Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC)

Every student knows: right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs. But few people know that Pythagoras was still a philosopher, religious thinker and politician, it was he who introduced the term “philosophy” into our language, which means “love of wisdom”. He founded a school whose students were called Pythagoreans, and he was the first to use the word "cosmos".

Democritus (460-c. 370 BC)

Democritus, like other philosophers ancient world, has always been interested in the question of what is the fundamental principle of the Universe. Some sages believed that water, others - fire, others - air, and fourth - all together. Democritus was not convinced by their arguments. Reflecting on the fundamental principle of the world, he came to the conclusion that it is the smallest indivisible particles, which he called atoms. There are a great many of them. The whole world is made up of them. They connect, they separate. He made this discovery by logical reasoning. And after more than two thousand years, scientists of our time with the help of physical instruments proved him right.

Euclid (c. 365-300 BC)

A student of Plato - Euclid wrote the treatise "Beginnings" in 13 books. In them, the scientist outlined the basics of geometry, which means in Greek "the science of measuring the Earth", which for many centuries was called Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek king Ptolemy I Soter, who ruled in Egyptian Alexandria, demanded that Euclid, who explained the laws of geometry to him, make it shorter and faster. He replied: “Oh, great king, there are no royal roads in geometry ...”

Archimedes (287-212 BC)

Archimedes went down in history as one of the most famous Greek mechanics, inventors and mathematicians, who amazed his contemporaries with his amazing machines. Watching the work of builders who moved stone blocks with the help of thick sticks, Archimedes realized that the longer the lever, the greater the force of its impact. He told the Syracusan king Hieron: "Give me a foothold, and I will move the Earth." Hieron didn't believe it. And then Archimedes, with the help of a complex system of mechanisms, with the effort of one hand, pulled a ship ashore, which was usually pulled out of the water by hundreds of people.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

The great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci showed himself to be a universal creator. He was a sculptor, architect, inventor. A brilliant master, he made a huge contribution to art, culture and science. In Italy, he was called a sorcerer, a magician, a man who can do anything. Infinitely talented, he created various mechanisms, designed unprecedented aircraft such as a modern helicopter, and invented a tank.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Nicolaus Copernicus in the scientific world gained fame for his astronomical discoveries. His heliocentric system replaced the former, Greek, geocentric. He was the first to scientifically prove that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. The earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Nicolaus Copernicus was a versatile scientist. Widely educated, he was engaged in the treatment of people, was well-versed in the economy, he himself made various instruments and machines. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote in Latin and German all his life. Not a single document written by him in Polish has been found.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

The young Florentine Galileo Galilei, who studied at the University of Pisa, attracted the attention of professors not only with clever reasoning, but also with original inventions. But the gifted student was expelled from the 3rd year, as his father did not have money for his studies. But Galileo was lucky - the young man found a patron, the rich Marquis Guidobaldo del Moite, who was fond of science. He supported the 22-year-old Galileo. Thanks to the Marquis, the world got a man who showed his genius in mathematics, physics, astronomy. Even during his lifetime, Galileo was compared with Archimedes. He was the first to declare that the universe is infinite.

René Descartes (1596-1650)

Like many great thinkers of antiquity, Descartes was universal. He laid the foundations of analytical geometry, created many algebraic notations, discovered the law of conservation of motion, explained the root causes of the motion of celestial bodies. Descartes studied at the best French Jesuit college in La Flèche. And there, at the beginning of the 17th century, strict orders reigned. The disciples got up early and ran to prayer. Only one, the best pupil, was allowed to stay in bed due to poor health - it was Rene Descartes. So he developed the habit of reasoning, finding solutions to mathematical problems. Later, according to legend, it was during these morning hours that he had a thought that spread all over the world: "I think, therefore I exist."

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Isaac Newton - a brilliant English scientist, experimenter, researcher, he is also a mathematician, astronomer, inventor, made a lot of discoveries that determined the physical picture of the world around him. According to legend, the law gravity Isaac Newton discovered in his garden. He watched a falling apple and realized that the Earth attracts all objects to itself, and the heavier the object, the stronger it is attracted to the Earth. Reflecting on this, he deduced the law of universal gravitation: All bodies are attracted to each other with a force proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

James Watt (1736-1819)

James Watta is considered one of the creators of the technological revolution that transformed the world. They tried to tame the energy of steam in ancient times. The Greek scientist Heroes, who lived in the 1st century in Alexandria, built the first steam turbine, which rotated when burning firewood in the heater. In Russia in the 18th century, the mechanic Ivan Polzunov also tried to tame the energy of steam, but his machine was not widely used. And only the English, or rather, the Scottish self-taught mechanic James Watt managed to design such a machine, which they began to use first in mines, then in enterprises, and then on locomotives and steamships.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - diversified, he was successfully engaged in financial transactions, but was especially fond of chemistry. He made many discoveries, to his liking became the founder of modern chemistry and would have done a lot if it were not for the radicalism of the Great french revolution. In his youth, Antoine Lavoisier participated in the competition of the Academy of Sciences for The best way street lighting. To increase the sensitivity of his eyes, he upholstered his room with black cloth. Antoine described the acquired new perception of light in the work that he submitted to the Academy, and received a gold medal for it. For scientific research in the field of mineralogy, he was elected a member of the Academy at the age of 25.

Justus Liebig (1803-1873)

Justus Liebig is credited with creating food concentrates. He developed the technology for the production of meat extract, which today is called the "bouillon cube". The German Chemical Society erected a monument to him in Munich. The outstanding German professor of organic chemistry, Justus Liebig, spent his whole life researching the methods of plant nutrition and solving the issues of rational use of fertilizers. He did a lot to increase crop yields. Russia awarded the scientist two Orders of St. Anne for the help rendered to her in the rise of agriculture, England made him an honorary citizen, in Germany he received the title of baron.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Louis Pasteur is a rare example of a scientist who had neither medical nor chemical education. He made his way into science on his own, without any protégés, based on personal interest. But scientists showed interest in it, noticing in young man great ability. And Louis Pasteur became an outstanding French microbiologist and chemist, a member of the French Academy, created the process of pasteurization. Especially for him, an institute was created in Paris, later named after him. A Russian microbiologist, laureate Nobel Prize in the field of physiology and medicine Ilya Mechnikov.

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)

Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish chemical engineer invented dynamite, who patented it in 1867 and suggested using it for tunneling. This invention glorified Nobel all over the world, brought him enormous income. The word dynamite in Greek means "strength". This explosive, which consists of nitroglycerin, potassium or sodium nitrate and wood flour, depending on the volume, can smash a car, a house, destroy a rock. In 1895, Nobel made a will, according to which most of his capital was directed to prizes for outstanding achievements in chemistry, physics, medicine, literature, and the promotion of peace.

Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (1843-1910)

Close contact with nature later determined the choice of profession - Robert Koch became a microbiologist. And it started in childhood. Robert Koch's grandfather on his mother's side was a great lover of nature, often taking his beloved 7-year-old grandson with him to the forest, telling him about the life of trees, herbs, talking about the benefits and harms of insects. Microbiologist Koch fought against the most terrible diseases of mankind - anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. And he emerged victorious. For his achievements in the fight against tuberculosis in 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)

In 1895, a photograph of the hand of the wife of Wilhelm Roentgen, made using x-rays (x-ray, later named x-rays after their discoverer), was published in a German scientific journal, aroused great interest in the scientific world. Before Roentgen, none of the physicists did anything like this. This photograph testified that penetration into the depths of the human body took place without its physical opening. It was a breakthrough in medicine, in the recognition of diseases. For the discovery of these rays, William Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)

During his life, Edison improved the telegraph, telephone, created a microphone, invented the phonograph and, most importantly, with his incandescent light bulb lit up America, and behind it the whole world. There has never been a more inventive man in American history than Thomas Edison. In total, he is the author of over 1,000 patented inventions in the United States and about 3,000 in other countries. But before achieving such an outstanding result, he, according to his own frank statements, made many tens of thousands failed experiments and experiences.

Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934)

Maria Skłodowska Curie graduated from the Sorbonne, the largest educational institution France, and became the first female teacher in its history. Together with her husband Pierre Curie, she first discovered radium, a decay product of uranium-238, then polonium. The study and use of the radioactive properties of radium played a huge role in the study of the structure of the atomic nucleus, the phenomenon of radioactivity. Maria Skłodowska-Curie occupies a special place among world-class scientists; she won the Nobel Prize twice: in 1903 in physics, in 1911 in chemistry. Such an outstanding result is rare even among men.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein - one of the founders of theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner, public figure. But he made a strange impression on his contemporaries: he dressed casually, loved sweaters, did not comb his hair, could show his tongue to a photographer, and generally did God knows what. But behind this frivolous appearance was a paradoxical scientist - a thinker, the author of over 600 works on various topics. His theory of relativity revolutionized science. It turned out that the world not so simple. Space-time is curved, and as a result, gravity changes, the course of time changes, the sun's rays deviate from the direct direction.

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

Alexander Fleming, a native of Scotland, an English bacteriologist, spent his whole life looking for medicines that could help a person cope with infectious diseases. He was able to detect a substance that kills bacteria in the penicillum mold. And the first antibiotic appeared - penicillin, which revolutionized medicine. Fleming was the first to discover that human mucous membranes contain a special fluid that not only prevents the penetration of microbes, but also kills them. He isolated this substance, it was called lysozyme.

Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)

Robert Oppenheimer - American physicist atomic bomb, was very worried when he learned about the terrible casualties and destruction caused by the American atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He was a conscientious person and further urged scientists around the world not to create weapons of enormous destructive power. He entered the history of science as the "father of the atomic bomb" and as the discoverer of black holes in the universe.

photo from internet

The biography of each scientist allows you to better understand his path to great achievements and get acquainted with some interesting facts. In order to have an idea of ​​the path that science is making, it is worth studying in detail at least a few stories about its leading figures.

The most significant figures

In each of the areas it is worth paying attention to the most significant scientist. So, the best British physician was Fleming. The most important inventor from Russia is Popov. Leonardo da Vinci, as a true man of the Renaissance, showed a wide variety of talents. Pascal, Tesla and others are the best mathematicians and physicists, whose contribution is also visible in modern life. Which of them - the most Everyone is worthy of attention equally.

Alexander Fleming

The future inventor of penicillin was born in August 1881 in the small Scottish town of Lochfield. After receiving his secondary education, he went to London and became a student at the Royal Polytechnic Institute. On the advice of a professional physicist and his brother Tom, Alexander decided to pursue science, in 1903 he went to work at St. Mary's Hospital and began a surgical practice. After the war, where he saw many deaths, Fleming decided to find a cure that would deal with infections. Well-known English scientists have already worked on the issue, but no one has been able to achieve significant results. The only thing that was invented was an antiseptic, which only reduces the protective functions of the body. Fleming proved that such treatment is not suitable for the treatment of deep wounds. By 1928, he began to study bacteria from the Staphylococcus family. One day, returning from vacation, Fleming found fungal colonies on the table that affected harmful microorganisms. The scientist decided to grow the mold in its pure form and isolated penicillin from it. Until the forties, he improved its form and soon its production became large-scale and was accepted in hospitals. In 1944, together with a colleague, Flory received a knighthood. The names of famous scientists reached the Nobel Committee, and already in 1945 they received a prize in the field of medicine. The Royal College of Physicians made Fleming an honorary member. Not all famous English scientists can boast of such achievements. Fleming is an outstanding talent and a person worthy of mention in any list of the best doctors in the world.

Gregor Mendel

Many famous scientists did not receive a thorough education. For example, Gregor Mendel was born in July 1882 into a family of simple peasants and studied at a theological institute. He acquired all his deep knowledge of biology on his own. Soon he began to teach, and then went to the university in Vienna, where he began to study hybrid plants. With the help of many experiments on peas, he developed a theory about the laws of inheritance. The names of famous scientists were often assigned to their inventions, and Mendel was no exception. The works of Gregor did not interest his contemporaries, he quit his job in the laboratory and became the abbot in the monastery. The revolutionary nature of his discoveries and their deep meaning became noticeable to biologists only at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the death of Gregor Mendel. Famous scientists of Russia and the world use his theories even now. Mendel's principles are taught at a basic level in schools.

Leonardo da Vinci

Few famous scientists are as popular as Leonardo. He was not only an outstanding physicist, but also a creator, his paintings and sculptures delight people all over the world, and his life itself serves as a source of inspiration for works: he is a truly interesting and mysterious person. The greatest figure of the Renaissance was born in April 1452. Since childhood, Leonardo was fond of painting, architecture, sculpture. He was distinguished by impressive knowledge in the field of natural science, physics and mathematics. Many of his works were appreciated only after centuries, and contemporaries often did not pay attention to them. Leonardo was fond of the idea, but he failed to realize a working project. In addition, he studied many laws of fluid and hydraulics. Famous scientists are rarely famous as artists either. Leonardo is also a great artist, the author of the famous Mona Lisa and the painting The Last Supper. Numerous manuscripts remained after him. Many foreign and well-known Russian scientists still use da Vinci's work, created by him before 1519, when he died while in France.

Blaise Pascal

This French scientist was born in June 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, the son of a judge. Pascal's father was known for his love of the sciences. In 1631 the family moved to Paris, where Blaise wrote his first work on the sound of vibrating bodies - this happened when the boy was only 11 years old. Few well-known scientists in Russia and the world can boast of such an early success! Blaise surprised people with his mathematical abilities, he was able to prove that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two straight lines. At 16 he wrote a treatise on a hexagon inscribed in a circle. On its basis, the well-known Pascal's theorem will later be developed. In 1642, Blaise developed a mechanical calculating machine that could carry out addition and subtraction. However, like many other famous scientists and their discoveries, Blaise with his "Pascalina" did not become very famous among his contemporaries. To date, his variations on the theme of calculating machines are kept in the best museums in Europe. In addition, Pascal's contribution to science is invaluable - modern scientists also use his calculations.

Alexander Popov

Many famous Russian scientists made inventions that are still used by the whole world. These include the creator of the radio, who was born in the Ural village in the family of a priest. He received his first education in a theological school, after which he entered the seminary. Having gone to the University of St. Petersburg, Popov ran into financial difficulties, so he had to work in parallel with his studies. Alexander became interested in physics and began teaching it in Kronstadt. From 1901 he served as a professor at the Institute of Electrical Engineering in St. Petersburg, and then became its rector. The main interest of his life remained inventions and experiments. He studied electromagnetic oscillations. In 1895 he introduced the public to the radio. Since 1897 he worked on its improvement. Popov's assistants Rybkin and Troitsky confirmed the possibility of using it to receive signals by ear. Popov made the final modifications and thus created a device that is now in almost every home.

Nikola Tesla

This scientist was born in Austria-Hungary. Like Popov, Tesla was the son of a priest. In 1870 he graduated from the gymnasium and entered the college, where he became interested in electrical engineering. For several years he worked as a teacher at a gymnasium, after which he went to the University of Prague. In parallel, Nikola worked for a telegraph company, and then for Edison. All the years of study he tried to invent an electric motor that runs on alternating current. He moved to the USA, where he did a successful job of improving the machine created by Edison. However, Tesla did not receive any money from him, after which he quit and founded his own laboratory in New York. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Nicol already had several patents - he invented a frequency meter and an electricity meter. In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize. He never stopped working and made a significant contribution to science, he died in 1943 after an accident - Tesla was hit by a car, and broken ribs led to pneumonia that was too complicated.

Friedrich Schiller

As everyone knows very well, famous scientists can be not only in the field. An excellent example for this is the historian and philosopher, who has done a lot for his fields of knowledge and made an invaluable contribution to the literary heritage. He was born in 1759 in the Holy Roman Empire, but already in 1763 he moved with his family to Germany. In 1766 he ended up in Ludwigsburg, where he graduated from the medical faculty. Schiller began to create while still in the process of learning, and in 1781 his first drama saw the light and received such recognition that it was staged in the theater the following year. This play is still considered one of the first and most successful melodramas in Europe. Throughout his life, Schiller created, translated plays from other languages, and also taught history and philosophy at universities.

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow is a confirmation that famous scientists can be not only mathematicians and physicists. Absolutely everyone knows his theory of self-realization. Maslow was born in 1908 in New York. His parents mistreated and humiliated him in every possible way, and his Jewish origin caused anti-Semitic antics from his peers. This developed an inferiority complex in little Abraham, which caused him to hide in the library and spend his days reading books. Later, he gradually began to establish himself in life - first in high school, participating in various clubs, and then at the Faculty of Psychology, where he received a master's degree in 1931. In 1937, Maslow became a member of the teaching staff of Brooklyn College, where he worked for most of his life. When the war began, Maslow was already unfit for service, but at the same time he learned a lot from this bloody event - it influenced his research in the field of humanitarian psychology. In 1943, Maslow developed his famous Theory of Personal Motivation, in which he stated that each person has a pyramid of needs that must be met in order to fulfill himself. In 1954, he published the book "Motivation and Personality", where he explained his theory in as much detail as possible and developed it.

Albert Einstein

Any discussion on the topic "Famous scientists and their discoveries" will not do without a mention of Albert Einstein, the brilliant physicist who stands at the origins of contemporary view about this science. Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, was always a modest and quiet boy, did not stand out from the rest of the children. And only when he became interested in Kant, Einstein discovered in himself a talent for exact sciences. This helped him successfully complete the gymnasium, and then the Zurich Polytechnic in Switzerland, where he moved. While still at the technical school, he began to write various articles and other works, to conduct research. Naturally, in the end this led to a number of discoveries that are known to the whole world - the theory of relativity, the photoelectric effect, and so on. After some time, Einstein moved to the United States, got a job there at Princeton and set himself the goal of working on the theory of a unified

André-Marie Ampère

Famous scientists of the world who worked in the field of physics are not limited to Einstein. For example, André-Marie Ampère was born in 1775 in France. His father did not want his son to study centrally, so he taught him himself, and books also helped him in this. Ampere was literally brought up on the works of Rousseau, which affected his future work. After the Revolution and the death of his father, Ampère marries and returns to normal. He continued to teach, and in 1802 he became a teacher of mathematics and chemistry in one of the schools. However, at the same time, he was doing research on his well-known theory of probability, because of which he ended up at the Paris Academy and wrote one of his most recognized works - "The Mathematical Theory of Games". In 1809, Ampère received the title of professor, and in 1814 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. After that, he moves on to research in the field of electrodynamics, and in 1826 creates his most famous work- "Scientific essay on the mathematical theory of electrodynamic phenomena".

Here are outstanding scientists, on the basis of whose discoveries and works, specialties developed, in which students study at AVTI.

John von Neumann

A brilliant Hungarian-American mathematician who made significant contributions to quantum physics, quantum logic, functional analysis, set theory, computer science.
He is best known as the forefather of modern computer architecture. Under his leadership, several principles of computer construction were substantiated: the use of a binary number system for representing data and commands, program control of the computing process, memory homogeneity and addressability, program control sequences, etc.

Norbert Wiener

American outstanding mathematician and philosopher, founder of cybernetics, the science of control patterns, information transfer in various systems, and the theory of artificial intelligence.
For the first time he substantiated the fundamental importance of information in the management of various systems.

Alan Turing

English mathematician, logician, cryptographer, who had a significant impact on the development of computer science. In 1936, he proposed an abstract computational “Turing Machine”, which made it possible to formalize the concept of an algorithm. It is still used in many theoretical and practical studies.
One of the founders of the theory of artificial intelligence.

Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov

Outstanding Russian scientist, mathematician. He developed methods for calculating tables of improper integrals, made a significant contribution to domestic cybernetics, the theory of digital automata, the theory of programming and systems of algorithmic algebras, the theory of computer design, and the creation of multiprocessor macro-pipeline supercomputers. Developed the first personal computer "Mir-1" for engineering calculations, an automated control system technological processes and industrial enterprises.

Dmitry Alexandrovich Pospelov

Russian scientist, mathematician, major specialist in the field of artificial intelligence, complex systems management, in the field of parallel computing. He laid the foundations of a new scientific direction - modeling the reasoning of expert experts who make decisions in various subject areas. From 1956 to 1968 he worked at MPEI. Head of the UNESCO International Laboratory for artificial intelligence. Laureate of the prestigious A. Turing award.

Isaac Newton

English physicist, mathematician, astronomer. One of the founders of classical physics. The author of the fundamental work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", in which he outlined the "law of universal gravitation", the three laws of mechanics. He developed differential and integral calculus, color theory and many other mathematical and physical theories.

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Great German mathematician, astronomer and physicist. The name of Gauss is associated with fundamental research in many areas of mathematics: algebra, differential and non-Euclidean geometry, in mathematical analysis, the theory of functions of a complex variable, probability theory, as well as in astronomy, geodesy, and mechanics. Gauss was called the king of mathematics. He published fully completed and accurate studies. Many of his incomplete ideas were used in subsequent research by other scientists.

Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev

World-renowned Russian mathematician and mechanic. He was the founder of the theory of approximate functions. He made a major contribution to number theory, probability theory, and mechanics. With his labors he gave big influence on the development of Russian artillery science. He was an honorary member of more than 25 different foreign academies and scientific communities.

Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

An outstanding Russian mathematician, one of the founders modern theory probabilities. He obtained fundamental results in topology, in mathematical logic, in the theory of turbulence, in the theory of complex algorithms, and in a number of other areas of mathematics and its applications. Interested in philosophical problems. He formulated the epistemological principle of cognition, which was named after him. He was awarded prizes: the Boltzmann Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Lenin Prize. Awarded with the Lobachevsky medal.

André Marie Ampère

French physicist and mathematician. He formulated a rule for determining the direction in which an arrow deviates near a current-carrying conductor (Ampère's rule), the law of interaction of electric currents (Ampère's law), developed the theory of magnetism, according to which all magnetic interactions are based on circular molecular currents (Ampère's theorem), such Thus, he first pointed out the connection between electrical and magnetic processes. He discovered the magnetic effect of a coil with current - a solenoid.

James Clark Maxwell

English physicist. Creator of classical electrodynamics, one of the founders of statistical physics. His scientific activity covers the problems of electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases, optics, the theory of elasticity and much more. Conducted a theoretical study of the rings of Saturn. He was a major popularizer of science.

Nikolai Sergeevich Akulov

Russian physicist. A prominent specialist in the field of ferromagnetism. Formulated the law of induced anisotropy playing important role in the modern theory of magnetic materials. Proposed (independently of F. Bitter) the method of magnetic metallography. He created equipment for non-destructive methods of testing industrial products - flaw detectors, a magnetic anisometer, a magnetic micrometer, etc. He has many works on the physics of combustion, in the theory of plasticity, in biophysics.

Andrey Petrovich Ershov

Russian scientist. He made a great contribution to the development of theoretical and system programming, the founder of the computer science school in the USSR, one of the pioneers of Russian corpus linguistics. Under his leadership, several programming languages ​​were created, a translation scheme was created to develop fragments of optimized translators. He made a significant contribution to the theory of mixed computing.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev

Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was engaged in the development of homing torpedoes, stabilization systems for tank guns, for which he was awarded state awards. Considered the founder computer science in USSR. He developed a whole series of computers used for calculations when launching artificial earth satellites, the first spaceships with a person on board, in the country's air defense systems.
The result of his activities was the development of a computer called BESM-6, the best machine in those years in Europe. Awarded with the international medal "Pioneer of Computer Engineering". He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. The Prize of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation named after S.A. Lebedev.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Kartsev

Outstanding Russian designer of domestic computing systems, author of the world's first multi-format vector computer structure. He was the first in the world to propose and implement the concept of a fully parallel computing system with parallelization at all four levels: programs, commands, data and words. The project of the first in the USSR vector-conveyor computer was developed. MEI graduate.

Yakov Zalmanovich Tsypkin

An outstanding Soviet scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize, the A.A. Andronov Prize, the Kauzza Prize, awarded a medal Hartley. He made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of systems with delay, generalizing the Nyquist criterion to cases of delay, to the study of impulse (discrete) control systems, developing an adequate mathematical apparatus for such systems, called Z-transforms. Founder of the theory of linear discrete systems. He did a lot in the field of relay systems, he proposed a unified approach to the study of adaptive systems based on recurrent stochastic algorithms and the apparatus of stochastic approximation. He has made significant progress in solving the problem of management under conditions of uncertainty and in other areas of management.

Vladimir Sergeevich Semenikhin

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and two State Prizes, awarded many orders and medals of the USSR. MEI graduate.
A prominent scientist in the field of automation and telemechanics. Creator of powerful automated and information systems special purpose for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, control systems for the country's armed forces. Founder and main ideologist of the powerful national school world-class in all aspects of complex automation of the process of managing heterogeneous structures.

Claude Elwood Shannon

American scientist, mathematician, engineer. Founder of information theory, information transfer, theorems bandwidth channel. He made a great contribution to the theory of probabilistic schemes, to the theory of automata and control systems. He did a lot in the field of cryptography, defining the fundamental concepts of cryptography, coding theory.
His works are a synthesis of mathematical ideas with a specific analysis of the problems of their technical implementation.

Sergey Lvovich Sobolev

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, One of the outstanding Russian mathematicians of the twentieth century. He made a fundamental contribution to modern science, in his fundamental research laid the foundation for scientific trends in modern mathematics.
Together with academician V.I. Smirnov, he opened a new area in mathematical physics (the Smirnov-Sobolev method) - functionally invariant solutions that allow solving problems related to wave processes in seismology.
Developed areas of functional analysis and computational mathematics. He developed the theory of spaces of functions with generalized derivatives, which entered science as Sobolev spaces, which played an exceptional role in the formation of modern mathematical views. He made a significant contribution to the development of many areas of mathematics.

George Bull

English scientist. Founder of mathematical logic. I found a deep analogy between the symbolic method of algebra and the symbolic method of representing logical forms and syllogisms.
Based on this analogy, he laid the foundations of the algebra of logic, which was later called Boolean algebra. It is widely used when using the solution of logical problems on a computer. Buhl presented the main results of his works in the works: “Mathematical Analysis of Logic”, “Logical Calculus” and “Investigation of the Laws of Thinking”.

Vladimir Alexandrovich Kotelnikov

Academician, Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an outstanding Russian scientist, MPEI graduate. The developer of the famous sampling theorem (Kotelnikov's theorem), which was fundamental in the theory of digital systems, the theory of computer science. Created a classical representation of the theory of noise immunity of communications. The ideologist of the creation of a planetary radar and radar research of planets, which made it possible to clarify the scale solar system more than 100 times. He has a great merit in the development of radio systems, radio physics, quantum physics.
He created the famous OKB MPEI, which played a key role in the creation of space technology in the USSR, was its director for many years, was the head of the MPEI department for many years. Hero of socialist labor, member of the academies of many countries of the world, winner of numerous awards, including the E. Rein Prize, the A. Bell gold medal.

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov

Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, one of the first Russian scientists who appreciated the importance of cybernetics, made a great contribution to its formation and development. The general and mathematical foundations of cybernetics, computers, programming and the theory of algorithms, machine translation and mathematical linguistics, cybernetic issues of biology, philosophical and methodological aspects of the development of science - this is an incomplete list of the main areas of science that have received intensive development on the initiative and with his participation.
The main works relate to the theory of sets, theoretical issues of programming, mathematical linguistics.
He was awarded the prestigious medals "Computer Society" and "Computer Pioneer", government awards of the USSR.

Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Outstanding Russian mathematician, creator of non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevsky geometry). Rector of Kazan University (1827 - 1846).
The discovery of Lobachevsky (1826), which was not recognized by his contemporaries, made a revolution in the idea of ​​the nature of space, which was based on the teachings of Euclid for more than 2 thousand years, and had a huge impact on the development of mathematical thinking. Very important are his works on algebra, mathematical analysis, probability theory, mechanics, physics and astronomy.

Leonard Euler

Swiss by origin, an outstanding mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer. Since 1726 he was an academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1741 he also worked at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Author of over 800 scientific works in mathematical analysis, differential geometry, number theory, approximate calculations, celestial mechanics, mathematical physics, optics, ballistics, shipbuilding, music theory and other areas of science that have had a significant impact on the development of science.

David Gilbert

German scientist, founder of modern mathematics, predecessor of Einstein. Hilbert's work is characterized by a conviction in the unity of mathematical science, in the unity of mathematics and natural science. Hilbert's works had a great influence on the development of many branches of mathematics in which he worked (the theory of invariants, the theory algebraic numbers, foundations of mathematics, mathematical logic, calculus of variations, differential and integral equations, number theory, mathematical physics). Since 1922, an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1900, at the International Mathematical Congress in Paris, he formulated 23 problems that became the program for the development of mathematics in the 20th century. To date, only a part of Hilbert's problems has been solved.

Vladimir Semyonovich Pugachev

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, an outstanding Russian scientist and teacher. One of the founders of the statistical theory of control systems, the author of a number of fundamental scientific papers on flight dynamics, ballistics, the theory of ordinary and stochastic differential equations, stochastic control, computer science, statistics of random processes and many other areas of modern applied mathematics. Was the author scientific project"New Architectures and Algorithms for Information Processing" within the framework of the "Computing Systems of New Generations" program.

Vladimir Viktorovich Solodovnikov

Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an outstanding cyberneticist, one of the founders of automation in the USSR. For the first time, he posed the problem of the quality of an automatic control system, developed the initial provisions of the original frequency method for solving this problem, and subsequently developed and extended it to a wide class of typical actions on systems with distributed and variable parameters. Developed the theory of analytical self-adjusting systems. He had a great influence on the development of management theory in our country. He has published over 300 scientific papers, many of which have been translated in many countries around the world.

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of many awards, outstanding mathematician.
In topology, he discovered the general law of duality and, in connection with this, built a theory of characters of continuous groups, obtained a number of results in the theory of homotopies (a continuous family of mappings) (Pontryagin classes). In the theory of oscillations, the main results of his research relate to the asymptotics of relaxation oscillations. He is the creator of the mathematical theory of optimal processes, which is based on the Pontryagin maximum principle. Obtained fundamental results on differential games. He had a great influence on the development of the calculus of variations in the world. Honorary member of many academies and societies of the world.

Alexander Aronovich Feldbaum

An outstanding scientist - theorist and engineer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, MPEI graduate, laureate of state awards.
For the first time he formulated the optimal control problem as a variational problem and gave its solution for a whole class of practical cases. The result of this work was the discovery of the famous maximum principle in optimal control theory. They laid theoretical basis and formulated the ideas of dual control theory. Numerous of his monographs on control theory and computer technology have been published in many languages ​​of the world.

Aksel Ivanovich Berg

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, admiral - engineer, one of the largest scientists - radio specialists. He had many government awards. The initiator of the creation of SKB MPEI at the Department of Automation and Telemechanics AVTF.
He created methods for calculating receiving-amplifying and transmitting devices, the theory of tube generators, the theory of deviation of ship direction finders. On his initiative, the Institute of Radio Engineering and numerous laboratories of this profile were created in the USSR. He made a great contribution to the development of radar and navigation.

Which allows people to learn more about the fundamental laws of planet Earth. Every day people do not notice how they use the benefits that have become possible thanks to the work of numerous scientists. If not for their selfless work, a person would not be able to fly in an airplane, cross the oceans on huge liners, and even just turn on an electric kettle. All these dedicated researchers have made the world look the way modern people see it.

Discoveries of Galileo

Physicist Galileo is one of the most famous. He is a physicist, astronomer, mathematician and mechanic. It was he who first invented the telescope. With the help of this device, unprecedented for that time, it was possible to observe distant celestial bodies. Galileo Galilei is the founder of the experimental direction in physical science. The first discoveries that Galileo made with the telescope saw the light in his work The Starry Herald. This book was a truly sensational success. Since Galileo's ideas were in many ways contrary to the Bible, for a long time he was pursued by the Inquisition.

Biography and discoveries of Newton

A great scientist who made discoveries in many areas is also Isaac Newton. The most famous of his discoveries is. In addition, the physicist explained many natural phenomena on the basis of mechanics, and also described the features of the movement of the planets around the Sun, Moon and Earth. Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in the English town of Woolsthorpe.

After graduating from school, he went to college at the University of Cambridge. The physicists who taught at the college had a great influence on Newton. Inspired by the example of teachers, Newton made some of his first discoveries. They were mainly related to the field of mathematics. Next, Newton begins to conduct experiments on the decomposition of light. In 1668 he received a master's degree. In 1687, Newton's first serious scientific work, The Elements, was published. In 1705, the scientist was awarded the title of knight, and the English that ruled in that era personally thanked Newton for his research.

Woman Physicist: Marie Curie-Sklodowska

Physicists all over the world still use the achievements of Marie Curie-Sklodowska in their work. She is the only female physicist to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize twice. Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. In childhood, a tragedy happened in the girl's family - her mother and one of her sisters died. While studying at school, Marie Curie was distinguished by diligence and interest in science.

In 1890 she moved to Paris with her older sister, where she entered the Sorbonne. Then she met her future husband, Pierre Curie. As a result of many years of scientific research, the couple discovered two new radioactive elements - radium and polonium. Shortly before the start of the war in France was opened where Marie Curie served as director. In 1920, she published a book called "Radiology and Warfare", which summarized her scientific experience.

Albert Einstein: one of the world's greatest minds

Physicists all over the planet know the name of Albert Einstein. His authorship belongs to the theory of relativity. Modern physics is largely based on the views of Einstein, despite the fact that not all modern scientists agree with his discoveries. Einstein was a Nobel Prize winner. During his life, he wrote about 300 scientific papers on physics, as well as 150 papers on the history and philosophy of science. Until the age of 12, Einstein was a very religious child, as he received his education in a Catholic school. After little Albert read a few scientific books, he came to the conclusion that not all positions in the Bible can be true.

Many believe that Einstein was a genius from childhood. This is far from true. As a schoolboy, Einstein was considered a very weak student. Although even then he was interested in mathematics, physics, as well as the philosophical works of Kant. In 1896, Einstein entered the pedagogical faculty in Zurich, where he also met his future wife- Mileva Marich. In 1905, Einstein published some articles, which, however, were criticized by some physicists. In 1933, Einstein moved permanently to the United States.

Other researchers

But there are other famous names of physicists who have made no less significant discoveries in their field. These are V. K. Roentgen, and S. Hawking, N. Tesla, L. L. Landau, N. Bohr, M. Planck, E. Fermi, M. Faraday, A. A. Becquerel and many others. Their contribution to physical science no less important.

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle is an ancient Greek encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were refuted, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.

Archimedes (287-212 BC)


Archimedes is an ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to the field of physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing pioneering mechanisms, including siege engines and the screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.

Galileo (1564–1642)


In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He has been called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics". Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also established that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.

Michael Faraday (1791–1867)


Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical effect of current, diamagnetism, the action magnetic field to the light, the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor, and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)


Thomas Alva Edison - American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. Considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time, with a record 1,093 patents in his name and 1,239 elsewhere. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, an improvement in the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.

Marie Curie (1867–1934)


Maria Sklodowska-Curie - French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman two Nobel Prize winners various fields sciences - physics and chemistry. First female professor teaching at the Sorbonne University. Her accomplishments include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements- radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)


Louis Pasteur - French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. Pasteur's most important achievement is considered to be his work in bacteriology and virology, which resulted in the creation of the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him later. All Pasteur's works have become a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in chemistry, anatomy and physics.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727)


Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, bible scholar, and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflecting telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to mathematically describe the phenomenon of tides.

Albert Einstein (1879–1955)


Second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of general and special relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of more than 300 scientific papers in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.

Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)