards the apex. The coloration of the back is brownish-brown, the underside is brownish-gray. Juveniles are darker colored (1, 10).

Habitat and lifestyle. They are confined mainly to flat forests, forested floodplains. More common along forest roads, along the edges, over small reservoirs. Penetrates into mountains up to at least 1200 m above sea level. m., possibly higher. Daytime shelters and brood colonies in hollows, cracks various kinds large trees. Intermittent, random shelters are diverse: on trees under the nests of large birds, in cracks in coastal cliffs, under exfoliated birch bark, etc. Optional synanthropus. Even in the absence of restrictions with natural shelters, it willingly settles in human buildings. Biology in the region is almost not studied. Up to 25 individuals are found in summer colonies. Cubs are born in late June - July and usually stay together with females until at least the end of August. In Eastern Kamchatka, the spring appearance is usually recorded not earlier than the end of May, the latest sightings - until the second decade of October, occasionally - in the first decade of November (8, 11, 12). The nature of the stay in the region is not clear. Reports of extended caves with a stable microclimate (13) are not confirmed by modern data.

Cases of successful wintering of individual animals in vegetable stores are known. The available isolated facts of detection in October - November of numb bats (in residential buildings and in hollows of trees) do not clearly prove the success of overwintering. Moreover, death in light, unheated buildings was also noted. In September 1996, on the Lopatkinsky ridge. in the elfin zone, a large concentration of bats was noted (hundreds, according to eyewitnesses), which allows us to very carefully assume the possibility of autumn migrations from Kamchatka to southern latitudes (4, 8).

Number and limiting factors. In the Kronotsky Reserve, on the forest road in the stone birch forest, 5.0–5.2 bats were counted per 10 km of the route (11, 12). In the floodplain biotopes of the middle course of the river. Kamchatka (settlement Milkovo, Lazo) the occurrence is much higher. It is not uncommon for the death of animals in colonies arranged in human buildings due to ruin or constant anxiety. In the Kronotsky Reserve, finds of dead young animals were repeatedly noted near brood colonies located in natural shelters. Within the boundaries of the cities of Yelizovo and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the occurrence of night bats has sharply decreased over the past 12–15 years, most likely due to the deteriorating condition air environment and a marked decrease in the number of nocturnal insects. Partly possible cause the decline in population here is the introduction of sparrows and, as a result, noticeable changes in the composition of the background species of the entomofauna of the urban zone (8).

Scientific and practical significance of species conservation. The study of biology and distribution will expand the knowledge of the nature of the formation of modern theriocomplexes in the region. Exterminating blood-sucking Diptera and other harmful insects in the mass, it is a useful animal that deserves special protection measures. Within the boundaries of large settlements is a type-idifier of air quality, therefore it can be successfully used as a monitoring object.

Security measures taken and required. Since 1983, Brandt's bat has been included in the list of animal species subject to protection in the Kamchatka region. Along with other representatives of the fauna, it is protected on the territory of Kronotsky biosphere reserve. Inhabits the territory of Klyuchevsky natural park. In order to clarify the real boundaries of distribution in the region, it is necessary to organize a systematic inventory species composition bats in protected areas, primarily northern ones. Also - studies of biology and clarification of the main limiting factors, explanatory work among the population.

Sources of information: 1. Tiunov, 1997. 2. Strelkov, 1983. 3. Borissenko, Kruskop, 1997. 4. Nikanorov, 2000. 5. Fedorov, 1978. 6. Tyushov, 1906. 7. Lazarev, 1983. 8. Our data. 9. Portenko et al., 1963. 10. Strelkov, 1963. 11. Nikanorov, 1983. 12. Nikanorov, 1986. 13. Dietmar, 1901.

Compiled by: Nikanorov A.P.

The species is distributed from England and Eastern Spain to Far East, Japan and Korea. In Russia - in the middle and northern strip of the European part, in the Urals, in the southern and middle lane Siberia and the Far East. There is an isolated habitat in the Caucasus (1, 2). The first record of the species in the former Ranneburg region (now Lipetsk oblast) dates back to 1916 (collection S. Turov) and is stored in the ZM MGU (2). It is likely that the report about the discovery of 9 specimens of the bat bat, taken in the Zapolsky forestry of the Korablinsky district in May-June 1967, also refers to Brandt's bat (3). In October 1973, a male of the species (4) was caught in the administration of the Oksky Reserve. There are no population data.

Habitats and biology

Brandt's bat lives in forest landscapes, preferring plains rich in water bodies (5). IN central Russia appears in summer shelters by mid-April. Shelters are located in the hollows of trees and human buildings. Feeds on mass species of Diptera, stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, small species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera (6). Females give birth to one cub. Possibly winters in the region.

Limiting factors and threats

Perhaps the limiting factors are the lack of natural shelters and human intolerance towards animal settlements in its buildings.

Protective measures taken and necessary

In the Ryazan region, Brandt's bat has been under protection since 1977 (7). The habitats of the species are protected on the territory of the Oksky Reserve. Konobeevskaya Cave has been declared a natural monument of regional importance. It is necessary to organize special studies of wintering bats in a cave at Polnoe Konobeevo (Shatsk district), as well as to conduct special thorough research to identify the habitats of the species in the region and their protection.

Brandt's night bat (lat. Myotis brandtii) is a small bat of the genus of night bats. Their body weight is usually 5.5-10 g, body length 38-55 mm, tail length 31-45 mm, forearm length 33-39 mm, wingspan 19-24 cm. Named after the German zoologist Johann Brandt. The ear is of medium length, tapering towards the end, with a notch at the rear edge. The muzzle, ears and membranes are rather dark, usually darker than the base tone of the coat. At the same time, the bases of the auricles and the bases of the tragus are light, uncolored. The foot with claws is approximately equal to half the tibia. The wing membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe. The epiblema is undeveloped. The fur is thick, long, slightly disheveled. Hair with dark bases, back color from reddish to dark brown, belly - from grayish to fawn-whitish. characteristic feature, which distinguishes it from a similar mustachioed bat - the presence of a pointed protrusion on the large upper premolars, on the anterior-inner edge of the crown. This ledge, as a rule, is clearly visible behind the second small premolar even in living animals (especially if you use a magnifying glass). The small premolars themselves are approximately the same size.

Brandt's night bat (lat. Myotis brandtii)



Lives in mixed and deciduous forests, penetrates the steppe along floodplains, prefers old-growth mixed and deciduous forests with hollow trees located near water bodies. Saddles, shelters organizes in hollows of trees, hollows, rock crevices, less often - in buildings, single animals can daylight and simply behind a lagging piece of bark. Winters in various underground shelters, in old adits, cellars and cracks in limestone cliffs. In spring, Brandt's bat is one of the first to leave winter shelters, and before the arrival of bats from the south, it can be found in a variety of biotopes.

In flight, Brandt's bat is at first glance similar to bats, from which, when viewed in the hands, it is easily distinguished by the absence of an epiblem, a pointed tragus, and the presence of two small premolars in the upper jaw. This bat hunts small flying insects in the air, but usually near woody vegetation. Flies out to hunt after dusk. Hunts for flying insects in the forest over gaps and clearings at the level of crowns or between trunks, in parks, and also low above the surface of water bodies. It feeds on a variety of small flying insects and lives in areas with high concentrations of them. The flight is smooth, unhurried, maneuverable. Echolocation signals of low intensity in the range of 80-35 kHz, with a maximum amplitude of about 45-50 kHz.

Mating after the end of lactation or during wintering. It breeds in early to mid-summer. There is one cub in the brood, lactation is about 1.5 months. Brood colonies up to several dozen females, males usually keep apart.

Number data are fragmentary. One of the most common and widespread species of bats in the area mixed forests on the border with the forest-steppe, Brandt's bat is sporadically distributed and not numerous.

limiting factors. Lack of shelters due to felling of mature trees, disruption of the food base as a result economic activity human (use of insecticides). Direct disturbance and destruction of brood colonies in human buildings.

Life span - up to 20 years.

Brandt's boss

Registration locations:

Brest region - Brest district

Gomel region - Zhitkovichsky, Narovlyansky, Petrikovsky, Khoiniki districts

Grodno region - Svisloch district

Family Smooth-nosed (Vespertilionidae).

The range of Brandt's bat is very peculiar and insufficiently studied. It lives in the countries of Central, North-West (Great Britain) and in all countries Northern Europe. The eastern border of the range runs along the eastern part of Poland and somewhere within the Belarusian Lakeland curves sharply to the east, following almost in a strictly latitudinal direction to Japan inclusive. Moreover, to the east of Belarus, the distribution of the species is represented not by a continuous range, but by separate islands. It is this pattern of distribution that has been established for the bats with mustaches and Brandt in the north-east of Poland.

According to previous ideas, the eastern border of the range of this species passes through the west of Belarus. The list of bats of Belarus was included on the basis of an analysis of collections made in 1955-1980. in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. It has not been recorded in other regions of Belarus before. For the entire history in Belarus, only 1-3 specimens of this species have been reliably identified.

However, the new data geographical distribution Brandt's bats in Belarus. As research activity increased, finds began to appear in other regions. Thus, in July 2003, an adult male of Brandt's bat was caught in the Petrikovsky district of the Gomel region. In August 2012, 5 adults (4 females and one male) of Brandt's bats were caught in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. on the territory of NP "Pripyatsky". Finally, in June-July 2015-2016. in the Zhitkovichi district on the territory of the Stary Zhaden reserve, 12 adult Brandt's bats were caught, of which 8 were lactating and pregnant females, which confirmed the reproduction of this species in the Pripyat Polesie region.

On the currently The finding of Brandt's bat in PGRER is the easternmost of the known registration points in Belarus. Based on the data obtained, it can be argued that the species inhabits the entire territory of the Belarusian Polissya from its western to eastern borders. Further to the east, in the Bryansk region of Russia, Brandt's bat has also been repeatedly recorded by researchers. To the south of the Belarusian Polissya, it is extremely rare. So, in the Ukrainian part of the resettlement zone Chernobyl nuclear power plant only 1 copy of Brandt's bat was caught in the course of very intensive long-term work on the inventory of the fauna of bats.

It is a rare breeding species in PGRER. It is distributed very locally in the reserve, but in habitats it is one of the dominant species according to the results of detection. It is noted only in 2 localities confined to old-growth oak forests, alternating with marshy relief depressions in the Khoiniki and Narovlyansky districts. On June 25, 2016, a lactating female was caught in Khoiniki district, and a pregnant female and an adult male were caught in the same place on June 14, 2017. The morphometric characteristics, the structure of the dentition, and the coloration of these individuals fully corresponded to the species-specific characteristics of Brandt's bat. Maternal colonies of this species were found, arranged in cracks and behind the lagged bark of old oaks.

A rare, sedentary, little-studied species of bats. This species is not found in Moldova and Ukraine. In Lithuania, this species is considered rare, but winters in the west and in the center of this country. Further north, Brandt's bat becomes a more common sight.

The search for Brandt's bat in the territory of Belarus can most likely be crowned with success, first of all, in the territory of the Belarusian Lakeland.

For a long time, the status of this species in the domestic literature was controversial. Until 1980, Brandt's bat was considered a subspecies or synonym of the mustachioed bat. At present, the complete independence of these two species has been proven.

One of the smallest bats in Europe. The dimensions of Brandt's bat are as follows (from literary sources for Central European populations): wingspan 22-22.5 cm; body length 3.9-5.0 cm; tail 3.2-4.4 cm; ear 1.3-1.7 cm; forearms 3.3-3.8 cm; weight 5-10.5 g. Coloring from dark chestnut to black. The wing membrane adheres to the base of the fingers ( important difference from the water bat).

It differs from its closely related species, the mustachioed bat, in several ways. The dimensions of Brandt's bat are somewhat larger, especially the forearm. Hairline from dark chestnut to black. The tragus is obtuse with a convex posterior margin. The ear is relatively thin, translucent; pressed to the head, protrudes beyond the tip of the nose by 1-3 mm. There is no epiblema on the spur.

Caught animals in the hands are relatively calm and silent.

Ultrasonic signals of both types coincide in peak frequency - 45 kHz.

The habitats of Brandt's bat and the baleen bat are similar. In the western part of its range, Brandt's bat tends more to forest habitats, in contrast to the mustachioed bat, which prefers open ones. It flies out to feed in dense twilight, returns before dawn. It feeds on small flying insects: mosquitoes, midges, flies, small butterflies. Often grabs prey (such as spiders) from tree leaves. In summer it can be found behind the architraves of wooden buildings (in Belovezhskaya Pushcha). Photo © Radik Kutushev / iNaturalist.org CC BY-NC 4.0

Literature

1. Demyanchik V. T., Demyanchik M. G. "Cheriptera of Belarus: a reference guide". Brest, 2000. -216p.

2. Kurskov A. N., Demyanchik V. T., Demyanchik M. G. "Brandt's Nightlight" / Animals: A Popular Encyclopedic Reference ( Animal world Belarus). Minsk, 2003. S.229-230

3. Savitsky B. P. Kuchmel S. V., Burko L. D. "Mammals of Belarus". Minsk, 2005. -319s.

4. Dombrovsky V. Ch. "The results of counts of bats (Chiroptera) in the Polessky State Radiation and Ecological Reserve in 2016-2017" / Actual problems of zoological science in Belarus: Collection of articles of the XI Zoological International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the founding of the SNPO "SPC of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Bioresources", Belarus, Minsk. T. 1, 2017. P. 105-112