On Thursday, February 14, 2019, Russia celebrates a wonderful holiday - Valentine's Day. State lotteries cannot stay away from such a bright event, and they hold a special dedicated to Valentine's Day holiday drawing number 1271.

In this regard, I would like to wish: lovers - love, lovers - keep, who bought a Russian Lotto ticket - win!

Sunday is traditionally the day of the broadcast on the NTV channel. Starting in October 17, the broadcast begins at 14:00 Moscow time.

Broadcast of 1271 Russian Lotto draws on TV, dedicated to the Day lovers will also be held on Sunday 17 February 2019, starting at 14:00 Moscow time on the NTV channel .

What will be drawn on February 17, 2019:

In 1271 circulation, the All-Russian state. lottery raffle many clothing and cash prizes, 100 romantic travel and a jackpot of 500 million rubles.

What a ticket looks like:

The Series 1271 ticket has a pink border. On the background blue sky flies Balloon in the form of a heart, to the left of it is the inscription "Happy Valentine's Day!", and below - "Jackpot RUB 500,000,000." On the bottom left, "1271 circulation" is written. Below, on a white background, there is the inscription "100 romantic travels".

Let us remind you that a short day on Friday 22.02.2019 will be the only "gift" to Russian defenders in terms of recreation, since the day off from Saturday is transferred not to the next Monday, but to Friday, May 10, 2019.

To grow good seedlings tomatoes in 2019 on the windowsill in the apartment is a whole art. Knowing the timing of the timely planting of seeds, picking seedlings and observing the rules for caring for it result in strong and healthy plants. Experienced gardeners also advise not to neglect the calendar of the phases of the moon, which, in their opinion, have a huge impact on the development of tomatoes. Below we talk about when to plant tomatoes in 2019 for seedlings and in the ground, taking into account the lunar calendar.


Dates of sowing tomato seeds for seedlings in 2019:

In 2019, the best timing for planting seeds for seedlings at home for middle lane Russia is advancing a day after the new moon on March 6, 2019... However, the most favorable days are from 10 to 12 March 2019 and 15 and 16 March 2019. Late dates sowing seedlings tomato 2019 is coming after the full moon on March 21, 2019... On the waning moon, the optimal days will be 23 and 24 March 2019.

Recall that the seeds should be disinfected before planting (for example, in a 1% solution of potassium permanganate), and then rinsed well. We advise you to soak the seeds for a day in a weak solution of boric acid (0.1 g per 0.5 l of water) to increase the future yield. Dried seeds are sown in shallow (7-8 cm) trays with soil to a depth of no more than 1-1.5 cm, watered and covered with foil. The germination temperature of the seeds is + 22-25 degrees, so they are kept away from the cold windowsill. As soon as the first shoots appear, the film is removed and the trays are placed on the windowsill. Seedlings should be watered only with warm (+ 20 + -22 degrees) water.

Dates of picking tomato seedlings in 2019:

When the first real carved leaf appears between the cotyledon leaves, the seedlings can be dived into separate pots or boxes with soil 12-15 cm high.In any case, the distance between neighboring plants should be 10-12 cm. cotyledons.

In March 2019 - from 23 to 27 March; in April 2019 - April 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17... April 5, 2019 is a new moon, so a pick on the growing moon April 7-17, 2019 most preferred.

Terms of caring for tomato seedlings in 2019 (watering, feeding, hardening):

To prevent tomato seedlings from stretching, you need provide her with enough light and lower the air temperature during the day from +18 to 24 degrees, and at night from +12 to 16 degrees.

It is also necessary feed... The first feeding is given 7-10 days after the pick, when the plant forms new roots, and then every 8-12 days. For feeding in water for irrigation dissolve mineral fertilizers or wood ash.

In April 2019, any days will be the best for feeding. from 7 to 18, from 20 to 26, 29 and 30 April... In May 2019, you can feed from 1 to 4, from 7 to 18, 21-23, 26-31 May.

15-20 days before landing in the ground seedlings need to be hardened... It is best to take it out to a loggia or balcony, open a window.

During last decade before planting, tomato seedlings are strongly stretched, especially if the weather is warm. Retard growth you can stop watering, and water only when the leaves wither in the middle of the day.

Dates of planting tomato seedlings 2019 in the ground:

Tomato seedlings are planted in the ground at the age of 60-70 days from germination when the air temperature at night exceeds +12 degrees. One to two days before planting, the plants should be well watered with water and top dressing to ensure the preservation of the roots and nutrition of the plants after planting in the ground.

In May 2019, seedlings can be planted under arches with covering material as early as May 17-18 on the growing moon... Recall that May 19, 2019 is the full moon, and it is better to interrupt work. Better days in May 2019 on the waning moon there will be May 26-28 and 31... In June 2019 it is already possible to plant in open ground 1 and 2, 5 and 6 June... June 3, 2019 new moon and activity in the garden is undesirable.

Recall optimal terms planting and caring for tomato seedlings in 2019:
* sowing seeds - from 10 to 12, 15 and 16, 23 and 24 March 2019;
* picking of seedlings - from 23 to 27 March; April 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 2019;
* feeding seedlings every 8-12 days - from 7 to 18, from 20 to 26, 29 and 30 April, from 1 to 4, from 7 to 18, 21-23, 26-31 May 2019;
* planting seedlings in the ground - 17, 18, 26-28, 31 May, 1, 2, 5, 6 June 2019

We also read:
*

The date of Passover is tied to the lunisolar Hebrew calendar, and therefore, according to the Gregorian calendar, the number of celebrations changes annually. Jewish Passover 2019 begins at dusk on the 14th day spring month nisan ( from the evening of April 19, 2019), and lasts 7 days in Israel - from 15 to 21 Nisan (from April 20, 2019 to April 26, 2019), and 8 days outside of it, including in Russia - on Nisan 22 (until April 27, 2019).

According to ancient tradition, every Jewish holiday begins the night before, after sunset. Therefore, Pesach 2019 is also celebrated on the evening of April 19, 2019 with a festive sedar (night Easter meal). And the day of 14 Nisan itself is also called the Day of preparation for the holiday.

Thus, the date of the Jewish Passover in 2019 will be as follows:
* Beginning - April 19, 2019 (evening, at dusk).
* First day - April 20, 2019
* The last day is April 26, 2019 in Israel (April 27, 2019 outside Israel).

We also read:

It is forbidden to work on the first and last day of Passover 2019, so Nisan 15 (April 20, 2019) and Nisan 21 (April 26, 2019) are announced in Israel non-working days... In addition, April 20 in 2019 falls on Saturday - a non-working day with a five-day working week in a number of countries, including Russia.

One of the traditions of the Passover holiday is eating "flat unleavened bread" - matzo. This tradition is explained by the fact that when Pharaoh freed the Israelites from slavery, they left Egypt in a hurry, in which they could not wait for the yeast dough to rise. Therefore, leavened bread is not eaten during the Passover.

Electricity can be safely called one of the most important discoveries that have ever been made by man. It helped the development of our civilization from the very beginning of its appearance ...

Electricity can be safely called one of the most important discoveries that have ever been made by man. It helped the development of our civilization from the very beginning of its appearance. This is the most ecological view energy on the planet, and it is likely that it is electricity that will be able to replace all raw materials, if they no longer remain on Earth.

The term came from the Greek. "Electron" means amber. Back in the 7th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Thales noticed that amber tends to attract hair and light materials, such as cork shavings. Thus, he became the pioneer of electricity.... But only by the middle of the 17th century, Thales's observations were studied in detail by Otto von Guericke. This German physicist created the world's first electrical appliance. It was a spinning ball of sulfur, fixed on a metal pin and looked like amber with the force of attraction and repulsion.

Thales - the discoverer of electricity

For a couple of centuries, Gericke's "electric machine" was significantly improved by such German scientists as Bose, Winkler, and also the Englishman Hoxby. Experiments with an electric machine gave impetus to new discoveries in the 18th century: in 1707, the physicist du Fay, originally from France, revealed the difference between the electricity we get from the friction of a glass circle and that we get from the friction of a circle from wood resin... In 1729, English scientists Gray and Wheeler discovered that some bodies can pass electricity through them, and they were the first to emphasize that bodies can be divided into two types: conductors and non-conductors of electricity.

A very significant discovery was stated in 1729 by the Dutch physicist Mushenbrook, who was born in Leiden. This professor of philosophy and mathematics was the first to discover that a glass jar, sealed on both sides with sheets of staniol, can accumulate electricity. Since the experiments were carried out in the city of Leiden, the device was named so - Leyden bank.

Scientist and public figure Benjamin Franklin cited one theory in which he said that there is both positive and negative electricity. The scientist was able to explain the very process of charging and discharging a glass jar and provided evidence that the lining of a Leyden jar can be easily electrified with different charges of electricity.

Benjamin Franklin, more than enough paid attention to the knowledge of atmospheric electricity, as did the Russian scientists G. Richman, as well as M.V. Lomonosov. The scientist invented the lightning rod, with the help of which he proved that the lightning itself arises from the difference in electrical potentials.

In 1785, Coulomb's law was derived, which described electrical interaction between point charges. The law was discovered by C. Coulomb by a scientist from France, who created it on the basis of repeated experiments with steel balls.

One of the great discoveries that the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered in 1791 was that electricity could appear when two inhomogeneous metals came into contact with the body of a dissected frog.

In 1800, the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta invented the chemical battery. This discovery was important in the study of electricity.... This galvanic cell consisted of round silver plates, between the plates were pieces of paper soaked in salt water. Through chemical reactions, a chemical battery was regularly given an electric current.

In 1831, the famous scientist Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction and on this basis invented the world's first electric generator. Discovered concepts such as magnetic and electric fields and invented the elementary electric motor.

The man who made a huge contribution to the study of magnetism and electricity, and put his research into practice, was the inventor Nikola Tesla. Household and electrical appliances that the scientist created are irreplaceable. This man can be called one of the great inventors of the XX century.

Who was the first to discover electricity?

It is difficult to find people who would not know what electricity is. Who discovered electricity? Not everyone has an idea about this. We need to figure out what this phenomenon is, who first discovered it and in what year it all happened.

A few words about electricity and its discovery

The history of the discovery of electricity is quite extensive. This happened for the first time back in 700 BC. An inquisitive Greek philosopher named Thales noticed that amber is capable of attracting small objects when rubbing with wool occurs. True, after this all observations on for a long time are over. But it is he who is considered to be the discoverer of static electricity.

Further development took place much later - after several centuries. Physician William Hilbert, who was interested in the fundamentals of physics, became the founder of the science of electricity. He invented something similar to an electroscope, calling it versor. Thanks to him, Hilbert realized that many minerals attract small objects. Among them are diamonds, glass, opals, amethysts and sapphires.

With the help of the versor, Hilbert made a couple of interesting observations:

  • flame affects electrical properties bodies arising from friction;
  • lightning with thunder is an electrical phenomenon.

The word "electricity" dates back to the 16th century. In the 60s of the 17th century, the burgomaster Otto von Guericke created a special machine for experiments. Thanks to her, he observed the effects of attraction and repulsion.

After this, research continued. Even electrostatic machines were used. In the early 1830s, Stephen Gray converted the Guericke design. He exchanged the sulfur ball for a glass one. Stephen continued his experiments and discovered such a phenomenon as electrical conductivity. A little later, Charles Dufay discovered two types of charges - from resins and glass.

In the 40th year of the 18th century, Kleist and Muschenbrook invented the "Leyden jar", which became the first condenser on Earth. Benjamin Franklin said that glass accumulates charge. Thanks to him, the designations "plus" and "minus" for electric charges, as well as "conductor", "charge" and "capacitor" appeared.

Benjamin Franklin led an eventful life. Surprisingly, he had enough time to study electricity at all. However, it was Benjamin Franklin who invented the first lightning rod.

At the end of the 18th century, Galvani published a Treatise on the Power of Electricity in the Movement of Muscles. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Italian inventor Volta invented a new power source, calling it the Galvanic Cell. This design looks like a pillar of silver and zinc rings. They are separated by papers dipped in salt water. This is how the discovery of galvanic electricity happened. After 2 years, an inventor from Russia, Vasily Petrov, discovered the Voltaic arc.

About the same time period, Jean Antoine Nollet constructed the electroscope. He registered a rapid "runoff" of electricity from sharp-shaped bodies. Based on this, a theory appeared that the current affects living beings. Thanks to the discovered effect, a medical electrocardiograph appeared.

Since 1809, there has been a revolution in the field of electricity. An inventor from England, Delarue, invented an incandescent light bulb. A century later, devices with a tungsten spiral were created, which were filled with an inert gas. Irving Langmuir became their founder.

Other discoveries

In the 18th century, the later famous Michael Faraday invented the doctrine of electromagnetic fields.

Electromagnetic interaction was discovered during his experiments by a scientist from Denmark named Oersted in 1820. In 1821, the physicist Ampere linked electricity and magnetism in his own treatise. Thanks to this research, electrical engineering was born.

In 1826, Georg Simon Ohm conducted experiments and outlined the main law electrical circuit... After that, specialized terms arose:

  • electromotive force;
  • conductivity;
  • voltage drop in the network.

André-Marie Ampere later came up with a rule for how to determine the direction of the current on the magnetic needle. It had many names, but most of all “the rule right hand". It was Ampere who designed the electromagnetic field amplifier - coils with many turns. They are made of copper wires with iron cores installed. In the 30s of the XIX century, the electromagnetic telegraph was invented on the basis of the above rule.

In the 1920s, the government began global electrification in the Soviet Union. During this period, the term "Ilyich's lamp" arose.

Magic electricity

Children need to know what electricity is. But you need to train in game form so that the acquired knowledge does not get bored in the first minutes. To do this, you can visit open class"Magic electricity". It includes the following educational objectives:

  • generalization of information about electricity in children;
  • to expand knowledge about where electricity lives and how it can help people;
  • to acquaint the child with the causes of static electricity;
  • explain the safety rules in handling household electrical appliances.

Other tasks are also set:

  • the child develops a desire to discover something new;
  • children learn to interact with the surrounding world and its objects;
  • thinking, observation, ability to analyze and the ability to draw correct conclusions develops;
  • active preparation for school is in progress.

Lesson is necessary in educational purposes... During it:

  • interest in studying the world around them is reinforced;
  • there is satisfaction from the discoveries that have turned out as a result of the experiments;
  • the ability to work in a team is brought up.

The materials are provided:

  • toys with batteries;
  • plastic sticks according to the number of those present;
  • woolen and silk fabrics;
  • educational toy "Collect the object";
  • cards "Rules for the use of household electrical appliances";
  • colored balls.

This will be a great summer activity for a child.

Conclusion

We cannot say for sure who actually first discovered electricity. There is every reason to believe that they knew about him even before Thales. But most scientists (William Gilbert, Otto von Guericke, Volt Ohm, Ampere) made their own contribution to the development of electricity.

An alternative version of the history of the discovery of electricity

Science does not know when electricity was discovered. Even ancient people observed lightning. Later, they noticed that some bodies, if rubbed against each other, can be attracted or repelled. The property of attracting or repelling small objects was well manifested in amber.
In 1600, the first term associated with electricity appeared - the electron. It was introduced by William Gilbert, who borrowed this word from Greek where it stood for amber. Later, such properties were found in diamond, opal, amethyst, sapphire. He called these materials electricians, and the phenomenon itself - electricity.
Otto von Guericke continued Gilbert's research. He invented the electrostatic machine, the first device for studying electrical phenomena. It was a rotating metal rod with a ball made of sulfur. When rotating, the ball rubbed against wool and acquired a significant charge of static electricity.

In 1729 the Englishman Stephen Gray improved Guericke's machine by replacing the sulfur ball with a glass one.

In 1745, Jurgen Kleist and Peter Muschenbroek invented the Leyden jar, which is a glass container of water that can hold a significant charge. She became the prototype of modern capacitors. Scientists mistakenly believed that water, not glass, was the storage device. Later, mercury was used instead of water.
Benjamin Franklin has expanded the range of terms to describe electrical phenomena. He introduced the concepts: charge, two kinds of charges, plus and minus for their designation. He owns the terms capacitor, conductor.
Many of the experiments carried out in the 17th century were descriptive. They did not receive practical application, but served as the foundation for the development of theoretical and practical foundations electricity.

The first scientific experiments with electricity

Scientific research into electricity began in the 18th century.

In 1791, the Italian physician Luigi Galvani discovered that the current flowing through the muscles of dissected frogs caused their contraction. He called his discovery animal electricity. But Luigi Galvani was unable to fully explain the results.

The discovery of animal electricity interested the Italian Alexandro Volta. The famous scientist repeated Galvani's experiments. He proved again that living cells produce an electrical potential, but the reason for its appearance is chemical, not animal. This is how the discovery of galvanic electricity happened.
Continuing his experiments, Alexandro Volta designed a device that generates voltage without an electrostatic machine. It was a stack of alternating copper and zinc plates, separated by pieces of paper soaked in a solution of salt. The device was named a voltaic pillar. It became the prototype of modern galvanic cells used to generate electricity.
It is important to note that Napoleon Bonaparte was very interested in Volta's invention, and in 1801 he granted him the title of count. And later, famous physicists decided to name the voltage unit 1 V (volt) in his honor.

Luigi Galvani and Alexandro Volta are great experimenters in the field of electricity. But in the 18th century. they could not explain the essence of the phenomena. The construction of the theory of electricity and magnetism began in the 19th century.

Scientific research on electricity in the 19th century

The Russian inventor Vasily Petrov, continuing Volta's experiments, discovered the Voltaic arc in 1802. In his experiments, carbon electrodes were used, which were first shifted, heated due to the flow of current, and then moved apart. A stable arc appeared between them, capable of burning at a voltage of only 40-50 volts. At the same time, a significant amount of heat was generated. The experiments of Petrov showed for the first time the possibilities of the practical use of electricity, contributed to the invention of the incandescent lamp and electric welding. For his experiments, V. Petrov designed a battery 12 m long. It was able to create a voltage of 1700 volts.

The disadvantages of a voltaic arc were the rapid combustion of coals, the release of carbon dioxide and soot. Several of the greatest inventors of the time took on the improvement of the light source, each of whom contributed to the development of electric lighting. They all believed that the source of heat and light should be in a glass bulb, from which air was pumped out.
The idea of ​​using a metal filament was proposed by the English physicist Delarue as early as 1809. But experiments with carbon rods and filaments continued for many years.
American electricity textbooks claim that the father of the incandescent lamp is their compatriot Thomas Edison. He made a huge contribution to the history of the discovery of electricity. But Edison's experiments on improving incandescent lamps ended in the late 1870s, when he abandoned the metal filament and returned to carbon rods. Its lamps could burn without interruption for about 40 hours.

Twenty years later, Russian inventor Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin invented a lamp that used a high-melting metal wire filament twisted into a spiral. Air was pumped out of the flask, due to which the filament was oxidized and burned out.
General Electric, the world's largest company for the production of electrical products, bought a patent from Lodygin for the production of lamps with a tungsten filament. This allows us to consider that the father of the incandescent lamp is our compatriot.
Chemists and physicists worked to improve the incandescent lamp, and their discoveries, inventions and improvements made it possible to create the incandescent lamp that people use today.

In the 19th century. electricity began to be used not only for lighting.
In 1807, the English chemist Humphrey Davy was able to electrolytically isolate from a solution alkali metals sodium and potassium. There were no other ways to obtain these metals at that time.
His compatriot William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825. Continuing his research, he created the first model of an electric motor, the work of which was demonstrated in 1832.

Formation of the theoretical foundations of electricity

In addition to inventions that have received practical application, in the 19th century. construction began theoretical foundations electricity, the discovery and formulation of basic laws.

In 1826, the German physicist, mathematician, philosopher Georg Ohm experimentally established and theoretically substantiated his famous law describing the dependence of the current in a conductor on its resistance and voltage. Ohm expanded the set of terms used in electricity. He introduced the concepts of electromotive force, conductivity, voltage drop.
Thanks to the acclaimed in the scientific world publications of G. Ohm, the theory of electricity began to develop rapidly, but the author himself was persecuted by the authorities and was fired from the post of school mathematics teacher.

A huge contribution to the development of the theory of electricity was made by the French philosopher, biologist, mathematician, chemist André-Marie Ampere. Due to the poverty of his parents, he was forced to educate himself. At the age of 13, he had already mastered integral and differential calculus. This allowed him to obtain mathematical equations describing the interactions of circular currents. Thanks to the works of Ampere, two related fields appeared in electricity: electrodynamics and electrostatics. For unknown reasons, Ampere in mature age stopped doing electricity and became interested in biology.

Many physicists of different nationalities worked on the development of the theory of electricity. Having studied their works, the outstanding English physicist James-Clerk Maxwell built a unified theory of electrical and magnetic interactions. Maxwell's electrodynamics provides for the presence of a special form of matter - an electromagnetic field. He published his work on this problem in 1862. Maxwell's theory made it possible to describe already known electromagnetic phenomena and predict unknown ones.

The history of the development of electrical communications

As soon as the ancient people had a need for communication, there was a need to organize the exchange of messages. The history of the development of communications before the discovery of electricity is multifaceted and each nation has its own.

When people appreciated the possibilities of electricity, the question arose about the transmission of information with its help.
The first attempts to transmit electrical signals were made immediately after Galvani's experiments. The source of energy was a volt pole, and the receiver was frog legs. This is how the first telegraph appeared, which was improved and modernized for a long time.

To transmit information, it first had to be encoded, and after being received, it had to be decoded. To encode information, the American artist Samuel Morse in 1838 invented a special alphabet consisting of combinations of dots and dashes separated by spaces. The exact date of the first telegraph transmission is known - May 27, 1844. The connection was established between Baltimore and Washington, located at a distance of 64 km.

Communication means of this kind were able to transmit messages over long distances, save them on paper tape, but they also had a number of disadvantages. It took a lot of time to encode and decode messages, the receiver and transmitter had to be connected with wires.

In 1895, the Russian inventor Alexander Popov was able to demonstrate the operation of the first wireless transmitter and receiver. An antenna (or Hertzian vibrator) was used as a receiving element, and a coherer was used as a recording element. A battery was used to power the device. direct current with a voltage of several volts.
In the invention of the coherer, the merit of the French physicist Edward Branly, who discovered the possibility of changing the resistance of a metal powder by acting on it electromagnetic waves.
Communication facilities built on the basis of Popov's transmitter and receiver are still in use.

A sensational report about his discoveries in the field of transmission of electromagnetic waves in 1891 was made by the Serbian scientist Nikola Tesla. But humanity was not ready to accept his ideas and understand how to put Tesla's inventions into practice. Many decades later, they formed the basis of today's electronic communications: radio, television, cellular and space communications.

The discovery of electricity completely changed human life. This physical phenomenon constantly participates in daily life. The lighting of the house and the street, the work of all kinds of devices, our fast movement - all this would be impossible without electricity. This became available through numerous studies and experiments. Consider the main stages in the history of electrical energy.

Ancient time

The term "electricity" comes from the ancient Greek word "electron", which means "amber". The first mention of this phenomenon is associated with ancient times. Ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher Thales of Miletus in the 7th century BC. e. discovered that if you rub amber against wool, then the stone has the ability to attract small items.

In fact, it was an experience of studying the possibility of generating electricity. V modern world this is known as the triboelectric effect, which makes it possible to extract sparks and attract objects of light weight. Despite the low efficiency of this method, one can speak of Thales as the discoverer of electricity.

V ancient time a few more timid steps were taken on the path to the discovery of electricity:

  • ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in the IV century BC e. studied the varieties of eels capable of attacking the enemy with a discharge of current;
  • the ancient Roman writer Pliny in 70 AD investigated the electrical properties of resin.

All these experiments are unlikely to help us figure out who discovered electricity. These isolated experiments were not developed. The next events in the history of electricity took place many centuries later.

Stages of theory creation

The 17th-18th centuries were marked by the creation of the foundations of world science. Since the 17th century, a number of discoveries have taken place that in the future will allow a person to completely change his life.

The appearance of the term

The English physicist and court physician in 1600 published the book "On Magnet and Magnetic Bodies", in which he defined "electric". It explained the properties of many solids, after rubbing, to attract small objects. Considering this event, one must understand that it comes not about the invention of electricity, but only about the scientific definition.

William Hilbert was able to invent a device that he called versor. We can say that it resembled a modern electroscope, the function of which is to determine the presence of an electric charge. With the help of versor, it was found that, in addition to amber, the ability to attract light objects also has:

  • glass;
  • diamond;
  • sapphire;
  • amethyst;
  • opal;
  • shale;
  • carborundum.

In 1663, a German engineer, physicist and philosopher Otto von Guericke invented an apparatus that was the prototype of an electrostatic generator. It was a ball of sulfur, set on a metal rod, which was rotated and rubbed by hand. With the help of this invention, it was possible to see in action the property of objects not only to attract, but also to repel.

In March 1672, the famous German scientist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in a letter to Gericke mentioned that while working with his machine, he detected an electric spark. This was the first evidence of a mysterious phenomenon at that time. Guericke created a device that served as the prototype for all future electrical discoveries.

In 1729 a scientist from Great Britain Stephen Gray made experiments that made it possible to discover the possibility of transferring an electric charge over short (up to 800 feet) distances. He also found that electricity is not transmitted through the ground. In the future, this made it possible to classify all substances into insulators and conductors.

Two types of charges

French scientist and physicist Charles Francois Dufay in 1733 he discovered two dissimilar electric charges:

  • "Glass", which is now called positive;
  • "Resinous", called negative.

Then he made studies of electrical interactions, which proved that oppositely electrified bodies will be attracted one to one, and of the same name - repelled. In these experiments, the French inventor used an electrometer to measure the amount of charge.

In 1745 a physicist from Holland Peter van Muschenbrook invented the Leiden jar, which became the first electrical capacitor. Its creator is also the German lawyer and physicist Ewald Jürgen von Kleist. Both scientists acted in parallel and independently of each other. This discovery gives scientists every right to be included in the list of those who created electricity.

October 11, 1745 Kleist made an experiment with the "medical bank" and discovered the ability to store a large number electric charges. Then he informed about the discovery of German scientists, after which the analysis of this invention was carried out at Leiden University. Then Peter van Muschenbrook published his work, thanks to which the Leiden Bank became known.

Benjamin Franklin

In 1747, an American political figure, inventor and writer Benjamin Franklin published his essay "Experiments and Observations with Electricity." In it, he presented the first theory of electricity, in which he designated it as an immaterial liquid or fluid.

In the modern world, the surname Franklin is often associated with the hundred dollar bill, but it should not be forgotten that he was one of the greatest inventors of his time. The list of his many achievements includes:

  1. The designation known today electrical states(-) and (+).
  2. Franklin proved the electrical nature of lightning.
  3. He was able to come up with and present in 1752 a lightning rod project.
  4. He owns the idea for an electric motor. The embodiment of this idea was the demonstration of a wheel rotating under the influence of electrostatic forces.

The publication of his theory and numerous inventions give Franklin every right to be considered one of those who invented electricity.

From theory to exact science

The research and experiments carried out allowed the study of electricity to go into the category exact science... The first in a series of scientific achievements was the discovery of Coulomb's law.

The law of interaction of charges

French engineer and physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb in 1785 he discovered a law that reflected the strength of the interaction between static point charges. Pendant had previously invented the torsion balance. The emergence of the law took place thanks to the experiments of Coulomb with these scales. With their help, he measured the force of interaction of charged metal balls.

Coulomb's Law was the first fundamental law to explain electromagnetic phenomena that gave rise to the science of electromagnetism. In honor of Coulomb, a unit of electric charge was named in 1881.

The invention of the battery

In 1791, an Italian physician, physiologist and physicist wrote a Treatise on the Forces of Electricity in Muscular Movement. In it, he recorded the presence of electrical impulses in the muscle tissues of animals. And he also discovered the potential difference when two types of metal and electrolyte interact.

Luigi Galvani's discovery was developed in the work of the Italian chemist, physicist and physiologist Alessandro Volta. In 1800 he invents the "Voltaic Pillar" - a continuous current source. It was a stack of silver and zinc plates, which were separated by paper pieces soaked in saline solution. The "Voltaic Pillar" became the prototype of galvanic cells, in which chemical energy was converted into electrical energy.

In 1861, the name "volt" was introduced in his honor - a unit of voltage measurement.

Galvani and Volta are among the founders of the theory of electrical phenomena. The invention of the battery sparked explosive development and subsequent growth. scientific discoveries... End of the 18th century and early XIX centuries can be characterized as the time when electricity was invented.

The emergence of the concept of current

In 1821, a French mathematician, physicist and naturalist André-Marie Ampere in his own treatise, he established a connection between magnetic and electrical phenomena, which is absent in the static nature of electricity. Thus, he first introduced the concept of "electric current".

Ampere designed a coil with multiple turns of copper wires, which can be classified as an electromagnetic field amplifier. This invention led to the creation of the electromagnetic telegraph in the 30s of the 19th century.

Thanks to Ampere's research, the birth of electrical engineering became possible. In 1881, in his honor, the unit of current strength was named "ampere", and devices that measure strength - "ammeters".

Electric circuit law

Physicist from Germany Georg Simon Ohm in 1826 introduced a law that proved the relationship between resistance, voltage and current in a circuit. Thanks to Ohm, new terms arose:

  • voltage drop in the network;
  • conductivity;
  • electromotive force.

The unit of electrical resistance was named after him in 1960, and Ohm is undoubtedly included in the list of those who invented electricity.

English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday made in 1831 the discovery of electromagnetic induction, which underlies the mass production of electricity. Based on this phenomenon, he creates the first electric motor. In 1834, Faraday discovered the laws of electrolysis, which led him to the conclusion that atoms can be considered the carrier of electrical forces. Electrolysis studies played an essential role in the emergence of the electronic theory.

Faraday is the creator of the theory of the electromagnetic field. He was able to predict the presence of electromagnetic waves.

Generally available application

All these discoveries would not have become legendary without practical use. The first of possible ways application was electric light, which became available after the invention of the incandescent lamp in the 70s of the 19th century. Its creator was a Russian electrical engineer Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin.

The first lamp was a closed glass vessel containing a carbon rod. In 1872, an application was filed for an invention, and in 1874 Lodygin was granted a patent for the invention of an incandescent lamp. If you try to answer the question in which year electricity appeared, then this year can be considered one of the correct answers, since the appearance of a light bulb has become an obvious sign of availability.

The emergence of electricity in Russia

It will be interesting to find out in what year electricity appeared in Russia. Lighting first appeared in 1879 in St. Petersburg. Then the lanterns were installed on the Liteiny Bridge. Then, in 1883, the first power plant began operating at the Police (People's) Bridge.

Lighting first appeared in Moscow in 1881. The first city power plant was put into operation in Moscow in 1888.

The foundation day of the energy systems of Russia is considered July 4, 1886, when Alexander III signed the charter of the "Electric Lighting Society of 1886". It was founded by Karl Friedrich Siemens, who was the brother of the organizer of the world famous Siemens concern.

It is impossible to say for sure when electricity appeared in the world. There are too many events scattered in time that are equally important. Therefore, there can be many answer options, and all of them will be correct.

It is difficult for a modern person to imagine life without electricity. It has firmly entered our lives, and we give little thought to when it appeared. But it was thanks to electricity that all areas of science and technology began to develop more intensively. Who invented electricity when it first appeared in the world?

History of origin

Even before our era Greek philosopher Falles noticed that after rubbing amber against wool, small objects are attracted to the stone. Then, for a long time, no one was engaged in the study of such phenomena. Only in the 17th century, having studied magnets and their properties, the English scientist William Gilberg introduced a new term "electricity". Scientists began to show more interest in it and engage in research in this area.

Gilberg succeeded in inventing the prototype of the very first electroscope, it was called versor. With the help of this device, he found that, in addition to amber and other stones, small objects can attract to themselves. ... The stones include:

Thanks to the created device, the scientist was able to conduct several experiments and draw conclusions. He realized that flame has the property of seriously affecting the electrical properties of bodies after friction. The scientist stated that Thunder and lightning- phenomena of electrical nature.

Great discoveries

The first experiments on the transmission of electricity over short distances were carried out in 1729. Scientists have concluded that not all bodies can transmit electricity. A few years after a series of tests, the Frenchman Charles Dufay declared that there are two types of electric charge - glass and resin... They depend on the material used for the friction.

Then scientists with different countries a capacitor and a galvanic cell, the first electroscope, and a medical electrocardiograph were created. The first incandescent light bulb appeared in 1809, which was created by the Englishman Delarue. After 100 years, Irnving Langmuir developed a tungsten coil filled with an inert gas.

There were many very important discoveries in the 19th century., thanks to which electricity appeared in the world Scientists who are famous all over the world have made a great contribution to the field of discoveries:

They studied the properties of electricity and many of them are named after them. At the end of the 19th century, physicists make discoveries about the existence of electric waves. They manage to create an incandescent lamp and transmit electrical energy long distances. From that moment on, electricity slowly but surely begins to spread throughout the planet.

When did electricity appear in Russia?

If we talk about electrification in the territory Russian Empire, then in this question no specific date... Everyone knows that in 1879 in St. Petersburg they made lighting throughout the Liteiny Bridge. It was illuminated with lamps. However, in Kiev, electric lights were installed in one of the railway workshops a year earlier. This event did not attract attention, so the official date of the appearance of electric lighting in the Russian Empire is 1879.

The first electrical engineering department appeared in Russia on January 30, 1880 in the Russian Technical Society. The department was obliged to oversee the introduction of electricity in daily life the state. Already in 1881, Tsarskoe Selo was fully illuminated locality and became the first modern and European city.

May 15, 1883 It is also considered a landmark date for the country. This is due to the illumination of the Kremlin. At this time, Emperor Alexander III ascended the throne, and the illumination was timed to coincide with such an important event. Almost immediately after that historical event lighting was carried out first on the main street and then on Winter Palace St. Petersburg.

By decree of the emperor in 1886, the "Society of Electric Lighting" was established. His responsibilities included lighting the two main cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Two years later, the construction of power plants began in all major cities. The first electric tramway in Russia was launched in 1892. In St. Petersburg, 4 years later, the first hydroelectric power station was put into operation. It was built on the Bolshaya Okhta River.

An important event was the appearance of the first power plant in Moscow in 1897. It was built on the Raushskaya embankment with the ability to produce alternating three-phase current... She made available the transmission of electricity over long distances and use it without losing power. The construction of power plants in other Russian cities began to develop only before the First World War.

Interesting facts about the history of the appearance of electricity in Russia

If you carefully study some of the facts of electrification The Russian state you can find out a lot of interesting information.

The first incandescent light bulb with a carbon rod was invented in 1874 by A.N. Lodygin. The device has been patented major countries Europe. After a while, it was improved by T. Edisson and the light bulb began to be used throughout the planet.

Russian electrical engineer P.N. Yablochkov in 1876 he completed the development of an electric candle. It has become simpler, cheaper and more convenient than the Lodygin bulb in operation.

As part of the Russian Technical Society, a Special Electrotechnical Department was created. It included P.N. Yablochkov, A.N. Lodygin, V.N. Chikolev and other active physicists and electrical engineers. The main task of the department was to promote the development of electrical engineering in Russia.

It is difficult to find those among the inhabitants of the planet who have no idea about electricity. But those who know when and who discovered electricity, what it consists of, who made an important and useful discovery for humanity, are few. Therefore, it is worth understanding what electrical phenomena are and to whom we owe their discovery.

In contact with

When and how it was opened

The history of the discovery of this phenomenon was very long. The word itself was invented by the Greek scientist Thales. It has become a derivative of the concept of "electron", which translates as "amber". This term appeared before our era, thanks to Thales, who noticed the property of amber, after rubbing it, to attract light objects.

It happened seven centuries BC. Thales conducted many experiments, studying what he saw. These were the first experiments with charges in the world. This was the end of his observations. Further, he could not advance, but it is this scientist who is considered the founder of the theory of electricity, its discoverer, although as a science this phenomenon has not been developed. His observations were forgotten for a long time, without arousing the interest of scientists.

First experiences

In the middle of the 17th century, Otto Guericke took up the scientific research of Thales's observations. The German scientist constructed the first device in the form of a rotating ball, which he fixed on an iron pin.

After his death, research was continued by other scientists:

  • German physicists Bose and Winkler;
  • Englishman Hoxby.

They improved the device invented by Henryk and discovered some other properties of the phenomenon. The first experiments carried out with this apparatus gave rise to new inventions.

Discovery history

The theory of electricity was further developed several centuries later. The theory was created by W. Hilbert, who became interested in such phenomena.

At the beginning of the 18th century, it was proved that obtained by friction different materials electricity is different. And in 1729 the Dutchman Mushenbrook discovered that if a glass jar was covered with leaves of staniol on both sides, electricity would accumulate there.

This phenomenon is called leiden jar.

Important! Scientist B. Franklin was the first to suggest that there are positive and negative charges.

He was able to explain the process of the Leyden jar, proving that the lining of the jar can be "made" electrified with charges of different sign. Franklin studied atmospheric electrical phenomena. Almost simultaneously with him, similar studies were carried out by the Russian physicist G. Rikhman and the scientist M.V. Lomonosov. Then there was lightning rod invented, the action of which was explained by the occurrence of a voltage difference.

A. Volt (1800) created a galvanic battery, composing it from round silver plates, between which he placed pieces of paper soaked with salt water. A chemical reaction inside the battery generated an electrical charge.

The beginning of 1831 was marked by the fact that Faraday created an electric generator, the operation of which was based on the discovered by this scientist .

A lot of electrical devices were created by the famous scientist Nikola Tesla in the XX millennium. The main events in the development of electricity can be summarized in the following chronological order:

  • 1791 - scientist L. Galvani discovered charges on conductors, i.e. electricity;
  • 1800 - the current generator is presented by A. Volt;
  • 1802 - Petrov opened an electric arc;
  • 1827 J. Henry designs wire insulation;
  • 1832 - Schilling, a member of the St. Petersburg Academy, showed an electric telegraph;
  • 1834 - Academician Jacobi created an electric motor;
  • 1836 - S. Morse patented the telegraph;
  • 1847 - Siemens offers a rubber material for wire insulation;
  • 1850 Jacobi invents the direct-printing telegraph;
  • 1866 - Siemens offers a dynamo;
  • 1872 - A.N. Lodygin created an incandescent lamp where he used a carbon filament;
  • 1876 ​​- the telephone is invented;
  • 1879 Edison developed the electric lighting system still in use today;
  • 1890 - became the starting point for a relatively widespread use of electrical appliances in everyday life;
  • 1892 - the first household appliances used by housewives in the kitchen appeared;

The list of discoveries can be continued. But they were all already based on the previous ones.

First experiments with electricity

For the first time experiments with charges were carried out in 1729 by the Englishman S. Gray. During these experiments, the scientist established: not all objects transmit an electric charge... From the middle of 1833, the Frenchman Charles Dufay took up serious research in this area of ​​science. Repeating the experiments of Thales and Hilbert, he confirmed the existence of two types of charge.

Important! From the end of the 18th century began new era achievements of science. Russian V. Petrov opened the "Voltaic arc". Jean A. Nollet designed the first electroscope, which later served as the prototype for the electrocardiograph. And 1809 was marked by an important discovery: the English scientist Delarue invented the first incandescent light bulb, which gave impetus to industrial use. open laws physics.

Natural phenomena associated with electricity

Nature is rich in phenomena of electrical nature. Examples of such phenomena that are associated with electricity are northern Lights, lightning, etc.

northern Lights

The upper layers of the air envelope often accumulate small particles arriving from space. Their collision with the atmosphere and dust causes a glow in the sky, which is accompanied by flashes. This phenomenon is observed by residents of the polar regions. They called this phenomenon polar lights... The northern glow sometimes lasts for several days, shimmering in different colors.

Lightning

Moving with atmospheric currents, cumulus clouds cause friction between droplets and ice crystals. As a result of friction, charges accumulate in the clouds. This leads to the formation of giant sparks between the clouds and the earth. This is lightning. They are accompanied by thunderclaps.

The accumulation of electrical charges in the air sometimes causes the formation of small glowing balls or large sparks. These balls and sparks are called fireballs. They move with air, exploding from contact with individual objects. Such lightning often causes burns and death of living beings and people, fires of objects. Scientists cannot yet explain exactly the reasons for the appearance of lightning.

St. Elmo's lights

This is the name of a phenomenon familiar to sailors sailing on sailing ships from antiquity. They rejoiced when they saw the glow of the masts in bad weather. The sailors believed that the lights indicated the patronage of Saint Elmo.

The glow can be observed in a thunderstorm on high spiers. The lights look like candles and brushes in a blue or light purple hue. The length of these lights sometimes reaches a meter. Radiance sometimes accompanies hiss or a low whistle.

The sailors tried to break off part of the mast with the fire. But this never succeeded, since the fire "flowed" to the mast and rose up along it. The flame is cold, it does not ignite, it does not burn the hands. And it can burn for several minutes, sometimes for about an hour. Modern scientists have established that these lights are electrical in nature.

When electricity appeared in Russia

The dates when the era of electricity use began in Russia are different. It all depends on the criterion by which it is installed.

Many associate this event with 1879. Petersburg was then installed electric lights on Liteiny Bridge... But there are people who consider the date of the appearance of electricity in Russia to be the beginning of 1880 - the date of the creation of the electrical department in the Russian Technical Society.

May 1883 can also be considered a landmark date, the time when the workers completed the illumination of the Kremlin courtyard for the coronation ceremony of Alexander III. For this, a power plant was installed on the Sofia embankment. And a little later, the main streets in St. Petersburg and Winter were electrified.

Three years later, the Russian Empire created the "Electric Lighting Society", which was engaged in the development of a plan for the installation of lanterns on the streets of Moscow and St. Petersburg. And a couple of years later, construction and equipping of power plants began throughout the empire.

What does electricity consist of?

Everything that surrounds us, including people, consists of atoms. The atom also consists of a positively charged nucleus. Negatively charged particles called electrons revolve around this nucleus. These particles neutralize the positive charge of the nucleus. Therefore, the atom has a neutral charge. Electricity is generated directional movement of electrons from one atom to another. This can be done by means of a generator, friction, or a chemical reaction.

Attention! The process is based on the property of attraction of particles with different charges, and repulsion of the same charges. The result is a current that can be transmitted through conductors (most often metals). Materials that are not capable of transmitting current are called insulators. Good insulators are wood, plastic and hardwood items.

How different electricity is formed

Electricity happens of different nature:. In addition, there is also static electricity. It is formed when the balance of charges inside the atoms is disturbed, as mentioned earlier.

In everyday life, a person constantly has to deal with him, since clothes of a synthetic nature are in every home. And she accumulates a charge during friction. Some garments have this effect when undressing or dressing.

This is signaled by sparks and crackling. Sources of static electricity are found in every apartment. These are household electrical appliances and computers that electrify the smallest dust that settles on the floor, furniture surfaces and clothing. It has a negative effect on human health.

Important! To generate electricity, a magnetic field is created. It attracts electrons, forcing them to move along the conductor. This process of moving particles is called electric current. In a stationary magnetic field, a constant current flows through the conductor.

Science electrodynamics

The theory of electricity contains laws covering great amount electromagnetic phenomena and laws of interactions.

This is due to the fact that in All bodies are made of charged particles... The interaction between them is much stronger than gravitational ones. And at the present time this science is the most useful for humanity.

The scientist Hilbert is recognized as the founder of science. Until 1600, this science was at the level of Thales' knowledge. Hilbert tried to build a theory of electricity.

Before him, the properties of attraction noticed by Greek scientists were considered only fun fact... Hilbert carried out his observations using an electroscope. His research and scientific foundations have become a fundamental stage in science. And the name itself began to be used since 1650.

Modern science of electrical phenomena and laws called electrodynamics... Now it is difficult to imagine life without electricity. Via electric current many devices have been created to help transmit information over great distances, even in. Technological progress made it possible to put it at the service of all mankind, more and more revealing the secrets of this natural phenomenon... But still, this area of ​​science still contains a lot of unknowns.

Where did the electricity come from?

Who invented electricity