After the Second World War, the main organization on whose activities depends, no matter how pompous it may sound, world peace, is the UN. All the main problems of our time are discussed, and the parties to the conflicts are trying to reach a consensus, assuming the use of diplomatic rather than forceful methods. What is the most important body in the entire UN? The General Assembly is the heart of this notorious organization.

What is this organ?

This is the name of the main meeting forum. Its peculiarity is that only here all the countries of the world, having their representatives in the UN, can discuss the most acute international problems in a multilateral format. What is this component of the UN responsible for? The General Assembly plays a crucial role in the formation and development of international law.

How it works?

Issues are discussed in sessions. After each of them, a resolution is adopted on the basis of the topics discussed. In order for this draft resolution to be approved, it is necessary that at least 50% of all delegates vote in favor of its adoption. Several points should be taken into account. First, what can this UN body do? The General Assembly makes resolutions, but they do not have binding or even recommendatory power. Secondly, despite this, no delegation can veto decisions.

The Assembly was approved in 1945, when the whole world shuddered, finally realizing all the grief and horror experienced by many peoples during the Second World War. Historically, the most intensive work is carried out during the period from September to December. In principle, if necessary, members of the Assembly may also meet at other times, if the current situation in the world really requires it.

Thus, according to the Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in early December 1948, the basic norms of universal norms of ethics, morality and humanism, which every state undertakes to observe, were finally fixed. In particular, this document contains a sharp rejection of any torture and humiliation of human dignity in relation to captured military personnel.

Why is this body in the UN needed?

So, (UN), the resolution of which can put an end to many negative processes in the world, in its internal Charter clearly ascribes the functions and powers that the Assembly we are describing has:

• Its most important function is to jointly consider the basic principles for the maintenance of peace and well-being. Its recommendations can relate to absolutely any issue, and the sphere of armaments is no exception. Based on the results of the discussion, a resolution is adopted, which in some cases may still be of a recommendatory nature.
• Also, members of this body can openly discuss any issues that in one way or another relate to the stability of the global geopolitical situation. In addition, the Assembly may make recommendations, except in cases where the issue in question is in the field of view of the UN Security Council.
• Assembly specialists can prepare research methods and directly implement them in order to subsequently give more accurate and useful recommendations. This is especially true of the development of international law, as well as guarantees of observance of universal norms in all spheres of activity of the governments of the world.
• Also, this body can give detailed recommendations for all situations, the uncontrolled development of which is fraught with serious shocks and disruption of relations between different nations.
• regularly shares reports with his department. The Assembly can discuss them, as well as make various comments, which are accepted by higher authorities.
• A very important task of the Assembly is to adopt the budget of the UN, as well as to determine the amount of contributions for each country whose members are part of this organization.
• Appoint the Secretary General, as well as elect temporary members to the Security Council (based on the results of the general vote).

What is the order of the sessions?

Any session is opened by the fact that representatives of various countries are discussing the most acute and important issues that have accumulated since the last meeting. It is important to note that at the same time everyone can openly express their opinion and receive capacious and detailed answers. All meetings are carefully recorded for their subsequent analysis, on the basis of which recommendations will be made.

Why are all these projects considered? The resolution of this body, dedicated to all the most important global problems, is never adopted from scratch. All decisions of the UN can be implemented only on the basis of the results of a joint debate, in which all the most important issues are fully discussed.

Only after each country has exercised its right to vote in the general debate does the substantive consideration of the issues on the agenda begin. It should be noted that there can be a lot of them. So, at a relatively recent meeting, it turned out that there were almost 170 items on the agenda! How is the discussion going on in this case?

The fact is that the Assembly itself consists of six committees. Among the members of the latter are distributed the main issues that go through all the stages of discussion. At one of the subsequent plenary meetings, a preliminary draft resolution is handed over to the President of the Assembly.

It is under further discussion. If approved, at least 50% of the sittings are accepted finally. After that, the resolution of the UN General Assembly may, in some cases, even be referred to the Security Council. This happens if it touched upon especially important and topical issues that directly threaten global stability.

Which divisions represent the six additional committees?

Since we have already touched on this issue, it should be further deciphered. So, the six committees include the following divisions:

• Department dealing with issues of world disarmament and security. It contains all the questions that in one way or another affect the spheres of the immoderate use of weapons.
• Committee for Economic and Financial Problems. On it, in particular, lie the problems of hunger and poverty in the countries of Central Africa.
• Department of Humanities and Social Policy. Perhaps one of the most important units, as it deals with human rights issues. In addition, the recommendations of this committee are more often accepted for consideration by the Security Council. This means that as a result, a resolution of the UN General Assembly, which has a binding interpretation, can be agreed upon.
• The fourth section is politics and issues related in one way or another to decolonization. His competence is extremely wide. In addition to settling the usual general political problems, the members of this committee are engaged in financial and social assistance those states that used to be colonies of some European powers.
• Administrative Affairs and Budget Committee. Here they are mainly engaged in the office, which includes issues of financing, so the rights of the UN General Assembly in this regard are extremely great.
• Sixth Committee, aka Law Department. As it is easy to understand, he is busy developing and adopting the norms of international law. Also, this department can oversee the implementation of its recommendations.

What decisions can be made here?

Each member of the Assembly has exactly one vote. Decisions on particularly important issues directly related to stability and peace can only be made if there are at least 2/3 of the votes "for" or "against". In other cases, resolutions may be approved based on a simple number of votes (but not less than 50%).

General Committee - composition and main functions

The most important committee consists of a chair, as well as 21 deputies, who are responsible both for the work of the six additional committees and for general organizational and administrative matters. Previously, this body performed much more functions, but the reform of the UN General Assembly significantly reduced their list. From now on, it includes the following tasks:

• Adoption of the agenda and distribution of topics to additional committees in case there are too many issues.
• General organization of work and responsibility for holding all plenary meetings of the Assembly.

What is the role of this structure in global security?

70 The UN General Assembly was marked by the speech of the President of the Russian Federation VV Putin. In his long speech, he touched on many extremely important, but very sensitive issues. In particular, the President of Russia has repeatedly hinted that the existing center of "dominance" in the world, whose main representative spoke about "exclusivity", in recent years has ceased to respond to UN decisions at all.

Why was it said? Anyone who is interested in the politics of recent decades, it was clear that the Russian leader was hinting at the United States. The invasion of Vietnam, Libya, the bombing of Yugoslavia in the early 90s - all this was done either without obtaining the approval of the Security Council, or such was issued "backdating". Not surprisingly, in recent years, opinions have been increasingly heard that the format of the Assembly is completely outdated, and the entire organization needs to be completely “dismantled”. But is it really so?

Yes, the organization has certain problems, but they have not disappeared since the days of the League of Nations. Most countries still listen to the opinion of the UN and implement its peacekeeping initiatives. This helps to maintain world order and prevent small conflicts from turning into really big wars. So what is the relationship between the UN General Assembly and international security?

Conclusions and review of some problems

So, for the entire time of its existence (in the period from 1944 to 2016), this organization can be safely called the most influential in the whole world. Thus, the declaration of the UN General Assembly has more than once been able to prevent those conflicts in which the states that initially unleashed them are completely bogged down. Of course, things didn't always go so well. For example, following the results of another Arab-Israeli conflict, the following conclusions were drawn:

• Firstly, regrettably, but in the coming decades, the complete eradication of the causes of this war is impossible, since they include deep internal contradictions between all the peoples inhabiting this region.
• Secondly, it is this conflict that constantly reveals contradictions both in the Assembly and in the UN Security Council: on the one hand, the nation has the right to self-determination, on the other hand, the people are free to resolve territorial claims.

Based on this information, we can conclude that the implementation of the so-called road maps, that is, a plan for resolving a particular conflict, should take into account all the features of the region in which it unfolded. Unfortunately, not all sessions of the UN General Assembly touched on this painful problem.

The fact that the parties to the conflict generally do not have much confidence in the decisions of the UN makes it very difficult to solve this problem. At times, only the influence of intermediaries in the person of the United States or the Russian Federation helps to prevent serious consequences, while Arabs and Israelis practically do not listen to the opinion of the UN itself. How can a way out of this impasse be found?

Here the organization must show a certain degree of flexibility. The proposed resolutions on the Israeli question are a set of compromises, adopted by countries who are generally indifferent to the problems in this region. In such a delicate situation, as some UN experts believe, one should listen not to the faceless opinion of the majority, but to the decisions of the countries directly involved in this conflict.

Disaster in Rwanda

Also, the documents of the UN General Assembly testify that at one time the members of the organization did not attach due importance to the events that resulted in one of the bloodiest conflicts of the last millennium, as a result of which thousands of people died. The conflict in Rwanda was extremely complex for the reason that it was based not only on religious, but also on deep ethnic contradictions.

Moreover, the ethnic issue became the main factor. The difficulty was also in the fact that from the very beginning the members of the Assembly could not firmly decide which nationality to side with. Such throwing was erroneous in its essence: it was necessary to immediately stop the unleashing of the conflict. When two ethnic groups oppose within one country, this is an ordinary civil war, fraught with huge casualties and forever separating many generations of people who lived there.

In addition, for some unknown reason, economic factors were completely forgotten. In particular, it has long been proven that with a more or less stable growth of the economy, such conflicts are possible, but they rarely reach their peak (without external support). But in Rwanda, throughout the 80s, the economy rapidly degraded, constantly going into the red. Again, in those conditions it was necessary to act urgently, but for some reason initially no action was taken.

So we learned why the UN General Assembly is needed.

Do you know what the UN is? What are the functions of the General Assembly? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article. The UN General Assembly is the leading representative, policy-making and deliberative body of the United Nations, which was established in 1945 in accordance with the UN Charter. The annual session of the Assembly is held from September to December and on subsequent days as needed. This formation serves as a forum for a versatile discussion of the entire spectrum of interethnic issues reflected in the Charter, and consists of 193 UN members.

Powers and functions

The Assembly also decided to adjourn the tenth special emergency session for the time being and authorized the President of the United Nations to resume its meetings at the request of member countries.

Backstage conventions

What is an informal meeting of the UN General Assembly? At its 52nd session, this organization proposed a new means of reaching mutual understanding by negotiating the task of transforming the UN in private plenary meetings. The practice of holding such events was proposed at subsequent conferences to discuss issues related to the UN special session on HIV / AIDS, the UN Millennium Summit, strengthening the UN system and its activation.

Elections

Next, we will find out why a resolution of the UN General Assembly is needed, and now we will consider the election of the UN President and his deputies. In 2002, on 8 July, the Assembly adopted Resolution 56/509 amending the rules of procedure. According to them, and also as a result of the intensification of their work, the famous organization elected its own chairman and his deputies in 2005, on June 13, that is, three months before the opening of the conference. At the same time, the chairmen of the six first commissions of the 60th session were also elected.

In accordance with UN Resolution 58/126, the other officers of the Lead Committees were elected on the same day.

Total Debate

In 2005, from 17 to 23 September, the debate of the General Assembly was held. They gave the member countries a chance to speak out on the most important interethnic issues. Pursuant to UN Resolution 58/126, the Sixtieth Conference held for the first time a general debate on a topic proposed to Members by the appointed but not yet inaugurated Chair.

Considering the importance of the 2005 World Summit, the 60th session proposed the theme “To enhance and strengthen the effectiveness of the UN: follow-up to the provisions and activities of the 2005 macro plenary meeting in September”.

On the activities of the organization, the Secretary General read out a report before the start of the general debate, as has been customary since the 52nd Conference.

Reserve bodies

The rights of the UN General Assembly are impressive. This organization has six main commissions. After the end of the general discussion, the Assembly begins to consider the main items on its agenda. The number of subjects she has to study is very large. That is why the Assembly sorts the sections of the daily plan among its six main commissions, depending on their subject matter. Those, in turn, discuss them, seeking, as far as possible, to regulate the various relations of states. After that, the committees submit draft decisions and resolutions to the Assembly for analysis at one of the plenary congresses.

The United Nations has the following commissions:

• Committee on International Security and Disarmament.
• Commission on Financial and Economic Affairs.
• Committee on Humanitarian, Social and Cultural Issues.
• Council on Specific Policy Challenges and Dilemmas of Decolonization.
• Committee on Budgetary and Administrative Affairs.
• Legal Tasks Committee.

It is known that on individual agenda items, such as the problems of Palestine and the Middle East, the Assembly passes verdicts only at its plenary meetings.

Disposition

So, what is the UN General Assembly resolution for? This is a written act of the UN, in the approval of which all members of the Assembly take part. In order for it to be adopted, you need to get at least 50% of the votes.

The decisions recognized by the Assembly, in contrast to the resolutions of the Security Council, do not have binding force, as they differ in a recommendatory bias. At the same time, no state can veto them. They say that UN resolutions are of great political and moral importance.

The texts of these documents are annually coordinated between the delegations of the Member States within the framework of the activities of the six UN committees.

The current resolutions of the General Assembly, as a rule, study the issues of world development ("Eradication of poverty", "Food security"), transnational activities, phenomena, processes, and even simple events (oil spill in the coastal waters of Lebanon).

The text of the decision shows a level of perception of the analyzed problems and goals suitable for all states joint work to resolve the relevant issues. However, it is not always possible to achieve a fundamental common understanding, as, for example, in the decision to lift the blockade from Cuba, which is annually approved by the vast majority of powers, criticizing the antics of the United States. If there are fundamental disagreements between groups of countries or on the part of one state, the resolution is sent to a referendum.

Due to the very one-sided nature of the multifaceted process of negotiating the text of the decree with the participation of countries with dissimilar popular needs, UN orders rarely have a practical orientation, with the exception of “decisions-resolutions” on real issues (the budget of the organization, holding conferences, and so on).

Children's rights

What else is the UN General Assembly famous for? The Convention on the Rights of the Child is her handiwork. This organization approved an international legal document that fixes the rights of children in the participating countries. This Convention is the first and basic international legal document of a strict tone intended for a wide range of children's rights. It contains 54 articles detailing the private rights of persons between the ages of birth and 18 years of age (unless, in accordance with applicable laws, capacity comes earlier) to the perfect development of their resources in an environment free from want, hunger, exploitation, cruelty and other forms of abuse. The parties to this Convention are Palestine, the Holy See and all UN member states, excluding the United States.

People's rights

Do you know why the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created? The UN General Assembly adopted it at the third session by resolution 217 A (III) in 1948, December 10. This "Interethnic Covenant on Human Rights" is recommended to all UN member countries. It is the first total definition of the privileges that all people have.

The Declaration consists of 30 articles and is a component of the International Bill of Human Opportunities, along with the World Covenant on Social, Cultural and Economic Rights, a couple of Optional Protocols, and the World Covenant on Political and Civil Rights.

Idea

Would you like to look at the documents of the UN General Assembly? Anyone can get acquainted with them, since they are available to everyone on the network on the website of this organization. During the Age of Enlightenment, thoughts of Natural Law appeared. On their basis, the following were developed and approved: the Bill of Rights in the USA, the Bill of Opportunities in Great Britain and the Declaration of the Rights of the Citizen and the Man in France.

The phase of the Second World War clearly demonstrated the need for a universal treaty for the rights of the people. Franklin Roosevelt in 1941, in his State of the Union address, called for the support of four necessary freedoms: conscience, speech, freedom from fear and from want. This gave a new impetus to the development of human rights as a necessary criterion for peace and the end of the war.

When the public became aware of the atrocities committed by the German fascists, it became clear that the UN Charter did not clearly define human rights. A universal agreement that would describe and enumerate the rights of the individual was needed.

Adoption

The Declaration of the UN General Assembly is an important document that can change the world. It is known that the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, before being approved, was subjected to significant revisions. Humphrey's draft, deeply modified by Cassin, became the basis for the future document.

The vote for him was carried out gradually. 23 out of 31 articles of the program of the declaration were unanimously adopted. As a result of the discussion, the third paragraph was merged with the second. During the hearings and the article-by-article plebiscite, a confrontation between the Western states and the countries of the Soviet coalition came to light. The head of the USSR delegation to the UN Vyshinsky Andrey Yanuarievich argued that, despite some advantages, the project has many major shortcomings, the main of which is the legal and formal nature and the absence in the project of any measures that would be able to contribute to the implementation of the proclaimed in the document basic human rights and freedoms.

The latest edition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved by 48 countries (out of 58 then UN members) on December 10, 1948 at the 183rd plenary meeting of the General Assembly in the Palais de Chaillot (Paris). The Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, the Union of the SSR, Yugoslavia, Poland, Saudi Arabia and South Africa abstained from voting. Yemen and Honduras did not participate in it. Canada rejected the first version of the declaration, but agreed with it in the final vote.

The socialist countries rejected the document because of the denial of the right to free emigration, Saudi Arabia - because of the rejection of religious freedom and the arbitrariness of marriage, South Africa (and previously, Canada) - because of the racist position.

human rights day

The UN General Assembly brings great changes to the world. 1948 is a turning point in human history. In 1950, the UN established the Human Rights Day holiday to honor the Declaration. It is celebrated on December 10th. This celebration is attended by people, parliaments, governments, various religious groups and communities and, of course, the UN itself. Campaigns to promote the Declaration and human rights are undertaken every ten years.

In 2007, on December 10, the operation called "Justice and human dignity for all of us" began, in which all UN member states took an active part, and lasted exactly one year, until the 60th anniversary.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 7 of the UN Charter, the principal organs of the Organization are:

• General Assembly;
• Security Council;
• Economic and Social Council;
• Board of Trustees;
• International Court;
• Secretariat.

All of them are headquartered in New York, with the exception of the International Court of Justice, which is located in The Hague.

United Nations General Assembly

The General Assembly is the most representative body of the Organization. It consists of all members of the Organization. From the content of Chapter IV of the UN Charter, we can conclude that the General Assembly is supreme body Organizations. According to Art. 15 of the Charter, it receives and considers the annual and special reports of the Security Council. These reports shall include an account of the measures for the maintenance of international peace and security which the Security Council has decided to take or has taken. The General Assembly receives and considers reports from other organs of the Organization.

Important! It should be borne in mind that:

• Each case is unique and individual.
• Careful study of the issue does not always guarantee a positive outcome of the case. It depends on many factors.

To get the most detailed advice on your issue, you just need to choose any of the proposed options:

The General Assembly has the right to discuss any issues within the limits of the UN Charter and make appropriate recommendations to the UN member states and the Security Council. However, when the Security Council is exercising the functions assigned to it by the Charter of the United Nations with respect to any dispute or situation, the General Assembly cannot make any recommendation concerning that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.

From the content of Art. 10 of the UN Charter, it follows that the General Assembly has the right:

1. 1. to discuss any questions or matters within the limits of the UN Charter;
   2. develop and approve recommendations to Member States and the Security Council. It has the right to draw the attention of the Security Council to situations that could threaten international peace and security.

The General Assembly also organizes studies and makes recommendations in order to:

• promoting international cooperation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification;
• promoting cooperation in the fields of economic, social, cultural, educational, health care and promoting the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

More about the sessions of the UN General Assembly

The General Assembly meets in ordinary annual sessions and in such special sessions as the circumstances may require. The General Assembly meets annually in ordinary session on the third Tuesday of September. The Secretary-General shall notify all Members of the United Nations of the opening of such session at least 60 days in advance. On the recommendation of the General Committee, at the beginning of each session, it fixes the closing date of the regular session.

Special sessions of the General Assembly shall be convened within 15 days from the date of receipt by the Secretary-General of a request from the Security Council or from a majority of the Members of the United Nations to convene such a session, or a notification from a majority of the Members of the United Nations to join in the request for convening.

Extraordinary special sessions are convened within 24 hours of receipt by the Secretary General of a request to convene such a session from the Security Council and supported by the votes of any 9 members of the Council, a request by a majority of UN members expressed by voting in the Intersessional Committee. Any Member of the United Nations may request the Secretary General to convene an emergency special session. The Secretary-General shall immediately notify the other Members of the Organization of this demand and ask them if they join it. If, within 30 days, the majority of UN members join this demand, then the Secretary General convenes a special session of the UN General Assembly.

The provisional agenda for a regular session is drawn up by the UN Secretary General and communicated to its members at least 60 days before the opening of the session. It consists of over 100 questions. However, the following questions are constant:

• report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization;
• reports of the Security Council, ECOSOC, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, subsidiary bodies of the General Assembly and specialized agencies;
• all items the inclusion of which the General Assembly decided at one of its previous sessions;
• all items proposed by any member of the UN;
• all items relating to the budget for the next financial year and the report on the report for the past financial year;
• all items which the Secretary-General deems necessary to be submitted to the General Assembly;
• all items proposed by states that are not members of the UN.

The delegation of a Member State of the United Nations to a session of the General Assembly shall consist of not more than five representatives and five alternates and the number of advisers, technical advisers, experts and persons in a similar position required by the delegation.
English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French are the official and working languages ​​of the General Assembly, its committees and subcommittees. Arabic is both the official and working language of the General Assembly and its Main Committees. All resolutions and other documents are issued in the languages ​​of the General Assembly. By decision of the General Assembly, its documents and the documents of its committees and subcommittees are published in any other language.

Committees of the UN General Assembly

The General Assembly may establish such committees as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions. The most detailed discussion of issues takes place in the following seven main committees:

1. 1. in the First Committee- on political and security issues, including disarmament issues (since the XXXI session of the General Assembly, this committee has dealt mainly with disarmament issues);
   2. special political committee to which the political questions within the competence of the First Committee are transferred;
   3. the Second Committee on economic and financial matters;
   4. Third Committee— on social, humanitarian and cultural issues;
   5. Fourth Committee- on issues of international trusteeship and non-self-governing territories;
   6. the Fifth Committee, on administrative and budgetary matters;
   7. Sixth Committee - on Legal Affairs.

Resolutions and decisions of the UN General Assembly

The General Assembly at its sessions adopts:

• resolutions;
• solutions;
• recommendations.

As it appears from paragraph 2 of Art. 4 of the UN Charter, the term "decree" denotes acts adopted by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. They are generally addressed to Member States and remind them of their rights and obligations. The act of admission or expulsion of states from the UN is also issued in the form of a resolution.

The term "recommendation" is repeatedly found in the UN Charter (articles 10, 11, 13, etc.). For example, according to paragraph 1 of Art. 11 of the Charter, the General Assembly is authorized to consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and to make recommendations regarding these principles to the members of the Organization or the Security Council. In Art. Article 13 of the UN Charter states that the General Assembly organizes studies and makes recommendations in order to promote international cooperation in the political field and to encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification, as well as to promote international cooperation in the field of economic, social, cultural, educational, etc. e. This article of the UN Charter indicates when recommendations are still made by the General Assembly.

The term "decision" is used in paragraph 2 of Art. 18 of the UN Charter. It says the following: decisions of the General Assembly on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting. These issues include: recommendations regarding the maintenance of peace and security, the election of non-permanent members of the Security Council, the admission of new members of the Organization, the suspension of the rights and privileges of members of the Organization.

Thus, according to paragraph 2 of Art. 18 of the Charter:

• General Assembly decisions for the maintenance of peace and security are called recommendations;
• solutions on admission of new members and other issues in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 4 are called decrees.

All resolutions of the General Assembly, regardless of title and content, are numbered in order. The session number is indicated by a Roman numeral. Special sessions have the letter "S" in front of the number, emergency - "ES". All resolutions have their own name.

Regardless of population, all member states, from the largest (China, 1.2 billion people) to the smallest (Palau, 16,000 people), each have one vote in the General Assembly.

Decisions of the General Assembly on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting.

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 18 of the UN Charter, the following issues are important:

1. recommendations for the maintenance of international peace and security;
2. elections of non-permanent members of the Security Council;
3. election of members of the Economic and Social Council;
4. election of members of the Board of Trustees;
5. admission of new members to the UN;
6. suspension of the rights and privileges of UN members;
7. exclusion from the UN of its members;
8. issues related to the functioning of the guardianship system;
9. budget issues.

The list of these questions is exhaustive.

Decisions on other issues, including the determination of additional categories of issues to be resolved by a 2/3 majority vote, are taken by a simple majority of those present and voting.

Resolutions of the UN General Assembly within the meaning of Art. 11 of the Charter are not binding. They contain only recommendations to member states, including the so-called "soft" law.

According to Art. 23 of the UN Charter, the Security Council consists of 15 members of the Organization. Of these, 5 are permanent, namely: Russia, China, France, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, USA.

The General Assembly elects 10 other UN members as non-permanent members. The latter are elected for a term of two years and, in their election, due regard shall be paid to the degree of participation of the candidates in the maintenance of international peace and security and in the achievement of other purposes of the Organization, as well as to equitable geographical distribution.

The seats of non-permanent members of the Council are distributed as follows: from Asia and Africa - 5 members, Eastern Europe - 1, Latin America and the Caribbean - 2, Western Europe, Canada, New Zealand and Australia - 2 members.

In recent years, at the sessions of the General Assembly, the issue of increasing the number of members of the Security Council to 20 or more, including permanent members to 7-10, has been very actively discussed.

In order to ensure prompt and effective action, the Members of the United Nations confer upon the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and agree that, in discharging its duties arising from this responsibility, the Security Council shall act on their behalf.

The Security Council submits annual reports to the General Assembly and, as required, special reports.

The Security Council will be able, in accordance with its responsibilities under the UN Charter, to maintain and strengthen international peace and security only if the decisions of the Council have the full support of the international community and if the parties to the conflicts implement these decisions in full.

Functions and powers of the Security Council:

1. maintain international peace and security in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations;
2. investigate any disputes or situations that may cause international friction;
3. make recommendations on the methods of resolving such disputes or the conditions for their resolution;
4. make plans for the establishment of a system of arms regulation, determine whether there is a threat to the peace or an act, and make recommendations on measures to be taken;
5. call on UN member states to apply economic sanctions and other measures not related to the use of armed forces to prevent or stop aggression:
6. take military action against the aggressor;
7. make recommendations regarding the admission of new members and the conditions under which states may become parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice;
8. exercise UN trusteeship functions in strategic areas;
9. make recommendations to the General Assembly regarding the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the General Assembly, elect the judges of the International Court of Justice;
10. submit annual and special reports to the General Assembly.

The role of the UN, and in particular the Security Council, in maintaining peace and ensuring international security is reduced to the implementation of the following four activities.

1. Preventive diplomacy- these are actions aimed at preventing the emergence of disputes between the parties, preventing the escalation of existing disputes into conflicts and limiting the scope of conflicts after they arise.
2. Peacekeeping is action aimed at inducing warring parties to an agreement, mainly through such peaceful means as are provided for in Chapter VI of the UN Charter.
3. Keeping the peace- this is the maintenance of the UN presence in a given specific area, which is associated with the deployment of UN military and / or police personnel, and often civilian personnel.
4. Peacebuilding in the post-conflict period- these are actions aimed at preventing the outbreak of violence between countries and peoples after the elimination of a conflict or conflict situation.

More

In the opinion of the UN, these four activities together, carried out with the support of all members, are capable of becoming an integral UN in ensuring peace in the spirit of its Charter.

When the Security Council is informed of a threat to the peace, it asks the parties to reach an agreement by peaceful means. The Council may act as a mediator or formulate principles for the settlement of a dispute. He may request the Secretary-General to investigate and report on the situation. In the event of the outbreak of hostilities, the Security Council shall take measures to ensure a ceasefire. It can, with the consent of the parties concerned, send peacekeeping missions to conflict areas to ease tensions and disengage opposing forces. The Security Council has the right to deploy peacekeeping forces to prevent the resumption of conflict. It has the power to enforce its decisions by imposing economic sanctions and deciding to apply collective military measures.

Legal status peacekeeping forces The UN is defined by an agreement between the UN and the host state. Under these agreements, once the Security Council decides to establish a peacekeeping operation, the Member States concerned are required to contribute to the fulfillment of the operation's mandate.

According to Art. 5 and 6 of the Charter, the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, may suspend the exercise of the rights and privileges belonging to a state as a member of the organization if measures of a preventive or enforcement nature have been taken against it by the Security Council. A UN Member State that systematically violates the principles enshrined in the Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

The Security Council acts on behalf of all members of the Organization. In accordance with Art. 25 of the Charter, the members of the Organization agree to "obey and carry out the decisions of the Security Council." According to Art. 43 they undertake to place at the disposal of the Security Council, at its request and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, the armed forces, assistance and appropriate facilities, including the right of passage, necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. Such an agreement or agreements shall determine the strength and type of troops, their degree of readiness and their general disposition, and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided.

The UN Charter gives the Security Council the right to apply provisional and coercive measures.

Interim measures are intended to prevent deterioration of the situation and must not prejudice the rights, claims or position of the parties concerned. Such measures may include requiring the parties to cease hostilities, withdraw troops to certain lines, and resort to some form of peaceful settlement procedure, including entering into direct negotiations, recourse to arbitration, the use of regional organizations and bodies. Temporary measures are not coercive. They are not legally binding on the parties, but the Security Council, in accordance with Art. 40 of the UN Charter "takes due account of the failure to comply with these provisional measures".

Coercive measures are subdivided into measures not related to the use of armed forces, and into actions involving the use of armed forces (Articles 41 and 22 of the Charter). Their application is the exclusive competence of the Security Council, which constitutes one of its most important powers.

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In accordance with comp. 41 of the Charter, coercive measures without the use of armed forces may include a complete or partial interruption of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio and other means of communication, severance of diplomatic relations, as well as other measures of a similar nature.

In cases where the above measures become insufficient or ineffective, the Security Council, on the basis of Art. 42 of the Charter has the right to take the actions necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security by the armed forces of the United Nations. All UN members undertake to place at the disposal of the Security Council, at its request, armed forces, assistance and appropriate facilities, including the right of passage through territory, territorial waters and airspace. special kind enforcement action is the suspension of the exercise of the rights and privileges of any member of the United Nations in respect of which the Security Council has taken a decision on enforcement action. Such a measure is also expulsion from the membership of the UN for violation of the Charter (Article 6).

More about UN Security Council meetings

The Security Council meets almost daily to review issues on its agenda, prevent threats to peace, take various measures to control and resolve conflicts, and mobilize regional and international support for these actions. In order to ensure the continuity of work, each member of the Security Council must be represented at the seat of the UN at all times. Any state that is not a member of the Security Council may participate in its meetings without the right to vote if the issue under discussion in any way affects the interests of this member of the Organization. A non-member state of the UN may be invited to meetings of the Council if it is a party to a dispute considered by the Security Council. Moreover, he sets such conditions for the participation of a state - a non-member of the Organization, which he finds fair.

Meetings of the Security Council, with the exception of periodic meetings (such meetings are held twice a year), are convened by the President at any time when the latter considers it necessary. However, the interval between meetings should be no more than 14 days.

The chairmanship of the Security Council is exercised by its members in turn in English. alphabetical order their names. Each chairman holds this post for one calendar month.

English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish are both official and working languages ​​of the Security Council. Speeches delivered in one of the six languages ​​are translated into the other five languages.

Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Substantive decisions require a majority of nine votes, but this number must include the votes of all five permanent members of the Security Council. This is the essence of the principle of unanimity of the five great powers. This principle has special meaning for the successful functioning of the entire security system within the UN. It places on the Great Powers the primary responsibility for the efficiency of the Organization. The USSR (and now Russia) and the US used their veto power quite often.

The Security Council makes decisions and recommendations at its meetings. In any case, they are referred to as resolutions, which are legally binding (Art. 25, 48, etc.).

United Nations specialized agencies

United Nations specialized agencies - these are international (interstate) organizations of a universal nature, open to the participation of any state and put in connection with the United Nations by special agreements with them in order to coordinate their activities in the field of socio-economic relations between states.

At the same time, specialized institutions fully retain their status as independent international organizations created and operating on the basis of their constituent act (interstate agreement), which determines the goals and objectives of this organization, its organizational structure, functions and powers of its bodies.

There are currently 15 UN specialized agencies:

1. 1. Universal Postal Union (UPU).
   2. World Bank Group:
      • International Development Association (IDA)
      • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
      • international bank reconstruction and development (IBRD)
      • International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
      • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
   3. World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
   4. World Health Organization (WHO).
   5. World Organization intellectual property(WIPO).
   6. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
   7. International Maritime Organization (IMO).
   8. international organization civil aviation(ICAO).
   9. International Labor Organization (ILO).
   10. International Monetary Fund (IMF).
   11. International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
   12. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
   13. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
   14. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
   15. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

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International Labor Organization (ILO)- established in 1919 by decision of the Paris Peace Conference. Its charter was Part XIII of the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919. In 1946, the ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN. The main objectives of the ILO are to encourage social justice, improving working conditions, raising the living standards of the population. To this end, the ILO is developing international conventions concerning the working conditions of various categories of workers, their wages, working hours, minimum age for entry into work, special insurance, paid holidays, etc. They become binding on member states upon ratification by their states in accordance with their constitutional procedure. The ILO also accepts recommendations to member states.

Universal Postal Union (UPU) - created in 1874 in order to promote the implementation of postal communications between different territories (it was created in those conditions as the so-called administrative union). Since 1947, a specialized agency of the UN. It functions on the basis of its charter, the general regulations of the UPU and the Universal Postal Convention, the latest version of which entered into force in 1971. Almost all states of the world are members of the UPU. Their territories are considered as a single postal territory. The goals of the UPU are the organization and improvement of the postal service, as well as the provision of technical assistance to developing countries in organizing the postal service for their population.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)- was formed in 1932 at the World Telecommunication Conference on the basis of the merger in the ITU of the International Telegraph Union (founded in 1865) and the International Radiotelegraph Union (operated since 1906). ITU has been a specialized organization of the UN since 1947. It operates on the basis of the International Telecommunication Convention and its supplementary regulations. The goals of the ITU are to coordinate all types of international telecommunications, including space, to promote the rational use of radio communication services, and to distribute its radio spectrum. ITU provides technical assistance to the development of regional radio communication networks and their inclusion in the worldwide system, provides technical and other assistance to developing countries in organizing their radio communication services.

World Health Organization (WHO)- was established in 1946 and since 1948 has been operating as a specialized agency of the UN, unites most of the states of the world. The aim of WHO, in accordance with its Constitution, is to achieve a higher level of health for all peoples through not only public health efforts, but also through appropriate socio-economic measures. WHO activities are carried out by providing countries with medical services, providing appropriate assistance to developing countries and in organizing and encouraging medical research. The latter is carried out, in particular, by organizing an international network of laboratories that study pathogenic organisms, create the necessary vaccines, and also train the necessary scientists.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)- created in 1947 on the basis of the corresponding non-governmental organization that existed since 1873. Since 1951, it has been functioning as a specialized agency of the UN, uniting almost all states. Its goals are worldwide cooperation in meteorological observations, ensuring the rapid exchange of meteorological information and ensuring the uniformity of meteorological observations and statistical data, organizing meteorological research and training meteorologists.

International Maritime Organization (IMO)- has been operating since 1982 as a specialized agency of the United Nations. It replaced the previously existing (since 1959) Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO).

The IMO has five specialized committees: the Maritime Safety Committee, the Legal Committee, the Marine Environment Protection Committee, the Technical Cooperation Committee and the Facilitation Committee. They develop the relevant rules of navigation and protection of the marine environment for submission to the governing bodies of the IMO.
Under the auspices of the IMO, numerous international conferences have been held, in particular, on the issues of the safety of life at sea, the load line of ships, their measurement, the prevention of ship collisions and sea pollution, the safety of fishing vessels, the search and rescue of ships in an accident. At such conferences, the text of international conventions is developed and adopted, i.e. work is underway to codify modern maritime law. IMO bodies also develop recommendations, codes, guidelines, manuals, etc. for navigators, designers and builders of sea vessels. All this ensures the high efficiency of the IMO.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)- was created and has been operating since 1946 as a specialized agency of the UN, uniting almost all existing states.

The goals of UNESCO are to promote the achievement of lasting peace, security and well-being of peoples through the development of international cooperation in the field of education, science and culture. This organization is called upon to promote universal observance of justice, law and order, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion. The main program of activity is, in particular, the elimination of illiteracy of the population, the promotion of compulsory education and raising its level, the training and deployment of experts in the field of science and education to the countries concerned. UNESCO considers, within its competence, such global problems modernity, as averting the danger of a global thermonuclear catastrophe, ending the arms race, establishing a new economic order and a new information order, protecting environment, the development of the oceans and outer space for the benefit of all mankind.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)- was established in 1967 in pursuance of the relevant resolution of the UN General Assembly and since 1985 has been a specialized agency of the UN.

The goals of UNIDO are to promote the industrial development and industrialization of developing countries, finance relevant projects, train national personnel, as well as promote international and regional cooperation between states and coordinate their activities in this area.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)- established in 1970 in accordance with its constituent act - the Convention concluded in 1967. The main objectives of this very specific international organization- since 1974, a specialized agency of the United Nations - are: to promote intellectual creative activity and the protection of intellectual property throughout the world by encouraging international cooperation between states that are or are not members of WIPO, including interaction with any other international association States in this area, as well as to promote the transfer of technology to developing countries, meaning the acceleration of their economic, social and cultural development.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)- established and operating as a specialized agency of the United Nations since 1945. FAO goals: to promote improved nutrition and raising the living standards of the population, increased labor productivity and improved food distribution, increased productivity of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, improved living conditions in rural areas population, the development of the world economy, as well as the organization and promotion of scientific research in the field of agriculture and nutrition of the population.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)- a specialized UN agency engaged in organizing and coordinating international cooperation relating to the activities of international civil aviation. The ICAO Charter is an integral part of the 1944 concluded. Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.

The goals of ICAO are: establishing the principles and methods of international air navigation, promoting the planning and development of international air transport, improving flight and space regulations, ensuring the safety of international flights. Its functions include, in particular, the development and adoption, taking into account the requirements of practice, of international standards and recommendations that have as their task the unification of the Rules of International Air Navigation, which constitute an annex to the above Convention and are changed or supplemented as necessary.

ICAO conducts its business through an extensive system of bodies with compulsory jurisdiction or supportive functions.

International Monetary Fund (IMF), created in 1945 on the basis of an agreement reached at the Bretton Woods Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944 by states whose contributions to this fund amounted to 80% of its total amount. Became a specialized agency of the UN and committed to the implementation of foreign exchange transactions in 1947. The goals of the IMF are to promote international cooperation in the field of financial settlements on transactions between member states and to eliminate restrictions on the development of world trade in the exchange of currencies.

However, due to the fact that the decisions of the fund are made on the basis of a "weighted vote" of its members, taking into account their contributions to the amount of the fund, and that 10 highly developed countries led by the United States, these states determine the monetary and financial policy of the fund and the conditions under which it provides loans to other countries.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)- created in 1944 by the states - participants of the Bretton Woods conference. A specialized agency of the United Nations since 1945. Only member states of the International Monetary Fund can become members of the IBRD.

The purpose of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction of the economies of the member states by providing them with loans for this purpose. The conditions for making relevant decisions are the same as in the International Monetary Fund.

International Finance Corporation (IFC)- established in 1956, a specialized agency of the UN since 1957. The purpose of the IFC is to promote the economic development of member states by stimulating the activities of their private production enterprises. The IFC closely cooperates with the IBRD, is its branch. It is managed by the Board of Governors and the Board of Directors, consisting of persons managing the affairs of the IBRD and representing states that are also its members.

International Development Association (MAP)- established in 1960, since 1961 a specialized agency of the UN. Its members are IBRD member states.

The goals of MAP are to promote economic development, increase productivity and living standards of the population of the least developed countries by providing them with preferential interest-free and long-term loans. Responsibility for the administration of the MAP lies with the IBRD, whose officers and staff also perform the administration of the MAP without remuneration. The procedure for making decisions on granting loans is the same as in the IBRD.

The three above organizations - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation and the International Development Association - together form a corporation called the World Bank.

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD or IFAD)- Established and operating as a specialized agency of the United Nations since 1977.

The goals of IFAD are to mobilize additional funds for the development of agriculture in developing countries through the development and implementation of projects to assist the poorest sections of their agricultural population. 40%). Its distribution also depends on the coordination of the positions of the main donor countries.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (not to be confused with the International Criminal Court!) is the main judicial body of the United Nations (UN). It was established by the Charter of the United Nations signed on June 26, 1945 in San Francisco, to achieve one of the main purposes of the UN: "to conduct by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or settlement of international disputes or situations that may lead to disruption of the peace. The Court functions in accordance with the Statute, which is part of the Charter, and its Rules.

The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges, and it cannot have two of the same state. The members of the Court are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council from among persons listed on the proposal of the national groups of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Judges are elected on the basis of . However, in the appointment, care is taken to ensure that the main legal systems of the whole world are represented in the Court. A national group may nominate no more than four candidates. Before nominating candidates, she is obliged to seek the opinion of the highest judicial authorities, law faculties, higher legal institutions and academies of her country, as well as national branches of international academies engaged in the study of law. Candidates who receive an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and the Security Council are considered elected. Judges are elected for a nine-year term and may be re-elected. While holding the position of a judge, they cannot hold another position.

Since the functioning of the Court, the representative of the USSR, and later on Russia, has been permanently elected a member of the International Court of Justice.

Members of the Court, in the performance of their judicial duties, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. The seat of the Court is The Hague, the Netherlands.

The jurisdiction of the Court includes all cases that will be submitted to it by the parties, and all matters specifically provided for by the Charter of the United Nations or existing treaties and conventions.

Only states and only parties to the Statute of the Court can be parties to a dispute before the Court.. The latter may at any time declare that they recognize, without special agreement, ipsofacto, in respect of any other State which has accepted such an undertaking, the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory in all legal disputes concerning:

1. interpretation of the contract;
2. any question of international law;
3. existence of a fact which, if established, would constitute a violation international obligation;
4. the nature and amount of redress due for breach of international obligations.

Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General and shall constitute acceptance of the binding jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.

The Court cannot consider disputes between individuals and legal entities and international organizations.

The Court is obliged to decide the disputes submitted to it on the basis of international law, and in the process of judicial proceedings it applies:

• international conventions laying down rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
• international custom as proof of a general practice accepted as law;
• general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
• judgments(binding only for the parties involved) and the doctrines of the most qualified specialists in public law as an aid to the determination of legal rules.

The Court's statute does not restrict its right to decide a case exaequoexbono (in equity, not under formal law), if the parties so agree.

The court sits constantly, with the exception of judicial vacancies, the terms and duration of which are established by the court.

Normally, the Court operates in plenary session, but at the request of the parties, it may form limited divisions called chambers. A decision rendered by one of the Chambers shall be deemed to have been rendered by the Court itself. Within the framework of the Court, a chamber for the consideration of environmental cases was formed, and a chamber for simplified procedures is formed annually.

The official languages ​​of the Court are French and English. Litigation consists of two parts: written and oral proceedings. Written proceedings consist of the submission to the Court and the parties of memorandums, counter-memorials and, if necessary, objections to them, as well as all papers and documents confirming them. Oral proceedings consist in the hearing by the Court of witnesses, experts, representatives, attorneys, lawyers.

The decision of the Court is binding only on the parties involved in the case and only in this case. It is final and not subject to appeal. If any party does not fulfill the obligations imposed on it by the Court, then the Security Council, at the request of the other party, may, if it deems it necessary, make recommendations or decide on the adoption of measures to enforce the decision (paragraph 2 of article 94 of the UN Charter ).

In addition to adjudicating a dispute, the Court may give advisory opinions on any legal question at the request of any institution empowered to make such requests by the Charter of the United Nations itself or under the Charter. According to the established procedure, the four main organs of the UN, two subsidiary organs of the General Assembly, 17 specialized agencies of the UN and the IAEA have the right to request such an opinion of the Court. The Court delivers its advisory opinions in open session.

At present, the potential of the International Court of Justice is not being fully utilized. Wider use of the Court would be an important contribution to UN peacekeeping.

Guardian Council

The UN, under its leadership, has created an international trusteeship system to manage those territories that are included in it by individual agreements, and to monitor these territories. These areas are referred to as trust areas.

The trust agreement in each case must include the terms under which the trust area will be administered, as well as determine the authority that will administer the trust area. Such authority is called the administering authority and may be one or more states or the UN as such.

The Trusteeship Council, being one of the main organs of the UN, operates under the leadership of the UN General Assembly and assists it in the performance of UN functions regarding international system guardianship.

The Board of Trustees considers reports submitted by the Administering Authority. It accepts petitions and examines them on their merits. The Council arranges periodic visits to the respective trust areas at times agreed with the Administering Authority. The UN Charter obliges the Council to take any action in accordance with the trusteeship agreements.

The Trusteeship Council includes five permanent members of the Security Council - the Russian Federation, China, France, Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States.

The aims of the trust system were realized to such an extent that all the trust territories achieved self-government and independence, either as separate states or by joining neighboring independent states. In November 1994, the Security Council decided to terminate the UN Trusteeship Agreement with respect to the last of the original 11 Trust Territories, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), administered by the United States. From now on, the Council meets in its sessions only as needed.

Secretariat

It serves the main and all other organs of the UN and manages their programs. The Secretariat is made up of the Secretary-General and staff at Headquarters and around the world and deals with issues related to daily activities UN.

The UN Secretariat includes 8900 representatives from approximately 160 countries of the world. As international civil servants, they, like the Secretary-General, are accountable for their activities only to the Organization; each of them takes an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any government or any other authority unrelated to the Organization. According to Art. 100 of the Charter, each Member State of the United Nations undertakes to respect the strictly international nature of the duties of the Secretary-General and the staff of the Secretariat and not to attempt to influence them in the performance of their duties.

The work of the Secretariat is as diverse as the list of issues dealt with by the UN. The responsibility of the Secretariat covers various activities, from the organization of peacekeeping operations to the mediation and resolution of international disputes. Secretariat staff also review world economic trends and issues; conducts research in areas such as human rights and sustainable development; organizes international conferences on issues of global concern; controls the implementation of decisions taken by the bodies of the Organization; provides interpretation of speeches and translation of documents into the official languages ​​of the Organization; supplies the world's media with information about the activities of the UN.

The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary General, and in this capacity he acts at all meetings of the General Assembly, the Security Council, ECOSOC and the Trusteeship Council and performs other functions assigned to him by these bodies. The Secretary General submits to the General Assembly an annual report on the work of the Organization.

The Secretary-General has the right to bring to the attention of the Security Council information on any matter which, in his opinion, may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.

The Secretary General contributes greatly to preventing the emergence, escalation or expansion of international disputes, in particular through the implementation of the mission of "good offices" in the interests of "preventive diplomacy.

The Secretary General is appointed by the UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term, after which he may be reappointed.

The secretariat consists of the following divisions: Office of Internal Affairs; Office of Legal Affairs; Office of Political Affairs; Department for Disarmament Affairs; Department of Peace Operations; Office for Humanitarian Coordination; Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Department of General Assembly and Conference Services; Department of Public Information; Department of Management; Office of the Iraqi Issue; Office of the United Nations Security Coordinator.

The Office of Legal Affairs assists in the preparation of draft agreements between the UN and other organizations. It provides legal advice on the use of peacekeeping forces; represents the UN in courts and arbitrations in connection with the presentation and consideration of claims against the Organization. The Office acts as a facilitator of contacts between the legal advisers of the organizations of the UN system and facilitates the coordination of their positions on legal policy issues. On behalf of the Secretary-General, the Office acts as the depository of more than 500 multilateral treaties.

United Nations Economic and Social Council

ECOSOC is one of the main organs of the UN. It coordinates the economic and humanitarian activities of the UN, the main directions of which are enshrined in Art. 55 of the UN Charter. In order to create conditions for stability and well-being, the UN promotes:

• raising the standard of living, full employment of the population and conditions for economic and social progress and development;
• resolution of international problems in the field of economic, social, health and similar problems; international cooperation in the field of culture and education;
• universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

All members of the UN undertake to take joint and independent action in cooperation with the Organization to achieve the goals specified in Art. 55 of the Charter.

Responsibility for the performance of the functions of the Organization in the field of international economic and social cooperation The Charter of the United Nations entrusts to the General Assembly and under the guidance of ECOSOC, which is given appropriate powers for this purpose.

ECOSOC has the following functions and powers:

1. serve as a central forum for discussion of international economic and social problems of a global or cross-sectoral nature and to provide policy advice on these issues to Member States and the United Nations system as a whole;
2. undertake or initiate research, prepare reports and make recommendations on international issues in the economic and social fields, in the field of culture, education, health and related issues;
3. to encourage respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms;
4. convene international conferences and draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly on matters within its competence;
5. to negotiate with the specialized agencies on agreements governing their relationship with the United Nations;
6. to harmonize the activities of the specialized agencies by consulting and making recommendations to them, and by making recommendations to the General Assembly and the Members of the United Nations;
7. provide services approved by the General Assembly to the members of the United Nations, as well as to the specialized agencies at the request of the latter;
8. consult with relevant non-governmental institutions on matters dealt with by the Council.

ECOSOC is made up of 54 UN members elected by the General Assembly; The 18 members of ECOSOC are elected annually for a term of three years. An outgoing Council member may be re-elected immediately. The election takes place in the following order: 6 members - from the states of Eastern Europe, 13 - from the states of Western Europe and other states, 11 - from the states of Asia, 14 - from the states of Africa, 10 - from the states of Latin America. Each ECOSOC member has one representative.

An important role in the performance of the diverse functions of the UN is played by the General Assembly, an advisory representative body in which all UN member states are represented. The General Assembly is endowed in accordance with the UN Charter with a number of very important functions, and above all in considering the cardinal issues of world politics: strengthening international peace, easing international tension, reducing arms and disarmament, creating conditions for the development of friendly relations and cooperation between states in various fields .

In accordance with Art. 10 of the UN Charter, the General Assembly is empowered to discuss any question or matter within the scope of the UN Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any of the organs of the UN, and to make recommendations to Member States of the UN or to the Security Council on any such question or matter. The General Assembly is also vested with the authority to consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and arms regulation, as well as to discuss a wide range of problems of cooperation between states in the political, economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical and other areas and make recommendations on them.

The General Assembly holds annual regular sessions, which open on the third Tuesday of September, as well as special and emergency special sessions. During the regular session of the General Assembly, meetings of the plenary session of the General Assembly, the General Committee, the Credentials Committee and the seven main committees are held: the First (disarmament and security matters), the Special Political (political matters), the Second (economic and financial matters), the Third (social and humanitarian issues), the Fourth (decolonization issues), the Fifth (administrative and budgetary issues) and the Sixth (legal issues). The provisional agenda for a regular session is drawn up by the Secretary General and communicated to the UN members at least 60 days before the opening of the session. It included 33 questions at the first part of the 1st session of the General Assembly, and since the 20th session it has included more than 100 questions.

The General Assembly allows for the exchange of views and the development of agreed decisions, creates unique conditions for diplomatic negotiations and consultations between representatives of states and provides an opportunity for a significant number of heads of state and government, as well as foreign ministers, to meet and discuss the problems of world politics that are of interest to them.

The General Assembly plays an essential role in the activities of the UN. She made a significant contribution to the development and preparation of a number of important international documents. Within the framework of the UN big job on the further progressive development and codification of the principles and norms of international law. Ensuring this extremely important area of ​​UN activities is directly provided for in Art. 13 of the UN Charter, which states that the General Assembly organizes studies and makes recommendations in order to "promote international cooperation in the political field and encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification."

Each member of the General Assembly, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power, has one vote. Decisions of the General Assembly on important matters are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting. Decisions on other issues, including the determination of additional categories of issues to be resolved by a 2/3 majority vote, are taken by a simple majority of those present and voting. On some important issues, such as the election of non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of members of the ECOSOC, the Trusteeship Council, the admission of new members to the UN, the appointment of the UN Secretary General, the suspension of the rights and privileges of members of the Organization, the exclusion of its members from the Organization, budgetary issues and other administrative -technical issues, the General Assembly makes binding decisions. For the rest, including those related to the maintenance of international peace and security, the General Assembly adopts resolutions and declarations of a recommendatory nature.

The work of the General Assembly may be attended by states - not members of the UN, having permanent observers at the UN (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having them. In addition, the Palestine Liberation Organization and representatives of a number of international organizations (UN specialized agencies, the OAS, the Arab League, the OAU, the EU, etc.) have received the right to participate as observers.

Security Council. One of the main organs of the United Nations, consisting of 15 members: five of them are permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members are "non-permanent" elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for in paragraph 2 of Art. . 23 of the UN Charter.

There is a special procedure for making decisions in the Security Council, depending on their importance. Decisions on procedural matters are considered adopted if they are voted for by any nine members of the Council. Decisions on all other matters require at least nine votes, including the concurring votes of all permanent members. This means that it is enough for one or more permanent members of the Council to vote against any decision - and it is considered rejected. This procedure is called a permanent member veto. In this way, coordination is achieved in the actions of the permanent members of the Security Council in the field of maintaining international peace and

security.

However, since 1971, when China did not take part in the vote on Resolution No. 305 of December 19, 1971 on the Cyprus question, a practice has developed in the activities of the Security Council that has resulted in the procedure of "non-participation" of the permanent members of the Council in the vote, which, however, does not count as a veto.

The UN Charter assigns exceptionally large powers to the Security Council in the matter of preventing war and creating conditions for peaceful and fruitful cooperation between states. During the post-war period, there was practically not a single important international event that jeopardized the peace and security of peoples or caused disputes and disagreements between states, which would not draw the attention of the Security Council, and a significant number of them (over 165 in the post-war years) became the subject of consideration at meetings of the Security Council. The Security Council has become the basis of the mechanism for the collective enforcement of the norms of international law.

The Security Council can adopt, according to the UN Charter, legal acts of two kinds. Like other main organs of the UN, the Council can adopt recommendations, that is, legal acts that provide for certain methods and procedures, with which a particular state is invited to conform its actions. The Recommendations do not impose legal obligations on States.

The Security Council can also make legally binding decisions, the implementation of which is enforceable by all UN member states. Some decisions of the Security Council, adopted in accordance with the UN Charter, in certain cases may also be legal acts of general normative significance.

This excludes the possibility of appealing or reviewing decisions taken by the Security Council in any other body. Such decisions are final and not subject to revision. However, the Security Council itself may reconsider its decision, for example, due to newly discovered circumstances unknown to the Council at the time of its original decision, or may return to an issue and amend its original resolutions.

The main form of recommendations and binding decisions adopted by the Security Council throughout its activities are resolutions, of which more than 730 have been adopted. Along with this, statements by the Chairman of the Council, the number of which has exceeded 100, have begun to play an increasingly prominent role in the practice of the Security Council.

The UN Charter ensures the continued functioning of the Security Council and mandates "prompt and effective action" on behalf of UN members. To this end, each member of the Security Council must be represented at all times at the seat of the United Nations. According to the rules of procedure, the interval between meetings of the Security Council should not exceed 14 days, although this rule was not always respected in practice.

Since 1987, there has been new form activities of the Security Council, meetings of the foreign ministers of the five permanent members of the Council with the UN Secretary-General began to be held. The first such meeting was held on September 25, 1987. All this testifies to the viability of the UN system.

International Court. An important place in the structure of the UN is occupied by the International Court of Justice, the main judicial body of the UN. It is composed of 15 independent judges, elected without regard to their nationality, from among persons of high moral character who meet the requirements of their countries for appointment to the highest judicial positions or who are jurists of recognized authority in the field of international law. Judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council for a term of nine years, with the right to re-election. At the same time, in order to be elected by the Security Council, it is enough for a candidate to receive 8 votes (all other decisions require a majority of 9 votes). Candidates for election to the Court are nominated by national groups of members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (4 members in each group). The seat of the Court is The Hague.

Its Statute is an integral part of the UN Charter, therefore all member states of the Organization are automatically parties to the Statute. According to paragraph 2 of Art. 93 of the UN Charter, the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, determines the conditions under which a state that is not a member of the UN may become a party to the Statute of the Court. Thus, the States Parties to the Statute of the Court are Switzerland and Nauru, although they are not members of the UN. The said States may participate in the election of members of the Court under the conditions determined by General Assembly resolution 264 (III). They may also participate in the work of the General Assembly in connection with the amendment of the Statute of the Court in the same manner as members of the UN. Amendments to the Statute of the Court, in accordance with resolution 2520 (XXIV) of the General Assembly of December 4, 1969, enter into force for all States Parties to the Statute after they are adopted by 2/3 of the votes of the Parties to the Statute and ratified in accordance with their constitutional procedure 2 1/3 of the States Parties to the Statute.

The UN Charter strictly delineates the competence of the most important political body - the Security Council and the International Court of Justice. As emphasized in paragraph 3 of Art. 36 of the UN Charter, the Security Council takes into account that "disputes of a legal nature must, as a general rule, be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court." Only States can be parties to cases before the Court. The jurisdiction of the Court includes all cases that will be submitted to it by the parties, and all matters specifically provided for by the Charter of the United Nations or existing treaties and conventions. The Court usually sits in plenary session, but it may also, if the parties so request, form smaller groups called chambers. Decisions taken by the Chambers shall be deemed to have been delivered by the Court as a whole. Recently, the Court has resorted to this procedure of summary judgment more frequently.

States may, according to Art. 36 of the Statute, declare at any time that they recognize, without special agreement to that effect, ipso facto, in respect of any other state that has accepted the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory in all legal disputes concerning: the interpretation of a treaty; any question of international law; the existence of a fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation and the nature and extent of the reparation due for the breach of an international obligation. The above declarations may be unconditional, or on conditions of reciprocity on the part of certain states, or for a certain period of time.

To date, less than 1/3 of the UN member states have declared their agreement with the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 36 of its Statute, many of which are accompanied by qualifications that render them essentially illusory. During the existence of the Court, more than 60 disputes have been submitted by states for consideration. The decisions of the Court shall be considered binding on the states parties to the dispute. In the event that a party to a case fails to comply with the obligation imposed on it by the decision of the Court, the Security Council, at the request of the other party, “may, if it deems it necessary, make recommendations or decide on measures to enforce the decision” (paragraph 2 of Art. 94 of the UN Charter).

In addition to judicial jurisdiction, the International Court of Justice also has advisory jurisdiction. According to Art. 96 of the UN Charter, the General Assembly or the Security Council may request an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on any legal question. In addition, other UN organs and specialized agencies, which may at any time be authorized to do so by the General Assembly, may also seek advisory opinions from the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities. At present, 4 principal organs of the UN, 2 subsidiary organs of the General Assembly, 15 specialized agencies of the UN and the IAEA (a total of 22 organs) can request advisory opinions from the Court.

The International Court of Justice is the most important international legal an institution capable of peacefully resolving disputes and disagreements between states and actually ensuring law and order in the world. The International Court of Justice, according to the UN Charter, is the main judicial body of the UN, which contributes to the solution of controversial international problems. There are more than enough examples. Thus, in 1986, the International Court of Justice ruled on the illegality of US military and paramilitary activities against Nicaragua and on the border dispute between Mali and Burkina Faso, as well as an advisory opinion of the Court in 1988 on the illegality of the closing by the US authorities of the office of the Palestine Liberation Organization to the UN in New York. York.

More on the UN General Assembly:

1. UN General Assembly. PRINCIPLES FOR THE PROTECTION OF MENTALLY Ill PERSONS AND IMPROVEMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE, 1991
2. General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
3. The role of the UN system in the development of multilateral regulation IER

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The history of the UN in facts and legends

“We, the peoples of the United Nations, determined to save future generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lives has brought unspeakable grief to humanity”

With these words begins the Charter of the United Nations - a structure whose creation is called one of the main results of the Second World War.

Initially, it is the prevention of global international conflicts that is the main task of the UN. Its headquarters has repeatedly become the scene of the most fierce verbal battles and scandalous acts in order to preserve peace and save human lives.

The history of the UN in facts and legends told by diplomats - in a special TASS project.

TEN FACTS ABOUT THE UN

war born

The idea of ​​creating the UN arose at the very beginning of the Second World War. August 14, 1941 on board a warship in the Atlantic Ocean near about. Newfoundland (Canada), US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter - a document declaring the goals of the two countries in the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, as well as their vision of the post-war world order. On September 24, 1941, the USSR joined this declaration.

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On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied states that fought against the countries of the Nazi coalition declared their support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the United Nations Declaration. This document was the first official use of the name "United Nations", proposed by President Roosevelt.

idea of ​​education new organization everyone supported it, but there were disagreements about its structure, tasks and powers.

As a result, at the Moscow Conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain (Vyacheslav Molotov, Cordell Hull and Anthony Eden) at the end of October 1943, the first document on the creation of an international organization was signed as soon as possible. The meeting was also attended by Chinese Ambassador to Moscow Fu Bing-chan.

To get to the conference, US Secretary of State Cordell Hull made the first flight in his life, and upon his return from Moscow, President Roosevelt personally met him at the airport.

Declaration of January 1, 1942, which first mentions the name "United Nations", proposed by US President Franklin Roosevelt

UN Charter and suspicious Truman

The final agreement on the creation of the UN was reached in 1945 in Yalta during a meeting of the leaders of the three countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.

It was agreed that the UN would be based on the principle of unanimity among the great powers - permanent members of the Security Council with the right of veto.

However, problems and disagreements between the powers that conceived the UN began even before the adoption of the Charter of the organization. The US position has undergone major changes since the death of President Roosevelt. Harry Truman, who replaced him, treated the USSR with great suspicion.

Truman did not like the agreements reached at Yalta on the principle of unanimity of the great powers in the Security Council, as well as the possibility of using the right of veto. According to the alignment of forces that was formed at that time in the future international organization, the United States had an absolute majority of votes in the Security Council and the General Assembly. One thing stood in the way - the right of veto, which Moscow received along with the rest of the members of the UN Security Council. Truman hoped to turn things around at the San Francisco conference, where the UN Charter was to be discussed.

Oils in the fire of dislike for communist regime added information from the American ambassador in Moscow, Averell Harriman.

From Averell Harriman's dispatch

Over a million blue helmets

UN peacekeeping activities began in 1948 with the establishment of a body to monitor the implementation of the terms of the truce in the Middle East.

The first UN emergency armed forces consisting of 10 countries were created in 1956 to oversee the withdrawal of foreign troops from the Suez Canal zone (Egypt). At the same time, blue berets and helmets were used for the first time, which became a symbol of peacekeepers.

Since 1948, the UN has initiated 71 peacekeeping operations. More than a million military, police and civilian personnel served in the ranks. More than 3.3 thousand peacekeepers died.

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People don't appreciate the things that the UN has achieved. The possibility of interstate conflict has greatly decreased over the 70 years of the existence of the UN. Yes, we have wars and very disgusting events. There was the Korean War, the conflict in Vietnam, the confrontation between India and Pakistan, there were wars in the 70s in South Asia, wars in Africa. But big war did not happen, and we must recognize that part of the credit lies with the UN

Sir Jeremy Greenstock, former UK Ambassador to the UN (1998-2003), Head of the United Nations Association in the United Kingdom

Six UN Nobels

In 2001, the UN received the Nobel Peace Prize, although before that certain areas of its activity were awarded such an award, and even more than once.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the prize twice, in 1954 and 1981.

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - in 1965.

UN International Peacekeeping Force - in 1988.

In 1961 Nobel Prize peace was posthumously awarded general secretary UN Dag Hammerskjöld (Sweden).

RECORDS, SCANDALS AND LEGENDS

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The UN tribune - and there is still no higher rostrum in the world - gave states the opportunity to express their point of view on events in international life and thereby ease the tension in their relations. This allowed public opinion in different countries to compare the positions of the main opposing sides. As a result of such a comparison, this or that power was subjected to a certain international pressure, which it could not ignore. So it was during the Vietnam War, so it was during the war in Afghanistan, so it was in some other cases. And finally, there were still international conflicts, albeit not the most acute ones, which could be resolved directly in the UN

Oleg Troyanovsky, Permanent Representative of the USSR to the UN (1976-1986)

Sessions of the UN General Assembly, which open annually at the end of September, are always the most eventful and brightest diplomatic event of the year. Hundreds of meetings and speeches are held within the framework of the forum. Interest is attracted by those in which the participants are "bosom enemies" - how they will behave when they are in the same room and listening to their opponents. Statements by country leaders and high-ranking diplomats are often accompanied by scandals and extravagant acts.

The record holder among heads of state for the duration of speeches from the rostrum of the General Assembly is still Cuban leader Fidel Castro. In 1960, he spoke for 4 hours and 29 minutes, which was the reason for getting into the Guinness Book of Records.

Sometimes politicians who spoke from the rostrum of the UN felt bad. And the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, during his last speech at the UN in September 2009, brought the translator to fainting.

He spoke for almost two hours instead of the 15 minutes allotted by the regulations. In such a long speech, the Libyan leader managed to touch upon many world problems, including criticizing the UN. In particular, he announced the need to move the headquarters of the organization from the United States to another country.

Muammar Gaddafi, leader of Libya

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Why are you going to America where you are all suffering from the change of time? Look at you - you are all tired from the long flight across the Atlantic. It is necessary to find another country for the UN headquarters, where, having arrived at the UN General Assembly, people will not be so tired ... Why are you striving to America? Is it the Vatican, Jerusalem or Mecca?

Muammar Gaddafi, leader of Libya

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One of the most mysterious moments that occurred during the sessions of the General Assembly is the story of Nikita Khrushchev's shoe. According to one version, the shoe slipped off Khrushchev's foot in the crowd on the way to the meeting, and it was brought to him after the speeches had begun. Someone claims that Khrushchev held the shoe in his hand during the meeting, someone notes that the shoe was lying nearby on the table. But anyway, during the speech of the Filipino delegate, who talked about the threat of Soviet imperialism, Khrushchev jumped up and began to wave his arms to attract the attention of the chairman of the session, and also pounded on the table in protest. The shoe just happened to be at hand. Rumor has it that the Soviet delegation was allegedly fined $2,000 by the UN for this non-diplomatic trick, but the fine was never paid because all the documents related to this incident mysteriously disappeared from the UN files.

There was another episode when, during a speech at the 15th session of the UN General Assembly, Khrushchev used famous expression"Kuzma's mother", which the translator translated literally as "kusma" s mother", which confused the delegations. The meaning of the phrase was completely incomprehensible, and from this the threat acquired an ominous character. In the future, "kusma" s mother "translators replaced it with another often the threat used by Khrushchev against the West: "We'll bury you" ("we'll bury you").

"Better red than dead"

One of the most popular stories, retold by virtually every diplomat who worked at the UN, is related to Oleg Troyanovsky.

Oleg Troyanovsky, Permanent Representative of the USSR to the UN (1976-1986)

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In the Security Council chamber, two extremists who belonged to some Maoist group poured red paint on me and US Deputy Permanent Representative Van den Heuvel before the meeting began. When I, in disguise, appeared in front of the journalists who were waiting for me, then, answering their questions, I said: "Better red than dead" ("Better to be red than dead"). This phrase was a great success, since at that time the extreme right in the United States proclaimed as their slogan the words "Better dead than red", that is, "It is better to be dead than red"

Oleg Troyanovsky, Permanent Representative of the USSR to the UN (1976-1986)

The next day, this story was in many newspapers and magazines as the quote of the day. They also say that the leadership of the UN Secretariat, trying to "smooth out" the oversight of its security service, paid for the purchase of new suits, shirts, boots, etc. for Soviet and American diplomats.

The Chamber of Secrets, or why the UN Security Council is not expanding

Next to the meeting room of the Security Council is a small meeting room. There is very little space, a maximum of three people from each country - a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Refurbishment was being planned and members of the Security Council were asked if they would like to expand the premises with adjoining rooms.

Sergei Lavrov, Russian Foreign Minister

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I don’t want to extradite anyone, but one of the permanent members of the Security Council, the ambassador (not us) said: “No, guys, let’s not move this wall now, because as soon as we move it, the temptation will immediately appear to actively push through the expansion in the Security Council Because there will be room to expand..."

Sergei Lavrov, Russian Foreign Minister

How intelligence agencies overlooked a rocket in the UN garden

"There are two architectural gifts of the Soviet Union on the territory of the UN headquarters - the sculpture "Let's Forge Swords into Plowshares" by Yevgeny Vuchetich, installed in 1959, and the monument of Zurab Tsereteli "Good conquers evil", donated in 1990. Cast in bronze, it depicts George the Victorious, piercing with a spear intercontinental missiles: the Soviet SS-20 and the American Pershing, which became a symbol of the end cold war", - said Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Gennady Gatilov, who worked at the UN as First Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation and Senior Advisor to the Office of the Secretary General.

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The legend says that Tsereteli managed to get fragments of the Soviet SS-20 with great difficulty, since the relevant departments refused to meet him halfway, citing secrecy. However, when a positive decision was nevertheless made, the military gave the sculptor not just a body, but almost an equipped rocket. When the monument, which became a UN gift from the government of the USSR, was installed in the UN garden, it turned out that at its base were parts of a rocket with elements of a secret filling. With great difficulty, they managed to dismantle them. In this form, George the Victorious still stands in the UN garden

Gennady Gatilov, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation

Bedding guide at the UN

"In the second half of the nineties, the French ambassador to the UN was famous diplomat Alain Dejammet. - said the former Permanent Representative of Tajikistan to the UN, and now Ambassador to China Rashid Alimov. - He had a reputation as a taciturn, measured diplomat, without a pronounced sense of humor. Therefore, a big surprise for many was the appearance at the UN headquarters of a brochure written by him under the intriguing title Sleeping in the United Nations - about the best places in the UN where you can sleep.

The author of the "UN Guide to Bedding" has divided the places for sweet sleep during long meetings into five categories and assigned them the corresponding number of stars: not recommended, acceptable, pleasant, very good and exceptionally good. With typical researcher pedantry, he identified the coziest, mostly dark, corners and described their comfort, lighting, absence of external stimuli and noise, as well as frequency of use. Everyone who met the guide paid tribute to Dejami's objectivity and wit: he named the private office of the French delegation at the UN Secretariat hidden from prying eyes as the best place for a peaceful sleep, and gave the second place in popularity to the UN Library of Periodicals, which, according to him , “gives the impression of an abandoned monastery.”

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One of my colleagues then noticed that most likely french ambassador in four years of work at the UN, he gained this knowledge and experience by conducting "exhausting sleep experiments" on himself. In fairness, it should be said that up to 7 thousand meetings are held at the UN every year, and many of them drag on until midnight, and not everyone is given to endure such a grueling marathon.

Rashid Alimov, Ambassador of Tajikistan to China

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THE FUTURE OF THE UN

In addition to peacekeeping activities, among the priorities of the UN activities are work to promote the observance of human rights, environmental protection; African development; fight against diseases and poverty, drug addiction, terrorism; protection of intellectual property rights, assistance to refugees, destruction of nuclear, chemical and conventional weapons.