Most of the usual energy sources are non-renewable (oil, gas). Getting energy from agricultural waste allows us to solve two problems at once - to get rid of some of the garbage and relieve the extractive industry.

Waste for energy production can be divided into several types.

  1. : manure and manure runoff from livestock farms, chicken manure. The energy intensity of manure is on the same level as peat (21.0 MJ/kg) and significantly higher than that of brown coal and wood (14.7 and 18.7 MJ/kg, respectively).
  2. Crop waste:
    • field waste: straw, cereals, sunflower and corn stalks, tops vegetable crops and so on.;
    • processing waste: husk, chaff, etc.
  3. By-products of industrial processing of agricultural products: bagasse obtained in the sugar industry, cake from the production of oil, waste from the food industry.

There is a possibility of direct incineration of such waste and reuse them as fertilizers or for secondary needs in enterprises (for example, straw bedding in animal husbandry). However, they are also used as raw materials for the creation of biofuels, which are usually divided into three groups:

  1. Liquid - biodiesel (fat-containing waste is used in production) and bioethanol (wheat and rice straw, sugarcane bagasse can be used).
  2. Solid - biomass, fuel pellets and briquettes from various types of waste (corn kernels, straw, bran, sunflower seed husks, buckwheat husks, chicken manure, manure).
  3. gaseous. Biogas can be produced from manure, bird droppings and other similar agricultural waste.

Getting energy from waste is reduced to by and large to the production of thermal energy. It, in turn, is converted into other types of energy - mechanical and electrical.

Fuel briquettes and other solid biomass are burned, the calorific value of briquettes ranges from 19 to 20.5 MJ/kg. Biodiesel is used as a fuel for internal combustion engines, bioethanol - motor fuel, and biogas is used for a variety of purposes: generating electricity, heat, steam, and also as a vehicle fuel.

in Denmark in the 1970s. there was an oil crisis, after which for the first time farmers began to use straw as fuel. Since 1995, the state has been compensating 30% of the cost of equipment to owners of straw-fired boilers with a capacity of up to 200-400 kW, if their efficiency and the level of release of harmful substances meet the requirements. More than 55 district heating boilers, more than 10,000 thermal boilers, as well as several CHP and power plants that use other types of waste in addition to straw are currently operating on straw in Denmark.

What does that require

Many entrepreneurs involved in tire or plastic recycling are wondering if biogas can be obtained by burning agricultural waste, but this type of fuel is obtained using a different technology. It is produced by hydrogen or methane fermentation. The raw material is pumped or loaded into the reactor, where it is mixed, and the bacteria in the apparatus process the products and produce fuel. Ready biogas rises into the gas tank, then it is cleaned and delivered to the consumer.

Bioethanol from waste is obtained by fermenting straw or other waste containing cellulose. This technology is not very popular in the world, but in the USSR it was quite developed, in Russia it is also used. To begin with, the raw material is hydrolyzed to obtain a mixture of pentoses and hexoses, and then this mass is subjected to alcoholic fermentation.

For the production of biodiesel from fat-containing agricultural waste, a processing plant, pumps, connecting lines (hoses, pipes) and containers for spent fuel will be needed. The biodiesel in the plant is interesterified from triglycerides in the reaction with monohydric alcohols, and then subjected to different types cleaning (from methanol and saponification products) and dehydrogenated (water can lead to rust).

Additionally, you can purchase filters to get the product more High Quality or a generator that allows the system to run on the produced fuel. To equip a small processing shop, you need at least 15 square meters area. The prices of installations depend on productivity and power - from several tens of thousands of rubles to several million.

Solid fuel in briquettes will require different equipment. First of all - a press that will give shape to the garbage mass. Depending on the type of feedstock, you may also need a dryer, grinder and substances that increase the viscosity of the raw materials, a kind of glue.

With large volumes of production, it makes sense to install a belt conveyor (conveyor). The average price of equipment for a small workshop is 1.5-2 million rubles, plus the cost of energy, personnel and premises. If the raw material goes to the manufacturer for free, or if they pay extra for its export, the production will pay off in about six months.

For the production of pellets, agricultural waste is crushed and compressed in a granulator press: the lignin contained in the raw material is exposed to high temperature glues them into small granules.

Important! The development of the sphere of energy-intensive utilization in agriculture requires quite large public expenditures and compensations, sponsorship scientific projects In a word, financial support. Therefore, many states create programs to support and develop this area.

The Horizon 2020 program of the EU countries, for example, is based on a number of priorities, one of which, Social Challenges (budget - 31.7 billion euros), includes support for projects in the agricultural sector and the bioeconomy, and hence energy-intensive recycling.

Is there any benefit, the experience of Russia and other countries

The question of the benefits of using energy from waste is not unambiguous. Many types of agricultural waste are used as resources for solving other problems within the industry (fertilizers, bedding, etc.), in other words, the energy during disposal may not pay off, for example, crop losses, this requires competent calculations. In addition, the issue of environmental feasibility of recycling is still not closed.

Nevertheless, obtaining energy from agricultural waste can be quite a promising direction.

Solid biofuels are in great demand: such states as the Netherlands, Great Britain, Belgium, Sweden, Denmark constantly include financial support programs for pellet consumers. New quality standards are being introduced for this type of product from other countries, which indicates plans to increase imports.

Russia, among other states, can also become a supplier for these countries, the Scandinavian countries are the most convenient sales market. But in order for this to be possible, the domestic market countries. Annually, 440 million tons of lignocellulosic biomass waste are produced in Russia, a large part of the enterprises are agricultural. These wastes are usually not recycled.

Biogas production is a relatively expensive undertaking, minimum price one unit is 800 thousand euros, although recently there have been trends towards cheaper production. IN modern Europe state compensations for the use of such installations reach 90%.

However, such costs are largely justified by the resulting energy autonomy of enterprises. In addition, an entrepreneur who uses biogas to generate electricity in Europe sells it at a premium rate, which is very profitable. This contributes to an increase in the number of enterprises using biogas.

Home biogas plants are popular in many European countries. Such production can be beneficial for farms, where raw materials for processing are at hand and there is no need to buy them somewhere.

In our country, which joined the development of energy-intensive utilization rather late, biogas fuel is not very common, including due to the lack of a federal state support. However, there are regional initiatives, for example, a project in the Belgorod region, and they lead to good results.

Energy-intensive recycling in agriculture is necessary, it can help solve the world's problems, both economic and environmental. However, in order to achieve positive results in this area, entrepreneurs and the state should correctly calculate the risks.

To solve the problem of the limited fossil fuels, researchers around the world are working to create and put into operation alternative energy sources. And we are talking not only about the well-known windmills and solar panels. Gas and oil can be replaced by energy from algae, volcanoes and human steps. Recycle has selected ten of the most exciting and clean energy sources of the future.


Joules from turnstiles

Thousands of people every day pass through the turnstiles at the entrance to railway stations. At once in several research centers of the world, the idea appeared to use the flow of people as an innovative energy generator. The Japanese company East Japan Railway Company decided to equip each turnstile with railway stations generators. The installation works at a train station in Tokyo's Shibuya district: piezoelectric elements are embedded in the floor under the turnstiles, which generate electricity from the pressure and vibration they receive when people step on them.

Another "energy turnstile" technology is already in use in China and the Netherlands. In these countries, engineers decided to use not the effect of pressing the piezoelectric elements, but the pushing effect of the turnstile handles or turnstile doors. The concept of the Dutch company Boon Edam involves the replacement of standard doors at the entrance to shopping centers(which usually work on a photocell system and begin to spin themselves) on the doors, which the visitor must push and thus produce electricity.

In the Dutch center Natuurcafe La Port, such doors-generators have already appeared. Each of them produces about 4,600 kilowatt-hours of energy per year, which at first glance may seem insignificant, but it is a good example of an alternative technology for generating electricity.


The problem of garbage is familiar firsthand to any resident. big city. The city is trying to get rid of unnecessary waste by dumping it in special areas. Landfills are growing in size and are already advancing on individual microdistricts. At least 40 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is accumulated in Russia annually. At the same time, waste incineration plants can be used as an additional source of electricity.

First generation MSZ

In the UK in late XIX V. The first waste incineration plant (MSZ) was built. Initially, incinerators were used to reduce the volume of waste residues stored in landfills and to decontaminate them. Later, it was found that the heat generated by MSZ can be compared with the calorific value of high-ash brown coal, and MSW can be used as fuel for thermal power plants (TPPs).

The first waste incineration units largely repeated the boiler units of thermal power plants: MSW was burned on the grates of power boilers, and the heat obtained from waste incineration was used to produce steam and subsequently generate electricity.

It should be noted that the boom in the construction of incinerators fell on the period of the energy crisis of the 1970s. IN developed countries ah built hundreds of incinerators. It seemed that the problem of MSW disposal was solved. But incinerators of that time did not have reliable means for cleaning exhaust gases emitted into the atmosphere.

Many experts began to note that this technology has big disadvantages. Dioxins are formed during incineration, waste incineration facilities are also one of the main sources of mercury and heavy metal emissions.

Therefore, rather simple in design and relatively cheap first-generation incinerators had to be closed or reconstructed, improving and, accordingly, increasing the cost of the system for cleaning gases emitted into the atmosphere.

Second generation MSZ

From the second half of the 1990s. In Europe, the construction of the second generation incinerator began. The cost of these enterprises is about 40% of the cost of modern efficient gas treatment facilities. But the essence of MSW incineration processes still has not changed.

Traditional incinerators incinerate non-dried waste. The natural humidity of MSW usually ranges from 30-40%. Therefore, a significant amount of heat released during the incineration of waste is spent on the evaporation of moisture, and the temperature in the combustion zone usually cannot be raised above 1,000 ° C.

Slags formed from the mineral component of MSW, at such temperatures, are obtained in the solid state in the form of a porous, fragile mass with a developed surface capable of adsorbing a large number of harmful impurities in the process of waste incineration and it is relatively easy to release harmful elements during storage in landfills and landfills. Correction of the composition and properties of the formed slags is impossible.

Moscow plans to install second-generation incinerators

In all districts of Moscow, except for the Central District, in the coming years, waste processing and incineration plants will be built and reconstructed. It is expected that second generation incinerators will be built.

This is stated in the draft decree of the city government, approved on March 11, 2008. For 80 billion rubles by 2012, six new waste incineration plants (MSZ) will be built, seven waste processing complexes will be reconstructed and a plant for the thermal neutralization of hazardous waste will be launched. medical waste. Land under factories are already defined.

Now the resources of the regional landfills are practically exhausted. “In five years, if we don't build our own recycling facilities, Moscow will drown in rubbish,” says Adam Gonopolsky, a member of the State Duma's top environmental council. In conditions when landfills are closed, and waste processing enterprises cannot be built for environmental reasons, the only way out, in his opinion, is incinerators.

While Muscovites are on strike against the construction of new waste incineration plants, the city authorities are considering the option of building waste incineration plants not only in Moscow, but also in the Moscow region. Yuri Luzhkov spoke about this at a meeting with deputies of the Moscow City Duma in June 2009.

“Why can't we come to an agreement with the Moscow region on the placement of such plants and an increase in the number of landfills for waste storage,” Yuri Luzhkov asked. He also said that he considers it appropriate to develop a city bill, according to which all garbage must be sorted before disposal. “Such a law will reduce the volume of waste sent to incinerators and landfills from 5 million tons to 1.5-2 million tons per year,” the mayor said.

Waste sorting can also be useful for other alternative waste processing technologies. But this issue also needs to be resolved by law.

New Energy Opportunities for MSZ: European Experience

In Europe, it has already been resolved. Waste that has been sorted is an integral part of the supply of electricity and heat to the population. In particular, in Denmark, incinerators integrated since the early 1990s. 3% of electricity and 18% of heat are provided to the system of electricity and heat supply of cities.

In the Netherlands, only about 3% of waste is taken to landfills, since the country has had a special tax on waste since 1995, which is taken to special landfills. It is 85 euros for 1 ton of waste and makes landfills economically inefficient. Therefore, the bulk of the waste is recycled, and part is converted into electricity and heat.

For Germany, it is considered the most efficient construction industrial enterprises own thermal power plants using waste from their own production. This approach is most typical for chemical, paper and food industries.

Europeans have long adhered to the preliminary separation of waste. Each yard has separate containers for various kinds waste. This process was legislated back in 2005.

In Germany, up to 8 million tons of waste is generated annually, which can be used to generate electricity and heat. However, only 3 million tons of this amount finds use. But by 2010, an increase in the input capacities of power plants operating on waste should change this situation.

Emissions trade forces Europeans to approach waste disposal, especially by incineration, from completely different positions. We are already talking about the cost of reducing carbon emissions.

In Germany, the following standards apply for incinerators - the cost of avoiding the emission of 1 mg of carbon dioxide when using municipal waste for electricity production is 40-45 euros, and for heat production - 20-30 euros. While the same costs for the production of electricity by solar panels amount to 1 thousand euros. The efficiency of incinerators, which can produce electricity and heat, compared to some other alternative energy sources is tangible.

The German energy concern E.ON plans to become Europe's leading waste-to-energy company. The company's goal is to take a 15-25% share in the respective markets of Holland, Luxembourg, Poland, Turkey and the UK. Moreover, E.ON considers Poland to be the main direction, since in this country (as in Russia) garbage is mainly disposed of in landfills. And EU regulations provide for a medium-term ban on such landfills in the countries of the community.

By 2015, the turnover of the German energy concern in the field of energy recycling of waste should exceed 1 billion euros. Today, the performance of this one of the leading German energy concerns is much more modest and amounts to 260 million euros. But even at this scale, E.ON is already considered Germany's leading waste disposer, ahead of firms such as Remondis and MVV Energie. Its share so far is 20%, and it operates nine waste incinerators, which produce 840 GWh of electricity and 660 GWh of heat. Even larger competitors in Europe are located in France.

It should be noted that in Germany the situation with waste disposal changed radically only in 2005, when laws were passed prohibiting uncontrolled waste dumping. Only after that the garbage business became profitable. At present, Germany needs to process approximately 25 million tons of waste annually, and only 70 plants with a capacity of 18.5 million tons are available.

Russian solutions

Russia also presents interesting solutions for generating additional electricity from waste. The industrial company "Technology of Metals" (Chelyabinsk), together with CJSC NPO Gidropress (Podolsk) and NP CJSC AKONT (Chelyabinsk), developed a project for an economical, multi-purpose continuous melting unit "MAGMA" (APM " MAGMA"). This technology already tested in experimental industrial conditions technological schemes its use.

Compared to traditionally used MSW incinerators, the MAGMA unit and the technology of high-temperature and waste-free waste disposal have a number of advantages that make it possible to reduce capital costs for the construction of an MLT for the disposal of unsorted waste. These include:

The possibility of recycling municipal waste with natural moisture, pre-drying it before loading, thus raising the temperature of burning municipal waste and increasing the amount of electricity produced per ton of waste burned to world standards;

Possibility of incineration of municipal waste in an oxygen atmosphere on the surface of superheated slag melt formed from the mineral component of municipal waste, reaching a gas phase temperature in the incinerator of 1800-1900°C, and a temperature of molten slag of 1500-1650°C and reducing the total amount of emitted gases and oxides nitrogen in them;

The possibility of obtaining liquid acidic slag from the mineral component of municipal waste, periodically draining it from the furnace. This slag is strong and dense, does not emit any harmful substances during storage, and can be used for the production of crushed stone, slag casting and other building materials.

The dust captured in the gas cleaning of the unit is blown back into the melting chamber, into the slag melt by special injectors, and is completely assimilated by the slag.

According to other indicators, the WIP equipped with the MAGMA unit is not inferior to the existing WIP, while the amount of harmful substances emitted with gases complies with EU standards and is lower than when burning municipal waste in traditionally used units. Thus, the use of APM "MAGMA" allows the technology of waste-free disposal of unsorted municipal waste, without adversely affecting the environment. The unit can also be successfully used for the reclamation of existing garbage dumps, the efficient and safe disposal of medical waste, and the disposal of used car tires.

At thermal processing 1 ton of municipal waste with a natural moisture content of up to 40% will produce the following amount of marketable products: electricity - 0.45-0.55 MW/h; cast iron - 7-30 kg; building materials or products - 250-270 kg. Capital construction costs waste incineration plant with a capacity of up to 600 thousand tons per year of unsorted waste in the conditions of the city of Chelyabinsk will amount to an estimated 120 million euros. The payback period of investments is from 6 to 7.5 years.

The MAGMA project for the processing of solid industrial waste in 2007 was supported by the decision of the Committee on Ecology of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.

Publications

What our country, city, planet will be like in a few decades. Will it all become a cultivated piece of land, or will the ever-growing landfill reach our homes and porches? In developed countries, recycling of household waste has been used for more than 40 years, but for Russia it is still a novelty.

We know practically nothing about the most modern waste processing technologies. Questions are answered by Lopatukhin Andrey, consultant of ALECON, which is engaged in the implementation of hydroseparation systems for solid household waste (MSW) in the CIS.

What is MSW hydroseparation technology?

The hydroseparation process is carried out as follows: unsorted garbage is fed onto a moving conveyor belt. The belt moves under a very strong magnet, to which metal waste sticks, after which the waste ends up in a drum with holes of various diameters, and the waste is sorted by size. Small and large fractions are sent along different belts, which are lowered into a tank filled with water. Then lighter debris rises to the surface, and with the help of a fan, the bags are sorted into one container, and the bottles into another. Then this part of the garbage is prepared for the secondary stage of processing, and from the garbage that has sunk to the bottom - organic residues - biogas is produced in a bioreactor.

The energy obtained by burning biogas satisfies the needs of the plant, 60-70% of the energy is sold. 80-85% of all waste is recycled. The plant has a modular design from 300 tons of garbage per day, it is possible to increase productivity up to 2000 tons per day and more. From waste - we get income! Biogas and green electricity are produced from organic waste!

What is the annual energy potential of MSW in Russia, where is it concentrated? Can MSW recycling solve energy problems?

Not taking into account the many spontaneous dumps, only in the Central Federal District the potential of accumulated solid waste annually equates to 250,000 tons. The largest landfills for today's technological projects for the extraction of methane are top priorities. They are concentrated in the Central Federal District- 4 landfills, in Tula - 1, in the Moscow region - 3, in the Southern Federal District - 1, in the North-Western - 2, in the Urals Federal District - 2, in the Volga - 6 landfills, in the Far East - 1 and in the Siberian Federal District Okrug - 3 landfills.

Can MSW recycling contribute to solving energy problems?

Undoubtedly! Calculations showed that methane in the amount of 858 million tons per year, biogas - 1715 million tons are produced in the street dumps.

What is the value of the organic part in the waste? What happens to the inorganic part in the proposed hydroseparative technology?

The waste contains both inorganic and organic matter, which have different degrees of decomposition. The content of organic matter in the waste is 35-60% by weight of the total amount of garbage. During processing, inorganic resources receive a second life. For example, non-ferrous and ferrous metals are melted down, glass is used in construction, and many useful household items are made from plastic.

What are the advantages of the MSW hydroseparation method over other methods of plasma pyrolysis and overlapping of MSW landfills with energy generation based on landfill gas? What is its market niche?

The main advantage of MSW hydroseparation technology in comparison with other methods of plasma pyrolysis is greater efficiency and quick payback of the enterprise, a closed technology cycle and environmental friendliness. To equip the plant, an area of ​​2 hectares and relatively small investments are needed, which will pay off in five years.

From biogas receive electrical energy, part of which goes to their own needs, and part - for sale. The organic mass, being converted into compost after processing in a bioreactor, is an excellent environmentally friendly fertilizer for growing greens and vegetables in greenhouses.

Since the use of plasma pyrolysis requires a lot of electricity, in terms of costs it is equal to the method of burning MSW. All plants operating according to pyrolysis technology do not provide the necessary solution to the problems of solid waste for the following reasons:

Large percentage secondary waste polluting the environment;

Low performance. All over the world there are very few plants with a capacity of more than 300 tons per day;

Low energy return of waste;

The high cost of building factories and operating costs in processing.

To ensure the environmental cleanliness of the technological cycle, it is necessary to install expensive gas filters and smoke traps.

The landfill gas production technology with the overlapping of solid waste landfills is characterized by a variety of pollution indicators environment. The toxic liquid "filtrate", accumulating in the bowels, ends up in groundwater and reservoirs, poisoning them. In addition, the process of waste decomposition slows down at such landfills due to the lack of air, and no one knows how many more decades it will take for all this to completely decompose.

In addition, this technology requires significant land areas and operating costs.

The technology of SDW hydroseparation in the market of proposals for waste disposal occupies a worthy niche as the most economically sound and environmentally friendly technology.

What product do MSW recycling companies offer to the market: heat, electricity, gas? Who is the buyer of these resources?

Along with those products that go to recycling(glass, metal, plastic, cardboard and paper) enterprises that process MSW fully satisfy their own needs for electricity and supply their products to the heat, electricity and gas markets. High-quality compost for agricultural needs is produced from biowaste.

A variant of a general complex for the processing of solid waste with the cultivation of greens, vegetables or flowers in greenhouses is possible.

Does Russia have experience in organizing enterprises for the processing of solid waste that provide resources for energy production? What problems did they face?

The potential of solid waste in Russia is about 60 million tons per year. In the Moscow region alone, about 6 million tons of MSW are buried in landfills annually. After the decomposition of the organic part of the waste, biogas is produced in landfills. The key components of biogas are greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (30-45%) and methane (40-70%).

According to experts, at a landfill with an area of ​​​​about 12 hectares, with a burial volume of 2 million m 3 of solid waste, you can get about 150-250 million m 3 of biogas per year and get about 150-300 thousand MW electrical energy. This landfill can be used for several years without changing equipment and without investing additional financial resources. Unfortunately, we are not aware of the implemented projects on this technology in the Russian Federation.

One of the reasons why in Russia there is still no innovative technologies for the processing of MSW is a non-use of the Kyoto Protocol. In Israel, for example, for the collection of greenhouse gases at a landfill with a volume of 2 million m 3, it is possible to attract 5-10 million euros per year through the Kyoto mechanism. We almost do not use the existing landfills and landfills, but we sort the garbage after it has been collected. We recycle organic waste to obtain biogas and compost immediately after the garbage cans. This is how we prevent unnecessary burial.

Biogas is the source of vegetable garden fertility. The nitrites and nitrates in manure that poison your crops produce the pure nitrogen that plants need. When processing manure in the plant, weed seeds die, and when fertilizing the garden with methane fluent (manure processed in the plant and organic waste) you will take much less time to weed.

Biogas - income from waste. Food waste and manure that accumulate on the farm are free raw materials for the biogas plant. After processing the garbage, you get combustible gas, as well as high-quality fertilizers (humic acids), which are the main components of the black soil.

Biogas is independence. You will not be dependent on coal and gas suppliers. And save money on these types of fuel.

Biogas is a renewable energy source. Methane can be used for the needs of peasants and farms: for cooking; for water heating; for heating dwellings (with sufficient quantities of feedstock - biowaste).

How much gas can be obtained from one kilogram of manure? Based on the fact that 26 liters of gas are consumed to boil one liter of water:

With the help of one kilogram of large manure cattle you can boil 7.5-15 liters of water;

With the help of one kilogram of pig manure - 19 liters of water;

With the help of one kilogram of bird droppings - 11.5-23 liters of water;

With the help of one kilogram of leguminous straw, 11.5 liters of water can be boiled;

With the help of one kilogram of potato tops - 17 liters of water;

With the help of one kilogram of tomato tops - 27 liters of water.

The undeniable advantage of biogas is in the decentralized production of electricity and heat.

The process of bioconversion, in addition to energy, allows us to solve two more problems. Firstly, fermented manure, compared with conventional use, increases crop yields by 10-20%. This is explained by the fact that mineralization and nitrogen fixation occur during anaerobic processing. With traditional methods of preparing organic fertilizers (by composting), nitrogen losses are up to 30-40%. Anaerobic processing of manure increases the ammonium nitrogen content by four times - in comparison with unfermented manure (20-40% of nitrogen is converted into ammonium form). The content of assimilable phosphorus doubles and makes up 50% of total phosphorus.

In addition, during fermentation, weed seeds, which are always contained in manure, are completely killed, microbial associations, helminth eggs are destroyed, an unpleasant odor is neutralized, i.e. the environmental effect that is relevant today is achieved.

3. Energy use of waste water treatment in conjunction with fossil fuels.

In countries Western Europe For more than 20 years, they have been actively engaged in the practical solution of the problem of waste disposal from wastewater treatment plants.

One of the common technologies for the utilization of WWS is their use in agriculture as fertilizers. Its share in the total amount of WWS ranges from 10% in Greece to 58% in France, averaging 36.5%. Despite the popularization of this type of waste disposal (for example, within the framework of EU regulation 86/278/EC), it is losing its appeal, as farmers fear the accumulation of harmful substances in the fields. Currently, in a number of countries the use of waste in agriculture is prohibited, for example, in the Netherlands since 1995.

Incineration of waste water treatment ranks third in terms of waste disposal (10.8%). In accordance with the forecast in the future, its share will increase to 40%, despite the relative high cost of this method. Incineration of sludge in boilers will solve environmental problem associated with its storage, obtain additional energy during its combustion, and, consequently, reduce the need for fuel and energy resources and investments. It is advisable to use semi-liquid waste to generate energy at thermal power plants as an additive to fossil fuels, such as coal.

There are two most common Western technologies for incineration of waste water treatment:

Separate combustion (combustion in a liquid fluidized bed (LFB) and multi-stage furnaces);

Co-firing (in existing coal-fired CHP plants or cement and asphalt plants) .

Among the methods of separate combustion, the use of liquid layer technology is popular; furnaces with LCS are most successfully operated. Such technologies make it possible to ensure stable combustion of fuels with a high content of mineral components, as well as to reduce the content of sulfur oxides in flue gases by binding them with limestone or alkaline earth metals contained in the fuel ash during combustion.

We have studied seven alternative options for the disposal of sewage sludge, based both on new non-traditional technologies, developed on the basis of Russian or European experience and not having practical use, and on finished "turnkey" technologies:

1. Incineration in a cyclone furnace based on existing but not used drum drying furnaces of treatment facilities (Russian technology - Tekhenergokhimprom, Berdsk);

2. Incineration in a cyclone furnace based on existing but not used drum boilers of treatment facilities (Russian technology - Sibtekhenergo, Novosibirsk and Biyskenergomash, Barnaul);

3. Separate combustion in a new type of multi-stage furnace (western technology - NESA, Belgium);

4. Separate combustion in a new type of fluidized bed furnace (western technology - "Segher" (Belgium);

5. Separate combustion in a new cyclone furnace (western technology - Steinmuller (Germany);

6. Co-firing in an existing coal-fired CHP plant; storage of dried waste in storage.

Option 7 assumes that, after drying to 10% moisture content and heat treatment, 130,000 tons of wastewater treatment waste per year is biologically safe and will be stored in areas adjacent to the treatment plant. This took into account the creation of a closed water treatment system at the water treatment plant with the possibility of expanding it with an increase in the volume of processed waste, as well as the need to build a waste supply system. The costs of this option are comparable to the waste incineration options.


CONCLUSION

One of the main tasks of developed countries is the rational and economical use of energy. This is especially true of our state, where there is a difficult situation with fuel and energy resources. Due to high prices and limited reserves of oil, gas and coal, the problem of finding additional energy resources arises.

One of effective ways energy production in the future may be the use of municipal solid waste as fuel. The use of heat obtained from the combustion of municipal solid waste is provided for the generation of electricity.

Among renewable energy sources based on agricultural waste, biomass is one of the promising and environmentally friendly substitutes for mineral fuels in energy production. The biogas obtained as a result of the anaerobic processing of manure and waste in biogas plants can be used for heating livestock buildings, residential buildings, greenhouses, for obtaining energy for cooking, drying agricultural products with hot air, heating water, and generating electricity using gas generators. The total energy potential of the use of livestock waste based on biogas production is very large and can satisfy the annual need of agriculture for thermal energy.

It is expedient to use semi-liquid waste of water treatment for energy production at thermal power plants as an additive to fossil fuels, such as coal.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bobovich B.B., Ryvkin M.D. Biogas technology for processing animal waste / Bulletin of the Moscow State Industrial University. No. 1, 1999.

2. Shen M. Compogas - a method of biowaste fermentation / “Metronom”, No. 1-2, 1994, p.41.

3. Assessment of the energy potential of waste utilization in Novosibirsk region: Energy Efficiency Institute. - http://www.rdiee.msk.ru.

4. Fedorov L., Mayakin A. Thermal power plant on household waste/ "New Technologies", No. 6 (70), June 2006