Additional material for preparing for the OGE in social studies "Ethnos: nations and nationalities". Nations and national relations What is ethnos

PROFILE - Grade 11

1 - option.

1. Ethnic communities are

1) communities 2) elites 3) outcasts 4) nationalities

2. Which of the signs, first of all, distinguishes ethnic groups?

1) community of professional interests

2) a similar level of income and quality of life

3) commonality of historical experience, historical memory

4) belonging to a single age group

3. One of the main trends in the development of modern interethnic relations, associated with the gradual convergence of various peoples and nations in the economic, political, spiritual spheres of society, is called

1) interethnic differentiation 2) international integration

3) cultural pluralism 4) ethnic conflict

4 . One of the ways to prevent inter-on-qi-o-nal conflicts in de-mo-kra-ty-che-society:

1) consistent on-ra-schi-va-nie in-en-no-go on-ten-qi-a-la state

2) a compact race of people of one na-qi-o-nal-no-sti in the pre-de-lah of a many-on-qi-o-nal-no-go state

3) ensuring the rights and freedoms of all citizens not-for-vi-si-mo from na-qi-o-nal affiliation

4) the creation of na-qi-o-nal-but one-but-native states

5 . Are the following judgments about interethnic relations correct?

A. Interethnic relations are woven into other social relations (political, economic, environmental, spiritual, linguistic).

B. Interethnic relations exist in their pure form, in isolation from other social relations.

6 . Are the following judgments about national identity correct?

A. National self-consciousness is an obligatory sign of an ethnic community.

B. National self-consciousness is formed from unconscious or semi-conscious stereotypes of behavior that distinguish one people from another;

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7. One of constitutional principles national policy in Russian Federation is:

1) exaggeration of the place and role of national-cultural autonomy within a single federal state

2) creating conditions for scattered living small peoples in the national environment

3) equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal authorities state power

4) the priority of human rights, the establishment of privileges for the "indigenous" nation

8. Are the following judgments about the trends in the development of nations on present stage?

A . The process of rapprochement, unification of nations on the basis of economic integration.

B . The process of differentiation of nations, expressed in their desire for self-determination.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. In a democratic state national policy implemented through:

1) guaranteeing the rights of small peoples

2) constitutional fixing national electoral qualification

3) granting rights to citizens on a national basis

4) restriction of use national language

10. Find the forms of interethnic integration in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) religious fanaticism

2) interpenetration of religions and cultures

3) protectionism in the economy

4) transnational corporations

5) globalization

Criteria for evaluation: 11 b. - “5” 10-8 b. - “4” 7-5 b.- “3” less than 5 b.- “2”

Test on the topic: “Ethnos and nation. Interethnic Relations.

PROFILE - Grade 11

Option 2.

For correctly completed tasks 1-9 - 1 point.

1. What community is characterized by the following features: features of language, culture, a single historical memory?

1) professional 2) territorial

3) demographic 4) ethnic

2. One of the signs of a people as an ethno-cultural community is:

1) single citizenship 2) unity of convictions

3) community of social status 4) community of religion

3. The is-to-ri-che-sky varieties of eth-ni-che-sky communities include:

1) states 2) tribes 3) estates 4) confessions

4 . Are the following judgments about na-qi-o-nal-policy correct?

A. In the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion na-qi-o-nal-naya po-li-ti-ka na-right-le-na on for-mi-ro-va-nie de-mo- Kra-ti-che-me-ha-niz-mov of resolving on-qi-o-nal-nyh and inter-on-qi-o-nal problems.

B. Kha-rak-ter on-chi-o-nal-noy in-li-ti-ki for-wee-sit from specific is-to-ri-che-sky conditions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

5 . Towards a culture of interethnic relationsnot applicable:

1) realization of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality

2) respect for national identity

3) recognition of the right of every people to have access to the achievements of world civilization

4) manifestation of national mistrust

6 . Are the following statements about ethnicity correct?

A. As an ethnos develops, its biological features decrease and socio-political ones increase.

B. Ethnic groups include tribes, nationalities and nations.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7 . One of the ways to resolve interethnic conflicts is:

1) the presence of a democratic rule of law

2) use in conflicts armed forces

3) national isolation

4) absolutization national sovereignty

8 . Are the following judgments about the ethnic identity of the people correct?

A . The ethnic self-consciousness of the people fixes the inherited cultural traditions, understanding of their place among other peoples.

B . The ethnic self-consciousness of the people has not yet formed at such a stage in the development of an ethnos as a tribe.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. The trend towards interethnic integration in society reflects

1) separatism 2) rapprochement of peoples

3) national isolation 4) national differentiation

10. Find the forms of interethnic differentiation in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) protectionism in the economy

2) transnational corporations

3) nationalism in various forms in politics and culture

4) globalization

5) self-isolation

Criteria for evaluation:

11 b. - "5"

10-8 b - "4"

7-5 b.- "3"

less than 5 points - "2"

Test

, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"

Presentation for the lesson

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Lesson Objectives:

To figure out:
- what is ethnos
- What are the types of ethnic groups
- what influences the formation of ethnic groups,
- what is the role of ethnic groups in history.
Improve the ability to analyze, compare.

Lesson type: combined (lecture elements, work with a textbook, heuristic conversation, student performances, multimedia presentation).

Lesson provision: textbook, handouts, student reports, computer, multimedia projector.

Lesson plan.

What is ethnos. Ethnic features. Ethnos types.
Tribe. Distinctive features tribe.
Nationality. Distinctive features of the people.
Nation. Signs of a nation.

Basic concepts of the lesson: Ethnos, tribe, nationality, nation, ethnogenesis.

During the classes

I. Actualization of students' knowledge.

Many of the concepts that will be called today in the lesson are well known to students from the history course (tribe, nationality, nation). It is suggested to remember what they mean. The teacher points out that all these concepts are united by the concept of ethnos.

On display slide 2. The objectives of the lesson are named. On display slide 3. Students write the lesson plan in their notebooks.

II. Learning new material.

1. What is ethnos.

Mankind throughout the history of its existence consisted of various peoples (ethnoses). What is an ethnos?

Students are offered a handout (Appendix 1), on the basis of which it is necessary to complete next task: “This is the definition of the concept of “ethnos”, given on various Internet sites. What do all these definitions have in common?

A broader interpretation of this term is that it combines the concepts of tribe, nationality, nation. Demonstrated and commented slides 4, 5, 6.

Development various types ethnos is associated with the growth of productive forces, the expansion of economic ties, the formation and development of certain social and cultural prerequisites. For example, clan and tribe, which society is characterized by these social communities? - For the primitive.

2. Tribe. Distinctive features of the tribe.

The tribe is historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of genera and clans. On display slide 7.

3. Nationality. Distinctive features of the people.

Nationality develops with the appearance of classes and states. This social community is characteristic not of primitive society, but of the era of slavery and feudalism. The decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality was played by the state. It united vast territories, establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups. Most often, closely related tribes are consolidated into a nationality, and often unrelated ethnic groups are also included here.

Demonstrated slides 8, 9.

4. Nation. Signs of a nation.

On the basis of nationalities, nations are formed - the highest historical type ethnos.

Capitalism activates economic and cultural ties, creates a single national market, eliminates the economic fragmentation of the medieval state, and unites the various nationalities included in it into a single national whole. A nation emerges. On display slide 10.

Nations are more numerous than nationalities; they number tens and hundreds of millions of people. On the basis of common territories, a single national character and psychological make-up are formed. There is a strong sense of solidarity with one's nation.

Class assignment. Why do you think it was at this time that national patriotic and national liberation movements, interethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise?

National patriotic and national liberation movements, ethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has been formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.

Large ethnic groups now exist only as a nation, while small ones, preserved from ancient times, are included in nations as ethnic minorities.

Ethnos: nations and nationalities

Ethnos - historically formed ethnic community - tribe, nationality, nation; who lives on certain territory. It has its own language and culture.

Nation - a historically established stable community of people formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, features of culture and spiritual appearance.

Nation - territorial cultural-political and socio-economic community that arises in the process of state formation.

Ethnos features:

1) consanguinity

2) stable intergenerational continuity - Each generation, on the one hand, continues the inherited activity, culture in new conditions. And on the other hand, it modifies and supplements the old - and so from generation to generation, i.e. there is continuity between generations. (they grew bread, produced metal - it has changed in modern conditions)

3) common historical fate - In the historical past different peoples there were nice pages. But there are dark pages in history. It is necessary to perceive them with pain and indignation, not to hide inconvenient facts, this is the historical path of every nation. historical path of each people explains the emergence national traditions and customs.

4) common self-consciousness - National self-consciousness is the realization that you belong to some people, an inseparable particle of it, is aware of the history of its people, common national values - writing, language, appreciates the contribution of the people to world culture shares the successes of the nation and contributes to its development.

5) unity of language - Language is a distinctive feature of an ethnic group. Ethnic groups form a common language. Over time, it is enriched with new words, expanded, modified, but the essence remains the same.

6) a certain territory - It, like a language, can expand, be updated. Sometimes they can move, develop new lands. The connection between the ethnic group and the territory is very close. Ethnic groups often fight for the land of their ancestors not for life, but for death.

7) common culture and traditions. Every nation has its own traditions

Tribe - historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of genera and clans

In the 9th century, a state was formed among the East Slavic tribes - with a center in Kiev - Kievan Rus.

At the end of the X century. the unification of these tribes into a single state ended.

Submitting to authority Kyiv prince each tribe sent its militia to protect the state. In military campaigns, the warriors were united common goal, felt their kinship with each other, “We are from the Russian race,” declared with pride. In the process of communication, local differences in the language gradually smoothed out, a single Old Russian language arose and developed. Over time, people ceased to identify themselves with the glades, Drevlyans, began to consider themselves a single whole. This is how the ancient Russian people gradually took shape.

Nationality develops with the appearance of classes and states. This social community is characteristic of the era of slavery and feudalism. The decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality was played by the state. It united vast territories. Establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups.

As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th century, the ancient Russian people were divided. From the 14th century political center Russian ethnic group has shifted from steppe zone Kyiv to the northeast. North-Eastern Rus', although it turned out to be dependent on the Golden Horde, most fully preserved the ancient Russian culture and language. The inhabitants of South-Western and Western Rus' were included in the possessions of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary. But they did not dissolve among the peoples of these states, they were united by the Orthodox faith. At the same time, not being able to communicate with the North - Eastern Russia, they retained the features of local dialects, life and culture. In the XV century. Muscovite Rus achieved independence and gradually restored the unity of the Russian lands. From the once united ancient Russian people, the Russian, Ukrainian people are being formed. Belarusian people.

Later, with the formation of a centralized state and the development of capitalist relations, a nation is formed - Russians. On the basis of nationalities, the highest historical type of ethnic group is formed- nations . Capitalism activates economic and cultural ties, creates a single national market, eliminates the economic fragmentation of the medieval state, unites the various nationalities included in it into a single national whole, and a nation arises.

So, a tribe is historically the first stage in the formation of an ethnos, nationality is the second stage, an insufficiently stable community, a nation is a stable and most developed stage in the formation of an ethnos. (Scheme)

Ethnos - this is a collective name for large consanguineous groups of people that form a tribe, nationality or nation.

Nation - an autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values and tools

Nationality - a collective name for large consanguineous groups of people that form a tribe, nationality or nation

Tribe - historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos; representatives have their own language or dialect, territory, form of organization, common ceremonies

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The government of country Z has decided to support the Singing World choir competition. This example shows the interaction of the spheres of society

1) political and economic

2) economic and social

3) political and spiritual

4) spiritual and social

Answer:

Inna found out that Zoya invited all her work colleagues to a picnic, except for her. She did not begin to find out the reason for this act, she simply stopped talking to Zoya. What kind of behavior in interpersonal conflict does this example illustrate?

1) avoiding a conflict situation

2) mediation

3) compromise

4) cooperation

Answer:

Schoolchildren, on the instructions of a biology teacher, made observations and identified the main sources of pollution in school classes. What activity does this example illustrate?

1) economic

2) research

3) political

4) production

Answer:

Are the following statements about personality correct?

A. Personality manifests itself in physical qualities and characteristics of a person.

B. The formation of personality occurs throughout a person's life.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Pavel is in his second year of university. He plays in the student theater, often performs as part of the basketball team of his faculty. What level of education is Paul at?

1) secondary vocational

2) higher professional

3) basic general

4) average total

Answer:

Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world correct?

A. Science helps a person to systematize knowledge about the world around him.

B. Science strives for the reliability of the results obtained.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Help overcome the government budget deficit

1) income tax reduction

2) increase in the size of the state fee

3) expanding funding for education

4) salary increase for medical workers

Answer:

Compulsory payments levied by the state from individuals and legal entities, This

3) dividends

4) insurance payments

Answer:

In which of the following examples we are talking about saving your savings from depreciation?

1) Tatyana bought an apartment in a prestigious area

2) Sergey keeps the savings at home

3) Ivan bought a new car

4) Marina insured her jewelry against theft

Answer:

Are the following statements about private property correct?

A. The transfer of state property into private hands is called nationalization.

B. Private property is the basis of a command economy.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Socially significant features that determine the position of a person in society include

1) level of education

2) worldview

3) physical data

4) features of temperament

Answer:

Masha and Olya's parents died in a car accident. The girls live and are raised by their grandmother. Their family is

1) patriarchal

2) large

3) incomplete

4) small (nuclear)

Answer:

Are the following statements about ethnicity correct?

A. In contrast to a nationality, a nation is a more stable community of people, and the community of economic life gives it stability.

B. The state forms peoples and nations, unites territories and establishes links with ethnic groups.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

The hallmark of a political party is

1) an association of people with common interests

2) creation of a branched organization

3) the right of legislative initiative

4) the desire to participate in the exercise of political power

Answer:

In many countries, members of parliament are prohibited from working in government offices. This manifests itself

1) the rule of parliament

2) republican form of government

3) unitary state structure

4) separation of powers

Answer:

Are the following statements about politics correct?

A. Any power relations are political in nature.

B. Politics as a field public life developed in an industrial society.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

That is hallmark rule of law?

1) the existence of a system of legislation

2) equality and equality of citizens before the law

3) the functioning of law enforcement agencies

4) the presence of sovereignty

Answer:

Choose the correct statement:

President of Russian Federation

2) appointed for a period of 5 years

3) is elected by the State Duma

4) approved by the Federal Assembly

Answer:

In which of the following cases does the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" come into force?

1) The warehouse accepted for storage a batch of products that do not have a certificate of conformity.

2) A citizen purchased a car for personal use in which a defective part was found.

3) A citizen purchased for resale in another city a batch of goods that turned out to be of poor quality.

4) The company supplied the pharmacies of the city with a batch of medicines with an expired shelf life

Answer:

Are the following statements about family law correct?

A. All property acquired during the marriage is the common property of the spouses.

B. The issue of divorce in case of disagreement of one of the spouses or the presence of children in the family is resolved only in court.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

The above list shows the similarities between science and art and the differences between science and art. Select and write down in the first column of the table the serial numbers of the similarities, and in the second column - the serial numbers of the differences:

1) is an area of spiritual culture

2) uses artistic images

3) requires accuracy and validity of statements

4) creates spiritual values

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between facts and spheres of public life: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

Answer:

Read the given text, each position of which is marked with a letter.

(A) The globalization of the world economy is a controversial process that has both positive and negative consequences. (B) Species extinction is negative consequence globalization. (B) The transition to the information society is not in itself a global problem.

Decide which positions of the text:

1) reflect the facts

2) express opinions

Record in the table the numbers indicating the nature of the relevant provisions.

A	B	IN

Answer:

In country Z, a survey was conducted among adult residents on the topic: “Who should be primarily responsible for raising children?” The results of the survey as a percentage of the number of respondents are presented in the table.

Find in the list the conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) An almost equal number of respondents, both among men and among women, believe that the father should be primarily involved in raising children.

2) The smallest part of the respondents among women believes that, first of all, education should be done in schools and kindergartens.

3) A fifth of the women surveyed believe that the mother should be the first to raise children.

4) The smallest part of the interviewed men believes that, first of all, the upbringing of children should be done by the older members of the family.

5) More than half of both the men surveyed and the women surveyed believe that, first of all, one of the parents should be engaged in the upbringing of children.

Answer:

In country X different years were held opinion polls citizens. They were asked the question: “How do you assess the current financial situation of your family?” The results of the surveys are shown in the table.

Which of the following conclusions follow directly from the information received during the survey? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Country X is experiencing slow but steady economic growth.

2) The average standard of living in the state can be characterized as low.

3) The economy of country X is characterized by a rapid rise in prices.

4) We can state the strengthening of social stratification in country X.

5) The strengthening of social stratification is associated with an increase in unemployment in state X.

Answer:

Plan your text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

(According to E. Benes)

Based on the text, name three factors that are the reasons for the decentralization of public administration.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of state administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomization, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislatures. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very frequent argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to how states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from the collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of the individual, and considers the human being as primary and basic, and the state, which is made up of individuals, as secondary. Rigid centralization is the first and basic condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the other hand, draws its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens that they belong to the state and people's whole.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on the implementation of broad decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only from rivalry and personal ambition, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and a crime against own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to tasks with a detailed answer are not checked automatically.
On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

Using the content of the text, name three characteristic features of democracy that the author highlights.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of state administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomy, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to the way states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on the implementation of broad decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one's own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to tasks with a detailed answer are not checked automatically.
On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of state administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomy, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to the way states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on the implementation of broad decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one's own state and people.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of state administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomy, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to the way states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on the implementation of broad decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one's own state and people.

(According to E. Benes)

Solutions to tasks with a detailed answer are not checked automatically.
On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

The author writes that decentralization movements can lead to committing a great sin and crime against one's own state and people. Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments in support of the author's position.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of state administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others as autonomy, in others as simple local decentralization and an expedient division of competencies between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases by too large a territory, in still others by the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and remnants of the past in public administration, due to the way states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on the implementation of broad decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralization movements arise only because of rivalry and personal ambitions, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime is committed against one's own state and people.

The society of most countries is divided not only into classes, but also into ethnic groups. ethnic groups - large groups people connected by a common origin (biological component), language, customs, traditions, beliefs, perception of the world (social component).

The roots of modern ethnic groups go deep into the centuries, into the tribal system. The first ethnos was a clan, an association of blood relatives who settled together. He performed both the function of the family and the production function.

Then, along with the genus, another ethnic group appears - the tribe. The tribe unites several clans, common in origin (fraternal), but already separated from each other and settled in the neighborhood. The tribe is still based on blood relations, but it no longer performs economic functions. His the main task- protection of the territory of the tribe, regulation of relations with other tribes. Thus, society took the first step towards separating ethnic ties from family, tribal. Even more ethnic ties moved away from family ties after the emergence of a paired family.

In many countries, tribal and tribal ties have survived to this day. They play an important role in the states Central Asia(Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc.) and in Russian republics North Caucasus. Among the tribes and clans there are more "high", influential ones, to which other clans once obeyed. IN Soviet times the party and Soviet leadership of the Central Asian and North Caucasian republics was formed taking into account the influence of childbirth. And today, in some republics, the president represents one of the most revered families. In Chechnya, for example, the policy of the authorities is developed taking into account relations between clans (teips). Civil War in Tajikistan 1992-1997 was largely caused by inter-ethnic contradictions - the struggle between large clans (clan associations).

people, nationality

The next in history a more complex type of ethnic group arises - nationality, or nationality, and in last years This group is called an ethnic group. There are two versions of the origin of the peoples. Some scholars believe that a nationality is simply an overgrown tribe or an association of several related tribes, others that it is united not so much by consanguinity as by territorial, neighborly ties. The truth is rather closer to the second point of view: there are many nationalities that were formed not only from unrelated tribes (Bulgarians, Hungarians), but even from tribes of different races (Italians). The Russian nationality united not only the Slavic tribes, but also several non-Slavic tribes of the north and northeast of the European part of Russia.

The formation of nationalities is a long process that ended in the Middle Ages. Signs of nationality - a common language, territory, culture and economic ties.

In most countries, the nationality has absorbed and dissolved tribal and tribal ties and differences - although, as I just said, there are still quite a few nationalities that have retained the tribal structure.

Of course, modern nationality (nationality, ethnos) is significantly different from the medieval one. First, it merges into a wider ethnic community- a nation. Nationality acquires a number of features characteristic of the entire nation. So, the Breton people in France have two native languages - Breton and French (the latter is also the language of the nation). The Catalans also have two native languages - Catalan and Spanish.

Secondly, the nation occupies a larger territory than each of the nationalities that have merged into it. Therefore, the resettlement of representatives of one or another nationality outside the indigenous territory inevitably occurs. More Tatars live in Moscow than in Kazan. There are 11 million Russians in Ukraine, 700,000 in Latvia, 600,000 in Estonia, and so on. Millions of Chinese live in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. There is such a thing as diaspora, that is, a significant group of representatives of a particular nationality living outside their indigenous territory.

Nation

Finally, the highest (today) form of a socio-ethnic group is a nation. It is formed in parallel with the formation of a single market (single economic space) of the country and with the overcoming of feudal fragmentation, that is, the formation of centralized states.

The nation has the following characteristics:

1 .Generality of the territory. The nation's territory is held together state borders. The border fences off the nation and its interests from foreign invasion and creates a single space within the borders, equally accessible to every citizen.

The commonality of the territory developed naturally, that is, as a result of the deepening of economic ties to such an extent that all barriers to such ties disappeared by themselves. For example, customs on the borders of principalities and counties were eliminated. However, the commonality of the territory also developed by force - for example, during the formation Russian Empire or Germany.

2.Community of language. It has evolved over the centuries. And today, even in states where nations formed relatively late, the difference in dialects is preserved. In Germany and in Italy there are serious differences between the dialects of northerners and southerners. In China, dialectal phonetic differences are so great that half a century ago, the national leader of the south, Mao Zedong, traveled through the northern provinces with an interpreter. And yet every nation has a common spoken language, enshrined in its written language and literature. Language holds the nation together, establishes a natural way of communication between all representatives of the nation.

True, the same language may belong to several related nations. So, English language owned by Americans, Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders. But all of them once made up the diaspora of the English nation.

3.Community of economic life. This sign played a great role in uniting the nation around common economic interests. However, now the community of economic life is becoming more and more international from national.
4. Common features mental warehouse fixed in the features of everyday life, customs, folklore, art, symbols, character traits. For Russians, a distance of a thousand kilometers is a trifle, for the French it is huge. Russians are accustomed to the untold riches of their land, so they are not very economical. Western Europeans, on the contrary, are very zealous about the land and natural resources. It is not difficult to distinguish a Russian song from a Ukrainian one, and both together - from a French chanson. All of these features add up to national character.
5. Finally, the last in a row, but today, perhaps, one of the first most important sign of a nation - national identity. Each person himself refers himself to a certain nation, mentally merges with it: its language is his native language, in which he thinks and speaks; he was brought up on the values of the culture of this nation, perceives the country as his native nature, adheres to national traditions in everyday life (in food, for example). We are aware of our belonging to "our" nation and the border separating us from another ("foreign") nation. A person has a sense of national dignity, believing that his nation is no worse than others. He is proud of the achievements of his nation in world culture, in technology, in the progress of mankind. However, a sense of national pride often develops into a sense of national superiority over other ethnic groups, into a sense of national exclusivity. Such sentiments inevitably give rise to national enmity and discord, lead to interethnic conflicts, bloody wars.

Questions

1. Are you proud of belonging to your nation? Is it possible to criticize your nation, your country?
2. What features of the Russian national character can be noted in the heroes of A. Pushkin's works "Eugene Onegin", "Belkin's Tales", "The Captain's Daughter"?