Main battle tank T-80- the world's first serial tank with a gas turbine power plant. Developed in SKB-2 LKZ since 1968 on the basis of the main tank T-64A. The Leningrad NPO named after V.I. V.Ya.Klimova, who was engaged in the development of the engine. The tank was put into service on August 6, 1976. Serial production was carried out at LKZ (1976-1990), KhZTM (1985-1991) and OZTM (since 1985). The production of T-80 tanks has been completed. T-80 tanks began to enter the troops in the late 1970s, primarily in the western military districts and foreign groups of troops. The intense thermal resource of the gas turbine complicated the use of these tanks in hot climate zones, so they were not delivered to the southern military districts.

According to the location of mechanisms and equipment inside the tank T-80 divided into three departments: management, combat and power. The control compartment is located in the bow of the hull. It contains the driver's seat, in front of which on the bottom of the body there are steering control levers, a fuel supply pedal and an adjustable nozzle apparatus pedal. Behind the seat in the bottom of the hull is an emergency exit hatch. In 1984, the attachment of the driver's seat to the beam was introduced instead of the attachment to the bottom.

The fighting compartment is located in the middle part of the tank and is formed by a combination of the hull and the turret. The turret has a 125 mm smoothbore gun. The hull contains a cabin docked with the tower. In the cockpit there is a loading mechanism (MZ) that provides placement, transportation, filing and sending shots, as well as catching and placing extracted pallets. To the right of the gun is the seat of the tank commander, to the left - the gunner. There are seats and footrests for the commander and gunner, as well as removable guards that ensure their safety during the operation of the stabilizer, the MOH and when firing from a cannon. To the right of the gun, a PKT machine gun coaxial with it, a R-123M radio station (on later production tanks - R-173) and an MZ control panel are installed. Above the tank commander's seat in the turret there is a commander's cupola with a hatch.

Behind the walls of the cabin there is an annular conveyor of the loading mechanism. The power compartment is located in the aft part of the tank hull. It has a gas turbine engine installed longitudinally. Output of power to the shafts of onboard gearboxes is carried out from both ends of the output gearbox of the engine. Each onboard gearbox is mounted in a block with a coaxial planetary final drive carrying the drive wheel.

Gas turbine engine GGD-1000T with a capacity of 1000 l, s. It is made according to a three-shaft scheme with two mechanical independent turbochargers and with a free turbine. The main components of the engine are centrifugal compressors of low and high pressure, combustion chamber, compressor axial turbines, axial power turbine, exhaust pipe, gearboxes and gearbox.

The roof of the power compartment is removable and consists of a fixed front part and a rear lifting part, which is connected to the front one using hinges and a torsion bar. The roof opens with the effort of one person and is locked with a tie in the raised position. In the front part of the roof there are entrance shutters, closed from above with removable metal meshes.

The main armament of the tank is located in the turret - a smooth-bore 125-mm 2A46-1 gun, equipped with a two-plane weapon stabilizer 2E28M2 and a hydroelectromechanical automatic loader of approximately the same design as on the T-64 tank. The gun is installed in the tank turret on trunnions. The embrasure of the turret is closed in front by armor, bolted to the cradle and covered from the outside with a cover. The mass of the swinging part of the gun without armored mask and stabilizer is 2443 kg. Ammunition consists of 40 rounds of separate-sleeve loading with a partially burning sleeve. Shooting is carried out with high-explosive fragmentation, armor-piercing sub-caliber and cumulative projectiles. The range of a direct shot with a sub-caliber projectile with an initial speed of 1715 m/s against a tank-type target is 2100 m.

For firing from a cannon, an optical stereoscopic sight-rangefinder TPD-2-49 is used. The sight has independent stabilization of the field of view in the vertical plane and allows you to determine the range to the target within 1000-4000 m with high accuracy. Data on the range to the target is automatically entered into the sight. Corrections are also automatically entered for the speed of the tank and data on the type of selected ammunition. For shooting at night, the TPN-1-49-23 sight is used.

Auxiliary armament consists of a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with a cannon and a 12.7 mm NSVT machine gun in an open anti-aircraft machine gun mount. ZPU is designed for firing at air and ground targets at ranges up to 2000 m. The installation provides circular firing at machine gun pointing angles in the vertical plane from -5 "to +75". Installed on the commander's cupola. For firing from a machine gun, 12.7 mm caliber cartridges are used: armor-piercing incendiary B-32 and armor-piercing incendiary tracer BZT-44.

The caterpillar mover consists of caterpillars with a rubberized treadmill and RMSH, track rollers with rubber tires and support rollers with external shock absorption, all-metal guide wheels and drive wheels, worm-type tensioners. Suspension - individual, torsion bar, with misaligned torsion shafts, with hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers on 1, 2 and 6 suspension units.

Modifications
T-80(object 219sp2) - the basic version. Combat weight 42 tons. Crew 3 people. Serial production at LKZ from 1976 to 1978

T-80B(object 219R, 1978) - guided weapon system 9K112-1 "Cobra" and SUO 1A33 (laser rangefinder sight 1G42, tank ballistic computer 1V517, stabilizer 2E26M, shot resolution unit 1G43 and a set of sensors), gun 2A46-2, smoke grenade launcher 902A "Cloud". Improved turret armor. since 1980 - the GGD-1000TF engine with a power of 1100 hp. and a turret unified with the T-64B, since 1982 - the 2A46M-1 "Rapier-3" cannon.

T-80BV(1985) - T-80B with a set of hinged dynamic protection installed on the turret and hull.

T-80U(object 219AS, 1985) - a complex of guided weapons 9K119 "Reflex" and a weapon control complex 1A45 "Irtysh" (laser rangefinder sight 1G46, electronic ballistic computer, stabilizer 2E42, sighting and observation complex of the commander TPN-4S, combined active passive night sight TPN-4 "Buran-PA"), 2A46-M1 cannon, 45 rounds of ammunition (of which 28 in the loading mechanism), advanced multi-layer combined armor with built-in dynamic protection, 902B smoke grenade launcher system, PPO 3ETs13 "Hoarfrost" system ”, built-in self-digging equipment, mounted gauge trawl KMT-6. Since 1990 - the GTD-1250 engine with a power of 1250 hp, the 9K119M guided weapon system. Combat weight 46 tons.

T-80UD(object 478B "Birch", 1987) - 6-cylinder two-stroke turbo-piston diesel engine 6TD with a capacity of 1000 hp, anti-aircraft machine gun installation with remote control. Since 1988 - built-in dynamic protection.

T-80UM(1992) - Agava-2 thermal imaging device for observation and aiming. radio absorbing coating, R-163-50U radio station.

T-80UK- commander's version of the T-80UM. A system for remotely detonating high-explosive fragmentation projectiles with an electronic remote contact fuse, a Shtora-2 optical-electronic suppression complex, R-163-U and R-163-K radio stations, a TNA-4 navigation system and an AB-1- autonomous power generator P28.

According to the data declared by the Soviet side at the Vienna talks on limiting conventional weapons in Europe, in 1990, on the European territory of the USSR, as well as in units stationed in Eastern Europe, there were 4839 T-80 tanks of all modifications. After the collapse of the USSR, almost all of them ended up on the territory of Russia and Ukraine, while the production of the T-80UD, carried out in Kharkov, also ended up abroad. Their production continued in Ukraine under the designation, mainly for export. In 1996, a contract was signed for the supply of 320 such machines to Pakistan. At the same time, 175 tanks were made again, and 145 were sent from the presence of the armed forces of Ukraine.

Rosoboronexport also actively offered T-80U tanks for export. The Cypriot army is armed with 41 combat vehicles of this type (the contract value is 175 million dollars). The South Korean army has received 80 T-80U tanks to pay off the Russian debt to this country. In both cases, deliveries were made from the presence of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

As part of the Soviet Army T-80 did not take part in hostilities. Tanks T-80B and T-80BV were used by the Russian Army during the military operation in Chechnya in 1995-1996. During the second Chechen campaign, T-80 tanks did not take part in hostilities.

As of January 1, 2010, T-80 tanks of various modifications are in service in Belarus (92), Cyprus (41). Pakistan (320), Russia (4500, status unclear), Ukraine (271) and South Korea (80).

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE T-80B TANK
COMBAT WEIGHT, t: 42.5.
CREW, people: 3.
OVERALL DIMENSIONS, mm: length - 9651, width - 3582. height (on the roof of the tower) - 2219, ground clearance (on the main bottom) - 451.
ARMAMENT: 1 gun 2A46M-1 caliber 125 mm. 1 PKT machine gun caliber 7.62 mm, 1 anti-aircraft machine gun NSVT caliber 12.7 mm, 8 launchers caliber 81 mm for launching smoke grenades.
AMMUNITION: 38 shots, 300 rounds of 12.7 mm caliber, 1250 rounds of 7.62 mm caliber.
AUTOMATIC LOADER: hydroelectromechanical, with constant loading angle.
WEAPON STABILIZER: two-plane electro-hydraulic 2E26M.
GUIDED WEAPONS: 9K112-1 Cobra, with TUR 9M112 with radio control and optical feedback. AIMING DEVICES: laser range finder 1G42, periscopic night sight TPN-3-49.
RESERVATION, mm: anti-shell combined.
ENGINE: GTD-1000TF, made according to a three-shaft scheme with two independent mechanical turbochargers and a free power turbine; power 1100 hp (809 kW).
TRANSMISSION: mechanical, planetary; consists of two units, each of which includes an onboard gearbox, an onboard gearbox and hydraulic servo drives of the motion control system.
RUNNING GEAR: six double rubber-coated road wheels on board, five single rubber-coated support rollers, a rear-mounted drive wheel with removable gear rims (lantern gear), idler wheel; individual torsion bar suspension. hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers on the suspension of the 1st, 2nd and 6th track rollers; each track has 80 tracks.
MAX SPEED, km/h: 70.
POWER RESERVE, km: 600.
OVERCOME OBSTACLES: elevation angle, deg. - 32; moat width, m - 2.85; wall height, m ​​- 1, ford depth, m - 1.2 (with OPVT - 5 m).
COMMUNICATIONS: R-123M radio station. intercom R-124.

The forties and fifties of the last century was a real " finest hour» for turbine power plants. The turbine engine won an easy victory over the piston engine in the aircraft industry and tank builders also began to produce the first drawings of tanks with similar power plants. And this is not surprising: this engine has much higher performance compared to a traditional diesel or gasoline engine; having the same weight, a gas turbine engine is much more powerful, and this increases the speed of the tank and allows you to install more powerful weapons on it.

The Soviet Union is the first country in the world to start serial production of a tank powered by a gas turbine engine (GTE). Although I must say that it took several decades. Drawings of tanks with gas turbine engines began to appear in the late 40s, and the T 80 battle tank was put into service in 1976. But the task was not easy. The first turbines were imperfect and ill-suited for use as tank engines.

In Kharkov, in 1963, a modification of the T-64 tank was created, on which a gas turbine engine was installed, but this tank did not go into series. Despite all the advantages of gas turbine engines, there were problems that could not be solved in the 60s. The main difficulty in using a gas turbine power plant was to clean the air from dust. If the aircraft turbine encounters this problem only during landing and takeoff, then the tank engine operates in completely different conditions and the tank column often travels in a continuous cloud of dust. Also, gas turbine engines had higher fuel consumption than traditional engines. In the 50-70s of the last century, numerous drawings of tanks with gas turbine engines were created, but most of them remained at the project stage.

In 1969, the development of a new tank began at the Kirov Plant, on which a gas turbine engine was installed. The tank was developed on the basis of the T-64, but after the first tests it became clear that the drawings of the tank required significant changes. First of all, this applied to the chassis of the car. It took seven years to develop all the changes, and in 1976 the main tank T 80 was adopted. This tank was in service with the USSR army for more than 20 years, now it is the main battle tank of the Russian armed forces. This machine went through many conflicts and wars, was involved during the CTO in Chechnya.

Battle tank T-80. Description

Like any other Soviet tank, the main tank T 80 had a classic layout, inside it housed a crew of three. The mass of the vehicle was 42 tons, the frontal parts of the tank were made of multilayer armor. This made it possible to increase the security of the tank without increasing the thickness of the armor and adding excess weight. The tank engine had a special air purification system from dust, which made it possible to retain 97% of dust particles. The use of the GPA has significantly improved specifications new tank, the speed and maneuverability of the vehicle has seriously increased. One of positive features cars with gas turbine engines is their "illegibility" in terms of fuel, gasoline can be used to refuel the T-80, aviation kerosene, diesel and other fuels. Fuel consumption is relatively small. The internal structure of the tank and the conditions for the crew are well thought out - driving the tank is very easy and convenient.

The tank is armed with a 125-mm smoothbore gun (firing range up to 5 km), the ammunition load includes 40 shells (later modifications have 38 and 45 shells), both sub-caliber, and cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation. Later modifications of the vehicle were able to fire Cobra and Reflex missiles (firing range 4 and 5 km). The armament also includes an anti-aircraft machine gun and a PKT (7.62 mm).

The Soviet main tank T 80 had the following modifications: T-80U, T-80B (T-80BV), T-80UD and T-80U-M1 Bars, although the latter is a completely Russian tank created in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Below is a table describing all the main characteristics of the T-80 and its modifications.

TTX of the main modifications of the T-80 tank

Modification T-80 T-80B (T-80BV) T-80U T-80UD
Plant-developer Kirovsky plant Kharkov plant
Adopted 1976 1978 1985 1987
Weight 42 42,5 46 46
Dimensions
Length, mm 6780 6982 7012 7020
Width, mm 3525 3582 3603 3755
Height, mm 2300 2219 2215 2215
Clearance, mm 451 529
Availability and type of protection
Dynamic Not "Contact-1" "Contact-5" "Contact-5"
Active Not "Curtain"
Armor cast and rolled, combined
Armament
A gun 2A46-1 2A46-1 2A46-1/4 2A46-1
Firing range, m 0-5000
40 38 45 45
Crew 3
Power point
engine's type gas turbine Diesel
Power, hp 1000 1100 1250 1000
70 60
Cross country speed 40-45
Specific power hp/t 23,8 25,8 21,74 21,7
Fuel reserve, l 1840
Fuel consumption l/km 3,7
suspension type Torsion

Modifications T-80U and T-80UD are the most advanced versions of this tank. T-80U was created in 1985 in Leningrad, and T-80UD - in 1987 in Kharkov. And the T-80U-M1 "Bars" was already created in Russia, after the collapse of the USSR. These vehicles received the most advanced fire control system, their protection was improved (by increasing the thickness of the armor and installing dynamic protection). At the same time, the weight of the car increased slightly. The T-80UD is distinguished by a more powerful engine (diesel 1000 hp), a new turret with improved armor and an improved fire control system. Ammunition was increased.

All modifications of the T-80 tank use an automatic engine control system, which significantly reduces fuel consumption. The visibility for the crew has been improved.

T-80U-M1 "Bars"

I would like to separately talk about the latest modification of this very interesting machine - about the famous Russian "flying" tank T-80U-M1 "Bars", which was created in the early 90s in Russia.

The creators of the Russian "Bars" aimed to improve the protection of the tank, increase its maneuverability and provide it with a lighter and more advanced weapon system. The aiming systems and visibility of the crew members have also been significantly improved. The tank weighs 47 tons. The layout is classic. The tank can fire guided missiles, firing range up to 5 km. Ammunition consists of different types of projectiles.

The Russian "Bars" is equipped with the same reliable and proven 125-mm 2A46M cannon (firing range up to 5 km), ammunition - 45 rounds. The rigidity of the barrel was increased and this improved the accuracy of fire. The fire control system installed on the tank takes into account many characteristics: the range to the target, its speed, the speed of the tank itself, wind strength, charge temperature. All this significantly improves the accuracy of shooting and allows you to send the projectile right on target. The control system allows the tank commander to shoot as well. The T-80U-M1 provides excellent visibility for all crew members. The tank can be equipped with a night sight or a thermal imager. The thickness of the armor has been increased, with a slight increase in the mass of the tank.

Tank protection also corresponds to the best world analogues. It consists:

  • combined multi-layer armor of the upper front of the hull and turret;
  • built-in dynamic protection (VDZ);
  • complex of active protection "Arena";
  • KOEP "Shtora-1".

The installation of an active protection complex increases the survivability of the tank several times, even without increasing the thickness of the armor and maintaining the weight of the tank. Especially when participating in local conflicts, when hand grenade launchers are the main means of destruction. The experience of using "Bars" during the CTO in Chechnya confirmed this. We can safely say that the T-80U-M1 is one of the most protected tanks in modern Russia. Built-in protection provides better protection from projectiles.

This tank has an engine with a maximum power of 1250 hp. Its specific power is 27.2 hp/t, which is a record. No wonder the Bars is called the "flying tank", it is distinguished by excellent speed and maneuverability. Below is a description of the T-80U-M1 tank. The engine management system can significantly reduce fuel consumption.

The T-80U-M1 automatic loader contains 28 rounds of ammunition and this ensures a fast rate of fire.
Below is a table describing the parameters of the tank.

Modification T-80U-M1 "Bars"
Adopted 1976
The weight 47
Dimensions
Length, mm 7010
Width, mm 3603
Height, mm 2202
Clearance, mm 450
Availability and type of protection
Dynamic There is
Active There is
Armament
A gun 2A46-1
Firing range, m 0-5000
Ammunition, number of shells 40
Power point
engine's type gas turbine
Power, hp 1250
Maximum highway speed 70
Specific power hp/t 23,8
Fuel reserve, l 1840
Fuel consumption l/km 3,7

At the same time, the Russian "Bars" is easy to operate, the arrangement of the fighting compartment is extremely well thought out and convenient. For this tank, Russian specialists developed a unique air conditioning system, which makes driving machines easy and convenient. It can be said that the Russian tank T-80U-M1 is the best of all modifications of this machine.

Video about the T-80 tank

T-80U-M1 "Bars"

The T-80 tank is in service with Russia and a dozen other countries. The tank took part in many wars and conflicts, including in Chechnya and the Caucasus. How many more years this tank will be in service in Russia, no one can say.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

April 19, 1968 by a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the creation of gas turbine power plants for objects armored vehicles» SKB-2 at the Leningrad Kirov Plant (LKZ) was instructed to create a new machine with a gas turbine power plant based on the T-64 tank. The development of the engine was entrusted to the Leningrad NPO. Klimov. A gas turbine engine (GTE) with the same volume as a diesel engine developed much more power. This would allow the tank to achieve higher speeds, significantly increase maneuverability on the battlefield, and improve the control of the vehicle itself. Soviet tank builders already had experience in using gas turbine engines, especially at the Kirov plant. In 1948, here at the Special Design Bureau for Turbine Production, under the leadership of A. Starostenko, a project was completed for a heavy tank with such an engine, but it remained a project. When in 1955 LKZ was commissioned to create a new heavy tank with a 1000 hp engine. - weighing up to 55 tons, with a 130-mm gun, work began to be carried out in two directions: options were developed with a diesel engine ("object 277"), and with a gas turbine engine ("object 278"). Two prototypes of gas turbine engines were designed under the leadership of G. Ogloblin.

In 1957, LKZ manufactured two experimental gas turbine units GTD-1 for the “object 278”, which was created on the basis of the IS-7 and T-10 tanks. They were supposed to provide a sample weighing 53.5 tons with a speed of over 57 km / h. But soon all work related to heavy tanks was stopped in our country by order of the government. "Object 278" could not be completed. True, the search in this direction at the plant continued. In the 1960s, for example, the "object 288" was tested on the basis of the T-64 tank with two GTD-350 helicopter gas turbine engines with a capacity of 350 hp each.

In 1963, in the Kharkov design bureau No. 60 A. Morozov developed an experimental version of the T-64T tank with a helicopter GTD-ZTL with a power of 700 hp. In 1964, at Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, under the leadership of L. Kartsev, an “object 167T” was also created on the basis of the T-62 with a GTD-ZT turbine with a capacity of 800 hp.

In 1969, the first tank of the Leningrad Kirov Plant with a gas turbine engine was manufactured in accordance with the requirements of a government decree of April 19, 1968. This sample is known as the “object 219” based on the T-64 with a GTD-1000 with a power of 1000 hp, developed at the NPO. Klimov. However, the installation of a powerful engine, the increased weight of the machine and the requirements for dynamic characteristics made it necessary to make significant changes to its design, especially to the chassis. I had to develop new shock absorbers and torsion bars, guide and drive wheels, rollers, even tracks with rubber tracks, optimized the shape of the tower. But they retained weapons, automatic loaders, ammunition, guidance and observation devices, etc. In a word, the machine, "keeping the basic design and layout features of its predecessors, could be fully considered new", although they tried to largely unify it with the T-64 and T-72 tanks.

In 1976, the tank was adopted by the armored units of the Soviet Army under the symbol T-80 (the name "Thunderstorm"). Serial production was, of course, at the LKZ, and then at the Omsk Transport Engineering Plant.

Throughout the entire period of its long history, the T-80 tank has undergone modernization, sometimes insignificant, and even very serious. So, in the same 1976, the production of an improved T-80B model equipped with the 9K112 Cobra ATGM complex began. Since 1984, the T-80BV tank with dynamic protection began to enter the troops.

The first T-80s were supplied to the guards units located in the European part of the Union. In 1984, units of the 1st, 2nd and 8th Guards Tank Armies located in the GDR began to arm them.

For the first time, T-80s participated in the May Day parade in Moscow in 1989. In 1993, these vehicles were demonstrated at the IDEX international military exhibition in Abu Dhabi.

It is believed that the T-80 and T-80B tanks produced only 266 units.

The “Technical description and operating instructions for the T-80B tank” states: “Thanks to powerful weapons and advanced surveillance devices, the tank is able to hit tanks and other armored vehicles, anti-tank weapons, artillery, as well as manpower and other targets. Powerful armor protection allows the tank to perform combat missions in case of strong enemy fire and in combination with the collective protection system, it ensures the effective use of the tank in the conditions of use nuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction. The tank's high mobility ensures good maneuverability in combat."

DESIGN OF THE T-80B TANK

The tank inherited the layout of its well-known predecessors, including the T-64, with a control compartment in the front of the hull. The driver's seat is located here, in front of which on the bottom there are steering control levers, fuel supply and nozzle control pedals, and a control instrument panel is located on the front sheet. To the left and right of the seat are fuel tanks and a tank rack, behind is a conveyor for the gun loading mechanism. Above the shield are three TNPO-160 prism observation devices; the central device for driving at night was replaced by a night viewing device TVNE-4B.

Devices of the system of protection against weapons of mass destruction (WMD) with a sensor, a measuring console, a power supply unit are installed in a niche of the right tank. The bilge pump is located under the control board. Four batteries are in the rack behind the left tank.

An exit hatch is located above the driver's seat in the turret sheet. To the right of it are the air intake device of the radiation and chemical reconnaissance device (PRKhR) and the A-3 TPU apparatus. In addition, there is an escape hatch in the bottom behind the seat.

Suspension torsion bars run along the bottom of the hull, and control drive rods run along the sides.

In the middle part of the tank there is a fighting compartment, in the turret of which a gun with a loading mechanism (M3) is installed. M3 provides for the supply and sending of shots, catches and places the extracted cartridge cases.

To the right of the gun is the commander's seat, to the left is the gunner's. In front of the commander’s seat there is an A-1 TPU apparatus, a radio station, an M3 control panel, a hydrodynamic gun stopper, a weapon stabilizer linear acceleration sensor, a control panel with toggle switches for the engine stop mechanism (MOD), fire equipment (PPO), etc. The commander’s turret is equipped with prismatic viewing devices - two TNPO-160 and two TNPA-65, commander's observation device TKN-3, switches for the infrared searchlight of the OS, tower lights and dimensions.

Two medium fuel tanks are placed near the rear wall of the compartment.

The gunner has a sight-range-number, a night sight, an azimuth indicator, a gunner's console, mechanical descent and cocking handles for the gun, a turret stopper, a control panel for the smoke grenade launch system, and an A-2 TPU apparatus. Under its seat is a stabilizer control unit, on the bottom - a rotating contact device of the tower. There is another TNPA-65 device in the gunner's hatch.

On the tanks of the initial series, sights and instruments were similar to the T-64A.

The walls of the control and combat compartments are covered from the inside with lining - a layer of polymeric materials. This protects the crew from being hit by fragments in case of penetration into the shells, most importantly, it weakens the effect of gamma radiation, thanks to a certain chemical composition of the coating.

The power compartment is in the stern of the tank. A monoblock is located here: an engine with service systems and units; there are engine and transmission control drives, sensors and sprayers of the PPO system, instrumentation, and a pump unit for thermal smoke equipment (TDA).

Monoblock significantly reduces the time of installation of the power unit in the tank or its dismantling.

A three-shaft gas turbine engine GTD-1000T with a power of 1000 hp was installed on the tank. Since 1981, the T-80B began to use boosted up to 1100 hp. GTD-1000TF. This multi-fuel engine runs on diesel fuel, gasoline A-72 and A-76, fuel TC-1 and TC-2. The volume of fuel tanks: internal - 1100 l, external - 700 l, two additional barrels - 400 l.

The power to the shafts of the onboard gearboxes (BKP) is transmitted from both ends of the output gearbox of the engine. Each of them is mounted in a block with a coaxial planetary final drive involved in its drive wheel.

An important difference in engine control is the presence of an adjustable nozzle apparatus (RSA), which, in fact, replaces the clutch mechanism in a conventional engine.

The air cleaning system is also essential with a high air flow rate - up to 4 kg / s - and a high flow rate. GTE is very sensitive to the presence of dust in the incoming air. The engine has an air cleaner unit, two dust extraction fans, air filters for the turbine nozzle apparatus, two air ducts for ejection of cooling air and dust, and, in addition, a system for blowing dust from the interblade channels of the compressor impellers when operating in clogged and dusty conditions (deserts, sandstorms). , sumum, etc.). The air cleaning system operates in two modes: when driving on land and with OPVT under water.

A gas turbine engine with the same occupied volume as a diesel engine has a significantly greater power, is easier to maintain, and is less noisy. In addition, it has a smaller unmasking effect in the IR range, since the heat transfer of a diesel engine is several times higher. This, along with the thermal insulation of the roof and exhaust louvers, ventilation of the power compartment, the use of side screens, the absence of large heated surfaces of the radiators of the cooling system, ensures a low level of thermal radiation of the tank. The engine starts when low temperatures without additional heating.

However, since the gas turbine engine has a 1.5 - 2 times higher fuel consumption, the tanks occupied a larger volume of the engine-transmission compartment (MTO) than, say, on the T-64, so the car body was somewhat lengthened.

To the left of the monoblock in the MTO, a consumable fuel tank is installed, to the right - the rear fuel tank and next to the transmission oil tank, behind - the stern

In front of the roof of the compartment there are entrance blinds covered with metal nets on top. The rear part can be opened and even removed during routine maintenance or engine repair.

The hull of the tank is welded, made of armor plates. Its bow is formed by inclined top and bottom sheets, welded not only to each other, but also to the front roof sheet, sides and bottom. Frontal parts - composite armor plates, made up of rolled steel of medium hardness, high hardness steel and fiberglass. In the "steel" equivalent (in terms of the thickness of the armor plates), their thickness is 400 mm. The armor of the hull is differentiated in accordance with the probabilistic laws of shelling and destruction.

1-barrel 125-mm gun D-81; 2 anti-aircraft 12.7 mm NSVT machine gun; 3-outer aft fuel tank; 4-wheel drive; 5-wheel roller; 6-side protective screen; 7-guide wheel; 8 elements of the KDZ case; 9 - commander's cupola; 10-pipe OPVT; 11-roof MTO; 12-grid of the exhaust device of the gas turbine engine; 13 - antenna; 14-wind sensor; 15-box of clothing items; 16 - smoke grenades; 17 gunner's hatch; 18 - KDZ elements on the tower; 19-driver's hatch; 20 - gun ejector; 21-commander's observation device; 22 - IR illuminator; 23-sight-rangefinder gunner; 24 night sight; 25-viewing device of the driver; 26-bottom sheet of the bottom; 27 track; 28-front mudguard; 29-paired 7.62 mm PKT machine gun

1 - shot resolution block; 2- sight-rangefinder; 3 - linear acceleration sensor; 4-tank ballistic computer; 5-cosine potentiometer; 6-wind sensor; 7-roll sensor; 8-electric block of the sight-rangefinder; 9-control unit; 10-feeding plant; 11-block of hydrotachometers; 12-angle limiter; 13 - reduction device; 14-speed sensor

Mine trawl attachment strips and brackets for mounting equipment for self-digging are welded to the bow sheets of the hull. On the top sheet there are towing hooks with latches, headlight brackets with their guards, brackets for fastening and laying the tow cable, protective shields for the driver's viewing devices. Guide wheel brackets are welded at the junction of the front and side sheets.

Side sheets of the hull - vertical rolled 80 mm thick. Brackets and stops of balancers, supporting rollers, pins of hydraulic shock absorbers are welded to them from the outside. Protective shelves with external fuel tanks, boxes for spare parts, as well as vertical side shields are stretched along the sides.

The stern consists of upper and lower stern sheets welded together; their thickness is 80 mm. They have towing hooks, brackets for rear position lights and additional barrels of fuel, spare track mounts; a box of exhaust shutters with locks and a stopper is installed.

The roof of the hull is also made of welded armor plates, partly - above the power compartment - is removable.

The bottom of the tank is made up of three sheets, it is trough-shaped with longitudinal and transverse stampings to ensure rigidity and placement of torsion bars. It has maintenance hatches.

The thickness of the roof and bottom sheets is 30 mm or less.

Tower - shaped armor casting; a roof with a protective head of the rangefinder sight is welded to its upper part. In front of the turret there is a cannon embrasure, which is a complex labyrinth of two pairs of protective cheeks and grooves that protects the crew from penetration into the fragments, as well as from the effects of a blast wave. The coaxial machine gun embrasure is to the right of the gun. A night sight illuminator bracket is also welded on here.

To the left and right of the gun there are bolts for mounting the smoke grenade launcher system.

The commander's cupola with a hatch is in the right half of the roof, the gunner's hatch is in the left. Near it is a flange for installing a night sight, a shaft for an observation device.

At the rear of the turret there are mounts for the taillight and side light, an antenna mount flange, brackets for removable OPVT equipment and its reset levers, and a wind sensor mount.

A bottom sheet with holes for fastening bolts to the upper turret shoulder strap is welded to the bottom of the turret. Tower support - ball.

In the initial series, the T-80 turret was unified with the T-64A tank; on the T-80B tank - from the T64B.

In the chassis of the T-80B - six dual road wheels on board, five rubber-coated support rollers. Idler wheel with tension mechanism - front, composed of two welded cast discs.

The drive wheel has removable gear rims. Track rollers - lightweight aluminum alloy, dual-slope, with removable discs.

In the caterpillar of the tank - 80 tracks with rubber-metal hinges, each of two stamped links. The tracks are connected with the help of ridges and bolted shoes. The track tread has rubber pads to reduce stress on the undercarriage. If necessary - for driving on the highway in order to avoid its destruction - it is possible to put on rubber asphalt "shoes" on its outer surface.

Tank suspension - individual. Torsion bars, commensurate in length and width of the hull, provide increased dynamic travel of the road wheels. Hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers are installed on the 1st, 2nd and 6th nodes.

Chassis T-80 provides smooth running, low noise level and at the same time high dynamic performance. Experts consider it the best of all available on our tanks.

In the transmission with a hydraulic servo control system, as on the T-64, there are two final drives complete with final drives, three planetary gear sets and five clutches per side.

The high speed characteristics of the tank, combined with ease of control, low shock vibration overloads and improved crew habitation conditions, make it possible to make long marches.

Armament of the T-80B tank: 125 mm 2A46M-1 (D-81 TM) smoothbore gun, 7.62 mm PKT coaxial machine gun, 12.7 mm NSVT Utyos machine gun, 9K112 ATGM system. The tank is equipped with a fire control system (FCS) 1AZZ. With its help, it is possible to fire at tanks and armored targets moving at speeds up to 75 km / h, at small targets and manpower when firing from a place and on the move at speeds up to 30 km / h, both in line of sight and from closed positions. It includes a 1G42 rangefinder sight, a 2E26M armament stabilizer, a set of input sensors for wind, roll, tank speed, heading angle, a 1G43 shot resolution unit, and a 1V517 tank ballistic computer (TBV).

It is the TBV that generates data on the aiming and angular lead angles of the gun from the automatically entered information from the sensors and the rangefinder. Armament stabilizer - two-plane gyroscopic with electro-hydraulic drives.

When the tank moves on the battlefield, the stabilizer gyroscope retains its position in space unchanged, thereby ensuring the immobility of the field of view of the sight. However, the gun itself, for dynamic reasons (friction in the trunnions, hydraulic resistance in the slave cylinder), lags behind the required stabilized position. The shot permission block issues a command to fire only when the specified minimum angle of mismatch between the stabilized aiming line and the actual position of the gun is provided.

The gun is loaded automatically by the loading mechanism (M3). After each shot fired, a pallet is ejected from the bore, which fits into the M3 catching mechanism. When you press the button for selecting the type of projectile on the control panel, firstly, the stabilizer automatically brings the gun to a certain loading angle, and secondly, the conveyor is set in motion, bringing the selected shot to the breech. The feed mechanism moves the tray with the shot to the chambering mechanism, which “charges” the gun - after which its shutter closes. At the same time, the previous tray from the catcher is transferred to the newly freed tray. The loaded gun is removed from the stopper and the stabilizer is displayed on the aiming line. After the opening of fire, the cycle repeats.

The minimum duration of loading one shot - when the conveyor is rotated one step - 7.1 s. Conveyor capacity 28 shots. Its time full load crew only 13 - 15 min.

The ammunition load of the T-80B tank includes 38 shots; 28 of them - armor-piercing sub-caliber, high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative, as well as guided ones are placed in the conveyor of the loading mechanism. The other five shells and seven charges are in the control compartment in the tank rack; two more shells and two charges at the bulkhead of the power compartment between the middle fuel tanks, finally, one shell is placed vertically in the fighting compartment behind the back of the commander's seat, and the charge is laid on the floor.

For a machine gun of 7.62 mm caliber, the ammunition supply is 1250 pieces and is located in stores in the fighting compartment, as well as one store on the machine gun mount itself. For the 12.7 mm machine gun - 500 rounds - in magazines on the right side of the turret and one - also on the machine gun mount.

Fire from the D-81 cannon can be fired with high-explosive fragmentation shells ZOF19 of the ZVOF22 shot and ZOF26 of the ZVOFZ6 shot, designed to destroy manpower, various military equipment and field-type shelters. They are equipped with a B-429E fuse, which provides three functions: high-explosive, fragmentation and delayed action of the projectile. The maximum firing range is 14,000 m at a gun elevation angle of 140.

For direct fire at tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts, and other armored vehicles, the ammunition load includes ZBK12M rounds of ZVKB7 rounds and ZBK14M rounds of ZVBK10 rounds; they are effective at ranges up to 1500 m. The cumulative charge is located in their very case.

In addition to tanks and armored vehicles, firing is also carried out at the embrasures of long-term defensive structures and armored caps with armor-piercing sub-caliber projectiles ZBM9, ZBM12, ZBM15, ZBM17 shots ZVBMZ, ZVBM6, ZVBM7, ZVBM8, respectively. The projectile has a ballistic tip and a tracer with a burning time of 2 - 3 s in the rear.

When firing all types of tank shells, a single 4Zh40 charge is used, consisting of a partially burning cartridge case and the combat powder charge itself with means of ignition, flame extinguishing and other elements placed in the cartridge case. When fired, the part of the cartridge case pressed into the pan burns out, the metal pan itself is thrown out of the gun chamber onto the catcher of the loading mechanism.

All T-80 ammunition is unified with T-64 and T-72.

The SLA of the tank allows for effective firing from a cannon also with guided projectiles 9M112M of the 9K112 "Cobra" complex at a distance of up to 4000 m at armored targets under the condition of direct visibility. It is also possible to fire at helicopters at the same distance if their speed is not more than 300 km / h and the height is up to 500 m. The projectile is controlled in flight by a gunner via a radio link, constantly keeping the aiming mark on the target.

The installation of smoke screens is provided by thermal smoke equipment (TDA). The smoke generating substance is the engine fuel.

The tank is equipped with a semi-automatic system for the collective protection of the crew and internal equipment from the impact of a shock wave, radioactive and toxic substances, with a radiation and chemical reconnaissance device, a filtering unit, an engine stop mechanism, closing seals.

Due to the rational distribution of thickness armored corps and towers, the use of lining and over-battle - anti-cumulative shields made of reinforced rubber with armor plates installed all over the board - a "high multiplicity of attenuation of penetrating radiation during nuclear explosions and when conducting combat operations on terrain contaminated with radioactive substances" is achieved.

There is also fire equipment - an automatic system of three-time action PPO. It consists of 15 thermal sensors scattered throughout the tank body, three cylinders of fire-extinguishing liquid with freon 114B2.

Tank communication facilities are unified with all types of tanks and other combat vehicles. The R-123M transceiver station (operating frequency range 20 - 51.5 MHz) allows you to maintain communication with the same type of stations in medium-rough terrain at a distance of at least 20 km even when moving at a speed of 40 km / h.

The T-80 tank is equipped with OPVT equipment to overcome water barriers up to 5 m deep along the bottom. To install it, mounting covers, an air supply pipe through which air is sucked into the engine air cleaner, and a gas exhaust pipe are placed on the intake louvres.

To open trenches and shelters, the tank can be equipped with bulldozer equipment, which is mounted on the lower frontal hull plate. In addition, it is possible to install an anti-mine trawl for making passages in minefields.

MAIN DATA OF THE T-80B TANK

Combat weight, kg………………..………….42 500

Crew, people……………………..………………….3

Specific power, hp/t………………..25.8

Overall dimensions, mm:

length with cannon forward…..…………….9651

body length………………..…………….6982

width………………………….…………….3384

height on the roof of the tower……………….2219

track width……………………………….2800

clearance………………………….………………451

Armor protection……………..protivosnaryadnaya

Armament:…………………smoothbore

D 25 mm gun 2A46M-1

coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun

anti-aircraft 12.7-mm machine gun NSVT "Cliff"

7.62 mm AKMS assault rifle

F-1 grenades

Ammunition…………38 shots to the gun

cartridges for PKT……………..…………….1250

kNSVT………………………….………………300

to AKMS…………………………………………300

pomegranate…………………………….………………..10

Engine:………………………..GTD-YUOOTF

1100 hp

Movement speed, km/h:

along the highway………………………..60-65

on a dirt road……….………..40-45

Maximum speed, km/h……………..70

Fuel reserve, l………………..…………….2200

Overcome obstacles, m:

wall height………………..………………….1

ditch width…………………….……………..2.85

fording depth…………..1.2 (5-s OPVT)

maximum angles, hail, rise…..32

roll……………………………..………………..30

AT idea:

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Thirty-five years ago, on July 6, 1976, the main battle tank (MBT) T-80 was adopted by the Soviet army. Currently, in the Western Military District (ZVO), the T-80 MBT is in service with a tank brigade, 4 motorized rifle brigades, and is also used to train personnel in the district training center, as well as cadets and officers in military universities and academies. In total, the Western Military District has more than 1,800 T-80 tanks and its modifications, the Information Support Group of the Western Military District said.


The combat vehicle was created in a special design bureau (SKB) for transport engineering at the Leningrad Kirov Plant by a group of designers led by Nikolai Popov. The first series of T-80 tanks was produced in 1976-1978. The main feature of the T-80 was a gas turbine engine, which was used as the power plant of the tank. Some of its modifications are equipped with diesel engines. The T-80 tank and its modifications are characterized by high speed (up to 80 km/h with a crew of 3 people). The T-80 took part in the fighting in the North Caucasus. It is in service with the ground forces of Russia, Cyprus, Pakistan, the Republic of Korea and Ukraine.

The T-80 tank is designed to conduct offensive and defensive battles in various physical, geographical, weather and climatic conditions. For fire destruction of the enemy, the T-80 is armed with a 125-mm smoothbore, stabilized in two planes cannon and a 7.62-mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it; 12.7-mm anti-aircraft machine-gun system "Utes" on the commander's cupola. To protect against guided weapons, the tank is equipped with a Tucha smoke grenade launcher. The T-80B tanks are equipped with the 9K112-1 Cobra ATGM system, and the T-80U tanks are equipped with the 9K119 Reflex ATGM system. The loading mechanism is similar to the T-64 tank.

The T-80B fire control system includes a laser rangefinder sight, a ballistic computer, an armament stabilizer and a set of sensors to control wind speed, tank roll and speed, target course angle, etc. Fire control on the T-80U is duplicated. The gun is made with strict requirements for the barrel, which is equipped with a metal heat-shielding casing to protect it from external influences and reduce deflection when heated. The combat weight of the tank is 42 tons.

The 125 mm smoothbore gun ensures hitting targets at ranges up to 5 km. Tank ammunition: shots - 45 (type BPS, BKS, OFS, guided missile). Armor protection combined. As a power plant, a multi-fuel GTD-1000T with a power of 1000 kW is used. Cruising on the highway - 500 km, the depth of the overcome water barrier - 5 m.

Main tank T-80

USSR

When the Minister of Defense of the Syrian Arab Republic, Mustafa Glas, who led the fighting of the Syrian army in Lebanon in 1981-82, the correspondent of the magazine "Der Spiegel" asked: "I would like former driver tank Glas to have the German Leopard 2, which is so eager to get into Saudi Arabia?”, the minister replied: “.... I do not strive to have it at any cost. The Soviet T-80 is Moscow's answer to the Leopard 2. It is not only equal to the German machine, but also significantly superior to it. As a soldier and tank specialist, I consider the T-80 the best tank in the world. "The T-80, the world's first production tank with a single gas turbine power plant, began to be developed at the Leningrad SKB-2 Kirov Plant in 1968. However, domestic gas turbine tank building began much earlier.GTE, which in the 1940s won an absolute victory over piston engines in military aviation, began to attract the attention of tank builders. new type The power plant promised very solid advantages over a diesel or gasoline engine: with an equal occupied volume, the gas turbine had much more power, which made it possible to dramatically increase the speed and acceleration characteristics of combat vehicles and improve tank control. Fast start-up of the engine at low temperatures was also reliably ensured. For the first time, the idea of ​​​​a gas turbine combat vehicle originated in the Main Armored Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense back in 1948.

The development of the project of a heavy tank with a gas turbine engine was completed under the leadership of the chief designer A.Kh. However, this tank remained on paper: an authoritative commission that analyzed the results of design studies came to the conclusion that the proposed vehicle did not meet a number of important requirements. In 1955, in our country, they again returned to the idea of ​​a tank with a gas turbine engine, and the Kirov Plant again took up this work, which was instructed on a competitive basis to create a heavy tank of a new generation - the most powerful combat vehicle in the world weighing 52-55 tons, armed with 130-mm a gun with an muzzle velocity of 1000 m/s and a 1000 hp engine. It was decided to develop two versions of the tank: with a diesel engine (object 277) and with a gas turbine engine (object 278), differing only in the engine compartment. The work was headed by N.M. Chistyakov. In the same 1955, under the leadership of G.A. Ogloblin, the creation of a gas turbine engine for this machine began. The meeting on this topic, held by the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR V.A. Malyshev in 1956, also contributed to an increase in interest in caterpillar gas turbine technology. The famous "tank people's commissar", in particular, expressed confidence that "in twenty years gas turbine engines will appear on ground transport vehicles."

In 1956-57. For the first time, Leningraders manufactured two experimental tank gas turbine engines GTD-1 with a maximum power of 1000 hp. The gas turbine engine was supposed to provide a tank weighing 53.5 tons with the ability to develop a very solid speed - 57.3 km / h. However, the gas turbine tank never came into being, largely due to subjective reasons known in history as "voluntarism": two diesel objects 277, released somewhat earlier than their gas turbine counterpart, in 1957, successfully passed factory tests, and soon one of them was shown to N.S. Khrushchev. The display had very negative consequences: Khrushchev, who had taken a course towards the abandonment of traditional weapons systems, was very skeptical about the new combat vehicle. As a result, in 1960 all work on heavy tanks were curtailed, and the prototype object 278 was never completed. However, there were also objective reasons preventing the introduction of GTE at that time. Unlike a diesel engine, a tank gas turbine was still far from perfect, and it took years of hard work and many experimental "objects" that ironed polygons and tracks for two and a half decades before the gas turbine engine could finally "register" on a serial tank.

In 1963, in Kharkov, under the leadership of A.A. Morozov, simultaneously with the medium tank T-64, its gas turbine modification was created - an experienced T-64T, which differs from its diesel counterpart by installing a GTD-ZTL helicopter gas turbine engine with a power of 700 hp. In 1964, an experimental object 167T with a GTD-3T (800 hp), developed under the direction of L.N. Kartsev, left the gates of Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil. The designers of the first gas turbine tanks faced a number of intractable problems that prevented the creation of a combat-ready tank with a gas turbine engine in the 1960s. Among the most challenging tasks. requiring the search for new solutions, issues of cleaning the air at the turbine inlet were highlighted: unlike a helicopter, whose engines suck in dust, and even then in relatively small quantities, only in takeoff and landing modes, a tank (for example, when marching in a column) can constantly move in a dust cloud, passing 5-6 cubic meters of air per second through the air intake. The gas turbine attracted the attention of the creators of a fundamentally new class of combat vehicles - missile tanks, which were actively developed in the USSR since the late 1950s.

This is not surprising: after all, according to the designers, one of the main advantages of such machines was increased mobility and reduced dimensions. In 1966, an experimental object 288, created in Leningrad and equipped with two GTD-350s with a total power of 700 hp, went for testing. The power plant of this machine was created in another Leningrad team - the aircraft building NPO. V.Ya.Klimov, who by that time had extensive experience in creating turboprop and turboshaft engines for aircraft and helicopters. However, during the tests, it turned out that the “spark” of two gas turbine engines does not have any advantages over a simpler monoblock power plant, the creation of which, in accordance with a government decision, the Klimovites, together with KB-3 of the Kirov Plant and VNIITransmash, began to 1968. By the end of the 1960s, the Soviet army had the most advanced armored vehicles for its time.

The T-64 medium tank, put into service in 1967, was significantly superior to foreign counterparts - M-60A1, "Leopard" and "Chieftain" in terms of main combat indicators. However, since 1965, in the USA and Germany, joint work has been launched to create the main battle tank a new generation - MVT-70, which is characterized by increased mobility, enhanced armament (gun-launcher ATGM "Shileyla" caliber 155 mm) and armor. The Soviet tank-building industry needed an adequate response to the NATO challenge. On April 16, 1968, a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, in accordance with which SKB-2 at the Kirov Plant was tasked with developing a variant of the T-64 medium tank with a gas turbine power plant, characterized by increased combat characteristics. The first "Kirov" gas turbine tank of a new generation, object 219sp1, manufactured in 1969, outwardly was similar to the experimental Kharkov gas turbine T-64T.

The machine was equipped with a GTD-1000T engine with a capacity of 1000 hp. with., developed by NPO them. V.Ya.Klimova. The next object - 219sp2 - was already significantly different from the original T-64: tests of the first prototype showed that the installation of a new, more powerful engine, the increased mass and the changed dynamic characteristics of the tank require significant changes to the undercarriage. It required the development of new drive and steering wheels, support and support rollers, tracks with rubberized treadmills, hydraulic shock absorbers and torsion shafts with improved performance. The shape of the tower was also changed. From the T-64A, the cannon, ammunition, automatic loader, individual components and systems, as well as elements of armor protection have been preserved. After building and testing several experimental vehicles, which took about seven years, on July 6, 1976, the new tank was officially put into service under the designation T-80. In 1976-78, the production association "Kirov Plant" produced a series of "eighties" that entered the troops.

Like other Russian tanks of the 1960s and 70s. - T-64 and T-72, T-80 has a classic layout and a crew of three. Instead of one viewing device, the driver has three, which significantly improved visibility. The designers also provided for the heating of the driver's workplace with air taken from the gas turbine engine compressor. The body of the machine is welded, its frontal part has an angle of inclination of 68 °, the turret is cast. The frontal parts of the hull and turret are equipped with multi-layer combined armor, combining steel and ceramics. The remaining parts of the body are made of monolithic steel armor with a large differentiation of thicknesses and angles of inclination. There is a complex of protection against mass destruction (lining, linting, sealing and air purification system). The layout of the fighting compartment of the T-80 is generally similar to the layout adopted on the T-64B. The motoblock in the aft part of the tank hull is located longitudinally, which required some increase in the length of the vehicle compared to the T-64. The engine is made in a single unit with a total weight of 1050 kg with a built-in bevel-helical reduction gear and is kinematically connected to two onboard planetary gearboxes. The engine compartment has four fuel tanks with a capacity of 385 liters each (the total fuel supply in the booked volume was 1140 liters). The GTD-1000T is made according to a three-shaft scheme, with two independent turbochargers and a free turbine. The adjustable nozzle apparatus (RSA) of the turbine limits the frequency of its rotation and prevents "spacing" when shifting gears. The absence of a mechanical connection between the power turbine and turbochargers increased the tank's permeability on soils with low bearing capacity, in difficult driving conditions, and also eliminated the possibility of engine stalling when the vehicle suddenly stopped with the gear engaged.

An important advantage of the gas turbine power plant was its multi-fuel capability. The operation of the engine on jet aviation fuels TS-1 and TS-2, diesel fuels and automobile low-octane gasolines is ensured. The GTE start-up process is automated, the compressor rotors are spinning up using two electric motors. Due to the rear exhaust, as well as the turbine's own quietness compared to a diesel engine, it was possible to somewhat reduce the acoustic visibility of the tank. The features of the T-80 include the first implemented combined braking system with the simultaneous use of a gas turbine engine and mechanical hydraulic brakes. The adjustable turbine nozzle allows you to change the direction of the gas flow, forcing the blades to rotate in the opposite direction (of course, this heavily loads the power turbine, which required special measures to protect it). The process of braking the tank is as follows: when the driver presses the brake pedal, braking begins through the turbine.

With further depression of the pedal, mechanical braking devices are also included in the work. The gas turbine engine of the T-80 tank uses an automatic engine control system (ACS), including temperature sensors located in front of and behind the power turbine, a temperature controller (RT), as well as limit switches installed under the brake pedals and RSA associated with the RT and fuel supply system. The use of ACS made it possible to increase the life of the turbine blades by more than 10 times, and with frequent use of the brake and the PCA pedal to change gears (which occurs while the tank is moving over rough terrain), fuel consumption is reduced by 5-7%. To protect the turbine from dust, an inertial (so-called "cyclone") air purification method was used, which provides 97 percent purification. However, unfiltered dust particles still settle on the turbine blades. To remove them when the tank is moving in especially difficult conditions, a procedure for vibro-cleaning the blades is provided. In addition, before the engine starts and after it stops, a purge is performed. Transmission T-80 - mechanical planetary. It consists of two units, each of which includes an onboard gearbox, an onboard gearbox and hydraulic servo drives of the motion control system. Three planetary gear sets and five friction control devices in each side box provide four gears forward and one reverse. The track rollers have rubber tires and aluminum alloy discs. Caterpillars - with rubber treadmills and rubber-metal joints.

Tension mechanisms - worm type. Tank suspension - individual torsion, with misaligned torsion shafts and hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers on the first, second and sixth rollers. There is equipment for underwater driving, providing, after special training, overcoming a water barrier up to five meters deep. The main armament of the T-80 includes a 125 mm 2A46M-1 smoothbore gun, unified with the T-64 and T-72 tanks, as well as the Sprut self-propelled anti-tank gun. The gun is stabilized in two planes and has a direct firing range (with a sub-caliber projectile with an initial speed of 1715 m/s) of 2100 m. The ammunition load also includes HEAT and high-explosive fragmentation projectiles. Shots - separate-sleeve loading. 28 of them (two less than those of the T-64A) are placed in the "carousel" of the mechanized ammunition rack, three shots are stored in the fighting compartment and another seven shells and charges - in the control compartment. In addition to the cannon, a 7.62-mm PKT machine gun coaxial with the gun was installed on the experimental vehicles, and a 12.7-mm NSVT Utes anti-aircraft machine gun was also installed on the serial tank on the basis of the commander's hatch.

Shooting from it is conducted by the commander, being at this time outside the booked volume. The firing range at air targets from Utes can reach 1500 m, and at ground targets 2000 m. The shells are placed in the tray horizontally, "heads" to the axis of rotation. Propelling charges with a partially burning cartridge case are installed vertically, with pallets up (this distinguishes the mechanized ammunition rack of the T-64 and T-80 tanks from the T-72 and T-90 ammunition rack, where shells and charges are placed horizontally in cassettes). At the command of the gunner, the "drum" begins to rotate, bringing the cassette with the selected type of ammunition into the loading plane. Then the cassette along a special guide with the help of an electromechanical lift rises up to the ramming line, after which the charge and the projectile are pushed into the charging chamber of the gun fixed at the loading angle of the gun with one stroke of the rammer. After the shot, the pallet is caught by a special mechanism and transferred to the vacated tray. A rate of fire of six to eight rounds per minute is provided, which is very high for a gun of this caliber and does not depend on the physical condition of the loader (which significantly affects the rate of fire of foreign tanks). In the event of a failure of the machine, it is possible to load manually, however, at the same time, the rate of fire, of course, decreases sharply. Optical stereoscopic sight-rangefinder TPD-2-49 with independent stabilization of the field of view in the vertical plane provides the ability to determine the range to the target within 1000-4000 m with high accuracy.

To determine shorter ranges, as well as firing at targets that do not have a vertical projection (for example, trenches), there is a rangefinder scale in the field of view of the sight. Data on the range to the target is automatically entered into the scope. A correction for the speed of the tank and data on the type of the selected projectile is also automatically entered. In one block with a sight, a weapon guidance control panel with buttons for determining the range and firing is made. The night sights of the commander and gunner of the T-80 are similar to those used on the T-64A. The tank has a welded hull, the front part of which is inclined at an angle of 68 °. The tower is cast. The sides of the hull are protected by rubber-fabric screens that protect against damage by cumulative projectiles. The frontal part of the hull has multi-layer combined armor, the rest of the tank is protected by monolithic steel armor with differentiated thicknesses and angles of inclination. In 1978, the T-80B modification was adopted. Her fundamental difference from the T-80 was the use of a new gun and a complex of controlled missile weapons 9K112-1 "Cobra" with 9M112 radio-controlled missile. The complex included a guidance station installed in the fighting compartment of the vehicle, behind the gunner. "Cobra" provided rocket fire at a distance of up to 4 km from a stop and on the move, while the probability of hitting an armored target was 0.8.

The missile had dimensions corresponding to the dimensions of a 125-mm projectile and could be placed in any tray of a mechanized ammunition rack. In the head part of the ATGM there was a cumulative warhead and a solid propellant engine, in the tail part there was an equipment compartment and a throwing device. The docking of parts of the ATGM was carried out in the tray of the loading mechanism when sent into the gun barrel. Missile guidance is semi-automatic: the gunner only needed to keep the aiming mark on the target. The ATGM coordinates relative to the aiming line were determined by means of an optical system using a modulated light source mounted on the missile, and control commands were transmitted over a narrowly focused radio beam. Depending on the combat situation, it was possible to select three missile flight modes. When firing from dusty soils, when dust raised by muzzle gases can close the target, the gun is given a small elevation angle above the aiming line. After the rocket leaves the barrel, it makes a "slide" and returns to the line of sight. If there is a threat of a dust plume behind the missile, unmasking its flight, the ATGM, after climbing, continues to fly with some excess above the line of sight and, only directly in front of the target, descends to a low altitude. When firing a rocket at a short range (up to 1000 km), when the target suddenly appears in front of the tank, the gun of which is already loaded with a rocket, the gun barrel is automatically given a small elevation angle, and the ATGM is lowered to the aiming line 80-100 m from the tank.

In addition to improved weapons, the T-80B also had more powerful armor protection. In 1980, the T-80B received a new GTD-1000TF engine, the power of which increased to 1100 hp. With. In 1985, the T-80B modification with a hinged dynamic protection complex was adopted. The machine received the designation T-80BV. Somewhat later, in the process of scheduled repairs, the installation of dynamic protection began on the previously built T-80Bs. The growth of the combat capabilities of foreign tanks, as well as anti-tank weapons, constantly required further improvement of the "eighties". Work on the development of this machine was carried out both in Leningrad and in Kharkov. Back in 1976, the KMDB on the basis of the T-80 completed a draft design of the 478 object, which has significantly increased combat and technical characteristics. It was supposed to install a diesel engine traditional for Kharkiv citizens - 6TDN with a capacity of 1000 liters on the tank. With. (A variant with a more powerful 1250-horsepower diesel engine was also worked out). At object 478, it was supposed to install an improved turret, guided missile weapons, a new sight, etc. Work on this machine served as the basis for the creation in the second half of the 1980s of the serial diesel tank T-80UD. A more radical modernization of the "eighties" was to be the Kharkov object 478M, design studies for which were also carried out in 1976. In the design of this machine, it was planned to use a number of technical solutions and systems that have not been implemented to date. The tank was supposed to be equipped with a 124Ch diesel engine with 1500 hp. with., which increased the specific power of the machine to a record value - 34.5 liters. s. / t and allowed to reach speeds of up to 75-80 km / h. The security of the tank was to be sharply increased by installing a promising active protection complex "Shater" - the prototype of the later "Arena", as well as a remote-controlled 23-mm anti-aircraft gun.

In parallel with object 478, a promising modification of the T-80A (object 219A) was developed in Leningrad, which has improved protection, new missile weapons (ATGM "Reflex"), as well as a number of other improvements, in particular, built-in bulldozer equipment for self-digging. An experimental tank of this type was built in 1982, and several more vehicles were subsequently produced with minor differences. In 1984, they worked out a set of hinged dynamic protection. To test the new Reflex guided weapon system with laser-guided missiles, as well as the Irtysh weapon control system, the LKZ design bureau in 1983, based on the T-80B serial tank, created another experimental vehicle - object 219V. Both experienced tanks gave impetus to the next important step in the evolution of the "eighties", made by Leningrad designers. By 1985, under the leadership of Nikolai Popov, the T-80U tank was created - the last and most powerful modification of the "eighties", recognized by many domestic and foreign experts as the strongest tank in the world. The machine, which retained the main layout and design features of its predecessors, received a number of fundamentally new units.

At the same time, the mass of the tank compared to the T-80BV increased by only 1.5 tons. The tank's fire control system includes an information-computing daytime gunner's sighting system, a commander's sighting and observation system and a gunner's night sighting system. Firepower The T-80U has significantly increased due to the use of a new complex of guided missile weapons "Reflex" with an anti-jamming fire control system that provides an increase in the range and accuracy of fire while reducing the time to prepare the first shot. The new complex provided the ability to deal not only with armored targets, but also with low-flying helicopters. The 9M119 missile, controlled by a laser beam, provides a range of hitting a tank-type target when firing from a standstill at a range of 100-5000 m with a probability of 0.8. The ammunition load of the 2A46M-1 gun, which includes 45 ammunition, also consists of armor-piercing cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation rounds. Armor-piercing projectile has an initial speed of 1715 m / s (which exceeds initial speed projectile of any other foreign tank) and is capable of hitting heavily armored targets at a direct shot range - 2200 m.

By using modern system fire control, the commander and gunner can conduct a separate search for targets, tracking them, as well as aimed fire day and night, both from a place and on the move, and use guided missile weapons. The Irtysh day optical sight with a built-in laser rangefinder allows the gunner to detect small targets at a distance of up to 5000 m and determine the range to them with high accuracy. Regardless of the weapon, the sight is stabilized in two planes. Its pancratic system changes the magnification of the optical channel within 3.6-12.0. At night, the gunner searches and aims using the Buran-PA combined active-passive sight, which also has a stabilized field of view. The tank commander conducts surveillance and gives target designation to the gunner using the PNK-4S sighting and observation day / night complex, stabilized in a vertical plane. The digital ballistic computer takes into account corrections for range, flanking target speed, own tank speed, cannon trunnion angle, bore wear, air temperature, atmospheric pressure and side wind. The gun received a built-in control device for the alignment of the gunner's sight and a quick-connect connection of the barrel tube with the breech, which allows it to be replaced in the field without dismantling the entire gun from the turret.

When creating the T-80U tank, considerable attention was paid to strengthening its security. Work was carried out in several directions. Through the use of a new camouflage coloring that distorts appearance tank, it was possible to reduce the probability of detecting the T-80U in the visible and IR ranges. The use on the tank of a self-digging system with a bulldozer blade 2140 mm wide, as well as a system for setting smoke screens using the Tucha system, which includes eight 902B grenade launchers, contributes to an increase in survival. The tank can also be equipped with a KMT-6 mounted track trawl, which excludes the detonation of mines under the bottom and caterpillars. The armor protection of the T-80U has been significantly strengthened, the design of armor barriers has been changed, and the relative proportion of armor in the tank's mass has been increased. For the first time in the world, elements of built-in dynamic protection (VDZ) have been implemented, which is able to withstand not only cumulative, but also kinetic projectiles. VDZ covers more than 50% of the surface, nose, sides and roof of the tank. The combination of advanced multi-layered combined armor and VDZ "removes" almost all types of the most massive cumulative anti-tank weapons and reduces the likelihood of being hit by "blanks".

In terms of the power of armor protection, which has an equivalent thickness of 1100 mm against a sub-caliber kinetic projectile and 900 mm - under the action of cumulative ammunition, the T-80U surpasses most foreign tanks of the fourth generation. In this regard, it should be noted the assessment of the armor protection of Russian tanks, which was given by a prominent German specialist in the field of armored vehicles, Manfred Held. Speaking at a symposium on the prospects for the development of armored vehicles, which took place within the walls of the Royal Military College (Great Britain) in June 1996, M. Held said that Germany had tested the T-72M1 tank, inherited from the Bundeswehr from the GDR army and equipped with active armor . During the firing, it was found that the frontal part of the tank hull has protection equivalent to rolled homogeneous armor with a thickness of more than 2000 mm. According to M. Held, the T-80U tank has an even higher level of protection and is able to withstand shelling with sub-caliber shells fired from advanced 140-mm tank guns, which are only being developed in the USA and a number of Western European countries. “Thus,” the German specialist concludes, “the latest Russian tanks (primarily the T-80U) are practically invulnerable in frontal projection from all types of kinetic and cumulative anti-tank munitions in service with NATO countries and have more effective protection than their Western counterparts. (Jane "s International Defense Review, 1996, No. 7)".

Of course, this assessment can be opportunistic in nature (it is necessary to "lobby" the creation of new types of ammunition and guns), but it is worth listening to it. When armor is penetrated, the tank's survivability is ensured by the use of the fast-acting automatic fire-fighting system "Hoarfrost", which prevents ignition and explosion of the fuel-air mixture. To protect against the explosion of mines, the driver's seat is suspended from the turret sheet, and the rigidity of the hull in the control compartment area is increased by using a special piller behind the driver's seat. An important advantage of the T-80U was its perfect system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, surpassing such protection of the best foreign vehicles. The tank has a lining and a lining made of hydrogen-containing polymers with the addition of lead, lithium and boron, local protection screens made of heavy materials, automatic sealing systems for habitable compartments and air purification. A significant innovation was the use of an auxiliary power unit GTA-18A with a capacity of 30 liters on the tank. with., allowing you to save fuel while the tank is parked, while maintaining defensive battle, as well as in ambush. The resource of the main engine is also saved.

The auxiliary power unit, located in the stern of the machine, in the bunker on the left fender, is "built-in" in common system operation of the gas turbine engine and does not require any additional devices for its operation. At the end of 1983, an experimental series of two dozen T-80Us was manufactured, eight of which were transferred for military trials. In 1985, the development of the tank was completed and its large-scale mass production began in Omsk and Kharkov. However, despite the perfection of the gas turbine engine, in a number of parameters, primarily in terms of efficiency, it was inferior to the traditional tank diesel engine. Besides. the cost of a diesel engine was much lower (for example, the V-46 engine in the 1980s cost the state 9,600 rubles, while the GTD-1000 cost 104,000 rubles). The gas turbine had a much smaller resource, its repair was more complicated.

An unambiguous answer: which is better - a tank gas turbine or an internal combustion engine, has not been obtained. In this regard, interest in installing a diesel engine on the most powerful domestic tank was constantly maintained. In particular, there was an opinion about the preference for the differential use of turbine and diesel tanks in various theaters of military operations. Although the idea of ​​creating a T-80 variant with a unified engine compartment that allowed the use of interchangeable diesel and gas turbine engines, which was in the air, was never realized, work on the creation of a diesel version of the "eighty" was carried out from the mid-1970s. In Leningrad and Omsk, experimental vehicles "object 219RD" and "object 644" were created, equipped, respectively, with A-53-2 and V-46-6 diesel engines. However, the Kharkovites achieved the greatest success, creating a powerful (1000 hp) and economical six-cylinder diesel engine 6TD - a further development of 5TD. The design of this engine began in 1966, and since 1975 it has been tested on the chassis of the "object 476". In 1976, a variant of the T-80 tank with 6TD ("object 478") was proposed in Kharkov. In 1985, on its basis, under the leadership of General Designer I.L. Protopopov, the "object 478B" ("Birch") was created.

Compared to the "reactive" T-80U, the diesel tank had slightly worse dynamic characteristics, but had an increased cruising range. The installation of a diesel engine required a number of changes in the transmission and control drives. In addition, the machine received remote control anti-aircraft machine gun "Cliff". The first five serial "Birches" were assembled by the end of 1985, in 1986 the machine was launched into a large series, and in 1987 it was put into service under the designation T-80UD. In 1988, the T-80UD was modernized: the reliability of the power plant and a number of units was increased, the hinged dynamic protection "Contact" was replaced with built-in dynamic protection, and the weapons were finalized. Until the end of 1991, about 500 T-80UDs were produced in Kharkov (of which only 60 were transferred to units stationed on the territory of Ukraine). In total, by this time in the European part of the USSR there were 4839 T-80 tanks of all modifications. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the production of cars dropped sharply: independent Ukraine was unable to order military equipment for its own armed forces (however, the position of "independent Russia" turned out to be little better).

The way out was found in the proposal of the diesel version of the T-80 for export. In 1996, a contract was made for the supply of 320 vehicles, which received the Ukrainian designation T-84, to Pakistan (this number probably included tanks that are part of the Ukrainian armed forces). The export value of one T-84 was $1.8 million. In Kharkov, work is also underway to create a more powerful (1200 hp) 6TD-2 diesel engine, designed for installation on modernized T-64 samples. However, in the light of the economic situation in Ukraine, as well as the break in cooperation with the Russian military-industrial complex, the prospects for tank building in Kharkov look very uncertain. In Russia, the improvement of the gas turbine T-80U continued, the production of which completely moved to the plant in Omsk. In 1990, the production of a tank with a more powerful GTD-1250 engine (1250 hp) began, which made it possible to slightly improve the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Power plant protection devices against overheating were introduced. The tank received an improved 9K119M missile system. To reduce the radar signature of the T-80U tank, a special radar absorbing coating was developed and applied (Stealth technology - as such things are called in the West). The reduction of the effective dispersion surface (ESR) of ground combat vehicles has become of particular importance after the advent of airborne real-time radar reconnaissance systems using high-resolution synthetic aperture side-looking radars. At a distance of several tens of kilometers, it became possible to detect and track the movement of not only tank columns, but also individual units of armored vehicles.

The first two aircraft with such equipment - Northrop-Martin / Boeing E-8 JSTARS - were successfully used by the Americans during Operation Desert Storm, as well as in the Balkans. Since 1992, the Agava-2 thermal imaging device for observation and aiming began to be installed on parts of the T-80U (the industry delayed the supply of thermal imagers, so not all vehicles received them). The video image (for the first time on a domestic tank) is displayed on a television-type screen. For the development of this device, its creators were awarded the Kotin Prize. The serial T-80U tank with the above improvements introduced is known under the designation T-80UM. Another important innovation. significantly increased the combat survivability of the T-80U. was the use of a complex of optoelectronic suppression TShU-2 "Shtora". The purpose of the complex is to prevent anti-tank missiles from hitting the tank. guided missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system. as well as interfering with enemy weapon control systems with laser target designation and laser rangefinders.

The complex included an opto-electronic suppression station (SOEP) TShU-1 and an aerosol curtain installation system (SPZ). SOEP is a source of modulated IR radiation with parameters close to those of ATGM tracers of the Dragon, TOW, HOT, Milan, etc. types. By acting on the IR receiver of the ATGM semi-automatic guidance system, it disrupts missile guidance. SOEP provides interference in the form of a modulated infrared radiation in the sector +/-20 ° from the axis of the bore horizontally and 4.5 "vertically. In addition, TShU-1, two modules of which are located in front of the tank turret, provide IR illumination at night, maintaining aimed fire with the help of night vision devices, and are also used to blind any (including small) objects. , responds to laser radiation within 360 "in azimuth and -5 / + 25" in the vertical plane. The received signal is processed at high speed by the control unit, and the direction to the source of quantum radiation is determined.

The system automatically determines the optimal launcher, generates an electrical signal proportional to the angle to which the tank turret with grenade launchers should be turned, and issues a command to fire a grenade that forms an aerosol screen at a distance of 55 m three seconds after the grenade is fired. SOEP operates only in automatic mode, and SPZ - in automatic, semi-automatic and manual. Range tests of "Shtora-1" confirmed the high efficiency of the complex: the probability of hitting a tank by missiles with semi-automatic command guidance is reduced by 3 times, missiles with semi-active laser homing - by 4 times, and corrected artillery shells - by 1.5 times. The complex is able to provide countermeasures simultaneously against several missiles attacking the tank from different directions. The Shtora-1 system was tested on an experimental T-80B ("object 219E") and for the first time began to be installed on the T-80UK serial command tank - a variant of the T-80U vehicle, designed to provide control of tank units. In addition, the commander's tank received a remote detonation system for high-fragmentation projectiles with proximity electronic fuses. T-80UK communication facilities operate in the VHF and KB bands. The R-163-U ultra-shortwave radio station with frequency modulation, operating in the operating frequency range of 30 MHz, has 10 preset frequencies. With a four-meter whip antenna in medium-rough terrain, it provides a range of up to 20 km.

With a special combined antenna of the "symmetrical vibrator" type, mounted on an 11-meter telescopic mast mounted on the vehicle body, the communication range increases to 40 km (with this antenna, the tank can only work in the parking lot). Shortwave radio station R-163-K, operating in the frequency range of 2 MHz in telephone-telegraph mode with frequency modulation. designed to provide communication over a long distance. It has 16 preset frequencies. With a whip HF antenna 4 m long, providing operation when the tank was moving, the communication range was initially 20-50 km, but by introducing the possibility of changing the antenna pattern, it was possible to increase it to 250 km. With a whip 11-meter telescopic antenna, the operating range of the R-163-K reaches 350 km. Command tank it is also equipped with a TNA-4 navigation system and a AB-1-P28 self-contained gasoline power generator with a power of 1.0 kW, an additional function of which is to recharge the batteries during parking with the engine off. The creators of the machine have successfully solved the issue of electromagnetic compatibility of numerous radio-electronic means.

For this, in particular. a special electrically conductive caterpillar tape was used. Armament, power plant, transmission, chassis, surveillance devices and other equipment of the T-80UK corresponds to the T-80UM tank. however, the ammunition load of the gun has been reduced to 30 rounds, and of the PKT machine gun to 750 rounds. The development of the T-80 tank was a major achievement of the domestic industry. Designers A.S. Ermolaev, V.A. Marishkin, V.I. Mironov, B.M. Kupriyanov, P.D. Gavra, V.I. Gaigerov, B.A. Dobryakov and many other specialists. More than 150 copyright certificates for inventions proposed in the process of creating this machine speak of the amount of work done. A number of tank designers were awarded high government awards. The Orders of Lenin were awarded to A.N. Popov and A.M. Konstantinov, the Orders of the October Revolution - to A.A. Druzhinin and P.A. Stepanchenko.....

On June 8, 1993, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, a group of specialists and the general designer of the T-80U tank, N.S. Popov, were awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology for the development of new technical solutions and the introduction of the machine into mass production. However, the T-80 is far from exhausting the possibilities for further modernization. Improvement and means of active protection of tanks continues. In particular, on the experimental T-80B, the Arena active tank protection complex (KAZT) was tested, developed by the Kolomna KBM and designed to protect the tank from ATGMs attacking it and anti-tank grenades. Moreover, the reflection of ammunition is ensured, not only flying directly at the tank, but also intended to be hit by it when flying from above. To detect targets in the complex, a multifunctional radar with an "instant" view of space in the entire protected sector and high noise immunity was used. For targeted destruction of enemy missiles and grenades, narrowly targeted protective ammunition is used, which has a very high speed and is located along the perimeter of the tank turret in special mounting shafts (the tank carries 26 such ammunition). Automatic control of the operation of the complex is carried out by a specialized computer, which provides. as well as monitoring its performance.

The sequence of operation of the complex is as follows: after it is turned on from the tank commander's control panel, all further operations are performed automatically. The radar provides a search for targets flying up to the tank. Then the station is switched to the auto-tracking mode, developing the parameters of the target's movement and transferring them to the computer, which selects the number of protective ammunition and the time of its operation. Protective ammunition forms a beam of submunitions that destroy the target on approach to the tank. The time from target detection to its destruction is record short - no more than 0.07 seconds. In 0.2-0.4 seconds after the defensive shot, the complex is again ready to "shoot" the next target. Each defensive munition fires at its own sector, with sectors of closely located munitions overlapping, which ensures the interception of several targets approaching from the same direction. The complex is all-weather and "all-day", it is able to work when the tank is moving, when the turret is turning. An important problem that the developers of the complex managed to successfully solve was to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of several tanks equipped with the Arena and operating in a single group.

The complex practically does not impose restrictions on the formation of tank units under the conditions of electromagnetic compatibility. "Arena" does not respond to targets located at a distance of more than 50 m from the tank, to small targets (bullets, fragments, small-caliber shells) that do not pose an immediate threat to the tank, to targets moving away from the tank (including its own shells), on low-speed objects (birds, clods of earth, etc.). Measures have been taken to ensure the safety of the infantry accompanying the tank: the danger zone of the complex - 20 m - is relatively small, when protective shells are fired, side lethal fragments are not formed. there is an external light alarm that warns the infantrymen behind the tank about the inclusion of the complex. Equipping the T-80 with the "Arena" allows you to increase the survival rate of the tank during offensive operations approximately twice. At the same time, the cost of losses of tanks equipped with KAZT is reduced by 1.5-1.7 times. Currently, the Arena complex has no analogues in the world. Its use is especially effective in conditions local conflicts. when the opposing side is armed with only light anti-tank weapons. The T-80UM-1 tank with KAZT "Arena" was first publicly demonstrated in Omsk in the fall of 1997. There was also shown a variant of this tank with another active defense system - "Drozd". In order to increase the capabilities to combat air targets (primarily - attack helicopters), as well as the tank-dangerous manpower of the enemy in the Central Research Institute "Tochmash" created and tested a set of additional weapons for the T-80 tank with a 30-mm automatic gun 2A42 (similar to that installed on the BMP-3. BMD-3 and BTR-80A). The gun, which has a remote control, is installed in the upper rear part of the tower (at the same time, the 12.7-mm Utes machine gun is dismantled). The pointing angle relative to the tower is 120 "to the horizon and -5 / -65" - vertically. Ammunition installation -450 shells.

Characteristics of KAZT "Arena"

Target speed range: 70-700m/s
Protection sector in azimuth: 110°
Detection range of incoming targets: 50 m
Complex reaction time: 0.07 sec
Power consumption: 1 kW
Supply voltage: 27V
Weight of the complex: 1100 kg
The volume of equipment inside the tower: 30dm sq.

A further development of the T-80 was the Black Eagle tank, the creation of which was carried out in Omsk. The machine, which retained the T-80 chassis, is equipped with a new turret with a horizontal placement of the automatic loader, as well as 1 TD with a capacity of 1500l. With. At the same time, the mass of the vehicle increased to 50 tons. Advanced guns with a caliber of up to 150 mm can be used as the main armament on the Black Eagle. Currently, the T-80 is one of the most massive main tanks of the fourth generation, second only to the T-72 and the American M1 Abrams. As of early 1996 Russian army had approximately 5,000 T-80s, 9,000 T-72s, and 4,000 T-64s. For comparison, there are 79 IS Mi tanks in the US armed forces. Ml A and M1A2, the Bundeswehr - 1700 Leopards, and the French army plans to purchase, in total, only 650 Leclerc tanks. In addition to Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Syria also have T-80 machines. The press reported on the interest in acquiring the "eighties" of India, China and other countries.

Main battle tank T-80 and T-80B

General form tank T-80 release 1977

Longitudinal, transverse sections and plan view of the T-80 tank produced in 1977. The turret is monolithic.

Object 219R sb-3 (1983)

Object 219R sb-3 (1983) Top view. Tower with sand cores.

History reference

After the cessation of work on heavy tanks, the design bureaus of the Leningrad Kirov Plant were engaged in the creation of a rocket tank based on the Kharkov “object 432”. In 1967, work on the tank was stopped, which was a serious blow to the team and chief designer J. Ya. Kotin.

By this time, preparations were underway for the serial production of the T-64 tank at tank factories, the Kirov Plant was instructed to prepare the serial production of this tank. The idea of ​​installing a gas turbine engine on the T-64 tank arose, attempts to install a gas turbine engine on a tank were made earlier, but these were modifications of the existing engines developed for helicopters. In those years, the gas turbine engine was considered a fairly promising engine, the development of a specialized tank gas turbine engine began at the Leningrad NPO named after V. Ya. Klimov under the leadership of S. P. Izotov.

In 1968, Zh.Ya. Kotin took up the duties of deputy. Minister of the Ministry of Defense, his place was taken by N. S. Popov.


March 1974 Sea trials of the first tank "Object 219" produced in 1974

The decision to create a gas turbine tank was made by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on April 16, 1968. From that moment, the history of the T-80 tank began. Already in May 1969, a new gas turbine engine was installed on a prototype tank. In 1970 The Kaluga Motor-Building Plant was entrusted with the development of serial production of the GTD-1000T tank engine, developed by NPO named after. V. Ya. Klimova.

The vehicle was put into service in 1976 and became the world's first mass-produced tank with a main power plant based on a gas turbine engine. Three main tanks began to be in service - T-64, T-72 and T-80. In terms of combat characteristics, they differed slightly from each other.

Fighting compartment T-80.

The design of the T-80 used used elements of the T-64A tank: gun, ammunition, loading mechanism. The first T-80s were equipped with turrets similar to those installed on the T-64A. A monolithic cast tower was installed on the "object 219-sb2SB".

Improvement of the SLA of the tank "Object 219" was carried out in the direction of increasing the accuracy of measuring the range and, as a result, reducing the time for preparing a shot. The work was carried out on an initiative basis together with the Krasnogorsk Central Design Bureau and the State Optical Institute. S. I. Vavilov (GOI) as part of the modernization of the standard optical tank sight-rangefinder TPD-2-49 along the path of pairing a laser rangefinder with it. The work from OKBT was headed by Deputy Chief Designer I. A. Madera, from the Central Design Bureau - by K. Z. Tsiganer, from the GOI - by I. F. Balashov. By the time the main fundamental decisions were worked out, the work met with support from the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Defense. As a result, by joint efforts, it was possible to create a quite successfully working design of the TPD-K1 quantum rangefinder sight (code "Toros").

Layout of stabilizer nodes 2E28M2

Windshield wiper for the protective glass of the rangefinder sight TPD-K1

The volume of field tests TPD-K1 on tanks T-72, "Object 219" and T-64A, carried out from December 26, 1974 to March 15, 1975, included stationary tests, field, firing, shelling tests of the tank "Object 219", special and mileage tests. The TPD-K1 and the electric block were installed in tanks at the standard mounting points for the TPD-2-49 rangefinder sight and differed only in the location of the power supply unit and the range output unit, depending on the availability of free space in the combat compartments.

Additionally, it was necessary to refine the armor protection of the head of the rangefinder sight: on the towers of all tanks, the entrance window of the sight shaft was expanded, and the right entrance window was drowned out. The test results showed a reduction in the preparation time for the first shot by 1.5-2 times, an increase in the effective range when firing from a standstill by 500 m, while on the move by 300 m, and a significant simplification of the range measurement process.

On the T-80B, the control system 1A33 "Ob", developed on the T-64B, was adopted without changes.

Thus, in terms of individual structural elements, the T-80 was unified with the previously released T-64A and T-64B tanks.

The layout of the T-80 tank is similar to that adopted on the T-64A. Improved visibility from his seat was achieved by installing three viewing devices instead of one.

T-80B (1978) - upgraded 2A46–2 gun installed, new system fire control (FCS) 1A33, the 9K112 guided weapon system was introduced, the protection characteristics were improved. Since 1980, a GTD-1000TF engine with a power of 809 kW (1,100 hp) has been installed.

The undercarriage of the T-80 was designed specifically for this tank, and unlike the T-64, it contains road wheels with an outer rubber band. Caterpillar track, made of stampedelements connected to each other parallel, those. double The use of suchcaterpillars reduced vibrations,transmitted from the running gear totank hull, and significantly reducednoise level generated by movement.

In the period of the mid-70s, diesel engines with a power of 1000 hp had not yet been created. and more, therefore, a number of high-ranking officials, primarily D.F. Ustinov, saw the prospect of tank building in the gas turbine engine.

The T-80 tank with a gas turbine engine arose as an alternative to the T-64 tank with5TDF engine. PTherefore its designer N.S. Popov tried in every possible way to prevent the organizationproduction of the 6TD-1 engine, which was developed in the late 70sand its installation in the T-80 tank. AT higher circles countries there was a constant discussion - which of the engines is better. It was obvious that the gas turbine engine is significantly inferior to the piston engine in terms of cost, has largetravel fuel costs, which requires additional costsfor its transportation and large volumes in the tank to accommodate it.

But few could resist D. F. Ustinov - one of the first persons of the state. For D. F. Ustinov wasthe important fact is that American tank"Abrame" was preparedthe answer is in the form of a Soviet T-80 tank.

And few people asked the economic aspect of this issue. The cost of one experimental GTD-1000T for the period of 1970 was 167 thousand rubles. the cost of a whole T-64 tank at that time was 174 thousand rubles. that is, in the T-80, only the engine cost as much as a whole T-64 tank, while the main characteristics, except for the maximum speed, the tanks were similar.

For the period of adoption in 1976, the cost of the T-80 exceeded the cost of the T-64A three times - 480 and 140 thousand rubles, respectively.

By the beginning of the 80s, the cost of serial production of gas turbine engines, due to mass production, had dropped to 100 thousand rubles. But the cost of the T-80B compared to the T-64B equipped with the same FCS and produced in the same period of time was 2 times higher. But, the economic characteristics did not change the determination of D. F. Ustinov to focus on the T-80 as a single tank for the army. Opinion of D.F. Ustinov was not supported by many, including the head of the GBTU A.Kh. Babadzhanyan, who replaced him in 1980 Yu.M. Potapov, but did not openly express their opinion.

By the end of the 1980s, the Soviet army (east of the Urals) had about 100 T-80 tanks, 3700 T-80B tanks and 600 T-80BV tanks. In GSVG in 1987 there were 2260 T-80B and T-80BV tanks and about 4000 thousand T-64A, T-64B and T-64BV. Tanks T-64 and T-80 formed the basis of the Soviet tank troops.

More « The history of domestic tank building in the post-war period.

On the this moment T-80BV tanks make up a significant part of the Russian tank forces and are in need of modernization. In the absence of a mass-produced engine with a capacity of 1200 hp at the moment in the Russian Federation. the modernization of the T-80B is quite reasonable. Existing developments to improve firepower, such as the 45M complex, the active protection complex, introduction of hydrostatic transmission (GOP) of the turning mechanism, the reserves of the modernization of the loading mechanism provide the T-80B with great potential for modernization. It is also rational to equip T-80B tanks with turrets of decommissioned T-80UD tanks with more advanced protection and weapons systems. The direction chosen in the Russian Federation for the modernization of the existing tank fleet until 2015, instead of expensive purchases of new equipment at UVZ, opens up prospects for the modernization of the T-80B and T-80U.


Firepower

On all modifications of the main battle tank T-80, a 125 mm smoothbore gun of the D-81 type, unified with domestic tanks, is installed as artillery weapons.

The fighting compartment is similar in layout to the fighting compartment of the T-64 tank. In addition to 28 shots in the mechanized ammo rack, there are three shots within the fighting compartment (7 shells and charges for them are placed in the control compartment).

Ammunition for the gun consists of 38 shots. 28 shotscatches are placed in the conveyor and by type fit into anyratio. 10 shots placed in non-mechanizedlaying and are completed only with high-explosive fragmentation and kumu-lazy shots.

The fighting compartment contains: 1 projectile - vertically on the cabin floor, behind the back of the commander's seat; 1 sleeve - on the floor of the front right side of the cab; 2 shells and 2 shells - at the partition between the middle fuel tanks.

In the department of management are placed: 5 shells and 7 shells - in the tank rack; 2 shells - on the bottom of the tank rack.

Sleeves installed in the fighting compartment must be covered with covers.

The ammunition load of the coaxial PKT machine gun includes 1250 rounds of ammunition, equipped in five belts (250 rounds each) and stacked in their magazines.

Five stores included in the ammunition are located in the fighting compartment of the tank:

one store - on a machine gun;

three shops - in the niche of the tower on the right;

one store - on the front right side of the cab.

Ammunition for anti-aircraft installation consists of 300 rounds,

equipped with three belts (100 rounds each) and packed in regular magazines, which are located:

one shop - on an anti-aircraft installation;

two shops - on the right side of the stern of the tower.


Ammunition for the AKMS assault rifle includes 300 rounds, filled in 10 magazines (30 pieces in each). Stores are stacked in two bags and placed; one bag - in a rack in the tower, behind the back of the commander's seat; the other is in a rack in the tower, in front of the commander, above the radio station. F-1 hand grenades (10 pcs.) Are stacked in five bags and placed in a rack in the tower, in front of the commander, above the radio station. On the shelf of the cockpit, behind the back of the commander's seat, there is an expelling charge for emergency ejection of the 9M112M product. Ammunition for rocket launcher (12 flares) is stowed in two cartridge belts, which are placed in a rack on the wall of the commander's cabin.

The T-80 tank and its modifications are equipped with MZs similar to those used on the T-64 tanks.

The first T-80 tanks were equipped with a TPD-2-49 gunner's sight with an optical base rangefinder, with independent stabilization of the field of view only in the vertical plane. Later, the development of a tank sight with a laser rangefinder began. The task was to develop the designs of the laser rangefinder and its installation in the TPD2-49 tank sight-rangefinder, the development was carried out by the Central Design Bureau of the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Plant. Zverev.

It was possible to place a laser rangefinder module and elements of its interface with the optics of this sight in the body of a serial sight. The sight of the first stage was named TPD-K1. The specialists of the Kirov plant took an active part both in the "binding" of the modernized sight to the tank, and in the creation of the sight itself. With this sight, the tank was put into service, but the most common modification of the T-80 was the T-80B with the 1A33 Ob control system and the 9K112 guided weapon system, completely borrowed from the T-64B. More about the SLA 1A33. The gunner also has a TPN3-49 night sight with an image intensifier I - generation and target identification range in passive mode 850 m and in active mode with illumination up to 1200 m.


The TPD-K1 sight was later used in the T-72A and T-64A tanks. The task of the T-80B gunner is to point the mark of the sight at the target, measure the range, select the ammunition and fire the shot.

A 7.62 mm PKT machine gun is paired with the cannon. For firing at air targets, there is a 12.7 mm NSVT anti-aircraft machine gun mounted on the base of the tank commander's hatch.

The ZPU on the commander's turret is made in the old fashioned way, without any electric drives. Moreover, whether or not an anti-aircraft machine gun is needed, in order to rotate the commander's turret, the tank commander must rotate the entire structure along with the ZPU, and this is about 300 kg of mass, and even the NSV-12.7 "Utes" machine gun protrudes from axis of rotation by one and a half meters, that is still a lever.

Protection

Strengthening the protection of the T-80B was carried out through the use of rolled armor of increased hardness of the BTK-1 type for the frontal and side parts of the hull. The frontal part of the hull had an optimal ratio of three-barrier armor thicknesses similar to that proposed for the T-72A.

During the development of the tank, there were attempts to create a cast turret from steel with increased hardness, which were unsuccessful. As a result, the design of the turret was chosen from cast armor of medium hardness with a poured core similar to the turret of the T-72A tank, and the thickness of the armor of the T-80B turret was increased, such turrets were accepted for serial production from 1977.

Further reinforcement of the armor of the T-80B tank was achieved in the T-80BV, which was put into service in 1985. The armor protection of the frontal part of the hull and turret of this tank is fundamentally the same as on the T-80B tank, but consists of reinforced combined armor and hinged dynamic protection "Contact-1". In the course of the transition to serial production of the T-80U tank, some T-80BV tanks of the latest series (object 219RB) installed turrets of the T-80U type, but with the old FCS and the Cobra guided weapon system.

To provide protection against high-precision weapons that hit the tank, as a rule, from the upper hemisphere to the engine compartment area (all of them are mainly with thermal homing heads), the exhaust manifold guide grille was made in a box shape. This made it possible to somewhat remove the exit point of hot gases from the aft armor plate and actually "deceive" the homing aids. In addition, the set of underwater tank driving equipment (OPVT) available on the machine was placed at the stern of the tower, thus covering a significant part of the MTO roof.


The inner walls of the fighting compartment and the control compartment were covered with a layer of lining made of polymer material. It performs a double protective function. When kinetic and armor-piercing high-explosive anti-tank ammunition enters the tank, it prevents small armor fragments that form on the inner surface of the armor from scattering inside the hull. In addition, thanks to a specially selected chemical composition, this lining significantly reduces the effect of gamma radiation on the crew. For the same purposes, a special plate and an insert in the driver's seat (protecting it from radiation when overcoming contaminated terrain) serve.

Protection against neutron weapons is also provided. As is known, these particles with zero charge are most effectively retained by hydrogen-containing materials. Therefore, the lining, which was mentioned above, is made of just such a material. The fuel tanks of the engine power system are located outside and inside the vehicle in such a way as to surround the crew with an almost continuous anti-neutron belt.

Also, to protect against weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and bacteriological) and to extinguish fires arising in the vehicle, a special semi-automatic collective protection system (SKZ) installed in the tank is designed. It includes: a radiation and chemical reconnaissance device (PRKhR), ZETs-11-2 switching equipment, a filter-ventilation unit (FVU), a sub-pressure meter, an engine stop mechanism (MOD), closing seals with actuators and permanent hull and turret seals. The system operates in two modes: automatic and manual - by commands from the control panel (in exceptional cases, to extinguish fires by command from the P11-5 panel).

In the automatic (main) mode, when radioactive or chemical air contamination is detected outside the tank (using the PRHR device in the constant air monitoring mode), a command is sent from the sensors of the system to the actuators of the closing seals and the filter-ventilation unit is turned on, creating an excess pressure of purified air in the habitable compartments . At the same time, sound and light alarms are activated, notifying the crew of the nature of the contamination of the area. The efficiency and reliability of the system has been proven during special tests with modeling situations of air contamination close to realistically possible.

The fire-fighting equipment is connected to the CPS through the ZETs-11-2 switching equipment and can operate automatically or from the buttons on the consoles of the driver and commander. In automatic mode, the equipment is triggered by a signal from the temperature sensors of the ZETs-11-2 equipment. At the same time, the supercharger is turned off and the HVU valves are closed and the MOD is activated. As a result, air access to the MTO is stopped. Then the squib cartridge of one of the three cylinders with a fire extinguishing composition is blown up and through the sprayer it is filled with the corresponding (place of fire) compartment of the tank. After the fire is extinguished, the FVU supercharger automatically turns on with the opening of the valves, which contributes to the rapid removal of combustion products and fire extinguishing composition from the habitable compartments of the tank. In this case, an electrical signal is removed from the MOD, which makes it possible to start the engine.

The listed design solutions serve to protect the crew and internal equipment of the tank in case of hit by various anti-tank weapons. In order to reduce the likelihood of their hit, thermal smoke equipment was installed on the T-80 for setting up TDA smoke screens and smoke grenade launchers of the 902B Tucha system. The tank is equipped with equipment for self-digging and for hanging a mine trawl.

Mobility characteristics

Power point

The power plant consists of a gas turbine engine and systems that ensure its operation: fuel, control, oil, air cleaning, air and special equipment. The special equipment of the power plant includes dust blowing and vibration cleaning systems, a fuel spraying device and nozzle purge, thermal smoke equipment.


T-80 tank with gas turbine engine from 1976 produced in Omsk with an engine that producedKaluga Motor Plant of the Ministry of Aviationindustry. The development of this engine wasimplemented LNPO them. Klimov in the period 1968-1972.

The engine had the symbol GTD 1000T. Power it upwas 1000 hp on the stand, which corresponded to 795 hp. intank, specific effective fuel consumption in benchconditions - no more than 240 g/e.l.s.h. In tank conditions - 270 g / e.l.s.h. The warranty period is 500 hours, engine life is 1000 hours.

GTD 1000T engine -three-shaft, with two-stage centrifugal-centrifugalcompressor, two single-stage compressor turbines,annular countercurrent combustion chamber, freesingle-stage power turbine with adjustable nozzle.

The working cycle of a gas turbine engine consists of the same processes as the cycle of a piston engine - intake, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust. However, unlike piston engines, in which these processes proceed sequentially in the same place (in the cylinder), in GTE they are carried out simultaneously and continuously in different places: intake and compression processes in compressors; combustion - in the combustion chamber; expansions - in turbines; release - in the outlet pa-tube.

The power take-off to the driving wheels of the machine is carried out from a free turbine through the engine gearbox and transmission. The frequency of rotation of the rotor of a free turbine, depending on the position of the fuel supply pedal and soil resistance, can vary from zero to 26650 rpm.

The engine in the power section of the machine is installed in a monoblock with units and system nodes, which speeds up and simplifies assembly and disassembly work.

The monoblock is mounted along the longitudinal axis of the tank on three supports: two rear yokes and a front suspension support. On the T-80 tank, the time to replace the engine is 5 hours, each gearbox - 4.5 hours. (Final report on military operation of the 3rd company in the PriVO).

On the T-72 tank, the engine replacement time is 24 hours. (Report 38 of the Research Institute of BTT, “Control over the course of military operation of T-72 tanks in the BVO). The replacement time for each gearbox is 10.5 hours, the guitar is 17.7 hours (Manual for the military repair of T-72 tanks).

Fuel system

The fuel system includes eight internal and five external fuel tanks, pumps, filters, valves, taps, pipelines and control drives.

To refuel the fuel system, fuel grades T-1, TS-1, RT, as well as diesel fuel L, 3, A are used. The main fuel is T-1 and TS-1. It is allowed to mix diesel fuel with fuel T-1, TS-1 and RT in any proportion. The total fuel supply in the booked volume is 1110 liters, external tanks - 700 liters, additional barrels 400 liters.

Air cleaning system

The air cleaning system is designed to clean the air entering the engine, the high-pressure turbine nozzle, for blowing the power compartment units.

The air cleaning system includes air intake louvers of the roof of the power compartment with a protective mesh, an air cleaner and radiator unit, a fan for blowing units, two fans for dust extraction and oil cooling, an air duct for blowing units,

two air ducts for ejection of cooling air and dust, hatch of the bulkhead of the power compartment, air filters for the nozzle apparatus of the high-pressure turbine and pressurization of the support cavities.


Transmission

The transmission of the machine is mechanical, with a hydraulic servo control system, based on that used on the T-64, adapted for the gas turbine engine.

Chassis

The design of the chassis T-80contains track rollers with outer rubber, a caterpillar track made of stampedelements connected to each other parallel, those. doublerubber-metal hinge, whilestamped track elements in placescontact with road wheels (i.e. on the tracktrack) are made with a rubber band.

The suspension of the tank is individual, torsion bar, with hydraulic shock absorbers. It consists of 12 suspension units and 6 shock absorbers.

The placement of the torsion bars is parallel, for the entire width of the machine body, with the torsion bars of the starboard side shifted forward, while the torsion bars of the left and right sides are not interchangeable.

Shock absorbers - hydraulic, piston, telescopic type, double-acting. The tank has six shock absorbers (three on each side): on the first, second and sixth suspension units.


Tactical and technical characteristics

Parameter

Unit of measurement

T-80B

Full mass

42,5

Crew

people

Specific power

hp/t

25,8

Engine (GTE-1000T)

hp

1000

Tank width

Ground pressure

kgf / cm 2

0,86

Temperature mode of operation

°C

40…+55

(with power reduction)

Tank length

with gun forward

mm

9651

corps

mm

6982

Tank width

along the caterpillar

mm

3384

removable protective screens

mm

3582

Tower roof height

mm

2219

Support surface length

mm

4284

Ground clearance

mm

Track width

mm

Travel speed

Average on a dry dirt road

km/h

40…45

Maximum on paved road

km/h

In reverse gear, maximum

km/h

Fuel consumption per 100 km

On a dry dirt road

l, up to

450…790

On paved road

l, up to

430…500

Power reserve:

on main fuel tanks

km

with extra barrels

km

Ammunition

Shots to the cannon

PCS

(of which in the conveyor of the loading mechanism)

PCS

Cartridges:

to machine gun (7.62 mm)

PCS

1250

to machine gun (12.7 mm)

PCS

Aerosol grenades

PCS

Used materials:

“A tank that defies time. To the 25th anniversary of the T-80 tank. Team of authors: M. V. Ashik, A. S. Efremov, N. S. Popov. St. Petersburg. 2001

“Motors and destinies. About time and about myself. N.K. Ryazantsev. Kharkiv. 2009