At the morphological level, there are relatively few publicistically colored means. Here, first of all, we can note the stylistically significant morphological forms various parts speech. For example, the journalistic style is characterized by the use of the singular of a noun in the meaning of the plural: Russian people have always been distinguished by their understanding and endurance; this proved ruinous for the British taxpayer and under.

A particular feature of the journalistic style is the use of uncountable plural nouns: conversations, freedoms, moods, circles, searches, etc. In some genres of journalism, plural nouns and special meaning. For example, the noun power is used in the sense of ‘a set of persons vested with the highest powers’ (city authorities), freedom - with the meaning of concretization (political freedoms).

The frequency of imperative forms of the verb can also be attributed to the features of the journalistic style. They are a style-forming feature in appeals, appeals: People of the planet, get up, boldly go forward! Claim social justice!; Dear readers! Send your suggestions, wishes and tasks to the editorial office.

The imperative mood of the verb is also used as a means of activating the interlocutor's attention: look, let's think, don't miss it, etc.: Remember what the president said a few days ago ... Fly with Aeroflot, huh?

Found in a journalistic style, although rarely, rhetorically elevated forms of nouns of the 3rd declension singular in instrumental: power, life, blood, etc. (cf .: power, life, blood). Participatory formations in -omy (guided, drawn, carried, etc.) are also considered publicistically colored.

The morphological features of the journalistic style lie in the sphere of statistical patterns, that is, there are certain forms that are more often used in this particular style and therefore become its " morphological feature". For example, according to the studies of B. N. Golovin, the frequency of using the genitive case in a journalistic style is extremely high - 36% (in the style of fiction - 13%). These are such usages as pluralism of opinions, time of change, trade minister, holding a conference, renunciation of military force, package of proposals, price reform, withdrawal from economic crisis. The study of the frequency of the use of verb tense forms shows that the journalistic style is characterized by the present and past tenses. Moreover, in terms of the use of present tense forms, this style occupies a middle position between scientific and official business. Obviously, this is due to the fact that the journalism emphasizes the “momentary” nature of the events described, which is why the present tense is used: on April 3, the visit to Minsk of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland begins; The concert season opens in two weeks; The writer Viktor Astafiev does not like noisy cities and lives as a recluse in his native village of Ovsyanka near Krasnoyarsk (from the newspapers).

The form of the past tense here is more frequent in comparison with official business and scientific speech and less frequent than in the language of fiction: C great success The current theatrical season at the Dresden State Opera has ended. Half a million Dresdeners, guests of this beautiful city from dozens of countries around the world were able to attend opera and ballet performances during this time; Events unfolded with lightning speed (from the newspapers).

In the journalistic style, the most frequent negative particles are not and neither, while the particle is in an amplifying function, colloquial particles, after all, even, only etc. Since the journalistic style as a whole is distinguished by an abundance of abstract concepts and provisions, the “load” of derivative prepositions increases in it as more “concrete” (compared to non-derivative), and most importantly, unambiguous indicators of certain relations: in the field, to the side, on the basis of, in the course of, as, on the basis of, on the way, along the way, in the spirit, in name, in the light, in the interests, taking into account, along the line, etc.: In this regard, much remains to be done in the light of the tasks put forward by significant changes in life; One can, of course, attribute this to the details of the war, as we did earlier with regard to prisoners of war, without even naming their approximate number; In the course of a detailed conversation, a common opinion was expressed that in the context of the growing role of the parliaments of our countries in solving cardinal problems public life more opportunities are opened for enriching their cooperation (from newspapers).

The journalistic style is marked by a number of syntactic features. It contains many expressive constructions that are absent in official business speech and extremely rare in scientific speech. For example, rhetorical questions: At this decisive moment, will the Russian hand hold out, will it hold out? (L. Leonov); How much does it take to see the sky in diamonds? (S. Kondratov), ​​the question-answer form of presentation is an effective form of enlivening speech, a kind of “dialogue with the addressee”: Did Pushkin endlessly explain his love for the people? No, he wrote for the people (R. Gamzatov), ​​repetitions (or the so-called false pleonasm): Those who go forward to prosperity and abundance win, those who clearly see the future day of history win; wins the "pressure of life" (A. N. Tolstoy), exclamatory sentences: - What are you doing! After all, you produce killers! After all, here is a classic example of your own monstrous needlework! (S. Kondratov). Besides, in journalistic speech you can often find various kinds of dismemberment of the text, i.e. such constructions when some structural part, being connected in meaning with the main text, is singled out - positionally and intonationally - and is located either in preposition (segmentation) or in postposition (parcellation ): Land reform - what is its purpose?; New parties, parliamentary factions and Soviets - which of them today will be able to exercise power in such a way that it is not a decoration or a declaration, but really influences the improvement of our life?; Today in the country there is a situation where there is no such product that would not be in short supply. What led to this? Where is the exit?; A person has always been handsome if his name sounded proud. When I was a fighter When I was a discoverer When he dared When he did not give in to difficulties and did not fall on his knees before trouble (from the newspapers).

The journalistic style (unlike the scientific and official business style) is characterized by the frequent use of the inverse word order. Here, the actualization of logically significant members of the proposal is actively used: New forms of management were proposed by Arkhangelsk entrepreneurs together with the leadership of the department of correctional labor institutions. The exceptions were mining enterprises; The villagers, who arrived on the eve of the sowing season, had to send several wagons with fertilizers of Belarusian chemists back to Salihorsk in a hurry; After the cessation of hostilities in the Iraqi capital, the situation is gradually normalizing; The army is fighting with nature (from the newspapers).

In the stylistic system of the modern Russian language, journalistic style occupies an intermediate position between colloquial, on the one hand, and official business and scientific, on the other.

T.P. Pleshchenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chechet. Stylistics and culture of speech - Mn., 2001.

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) are cognate with the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech- informing, transferring socially significant information with a simultaneous impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, suggesting certain ideas, views to him, encouraging him to certain actions, actions.

Scope of publicistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism- an article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logicality, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal and their respective language tools. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary, various types of syntactic constructions.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific discourse: an important social problem is put forward, analyzed and evaluated. possible ways its solution, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, concreteness, strict validity. It also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, publicistic speech is characterized by passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is public accessibility: it is designed for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

Widely known journalistic articles literary critics V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovieva, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by prominent Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Plevako. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. The writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, Academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defender or prosecutor in court. And from them oratory, the ability to speak a word, often depends on the fate of a person.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.

In a journalistic style, the words are often used: with prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, times- (s-); with suffixes -i (ya), -qi (ya), -izatsi (ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to prefixes, all-, general-, super-.

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, the figurative meaning of words, words with bright emotional coloring.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative means of expression artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but the impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

TO emotional means The expressiveness of the language can be attributed to epithets (including those that are applications), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (no week, no day, no minute can be lost), it can be intensified by grammatical means: the use of gradational unions and allied combinations (not only ..., but also; not only ..., but also; not only ..., how much). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial turns of speech (including vernacular); the use of literary images, quotations, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parading, puns).

The emotional means of the language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical proof, semantic highlighting of especially important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but with a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).

In a journalistic style of speech, as in a scientific one, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role of an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, the countries of the near abroad. In sentences, verbs in the form of the imperative mood, reflexive verbs often act as a predicate.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participle turns, complex syntactic constructions.

Journalistic style- this is the style of socio-political literature, periodicals, oratory, etc., which is determined by the content of the texts and the main goals - to influence the masses, call them to action, communicate information, etc.

The origin of the journalistic style dates back to the 16th century, in Russia it is associated with the pamphlets of Ivan Peresvetov, the correspondence of Tsar Ivan IV with Prince Kurbsky. It was further developed in the 18th century in the work of I.A. Krylova, N.I. Novikova, A.P. Sumarokova, D.I. Fonvizin and others. The style was finally formed in Russia in the 19th century, and V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov.

The main stylistic features of the journalistic style:

- brevity of presentation with informative saturation;

- intelligibility of presentation (newspaper is the most common type of mass media);

- emotionality, generalization, ease of expression.

Characteristic features of the journalistic style:

- socio-political vocabulary and phraseology;

- the use of speech stamps, their easy reproducibility ( field workers, counter workers, friendly atmosphere);

- the use of short sentences - chopped prose;

– elliptical sentences (verbless phrases) – ( privatization check–to each; banks–not just for bankers);

- combining the features of a journalistic style with features of other styles;

- the use of figurative and expressive means of the language (rhetorical questions, repetitions, inversion, etc.).

Widespread newspaper and magazine variety of journalistic style.

Literary and artistic style- this is a style of fiction, which is determined by its content and main goals - to convey one's attitude to the environment, depicted, draw a picture with words, describe an event, etc.

The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style:

- figurativeness, emotionality;

- the unity of communicative and aesthetic functions.

Characteristic features of the literary and artistic style:

- wide use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles; the use of figurative and expressive means;

- manifestation of the creative individuality of the author (author's style).

Conversational style

Conversational style opposed to book styles, it alone performs the function of communication.

The main style features of the conversational style:

- expressiveness, lack of preliminary consideration of the statement;

- emotionality, ease, generalization.

Characteristic features of the conversational style:

- wide use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology;

- the use of non-lexical means (intonation, stress, pauses, speech rate, etc.);

- a dialogue form of utterance, less often a monologue;

- the inclusion in the speech of particles, interjections, introductory words, appeals;

- the predominance of simple sentences over complex ones;

- the use of plug-in and connecting structures;

- lexical repetitions, inversions (reverse word order).

Errors related to the violation of stylistic norms

Ι. Unjustified use of book words

IN writing

Often words that are necessary in one speech situation are out of place in another. This is one of the reasons for stylistic errors.

In the journalistic style, stylistic errors often occur due to the unmotivated use of high book vocabulary. Referring to her is not justified in such sentences, for example: “ The store staff, like all progressive mankind, took up a work watch in honor of the commemoration of the great holiday».

In the scientific style, errors arise due to the inability of the author to use terms professionally and competently. (For example: " The driver's movements must be limited by the seat belt. Need: seat belt.)

Passion for terms and book vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style can cause pseudo-scientific presentation. (For example: " There are singers who perform primordially Russian songs with elements of imitation of a foreign manner of sound production».)

ΙΙ. Unjustified use of colloquial speech in writing

And vernacular words

The cause of errors may be the inappropriate use of colloquial and colloquial words. Their use is unacceptable in a formal business style. (For example: " Exercise effective control over diligentfarm feed consumption». Edit: « It is necessary to strictly control the consumption of feed on the farm».)

The use of colloquial vocabulary leads to a violation of the stylistic norms of a journalistic style. (For example: " Construction organizations have worked below their capabilities.” Or: “The barley harvesting failed».)

Colloquial words in these cases give sentences a familiar, rough tone.

Stylistic errors occur when mixing vocabulary of different styles. A combination of book and colloquial words is completely unacceptable. (For example: " Management immediately jumped on the valuable offer". Or: " To arm themselves with irrefutable facts, they took a photojournalist with them».)

ΙΙΙ. The use of historicisms and archaisms

The language is constantly evolving. It has an active and passive vocabulary at the same time. The passive includes obsolete words that are understandable to speakers. Such words are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "outdated."

historicisms- words representing the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, concepts. (For example: chain mail, hussar.)

Archaisms- the names of existing objects and phenomena, for some reason displaced by other words. (cf. comedian–actor, gold–gold, everyday–Always.)

Use obsolete words without taking into account their expressive coloring becomes the cause of gross stylistic errors. (For example: " New settlers welcomed the builders as the dearest guests».)

ΙΥ. Neologism

Each era enriches the language with new words. Learning new words in a language occurs in different ways: some of them quickly become widespread, others do not.

Neologisms- words belonging to the passive vocabulary, but retaining a touch of novelty.

Sovietisms- new words that came into the language in the Soviet era.

The use of neologisms in speech causes great difficulties. Appeal to them should always be stylistically motivated. Neologisms in which the requirements of euphony of speech are violated are considered unsuccessful. (For example: juggling, juggling.)

The sound form of neologism is completely unacceptable if it causes undesirable associations due to its similarity with already known words. An unexpected comic effect is given to speech by sentences like:

« An important task is the significant afforestation of the landscape" (cf. baldness).

Let's compare the options for stylistic editing of a text in which the use of neologisms is not justified:

Y. Phraseologisms. stylistic mistakes,

The stylistic features of the journalistic style are determined in accordance with the basic constructive principle of the organization of language means, which V.G. Kostomarov defines it as the alternation of expression and standard. The essence of this principle lies in the fact that in journalistic texts there is a "mandatory and rectilinearly constant correlation of standardized and expressive segments of the speech chain, their alternation and contrasting" .

The expressive function, due to the influencing orientation on the addressee, is manifested in the following style features:

Appraisal (open and hidden). Open appraisal is manifested through a certain authorial or collective attitude to the facts presented. Here it is especially important social significance estimates. G.Ya.Solganik considers the principle of social appraisal to be the most important principle of journalism.

Hidden (implicit) appraisal is manifested through groups of stylistic means in the language of the media, which prof. Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky names what is recognized and what is rejected. "The semantic sphere of the recognized includes all objects of thought (i.e. persons, documents, organizations, events, etc.), which are considered positive from the point of view of the information organ and the rhetorical position of the mass media text. The semantic sphere of the rejected includes all objects thoughts that are considered negative."

In the media of the beginning of the 21st century, the sphere of acceptance includes the following words and stable combinations of words: the rise of the economy, the revival of Russia, state interests, the world role of Russia, the president, democracy, etc.; the scope of what is rejected includes: NATO expansion, corruption, migrants, terrorists, etc.

Stylistic "novelty effect": the use of unusual phrases, a language game, the use of expressive colloquial speech means, unexpected comparisons, metaphors, etc.

Personification and intimization of presentation: presentation of information "through the eyes of an eyewitness" (use of pronouns of the 1st person, definitely personal sentences); identification with the reader, listener, viewer: the use of pronouns of the 1st person pl. numbers we, ours; the use of generalized personal constructions (the main member is a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular: you understand that ...). This style feature is designed to provide more high level addressee's trust.

The information function is carried out through the logical and conceptual side and is embodied in the following style features:

Documentary and factual accuracy: an exact indication of the time and place of the event, the designation of the participants in the events, the official names of institutions, geographical names, etc.

Formality and neutrality of presentation: the use of neutral, official business and scientific vocabulary, the presence of stable clichés of book origin: to make a great contribution, universal values, etc., the presence of passive constructions and the strict structuring of complex sentences: a high crop has been grown, an exhibition has been opened, etc. .P.

Argumentation. The persuasiveness of speech is ensured by dialogization techniques (question-answer complexes), the so-called accentuators - special language tools that emphasize the author's confidence (modal words, introductory constructions with the modality of confidence, etc.), a clear design of logical relationships between parts of the sentence ( allied bond) and parts of the text.

The need for expressive and visual means in journalism is especially high, but it conflicts with the requirement to quickly respond to all events of current life, to be able to write quickly. For all their diversity, socio-political situations often repeat themselves, which makes it necessary to use stereotypical descriptions for stereotyped events. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the journalistic style, especially newspaper and journalistic, is the presence of speech standards, clichés and speech stamps in it.

The stable elements of the language act in two functions. Where it is necessary to refer to exact formulations that provide unambiguity and speed of understanding, the stable elements of the language act as standards proper. First of all, this is the area of ​​official communication: clerical, business speech, the legal sphere (the language of laws, decrees, orders), diplomatic activity (the language of agreements, treaties, communiques), the socio-political area (the language of resolutions, decisions, appeals, etc.). However, the same official turns, going beyond the limits of special use and the genre organic for them, are perceived as a stylistic speech defect.

In newspapers recent years you can easily find examples of stamped-clerical speech: they resolutely headed for recovery national relations, the creation of real conditions conducive to increased attention to the pressing issues of people's lives, to immediately focus attention on solving the most urgent problems. Many formulaic turns of speech arose under the influence formal business style: at this stage, in a given period of time, emphasized with all its sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not add anything new to the content of the statement, but only clog up the sentence.

Standards, being ready-made speech forms, correlated with a specific situation, greatly facilitate communication. They help the reader to get the information he needs, since the text, perceived in its usual form, is absorbed quickly, in whole semantic blocks. Therefore, speech standards are especially convenient for use in the media: the branches of Russian government, public sector employees, the employment service, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, according to informed sources, the household service, etc. In particular, numerous journalistic metaphor style. Once born as a new language unit, a successful metaphor can then, as a result of repeated use, become an erased metaphor, that is, a cliche: the presidential race, the political arena, an explosion of discontent, the roots of nationalism, an economic blockade, etc. Clichés are most often used in those genres which require an economical and concise form of presentation and which are operationally related to the event itself, for example: official communication, press review, report on meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.

The desire for the emotional richness of the language of the newspaper encourages journalists to use various techniques artistic expressiveness(tropes, stylistic figures) that activate the attention of readers, attract them to a certain information topic. But if these techniques are repeated, replicated in various newspaper texts, they also turn into speech clichés. Stamps also appear to express outdated ideas about social and economic life as a constant struggle and an ongoing battle, for example: the battle for the harvest, the front of work, the struggle for advanced ideals, breakthroughs to new frontiers, etc.

Speech stamps are an evaluative category, depending on the circumstances of speech and therefore historically changeable. Speech stamps have gone out of use: agents (sharks) of imperialism, find a warm response in the hearts, on behalf and on behalf, in response to the wishes of the working people. New time gives birth to new stamps: denationalization, barter deals, humanitarian aid, the struggle of sovereignties, the release of prices, the consumer basket, unpopular measures, socially vulnerable groups, economic space, etc.

The function of influence determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. Journalism takes from literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness (often negative), which is especially clearly manifested in vocabulary and phraseology: sore, inhuman, lawlessness, vandalism, harmful, criticism, mafia, hype, bacchanalia, conspiracy, undertaking, diktat, machinations, political kitchen and etc.

Publicism not only uses ready-made material, it transforms, transforms words from different areas of the language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative sense (crime incubator, routes of technological progress), sports vocabulary (pre-election marathon, round (tour) of negotiations, declare a check to the government); denominations literary genres(drama of nations, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy), etc.

Publicistic style is characterized by some features in the field of word formation. For example, an assessment of an event can also be expressed with the help of word-building elements (education, storming, narrow-mindedness, hosting, putting on airs, ultramodern), as well as with the help of occasionalisms or speech neologisms - words created by certain authors, but not widely received. use, especially since they are not recorded in modern dictionaries: privatization, Khrushchev.

In the journalistic style, there is a greater activity than in other styles of international educational suffixes (-ation, -ur, -ist, -izm, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (anti-, archi-, hyper-, de-, dez-, counter-, pro-, post-, trans-): globalization, agents, terrorist, centrism, contestant, anti-globalism, deportation, arch-reactionary, hyperinflation, disinformation, countermeasures, pro-American, post-Soviet, trans-European). Frequent use of nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (personality, greed, annulment, cooperation, trust); adverbs with a prefix in -: in a businesslike way, in a state way. Adjectives are also characterized by Russian and Old Slavic prefixes: co-owner, non-departmental, intercontinental, pro-Western, illegal. Some Old Slavonic prefixes give the words a "high" sound: recreate, all-powerful, reunite, fulfill.

In journalistic texts, especially in the language of newspapers, there are very often words formed by addition: mutually beneficial, good neighborly, multilateral, ubiquitous, will, multifaceted, commercial and industrial, socio-political, socio-economic, liberal-democratic, administrative-command. In order to save speech resources, abbreviations are used (AEO, MFA, PE, CIS, ISS, UFO, SOBR) and abbreviations (Security Council, Secretary General, federals, exclusive, cash, lawlessness).

At the morphological level, there are relatively few publicistically colored means. Here, first of all, we can note the stylistically significant morphological forms of various parts of speech. For example, the use of the singular number of a noun in the meaning of the plural: Russian people have always been distinguished by their understanding and endurance; this proved ruinous for the British taxpayer, etc.

The study of the frequency of the use of verb tense forms shows that the genre of reportage and genres close to it are characterized by the use of the present tense of the verb, the so-called "real reportage". Obviously, this is due to the fact that the journalism emphasizes the "momentary" nature of the events described and that the author is an eyewitness or even a participant in the events described: on April 3, the visit to Minsk of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland begins. Scientists are dismantling the underground rooms of the southern wing. Among morphological forms the forms of the reflexive and passive voices of the verb are distinguished, they are associated with the information function and contribute to the objectivity of the presentation: military tension subsides, political passions heat up. The forms of passive communion are very active: measures have been taken, Russian-American negotiations have been completed. Journalists prefer bookish, normative variants of inflection, but often still use colloquial endings to achieve a confidential, relaxed nature of communication with a reader or listener: in the workshop, on vacation, tractor.

For modern newspaper speech in general, open conscription, sloganism, unreasoned directiveness of editorials are less characteristic, analyticity, conclusiveness of presentation, restraint in international materials and sharp criticism in materials about the internal life of the country, an increase in dialogue forms of presentation (clash of different points of view) are more characteristic. Dialogic genres (interview, conversation), information-analytical (article, commentary) come to the fore, new genres appear ("straight line", "round table", "journalistic investigation").

Influencing functions are clearly manifested in the syntax of the journalistic style, which also has its own characteristics. From a variety of syntactic constructions, journalists select those that have a significant potential for impact and expressiveness. This is what attracts publicism to constructions. colloquial speech: they are, as a rule, compressed, capacious, concise. Their other important quality is mass character, democracy, accessibility. Characteristic of many journalistic genres is also chopped prose coming from colloquial speech: short jerky sentences, reminiscent of pictorial strokes that make up overall picture eg: Great Hall. There is a huge globe in the corner. On the walls are maps of continents, diagrams. Future turns of flight are drawn on them with red lines. spaceship. The blue screens of electronic devices are lit. White lines run continuously along them. At the television screens of the radio receivers, the operators were bowed in businesslike tension. The use of elliptical structures also gives the statement dynamism, the intonation of lively speech: a privatization check is for everyone, banks are not only for bankers.

Almost all figures of speech are found in journalism, but four groups predominate: questions of various types, repetitions created by means of different language levels, applications and structural-graphic highlights.

From the first lines of the article, the reader often encounters various kinds of questions to an imaginary interlocutor that serve to pose a problem. Based on the questions formulated, the reader judges the insight of the journalist, the similarities and differences between his own and the author's point of view, the relevance of the topic and whether it is of interest. This is also a way to establish contact with the reader and get a response from him, for example: Increasingly, the media publishes sociological data on the popularity of applicants for high position and predictions about the likely winner. But how reliable is this data? Can they be trusted? Or is it just a means of forming public opinion, a kind of propaganda method for the desired candidate? These questions are both political and scientific in nature.

The author not only asks questions, but also answers them: What claims are made against the settlers? They are said to be emptying the pension fund and gobbling up the main funds allocated for unemployment benefits. Changing the interrogative intonation to the affirmative allows you to revive the reader's attention, add variety to the author's monologue, creating the illusion of dialogue. This stylistic device is called a question-answer move, which facilitates and activates the perception of speech by the reader or listener, gives the text (speech) a touch of ease, confidence, colloquialism.

A rhetorical question is a question to which the answer is known in advance, or a question to which the questioner himself answers, for example: Will a person whose savings in it burnt contact the bank? - Won't get in touch.

Silence is a stylistic device, which in a written text is distinguished by graphic means (ellipsis) and indicates the unspokenness of a part of the thought: We wanted the best, but it turned out ... as always. An ellipsis is a hint at facts known to both the author and the reader or mutually shared points of view.

The second group of figures that occupy an important place in journalistic texts are repetitions of various types: lexical, morphological, syntactic, which can not only have an emotional impact, but also make changes in the "opinions - values ​​- norms" system, for example: Another legal educational program: the law categorically prohibits accepting any documents as title documents, strictly stipulating their nomenclature. The law categorically prohibits accepting for consideration and even more so relying on documents submitted otherwise than in originals or copies, but if you have an original, ask any lawyer!

The third place in terms of frequency of use in the text is occupied by an application - interspersing well-known expressions (proverbs, sayings, newspaper stamps, complex terms, phraseological turns, etc.), as a rule, in a slightly modified form. Using the application, several goals are achieved at once: the illusion of live communication is created, the author demonstrates his wit, the image “erased” from repeated use of a stable expression is revived, for example: Here, as they say, you can’t throw out a word from The Internationale.

A popular means of expressiveness in a journalistic style is allusion - a stylistic device used to create subtext and consisting in a hint of some well-known historical, political, cultural or everyday fact. A hint is carried out, as a rule, with the help of words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is associated with a certain event or person.

Structural-graphic highlights are also widely used in journalistic texts. These include segmentation and parcelling. In journalistic speech, one can often find various kinds of dismemberment of the text, that is, such constructions when some structural part, being connected in meaning with the main text, is singled out positionally and intonationally and is located either in preposition (segmentation) or in postposition (parcellation) : "Exchange of banknotes: is it really all in vain?"; "Process started. Back?"; "Land reform - what is its purpose?"; "New parties, parliamentary factions and Soviets - which of them today will be able to exercise power in such a way that it is not a decoration or a declaration, but really influences the improvement of our life?"

Journalists masterfully use various syntactic expression techniques: inversion (unusual word order), appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences, and connecting constructions. In a journalistic style, all types of one-part sentences: nominative, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal: We are being told from the scene. The note says.

The desire for expressiveness, figurativeness and at the same time for brevity is realized in a journalistic style also with the help of precedent texts. A precedent text is a certain cultural phenomenon that is known to the speaker, and the speaker refers to this cultural phenomenon in his text. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations. Sources of precedent texts are works of art, the Bible, oral folk art, journalistic texts, socio-political texts, well-known scientific texts, films, cartoons, TV shows, lyrics, etc. The level of knowledge of the case base of the language indicates how well a person knows this language. If a newspaper article has the title "And things are still there ...", going back to a line from I. A. Krylov's fable "Swan, Pike and Cancer", any Russian speaker, without even reading this article, can understand that it will be about some something that should have been done a long time ago, but it still hasn't moved forward. Such precedent texts live in the minds of people for centuries, evoking the same associations.

The use of a precedent text by the speaker is due to the desire to make his speech more beautiful or more convincing, more trusting or ironic. Operating with precedent texts is accompanied by an appeal to the knowledge contained in the individual cognitive base of the addressee. The foregoing is related to the characteristics of the linguistic personality of the reader, to his ability to draw conclusions and perceive meaning. Without knowledge of precedent texts, full-fledged communication is impossible.

Rhythm modern life, unfortunately, does not always allow you to read all the articles in newspapers and magazines, so the reader pays attention first of all to the title of the journalistic text. This is due to the fact that the structure of the title is concise, it summarizes the most important of what is said in the text. In other words, the title is the quintessence of the text, reflecting its essence. Modern media demand more and more original, bright, expressive, attention-grabbing titles. A newspaper or magazine headline is designed to interest the reader, to make him want to continue reading.

Unlike the inexpressive titles of the Soviet era, modern titles are characterized by expressive linguistic and stylistic means. The expression for which precedent texts are used in the headlines of modern magazine and newspaper publications is based on their well-knownness. It could be exact quote: Whatever the child amuses (An eleven-year-old girl turned out to be a skilled thief), Farewell, weapons! (EU denied China military technology), Battle on the Ice(With the onset of spring, the number of injuries among Permians traditionally increases). It would seem that the precedent meaning of the title is quite transparent and clear to the reader, but this meaning is changed in accordance with the content of a magazine or newspaper article.

lexical stylistic journalistic text

sports article journalistic style

Publicistic style, one of the varieties of which is newspaper speech (newspaper substyle), turns out to be a very complex phenomenon due to the heterogeneity of its tasks and communication conditions. [Rosenthal, 1997: 154] researched in modern style. The term "journalistic style" is used deliberately in order to preserve the unity of terminology (generally accepted names of functional styles).

One of the important functions of journalism (in particular, its newspaper and magazine variety) is informational. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible could not but be reflected both in the nature of communicative tasks and in their speech embodiment. However, this historically original function of the newspaper was gradually pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda - or otherwise - influencing. "Pure" informativeness remained only in some genres, and even there, due to the selection of the facts themselves and the nature of their presentation, it turned out to be subordinate to the main, namely agitation and propaganda, function. Because of this, journalism, especially newspaper journalism, was characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence, or expressive. These two main functions, as well as the linguistic and stylistic features that implement them, are not divided in newspaper speech today.

The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here is a reportage, and notes, and chronicle information, and an interview, and an editorial, and a report, and an essay, and a feuilleton, and a review, and other genres.

Publicism and expressive resources are rich. Like fiction, it has a significant impact force, uses a wide variety of tropes, rhetorical figures, diverse lexical and grammatical means.

Other main style trait journalistic speech is the presence of a standard.

It should be borne in mind that the newspaper (and partly other types of journalism) is distinguished by a significant originality of the conditions for language creativity: it is created in the shortest possible time, sometimes making it impossible to bring the processing of language material to the ideal. At the same time, it is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who often prepare their materials in isolation from one another.

The main stylistic principle of V.G. Kostomarov defines as unity, conjugation of expression and standard, which is the specificity of newspaper speech. Of course, in in a certain sense the conjugation of expression and standard (in certain "doses") is characteristic of any speech in general. However, it is important that in newspaper journalism, unlike other speech varieties, this unity becomes the stylistic principle of the organization of the utterance. This is the main meaning and, undoubtedly, the value of the concept of V.G. Kostomarov. Meanwhile, the first component still has priority in this unity.

The dominant feature of the journalistic style is, according to the definition of M. Kozhina, "social appraisal".

In this regard, the journalistic style is also characterized by the search for biting and well-aimed assessments that require unusual lexical combinations, especially in polemics: a giant trust of deceit; suspected of love for freedom.

Expression of evaluation is expressed by superlatives in the elative sense: the most decisive (measures), the most severe (crisis), the most acute (contradictions); the best, the best, the best.

Those are in in general terms the main features of the newspaper style and language means of their implementation.

The entire vocabulary of the literary language serves as the material for creating evaluative newspaper-journalistic vocabulary, although some of its categories are especially productive in journalism.

The influencing function of the newspaper-journalistic style is especially evident in the syntax. From a diverse syntactic repertoire, journalism selects constructions that have a significant impact potential. It is expressiveness that attracts publicism to the constructions of colloquial speech. They are usually concise, concise, concise. Their other important quality is mass character, democracy, accessibility. Against the background of the generally bookish syntax of journalism, colloquial constructions stand out for their stylistic novelty.

The function of influence (expressive function), which is the most important for the newspaper-journalistic style, determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. And journalism takes from the literary language almost all the means that have the property of evaluativeness. Interestingly, some explanatory dictionaries Russian language, primarily a dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov, give stylistic marks "newspaper", "journalistic" to some words. This means that these words are characteristic of the newspaper, journalism, assigned to them. It turned out that almost all of these words have a bright evaluative coloring: agents, acrobats of charity, activation, action, sore, bomber, sandwich scribbler, tip, milestone, etc.

However, journalism does not only use ready-made material. Under the influence of the influencing function, journalism transforms, transforms words from different areas of the language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative sense: crime incubator, conveyor of militarism, routes of technological progress; sports vocabulary: round, round (negotiations), election marathon, to declare check to the government; names of literary genres, theater vocabulary: drama of the people, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy, etc.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary with a strong emotional connotation, for example: positive changes, an energetic start, an irresponsible statement, a firm position, undercover struggle, a breakthrough in negotiations, dirty electoral technologies, villainous murder, heinous fabrications, a severe crisis, an unprecedented flood, insane adventure, impudent raid, political spectacle, biased press, galloping inflation, barracks communism, ideological bulldozer, moral cholera.

The newspaper gives birth and cultivates its own phraseology. Stable combinations are a ready-made arsenal of newspaper standards and often turn into a stamp. Examples: relay race of generations, keeping up with the times, letting go of the duck, etc. These can also be general language phraseological units, but filled with new content and again high-frequency in the newspaper:

  • a) with a negative assessment: rake in the heat with someone else's hands, sing from someone else's voice, warm your hands;
  • b) with a positive assessment: work tirelessly, golden hands, etc.