RUSSIA IN THE XVII CENTURY.
1. What year was the Zemsky Sobor
Did he choose Romanov Tsar?
Even though there was controversy.
But Rus' got stronger - there was a rumor
(1613)
2. Oh, and the time has come:
Impostors in Rus'!
As the tsar in Moscow was gone,
Those with the Poles came
Call it time
Announce the impostors.
(Time of Troubles, False Dmitry, Grigory Otrepiev)
3. They liberated Rus'
All her enemies were killed.
And Moscow became free.
There are no more impostors.
Militia created
And they did not give the country to the enemies.
Who do you call it
Or start guessing
(Dmitry Pozharsky, Kuzma Minin)4. Both the landowner and the boyar
On their land of peasants
Forced to work all my life
Not paying them a dime
What was it called
They kept it for a long time.
(Corvee)
5. And canvas, and wax, firewood and leather,
And meat, fish, vegetables, mushrooms -
The man was carrying everything to the boyar.
At a certain time.
And it was called...
(Obrok)
6. Common people live there,
That's part of the city.
Know you all in advance
In the city it...
(Sloboda)
7. For government in the state
The king immediately issued a decree:
To manage all business
We should create...
(Order)
8. Time is in Rus'
As they called, announce!
When there was a lot of confusion
When there were even riots.
when there was no king.
Pretenders honor came:
When Rus''s enemies wanted
to share among themselves,
But the people went out to fight.
They defended Holy Rus'.
Don't give it to the enemy.
(Time of Troubles)
9. How to govern the country,
And run things.
Be it cannons or archers.
Or Siberia, Kazan, merchants.
The king gives them all orders
The authority is……..
(Order)
10. Bogdan held advice with the elderly:
“How long will the Polish gentlemen destroy their homeland?
All the land between the Cossacks
It should have been divided a long time ago
And reunite Ukraine with Russia!”
(1654, reunification of Ukraine with Russia.)
11. There is great commotion in Moscow_
Some Cossack is self-willed!
Tsar's order seems to be bad,
When the man began to rule!
(Rise of Stepan Razin)
12. To put things in order
And save everyone from embarrassment.
To please the nobles
And enslave the peasants.
The king gathered all the estates
And he passed the laws again.
name what it was
It served everyone for a long time.
(1649, Cathedral Code)
13. Gathered all the nobility in the palace,
Solved all issues with her.
How to run a country
He pointed out to the boyars.
What kind of authority was
He was important in Russia.
(Boyar Duma)
14. Appointed them by the king of the district
Or manage the city.
And military affairs
Managing everyone here
And held power for three years
The king then changed them all the same.
(Voevoda)
15. He is the head of the Cossacks
There are rumors about him.
Although he was not rich,
In Ukraine, he was reputed to be brave.
He led the uprising.
And the people were freed.
He argued with the Commonwealth.
And yet she won.
(Bohdan Khmelnytsky.)
16. Bogdan spoke at the Rada
And he was here to advise.
To be together with Russia.
Serve the Russian Tsar.
You tell me when it was.
And it served as a plot.
(Pereyaslav Rada, 1654)
17. The people went to the king,
But here he found death
Because of the copper money it is,
What the king ordered to release
And the people became so bold
That they came to the king with a question.
On the boyars with a denunciation.
Can you tell me what it was?
What kind of riot was it?
(1662 Copper Riot.)
18. He led the uprising.
And he was known as a glorious Cossack.
He freed the peasants.
And with your courage, glory,
He even eclipsed the king.
So tell me who was it?
(Stepan Razin)
19. Peasant, becoming a Cossack.
Went to the ends of the earth.
The strait that America has
He went with his friends
And the cape forever name
Got it for everyone.
(Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev)
20. On the Amur people are "eager"
He sailed with him to the sea.
He talks about his discoveries
Reported in Yakutsk.
(Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov)
21. In Rus', all wives wore sundresses,
Their husbands dressed in all sorts of ………
(Caftans.)
22. In that glorious campaign
He was in charge everywhere
Amur region secured
Tribes freed.
Even the city is his name.
He wore it throughout the 20th century.
That is a merchant.
Rus' remembers him forever.
(Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov)
23. Who created that palace?
They were a serf, an archer,
He is in Kolomenskoye.
The 17th century administers
Their creation - so decided.
They hurried to take it apart.
(Serf Semyon Petrov, archer Ivan Mikhailov)
24. He was the first to draw personas.
People of all nobles in Rus'.
He called this work parsuna.
You announce his name.
(Simon Ushakov)
25. When that academy
Was founded.
And the highest institution
For all she had a reputation.
For the first time education
She brought it to the people.
Was for the clergy
Officials are good.
(1687 Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy)
26. In Rus', everyone has it
Was absolutely.
And every Saturday
She was comfortable.
And now all Russian people
They even revere her.
("Soap", bath)
27. He did not have the will - wills,
Could be sold or killed.
Such is his share -
He was beaten in the soldiers.
(Fortress man)
28. There is a beautiful house.
It's well built.
Living there in luxury
The rich man and his children.
The poor man does not dare to go there
Because it is.. (Mansion.)
Author: Kryuchkina Natalya Borisovna, teacher of history and social studies, MBOU "Secondary School No. 9", Tashtagol, Kemerovo Region

PAGES OF HISTORY. RUSSIA IN THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY IN THE EYES OF A JAPANESE.

excerpts from very interesting book"Brief news about wanderings in northern waters". This is the first Japanese book about Russia. Its author spent almost ten years in our country at the end of the 18th century. He described everything he saw - from the distance between the lanterns to the method of castration of animals. During the isolation policy in Japan, a law was passed prohibiting the recording, storage and dissemination of any information about other states. Existing manuscripts were kept in government offices and not published. This book was first published in Japan in 1937. In Russia, the book was published in 1978 and became a bibliographic rarity.

There are 31 letters in the Russian alphabet, all letters have a sound, but do not have a meaning. Put together, several letters form one word, and only then does the meaning appear.

In Russia, the production of five cereals is very small, so all salaries are paid in cash.

Russians are tall, large, with correct posture, are distinguished by a respectful and peaceful character, but at the same time they are brave, decisive and stop at nothing. They do not like idleness and idleness. To be sent to work abroad, they choose the most reliable and honest people, loyal until death. Therefore, among them there are those who have been in foreign countries for sixty or more years without a break, trying to complete the work entrusted to them: but on the other hand, they are highly valued and promoted.

Russians have blue eyes, very large noses, and brown hair. Russian hair grows from the day of birth, so it is very thin and soft. Both noble and common people shave their beards, only among the peasants you can meet people with beards. The inhabitants of Siberia have black hair and eyes. The men generally dress like the Dutch. Buttons are sewn on the right and left sides, the collar turns to the right.


The women all dress in German fashion. Women with ruddy faces are considered beautiful among them.

All over the country in the summer people go to bed at itsutsudoki (from 8 to 10 pm) and get up at mudsudoki (from 3:30 to 5:30 in the morning). In winter, they go to bed at yotsudoki (from 9 to 11 pm) and get up at yatsudoki (from 12 pm to 2:40 pm) - this is due to the fact that the day at this time is very short, and the night is very long.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg, and not only there, but throughout the country, the old Russian language is not used, but often mixed with French and German. Etiquette is completely based on French rules.
The "Geography" says that the Russian language comes from Slavonian (a land in Hungary), which was mixed with Greek.

Since the country is located close to the north, it is very cold everywhere, and the seas surrounding it are all covered with ice. Usually snow falls from the end of September and lies until April-May, but it does not happen to be especially deep. In the vicinity of the capital, the depth of snow does not exceed 7-8 suns or 1 shaku. It is especially cold in Yakutsk and St. Petersburg, because they are located closer to the north; often there is such a frost that ears and noses fall off, and sometimes they even remain without arms and legs.

In summer, there is no particular heat, even in unlined cloth clothes it usually does not get hot. In such cold country Of course, do not grow five cereals sow only buckwheat, tobacco, cucumbers, watermelons, beans, radishes, carrots, turnips and lettuce. Rice comes from Toretsukoi, so rice is very expensive there.

Officials attach a flower woven from silk to their hats: the military - a white flower, civilians - a black one.

Both men and women, after they have done their hair, sprinkle it with flour, called pudara, and the hair becomes like gray. People of the lower classes use karutoufu powder for this.

Both men and women ride horses, but women, sitting in the saddle, bend one leg and put it on top of the saddle, and hang the other. However, lower-class women ride in the same way as men, mounted on horseback.


During menstruation, women put on something like a fundoshi. During pregnancy, the belly is not worn. During childbirth, they sit on a chair, and as soon as the fetus comes out, they immediately go to bed on a high pillow. The child is taken only when breastfeeding. Usually the baby lies in a hanging box, where a cloth mattress stuffed with bird down is laid out. When the baby cries, the box is shaken.

The young, returning to the room where they were before, kiss and, holding hands, go into the bedroom. The matchmaker's wife is waiting for them in the bedroom, she changes the bride into a new shirt made of white linen and, having kissed the bride and groom on the lips, leaves the bedroom. The next morning, the matchmaker comes again with another new shirt, tells the bride to change clothes and, taking from her the shirt in which she spent the night, takes it to the bride's parents and shows it to the bride's mother, and if there are red spots on the shirt, then they gather relatives and drink with them a glass of joy.
If there are no red spots on the shirt, then the young woman is immediately called home, the mother asks her alone about the reason for this, and depending on the circumstances, the bride is severely punished.

For everyone - both noble and simple - one husband has one wife; concubines are not turned on

Foreigners are also allowed to marry Russians, but for this they must accept the Russian faith and change their first and last name; otherwise marriage is not allowed

When a child is born, all relatives and close ones come to inquire about the child's condition and bring money, each according to their position, quietly put it under the baby's pillow and leave. From relatives and acquaintances, a person is chosen, perhaps richer, and he, as the betrothed father, gives the newborn a name.

Medicine is not divided into therapy and surgery; the treatment of eye, dental, female and children's diseases is also combined by one person. In addition, there are pharmacists who are called apitheccari and run pharmacies.

Sodomy is called zoppaebyoto. In Russia, it is strictly prohibited. When Kodai stayed in Yakutsk, the local chief Smolyanov, who has the rank of lieutenant colonel, was inflamed with a passion for a neighbor's boy. However, the boy did not give in to his desires. Then the official won his heart with money, and with all sorts of persuasion he finally achieved his goal. That same year, on Christ's day, this boy spoke about all this during confession. If it was a small crime, then the priest would have missed the boy's words. But since it was a serious crime prohibited by state laws, the priest informed the authorities about this, as a result of which Smolyanov was deprived of his ranks, became a commoner, and the boy was sent to prison and punished with rods there.

In the capital, Negroes are always kept in the families of officials and rich people, sometimes three or four people, but it happens that even seven or eight people. It also happens that black men and women are brought in so that they have children. Their faces are as black as black lacquer, their noses are wide, their lips are everted and very red, only the soles of their feet are white. These are people from Turkey, Bengal and Arappa

In Russia they are vaccinated against smallpox. It is done like this. They take good pus from a smallpox ulcer and rub it into the arm, at the hand or elbow, where the pulse can be felt. Or pox scabs are powdered and sucked in through the nose.

Five versts from the seashore in the region of Petersburg there is a large island, where foreign merchant ships are constantly flowing from all sides, almost resting their noses on the stern of the ships ahead. When Kodai went there, he saw that there were more than fifty large ships 50-60 fathoms long. This explains that, although almost nothing is produced in Russia, everything there is completely satisfied with the products of other countries.

The order of meals on ordinary days is as follows: first they eat ham with bread, then chicken soup, after it beef, then fish broth, after which - round koloboks filled with milk, made from dough, kneaded like a paste. This is followed by a roast goose and, at the end, a thin porridge. Finally, sweets are served, then they wash their hands, rinse their mouths, drink coffee, smoke and get up from the table. After dinner, both noble and common people lie down to sleep for an hour.

There is a wine called furantsusu wotsuka (French vodka). It is brought from France. It is so strong that if you take it in its pure form in your mouth, then the skin in your mouth burns and lags behind. Therefore, they drink it diluted in warm water and adding sugar to taste. They say that if an insect, fish or any other Living being, then it does not change color, and it does not deteriorate for several decades.

A lot of sugar is added to the dishes and butter. Grapes, white plums, oranges covered with sugar, as well as rice or cereals are stuffed into fish and poultry before cooking.

For ordinary people, lunch consists of one dish - meat or fish with bread. Radishes are eaten raw, sprinkled with salt, as an appetizer for wine. This wine is called beer and is made from muga. Utensils consist of pewter or wooden bowls, and spoons are made of copper or wood. Beef is an everyday food both at the top and at the bottom,

Women's roles in theaters are performed by real women, as a result of which sometimes there are cases of debauchery in the theater.

There are brothels in three places in St. Petersburg and three places on Vasilyevsky Island. They say that the fee in them is different - from 5 to 1 ruble in silver. In addition, there are still secret lairs of individual prostitutes in various places. The rules there are very strict, and if such an illegal prostitute is found, then not only her, but also her guest is punished.

In Russia, they do not celebrate at all New Year, nor five seasonal holidays, and the birthday of the Empress is considered a joyful holiday, celebrated throughout the country by both noble and ordinary people. The birthdays of the heir to the throne and the grandchildren of the Empress are celebrated in the same way.

When the empress appears, only two people follow in front of her, but there is no such thing as to disperse people or stop traffic.

The Empress pulled out right hand and she put her fingertips on Kodai's palm, and he seemed to lick her three times. They say that this is the ceremonial at the first audience of foreigners with the Empress.

In Russia, among the singers of the queen there are three people who, with childhood were castrated. Castrated and deprived of the possibility of intercourse, they acquired a wonderful voice, they say that until old age this voice does not disappear from them. In Russia, many domestic animals, like bulls, horses, pigs, sheep, dogs, are castrated. Thanks to this, they grow fat well and the color of their coat becomes more beautiful. There are people who are specifically engaged in and live this business. They bind all four legs of the animal, cut open the scrotum with a small knife, remove the testicles from there, sprinkle them with salt, and sew up the wound with thin threads made from whale veins. They charge 12 cents for it.

The next day we went to the palace to the Moscow governor Razumovsky to inform him of our arrival. He is a very rich man. His palace surpasses even the palaces of the empress in the beauty of its interior decoration. His palace is one-story, but all the walls in the rooms are covered with thin sheets of gold.

Russia, or Muscovy, is a state that in ancient times was called Sarmatia. For the first time this state was founded more than a thousand years ago by a person from the state Ongaria by name Rosis who became king there.
By the name of this king, who founded the state, it was called Russia.

Petersburg is the new capital of Russia, built in the highest degree Beautiful. The houses are all brick, 4-5 floors high. The dwellings of ordinary residents do not differ much from the houses of government officials.

Bridges were built across the canal in convenient places. All stone bridges, without supports, were built from both banks / to the center /, they rise in the middle. Regardless of the size of the passing vessel, each is charged a fee of 20 copper coins.
If at night someone needs to cross, then they hire a boat: the cost of the crossing is 14 kopecks.

To the south of the pontoon bridge there is a large block of stone / height / more than three fathoms, surrounded by a stone fence, and on the stone rises a statue of the wise restorer king Peter on horseback. Under the horse's hooves is a statue of a trampled large snake. They say that when Petersburg began to be built, in a place called Peterhof lived poisonous snake that harmed people. If someone went there, he did not return back. Hearing about this, Peter jumped on his horse and went there. At the sight of him big snake she shrank from fear and could not move, and Peter / directed his horse at her and trampled to death. The place where the snake lived was turned into a garden. Many of the neighboring peoples, having heard about the divine power of Peter, began one after another to express their obedience to him.

Inside big gate, on the right side, there is a tower with a statue of Peter. The statue is life size. Peter holds a large key in both hands. What this means is not clear. It is true that noble people in that country wear keys on their belts, and by the color of the cord of these keys one can tell their rank.

If a high official is buried, a guard of 300-400 soldiers with three guns walks in front of the coffin, and in their hands they carry guns with attached bayonets.

If a person who has not received baptism dies, they do not bury him at the temple, but treat him like a dead animal or cattle.


There are only 3 types of punishments: whipping, tearing out the nostrils and branding. There is no death penalty at all. When branding, a round brand about 3 bu in size is placed on the cheek. Dangerous criminals after tearing out their nostrils or branding, they are exiled to Little Russia or Siberia to silver or copper mines.

Whoever wants to throw a child into an orphanage must write the time of his birth on a tag, hang the tag around the child's neck and, at nightfall, bring him under this window. If you knock on the wall, a drawer will slide out from the inside. The child is placed in a box and knocked on the wall again. Then the box is pulled in, the child is taken away, and 500 kopecks are put in the box and again pushed out. The parents take the money and go home. If the parents want to take the child back ... then they must write in detail the year, month, date and hour when they threw the child up, the day of his birth, as well as the number of the room in which he is located and put this note in the same drawer ... It is said that sometimes children are returned who have learned the trade and become sergeants.

Priests do not cut their hair and do not shave their beards. They have five ranks. The first is called ariherei. Their carriage is drawn by six horses. The second rank is called archhereimandoru. The third rank is called prottopop. Both ride four horses. The fourth rank is called popu. From him and above, clergy are allowed to serve at funerals and marriages. The fifth rank is called Yakono. Both ride on a pair of horses.
Priests are allowed to eat meat and marry, while archimandrites and above are righteous monks.

Churches are much higher than houses ordinary people and are built in such a way that they gradually narrow upwards. The roofs are round like an inverted pot, and in the center they put a cross covered with brass. The main building of the temple and the bell tower are the same. Many round holes were made around the roof for pigeons to live there.

Ranks and salaries are not inherited, therefore, even if a major official with a large salary leaves the service or dies, he and his heirs become commoners and are engaged in some business that benefits the state.

For food, the prisoners are given a copper penny a day. This money, of course, is not enough, so the prisoners are taken out to collect alms. At the same time, they are shackled by two people with shackles - one leg of one prisoner with the leg of another, and they are accompanied by one soldier. Standing at the gate, they ask passers-by for alms, saying: “Mirosute, batisyka, matisyka” (Give alms, father, mother). In China, huangzi (beggars) call those who give them alms father and mother. all their otyoja (father, eldest) Apparently, in all countries, asking for sympathy resort to the same words.

The latrines are called in Russian nudzune, or nudzunti / nuzhnik /. Even in 4-5-storey buildings there are toilets on each floor. They are arranged in the corner of the house, fenced off from the outside with a two-three-layer wall so that a bad smell does not penetrate from there. A pipe like a smoke pipe is arranged at the top, in the middle it is lined with copper, the end / pipe / protrudes high above the roof, and a bad smell comes out through it. Outhouses are large with four and five holes, so that three or four people can use at the same time. Noble people even have stoves in their latrines so as not to freeze. After sending, the needs are wiped with unnecessary paper.

Since five cereals do not grow in Russia, human feces are not used for fertilizer, so it is understandable that they are thrown away as the most fetid abomination. In the villages, nothing is arranged under the latrines and the feces are fed to the pigs. And in winter, feces freeze like a stone, in whole heaps. They cut it into pieces and throw it into the river.

Good afternoon. It just so happens that all my projects that I defended for three years are somehow connected with the Russian language and literature: in the 5th grade, the project called “Reading is the best teaching” was dedicated to the Year of Literature in Russia, in the 6th grade we studied the vocabulary, namely the dialectisms of V.P. Astafiev in the story "The Horse with a Pink Mane". Therefore, this year I decided to continue my work on the study of the vocabulary of classical works. "PuzzlesXVIIIcentury" is the name of my project work dedicated to obsolete vocabulary. ABOUTI approached this topic intentionally, because I want to learn more words that were used before, to understand their meaning, because the understanding of a work of art largely depends on this knowledge. In my opinion, the study of this topic is useful, since writers around the world use obsolete words in their works.

Goal of the work : finding out the meaning of obsolete words used by the author in the story "The Captain's Daughter" and determining their role in the work.

Tasks you see on the slide:

Find obsolete words; explain their meaning;

Find out the functions of obsolete words in the work.

Everyone who has studied vocabulary from the point of view of active and passive vocabulary knows that each word has its own “life”. In connection with the development of society, with changes in the field of economy, politics, science, culture, the vocabulary of the language is changing. Some words go out of use, others appear to name new concepts. This process happens slowly, gradually.

The active vocabulary includes words that are necessary for communication, are used every day and do not have a shade of obsolete or new. This is the broadest, understandable to all category of words used by all speakers of Russian. Therefore, these words are called common words and are included in the active vocabulary. They are used in all styles of speech, forming their basis. These words do not have an underlined stylistic coloring, they are interstyle, stylistically neutral. But along with this vocabulary there is a vocabulary of passive stock.

The passive composition includes, on the one hand, obsolete words, on the other hand, new, or so-called.

Neologisms are a relative concept. Wordsfreedom, citizen, humanity VXIXV. perceived as new, now they are firmly established in the active dictionary. Neologisms can replenish the category of obsolete words. For a while, they are still intelligible to speakers of given language, known from fiction, although everyday speech practice no longer needs them. Such words make up the vocabulary of the passive stock and are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "obsolete".

Understand the concept of "obsolete words"necessary in order not to make mistakes in the style of the text. Obsolete words - words that have gone out of active use, are divided into two groups: archaisms and historicisms.

Distinctive feature of these concepts is that historicisms are the names of objects that eventually disappeared from life forever, and archaisms are obsolete names of objects and concepts that are still present in modern life, but for one reason or another got a different name. They have synonyms in the active dictionary.

It is important to emphasize that when analyzing the stylistic functions of obsolete words in one or another work of art one should take into account the time of its writing, know the general language norms that were in force in that era. After all, for a writer who lived a hundred or two hundred years ago, many words could be quite modern, commonly used units that have not yet passed into the passive vocabulary. In fiction, archaisms are widely used as stylistic device to give speech solemnity, to create the color of the era, as well as for satirical purposes.

"The Captain's Daughter" - the pinnacle of Pushkin's work - was written one hundred and eighty years ago, in the thirties of the century before last, in the era of the gloomy reign of Nicholas, a quarter of a century before the abolition of serfdom.

In my work, I analyzed the vocabulary of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". I have found words related to the passive reserve. When comparing the types of obsolete vocabulary, it was found that the text used:

Historicism-6%;

Archaisms-94%.

Thus, we see that archaisms are used more widely in the story than historicisms. (Annex 1)

In the course of work on the project, a survey was conducted among 8th grade students on following questions:

What are archaisms

What do you think the authors of the works use them for? ?

a) for beauty

b) to get attention

c) to create the color of the era

What do the following words mean:

Barber-

Armyak - Tavern - Tselovalnik - Fortecia -

When processing the questionnaires, it turned out that 67% of the respondents know the answer to the first question: "What is archaism?"

To the question: “For what purpose are archaisms used?” were suggested various options answers, the choice of children was distributed as follows:

For beauty - 4%;

To attract attention - 18%;

To reproduce the era - 78%.

IN last question had to give lexical meaning some obsolete words. I am glad that among the 50 respondents there are those who gave the correct answers, but, unfortunately, there were very few such guys.

In this work, I have studied and described the features of the obsolete vocabulary used in the story "The Captain's Daughter". Knowing the features of speech styles, the author seeks to reproduce the language actors of his works as an expression of the typical and individual characteristics of the characters.

Indeed, archaisms give the effect of antiquity. Without them, it would be impossible to reliably transmit the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago. In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation, which will be useful in poetic language.

So far, I have created only a few pages of the dictionary. I think it will be not only interesting, but also useful for the guys studying the work of A.S. Pushkin.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the study of the vocabulary of a classical work not only enriches lexicon but also enhances the language culture. The appropriate use of obsolete words brings "zest" to the oral and written language makes it more expressive.

It is necessary to skillfully use the wealth that our fathers and grandfathers saved for us. We must not forget that archaisms are a linguistic treasury - a rich heritage that we have no right to lose. Working with text was very interesting, exciting and informative, so I will continue to study vocabulary, which opens up new possibilities for our rich, bright and expressive Russian language.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin said:

The Russian language opens up to the end in its truly magical properties and wealth only to those who deeply love and know “to the bone” their people and feel the hidden beauty of our land. True love to one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language .

Annex 1.

Chapter 8 (Arrest)

Intercessor - 1 . A person who intercedes for someone.2 .Verified, taking someone's case in court

Grinev, sending Masha to his village, asks Savelich to intercede with his parents.

Synonym - Protector, defender.

In Chapter 9 (Rebellious Settlement)

Adversary - Opponent, foe, rival, enemy, hostile person.

an old man in a blue ribbon uses the word adversary in relation to Grinev and those who had him in Orenburg.

Synonym - Enemy

In Chapter 5 (City Siege)

Kolodnik - a prisoner in stocks, wooden devices worn in the old days on the feet of prisoners to prevent their escape. A prisoner, a prisoner in the decks.

Grinev watches the crowd of convicts .

Synonyms - Prisoner.

In Chapter 7 (Attack)

juror - actually Russian word. Taking an oath. Attorney at Law until October 1917. Advocate.

The commandant of the fortress walks around the army and inspires the small garrison before the battle with Pugachev, calling the soldiers brave people and a jury.

Synonyms - Soldier, faithful defender of the motherland.

In Chapter 11 (Rebellious Settlement)

Confidant - a favorite, enjoying special trust.

Grinev calls the fugitive corporal Beloborodov and the exiled criminal Afanasy Sokolov (Khlopusha )

Synonym - Beloved

Motif of wine in literature [Collection of scientific works] Philology Team of authors --

A. Yu. Veselova. St. Petersburg In the dungeon of the body. About one mystery of the XVIII century

A. Yu. Veselova. Saint Petersburg

In the dungeon of the body. About one mystery of the XVIII century

Riddle LXXIII

They took me, and completely torturing

Imprisoned

The tower is strong.

And ordered to protect

sentry guard,

wooden sentry,

Chained him to the door

firmly

With thin iron chains

And this prison was

prison light

And it was not in her

No dark corner.

Finally came to me

Good fellow

Strong, mighty

The rich son.

He shook then

with iron chains,

tore them all apart

It's in small pieces

And then grabbed

my guard,

And piercing it

With your sharp spear

Dragged out the door

And tearing it away by force

set me free

From my bondage

Prisons are light.

And then there was me

Cheerful, pretty

And roared, frolicked

From happiness.

But this is not for long

It went on.

But they made me

Go to jail again

The prison is narrow and deep,

And fenced

And so dark

Whatever

Not visible in it.

I should have been here

suffer again

And push around

On curved loops,

And then go up

That go down.

But thank you, not for long

I suffered here

But I found myself in prison

secret door,

And gone into it

Got caught again

To a secret place

And for many others

unpleasant,

But forever from bondage

I freed.

(Champagne)

The article is devoted to the analysis of a poetic riddle belonging to the pen famous writer and agronomist second half of XVIII V. A. T. Bolotova. For the first time, Bolotov mentions turning to the genre of riddles in his notes of 1773, where the composition of riddles is characterized as Christmas fun. There are also several small texts of riddles. It should be noted that Bolotov chose more than ordinary items for guessing.

The secondary mention of composed riddles dates back to 1778. These riddles, being quite long, were recognized by the author himself as "rather intricate". Probably among them, the analyzed riddle was composed, which, together with others, was placed in Bolotov's handwritten collection of the late 1770s.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that Bolotov, who considered himself a European cultured and enlightened person, turned to the riddle genre. The culture of the Enlightenment, in a sense, revived this genre, making the necessary adjustments to it. The riddle, as a teaching genre, was recognized as "useful" (a very important category for this era) and "inconspicuously sharpening the mind."

Behind folklore mystery researchers traditionally recognize the ritual function of cognition and description of the world order: "... a riddle is comprehension through comparison"; "Riddles in their subject matter form a circle of primitive world science." V. N. Toporov notes that the procedure of guessing-guessing is “...genuine creativity, again and again organizing the world and, therefore, involved in the“ first ”creation of the Cosmos and continuing it every time the world and the collective experience a crisis state.” The enlightening riddle moves further and further away from the ritual (therefore, prosaic and unrhythmic riddles are becoming more and more common) and becomes auxiliary auxiliary material for mental training and better memorization of some truths, which include ethical truths (it should be noted that the riddles were written by precisely those writers who can be called educators-practitioners: A. T. Bolotov, V. A. Levshin, N. A. Lvov, and even the author of the famous "Rules of Piitic" priest Apollos [Baibakov]). 18th century authors saw their task in making the riddle educate morally, and at the same time develop literary taste. Therefore, the scope of riddles is expanding, which now includes many abstract concepts, such as “life”, “death”, “soul”, “love”, “friendship”, etc., extremely rare for a “folk” riddle, and also phenomena and objects related to "non-productive" areas human activity, for example, with science.

One of the most important changes in the content of the riddle should be recognized as the active inclusion of the evaluative characteristics of the object being guessed in order to give each phenomenon known through the riddle a place in the hierarchy of ethical values. Due to this, as well as due to attention to the form (most often still poetic), with the intrusion of "noble bookish wisdom", the riddle, according to the researcher's fair remark, "loses its objectivity, it becomes multi-subject, reasonable, talkative". Often poetic riddle was accompanied by a poetic riddle, no less in volume, which also indicates a departure from the ritual - the very procedure of guessing-guessing loses its meaning, and the riddle acquires value as an independent literary work.

In the context of the new, "enlightenment" requirements for the puzzle genre, wine remains a suitable object for guessing for two reasons:

1) The process of wine production demonstrates the miraculous transformation of the product of decay (fermentation) into a means of delivering pleasure, i.e., in fact, illustrates the idea of ​​"world harmony".

2) The effect of wine on a person can serve as an example of the illusory nature of worldly pleasures and the hidden danger lurking in them, which will help to avoid developed sense measures.

A figurative description of these processes (the production of wine and its impact on the consumer) usually formed the content of riddles about wine, both traditional and literary:

Boiled for a long time

Yes, soon ripened on the table.

Looks nice and good

Taste wild.

The sea stands on five pillars

The king says: "My fun"

And the queen says: "My death."

On the field, there is a tower,

In that teremishche wort and oil,

Sorrow and cheerfulness, joy and fun

And death is near.

In literary riddles, these processes are characterized in even more detail and more precisely. The riddle with Baibakov's answer illustrates this well:

People produce me by fire into this world;

From rot with the purest acid I will be born.

They find harm with benefit in me at will,

Which I seem fit to taste.

I can sharpen them, and I put my thoughts to sleep.

I give wealth, I can ruin.

I can continue life, or I invite death

Yes, and my death is where I begin to live.

It is known how wine comes from yeast,

It does good harm to people.

It is rich in its sale,

The thought sharpens or the mind takes away with life

The same thing, but in prose, we read from Levshin: “I lull the mind, I excite thoughts: I enrich others, ruin others: sometimes I turn into poison and bring death. Life can be extended and shortened. I am dying in the body that I must strengthen.”

It should be noted the constant emphasis on the inconsistency inherent in the very nature of wine, as a phenomenon, aphoristically formulated by Pushkin:

An evil child, a young old man, a good-natured ruler,

A noisy instigator of grievances. Sweet protector of love.

Some riddles emphasize the responsibility of a person both for the very creation of wine and for its abuse: “At first my dwelling was a green hill, and now a gloomy dungeon. At first he was sweet, but now he is strong. Formerly I was dressed in a red caftan, but now I have nothing else but wooden clothes. In the first state, nature created me, and in the other, art was the cause. If my new image existence has new charms, then do not be captivated by them, mortals. At first I was innocent, and now I have become a deceiver. The emphasis here is on the fact that the transformation of an innocent grape into a deceiver-wine occurs artificially, that is, with the help of a person.

It is obvious that among all these meaningfully homogeneous texts, Bolotov's riddle looks somewhat unusual.

Firstly, the process of not producing, but storing wine (champagne) is described. The image of the dungeon, which is key for the analyzed riddle, is obviously associated with a complex of ideas about suffering and trials, a kind of initiation rite that an object or substance must go through in order to become useful people. This technique is quite typical for a certain type of traditional riddles about flax, rye / bread, a pot, etc. (subsequently, such topics were actively developed in Soviet poems for children). This is also typical for literary riddles about wine: “What the sun brews, the hand removes, the foot tramples, and the mouth enjoys”).

But in Bolotov, the “suffering” of wine associated with the process of its production is said only in passing (“torturing it completely”), and not only a bottle (and not a more typical barrel) becomes a prison for champagne, but also human body. The second aspect is also not included in the Bolotov riddle: the description of the wanderings of champagne inside the organism is not accompanied by a description of its effect on this organism. Bolotov undoubtedly deliberately ignores the traditional components of the "wine plot", replacing them with other elements.

The reason for this substitution is probably that the description of wine making and drinking is traditionally associated with the Anacreontic pathos of momentary pleasure associated with a certain risk. For Bolotov, such pathos is not only not relevant, but also categorically unacceptable.

Bolotov was known for his dislike not only for drunkenness, but also for the culture of wine drinking in general, between which he fundamentally did not see the difference, which can be repeatedly confirmed in his notes. Therefore, the motives associated with wine or wine drinking are generally uncharacteristic for this author. The “anti-anacreontic” and, at the same time, anti-alcohol orientation of this text is truly enlightening, from the point of view of Bolotov. Therefore, travesty occurs artistic means, traditionally used in the metaphorical depiction of wine, in particular, the metaphor of "prison and freedom" - the human body is a prison, and release is obtained in a latrine. The purpose of such travesty is to reduce, i.e., “expose” the hidden object.

Bolotov's riddle is quite clearly divided into two parts, in one of which the description can only belong to champagne (since only champagne bottles require additional cork reinforcement with “iron chains”), while the second part describes the process that occurs with any eaten or drunk product (which, as already mentioned, is uncharacteristic of a literary riddle). Thus, the poetic halo of champagne as a noble drink was reduced to the level of any product, inevitably striving to find freedom in a "dark place" and "unpleasant for many others."

Specifying the type of wine, Bolotov thereby (most likely unconsciously) brings his riddle closer to folkloric ones, which, as you know, prefer species to generic. But the author rather pursued a different goal: to create comic effect from a comparison of a text that should have been perceived as folklore (spoken verse and traditional folklore images hero and maiden) and guesswork - the most "non-folk" of all wines. For Bolotov, folklore stylization (the only one among all his mysteries) was already a means of comically reducing the hidden object.

In a study on the history of folklore, M. K. Azadovsky wrote about Bolotov: “Friend of Levshin, he treats his “works” ironically, he despises folk songs, folk rituals calls them stupid, absurd, etc.” Despite the obvious categorical nature of such a statement, the grounds for which are not very clear (perhaps, this refers to an episode from Bolotov's notes, where he talks about how, having been forced to find himself in a peasant hut, he witnessed the rite of "treat", from his point of view " foolish and absurd"), Bolotov obviously associated folklore traditions with grassroots culture, and therefore folklore stylization in noble culture could be perceived by him as a way to expose true essence some undeservedly poeticized phenomenon, for example, wine.

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