Even at the dawn of its history, man was faced with adverse atmospheric phenomena. Not understanding them, he deified the terrible and natural phenomena associated with the atmosphere (Perun, Zeus, Dazhbog, etc.). With the development of civilization in China, India, the Mediterranean countries, attempts are made to regular meteorological observations, there are separate guesses about the reasons atmospheric processes and rudimentary scientific understanding of climate. The first body of knowledge about atmospheric phenomena was compiled by Aristotle, whose views then determined ideas about the atmosphere for a long time. During the Middle Ages, the most outstanding atmospheric phenomena were recorded, such as catastrophic droughts, exceptionally cold winters, rains and floods.

Modern scientific meteorology dates back to the 17th century, when the foundations of physics were laid, of which meteorology was at first a part. Galileo and his students invented a thermometer, a barometer, a rain gauge, and the possibility of instrumental observations arose. At the same time, the first meteorological theories appeared. By the middle of the 18th century, M.V. Lomonosov already considered meteorology an independent science with its own methods and tasks, of which, in his opinion, the main one was “weather forecasting”; he created the first theory of atmospheric electricity, built meteorological instruments, made a number of important considerations about climate and the possibility of scientific weather prediction. In the second half of the XVIII century. a network of 39 meteorological stations was created in Europe on a voluntary basis (including three in Russia - St. Petersburg, Moscow, Pyshmensky Zavod), equipped with uniform

graduated instruments. The network functioned for 12 years. The results of the observations have been published. They stimulated the further development of meteorological research. In the middle of the 19th century, the first state networks of stations appeared, and already at the beginning of the century, the foundations of climatology were laid in Germany by the works of A. Humboldt and G. D. Dove. After the invention of the telegraph, the synoptic method for studying atmospheric processes quickly came into general use. On the basis of the weather service arose and a new branch of meteorological science - synoptic meteorology.

By the middle of the XIX century. includes the organization of the first meteorological institutes, including the Main Physical (now Geophysical) Observatory in St. Petersburg (1849). Its director (from 1868 to 1895) G. I. Wild is credited with the historical merit of organizing an exemplary meteorological network in Russia and a number of fundamental studies of the country's climatic conditions.

In the second half 19th century the foundations of dynamic meteorology were laid, that is, the application of the laws of hydromechanics and thermodynamics to the study of atmospheric processes. A great contribution to this field of meteorology was made by Coriolis in France. At the same time, the study of climate in close connection with the general geographical situation was greatly advanced by the works of the great Russian geographer and climatologist A. I. Voeikov, W. Köppen in Germany and others. By the end of the century, the study of radiation and electrical processes in the atmosphere intensified.

The development of meteorology in the 20th century proceeded at an ever-increasing pace. In very brief description to name only a few areas of this development. Works in theoretical meteorology, especially in the Soviet Union, increasingly focused on the problem of numerical forecasting, although pioneering work. With the advent of computers, these initially purely theoretical studies very quickly found application in the practice of the weather service in the USSR, the USA, England, France, Germany and many other countries. synoptic meteorology also quickly stepped forward, the development of the most important in practical terms, the problem of long-range weather forecasting began.

Great progress has been made since the beginning of the 20th century. in the field of aerological research. In many countries, outstanding organizers and researchers came forward in this, then still new, direction. In particular, in Velik in the XX century. and progress in actinometry. - The study of radiation in the atmosphere.

In the second half of the 20th century great value acquired the problem of air pollution and the spread of impurities of both natural and anthropogenic origin. It required the creation of a special pollution service.

Throughout the world and in our country, the volume of meteorological research and the number of publications is growing rapidly; accumulated a lot of experience international cooperation in such international programs, as the Global Atmospheric Process Research Program, and unique experiments,

similar to the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958).


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The first instrumental meteorological observations in Russia began as early as 1725. In 1834, Emperor Nicholas I issued a resolution on organizing a network of regular meteorological and magnetic observations in Russia. By this time, meteorological and magnetic observations had already been carried out in various parts Russia. But for the first time, a technological system was created, with the help of which all the meteorological and magnetic observations of the country were managed according to uniform methods and programs.

In 1849, the Main Physical Observatory was established - the main methodological and scientific center of the Hydrometeorological Service of Russia for many years (today - the Main Geophysical Observatory named after A.I. Voeikov).

In January 1872, the first "Daily Meteorological Bulletin" was published with messages received by telegraph from 26 Russian and two foreign tracking stations. A bulletin was being prepared at the Main Physical Observatory in St. Petersburg, where weather forecasts also began to be compiled in subsequent years.

The modern meteorological service of Russia considers the date of its foundation June 21, 1921, when V.I. Lenin signed the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the organization of a unified meteorological service in the RSFSR".

On January 1, 1930, in accordance with the Decree of the Government on the creation of a unified meteorological service of the country, the Central Weather Bureau of the USSR was formed in Moscow.

In 1936 it was reorganized into the Central Institute of Weather, in 1943 - into the Central Institute of Forecasts, which concentrated operational, research and methodical work in the field of hydrometeorological forecasts.
In 1964, in connection with the creation of the World Meteorological Center of the Main Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service, part of the departments was transferred from the Central Institute of Forecasts to this center. However, already at the end of 1965, the World Meteorological Center and the Central Institute of Forecasts were merged into one institution - the Hydrometeorological Research Center of the USSR, with the functions of the World and Regional Meteorological Centers in the system of the World Weather Service of the World Meteorological Organization.

In 1992, the Hydrometeorological Center of the USSR was renamed the Hydrometeorological Research Center. Russian Federation(Weather Russia).

In 1994, the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia was given the status of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation (SSC RF).
In January 2007, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, this status was retained.

At present, the Research Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation occupies key positions in the development of the main areas of hydrometeorological science. The Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, along with methodological and research work, carries out a lot of operational work, and also performs the functions of the World Meteorological Center and the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the World Weather Watch in the system of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In addition, the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia is a regional center for zonal weather forecasts within the framework of the World Area Forecast System. On a regional scale, the same work is carried out by regional hydrometeorological centers.

The scientific and operational activities of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia are not limited to weather forecasts. The hydrometeorological center is actively working in the field of land water hydrology, oceanography and marine meteorology, agrometeorology and produces a wide range of various specialized products. Yield forecast for major agricultural crops, urban air quality forecast, long-term forecast of the level of the Caspian Sea and other inland waters for management water resources, forecast of river flow and associated floods and floods, etc. are also areas of scientific and practical activity of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia.

The Russian Hydrometeorological Center conducts scientific research in close cooperation with foreign meteorological organizations within the framework of the World Weather Service and other programs of the World Meteorological Organization (World Meteorological Research Program, World Climate Research Program, International Polar Year, etc.). On the basis of Agreements on bilateral scientific and technical cooperation - with the meteorological services of Great Britain, Germany, USA, China, Mongolia, Poland, Finland, France, Yugoslavia, South Korea, Vietnam, India, as well as within the framework of the Interstate Council for Hydrometeorology of the CIS countries. 11 employees of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia are members of various WMO expert groups.

In the course of implementing the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 8, 2002 "On measures to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation on international exchange data of hydrometeorological observations and the implementation of the functions of the World Meteorological Center (WMC) in Moscow" in the second half of 2008, a new supercomputer manufactured by SGI with a peak performance of about 27 teraflops (trillions of operations per second) was installed in the WMC-Moscow. The supercomputer weighs 30 tons and consists of 3 thousand microprocessors.

The new equipment will allow Roshydrometcenter to make forecasts for eight days (the old equipment made it possible to make forecasts for 5 6 days), as well as to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts for one day from 89 to 95%.

According to Vladimir Antsipovich, director of the Main Computing Center of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, the uniqueness of this computer lies in the performance it provides for building technological schemes in order to read the weather forecast at a certain technological time. The supercomputer will allow you to calculate the weather forecast for tomorrow within 5 minutes.

The material was prepared by the editors of rian.ru based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

How did meteorology develop? This was expressed primarily in the form of signs about the weather, which were established taking into account the nature of people's activities - cattle breeding, agriculture, navigation. For example, in ancient greece(for 500 years BC), some generalized information about such important weather phenomena for navigation as winds, thunderstorms, squalls, was written on stone tablets and hung out in coastal cities. A completely scientific and wider study of the properties of the atmosphere became possible only after the invention of the first meteorological instruments - a thermometer (in late XVI c.) and a barometer (in the middle of the 17th century). Shortly after that, the first meteorological stations were organized in a number of countries, making observations of the weather using instruments created by that time.

Systematic meteorological observations in Russia were started by order of Peter I in 1722, first at the only meteorological station in St. Petersburg, and since 1733 at the world's first regularly operating network of stations, organized by the Great Northern Expedition. Some of them, for example, in Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, continue their continuous work to this day.

The role of the brilliant Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov was especially great in the development of domestic meteorology. In its large and varied scientific activity meteorology as one of natural sciences, occupied a prominent position. He himself made meteorological observations, invented and built some instruments, such as, for example, an anemometer compass (for determining wind strength) and a marine barometer "for predicting storms at sea." Insensitive to sea motion and shocks, the Lomonosov barometer was used on the ships of the Russian fleet earlier than anywhere else. Lomonosov believed that meteorology is "the best part of natural science" and that its study "is nothing more useful for the human race."

especially importance Lomonosov attached to weather forecasting. He rightly pointed out that on the way to the successful solution of this practically important problem there are exceptionally great difficulties, that "it seems hardly comprehensible to be .., but everything can be acquired by labor." For these purposes, he was the first to point out the need to create a regularly operating network of meteorological stations, the importance and necessity of studying the high layers of the atmosphere.

Despite the enormous difficulties that Russian science encountered in the past, nevertheless, a number of progressive Russian scientists succeeded in the subsequent implementation of Lomonosov's plans to a large extent. Along with some expansion of meteorological stations in 1849, the Russian Academy J. Kupfer, at the cost of great efforts, achieved the organization of an observatory (now the Main Geophysical Observatory), which was one of the first central meteorological institutes in Europe and is now one of the oldest scientific institutions our country.

The development of trade and navigation posed practical tasks for meteorology - generalization of the accumulated observational material and its application, first of all, for the needs navy.

A serious impetus to the development of meteorology in Russia and in Western Europe The storm on the Black Sea on November 14, 1856 (during the Crimean War) served as a monstrous force, as a result of which the Anglo-French squadron, blocking the heroically defending Sevastopol from the sea, was almost completely destroyed. Since that time, in France, Russia and other European countries, the organization of the so-called "weather service" began, which was assigned first to the telegraphic collection of weather information, and then to use them for weather predictions. In Russia, the first such body was the department of storm warnings, organized by M. A. Rykachev in 1874 at the Main Physical Observatory. This service was created solely in the interests of the navy in the Baltic and Black Seas, and later railway transport.

A great contribution to the development of meteorological science and the weather service in Russia was made by Russian world-famous scientists D. I. Mendeleev, A. I. Voeikov, P. I. Brounov, A. V. Kloseovekin, B. I. Sreznevsky, B. P. Multanovsky and others. They are credited for expanding the network of meteorological stations, studying climatic and weather features Russia and the creation of the first scientific methods of weather forecasting. Many of their scientific works have not lost their significance to this day.

At the end XIX-- early XX centuries in Russia there were already about 2,000 meteorological stations, most of which operated on a voluntary basis, without pay for their employees. In a number of cities in the outlying regions of Russia, branches of the Main Physical Observatory were opened, which supervised the work of local stations. Later, some of them were entrusted with the work of predicting the weather for the needs of the navy, railway transport, and with the onset of the First World War, for the needs of military operations.

At present, about 5 thousand meteorological stations and posts are operating in our country, located relatively evenly throughout Russia. They are also found in the very depths of the Arctic, in the region North Pole. The main purpose of the north polar stations is to study the complex hydrometeorological regime of this area, knowledge of which is necessary to ensure the correct and efficient use of the Northern Sea Route, as well as to solve a number of scientific problems. A number of Russian meteorological stations have also been set up in Antarctica (Mirny, Vostok, Pionerskaya, and others).

according to needs National economy which cannot put up with material damage from natural phenomena, the number of operational and scientific centers of the meteorological service has also immeasurably increased: weather bureaus, hydrometeorological bureaus. Central Institute of Forecasts, Republican Research Hydrometeorological Institutes, Central Aerological and Main Geophysical Observatories. Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.

Meteorologists A. A. Fridman, N. E. Kochin, V. N. Obolensky, N. L. Taborovsky, P. N. Tverskoy and many others made a major contribution to the development of domestic meteorological science, made a number of valuable scientific discoveries and improvements that raised the doctrine of weather forecasting to a new, higher level.

Meteorology has a very definite practical significance for the navy, as well as for the entire national economy. It is no coincidence that this science originates from navigators. The old sailing navy in all past times was very much dependent on the weather. Ignorance of the patterns in its change often led to the death of many, even experienced sailors. In our time, the dependence of the navy on the weather, thanks to tremendous technological progress, has undoubtedly decreased, but has not yet disappeared. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the weather is favorable or, in any case, does not cause any particular disruption to the activities of the navy. But in those cases when a sharp deterioration in weather occurs in the navigation area of ​​ships, this somehow affects the condition of some ship installations, transported goods, fishing gear and on the ship itself. So, the wind, acting on the surface of the vessel, causes its demolition. Strong wind waves can cause delays along the way, breakage of individual parts of the vessel and even its death. Fog and precipitation, worsening visibility, cause difficulties in orientation. A sharp drop in air temperature (up to negative values) leads to freezing of the vessel, fishing gear, etc. In this case, primary forms of ice may appear in the sea, and then freeze-up, which is a dangerous phenomenon, especially for wooden ships.

Ignoring meteorological conditions can lead to all sorts of accidents and failure to fulfill the plans. The work of a navigator therefore requires an indispensable consideration of hydrometeorological factors. The ability to navigate in any meteorological situation, to foresee the course of its development and, in this regard, to correctly assess the navigational situation - all this is mandatory for every navigator of the modern navy. Knowledge of the basics of meteorology and the simplest methods of weather prediction, as well as the skillful use of meteorological information from the bodies of the Hydrometeorological Service, help navigators ensure the successful completion of tasks and accident-free navigation.

The first information on meteorological weather data was preserved in documents in the order of secret affairs of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In the 20s of the 18th century, constant instrumental observations began in Russia. By order of Tsar Peter I, Vice Admiral K. Kruys began to make detailed records of the weather from 1722.

Members of the Great Northern Expedition, led by Bering, opened stations for meteorological observations in 1733 in Kazan, in 1734 in Yekaterinburg, Tomsk, Yeniseisk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Nerchinsk. Later, the network of meteorological stations in Russia was constantly expanding and in the second half of the 20th century covered the territory of the entire country.

The history of the creation of the first meteorological instruments.

The most common instruments, the thermometer and barometer, were created several centuries ago. The first sample of the thermometer was made by G. Galileo in 1597. This year he made a thermoscope, which was a glass ball of water with a tube immersed in it. In a later period, his student, Mr. Sagredo, were applied to the fission tube, the device became able to give out quantitative values.

Later, thermometers on the water, which had a number of significant drawbacks, were replaced by alcohol thermometers. Their first appearance was recorded in 1641 in France. In 1715, in the city of Danzig, D. Fahrenheit launched the production of mercury thermometers.

In 1643, a student of Galileo E. Torricelli invented a barometer - a device with which it was possible to measure atmospheric pressure.

The strength and direction of the wind was determined before the invention of the barometer using the simplest device, which in design and principle of operation resembled a windmill.

The appearance of a set of instruments made it possible to keep regular records of pressure and temperature at the measurement sites, but it had no practical significance, due to the lack of a methodology for processing generalizing data and developing a forecast for the next period.

And only in our time, when more advanced meteorological instruments are used and special meteorological satellites operate in orbit, when data processing and forecasts are prepared using the most powerful computers, it became possible to give more advanced and long-term meteorological forecasts.

Many have already noticed that summer hot weather forces people to look for cool places. High-quality construction of turnkey pools is one of the possible and successful solutions to combat summer heat. The main thing is that there would be conditions for the placement of the pool.

has long been interested in climate issues, the conditions of its existence were associated with it. Mentions about various atmospheric phenomena. ancient chronicles of China, India, Egypt, Greece.

From the annals of the Middle Ages, information has come down to us about various natural phenomena, including storms, thunderstorms, early snowfalls, and severe frosts.

The first system of knowledge about atmospheric phenomena was developed Aristotle . the formation of dew, hoarfrost and rainbows is described.

In the era WGO (XV-XVI centuries) climatic descriptions open countries.

Jose de Acosta (1590) expressed ideas about the bending of isothermal lines and the distribution of heat depending on latitude, the direction of currents, and many physical phenomena: differences in climates, volcanic activity, earthquakes, types of winds and their causes. tried to explain the nature of the ebb and flow, the relationship with the phases of the moon. described a tsunami with a height of 25 m Humboldt highly appreciated his contribution to mathematics and physics and ranked him among founders of geophysics.

meteorology as a science originated in XVII when the scientific study of the atmosphere began. rapid development of the natural sciences. The emergence of meteorology as an independent science is associated with the emergence of special instruments, a thermometer, a barometer, a rain gauge, instruments for determining wind speed and direction.

The beginning of instrumental measurements, the thermometer was invented (Galileo, 1597), the mercury barometer (Torricelli, 1643), the aneroid barometer (Leibniz, 1700), the rain gauge and weather vane, made it possible to conduct regular observations of temperature, pressure, precipitation

In 1657, the first instrumental meteorological observations were made in Italy. E. Halley (1686) laid the foundations for ideas about atmospheric circulation, substantiated the causes of the monsoon circulation, and J. Halley (Hadley) interpretation of the trade wind circulation (Hadley cell) that the global convection system is driven by the warm air masses of the tropics.

IN Russia regular meteorological observations began to be carried out under Peter I after the opening in 1725 of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) made important judgments about the causes of the vertical and horizontal movement of air, about the occurrence of atmospheric electricity, about the structure of the atmosphere and temperature changes with height. invented an anemometer (wind) and a marine barometer, developed a scheme for the formation of thunderstorms. He suggested the possibility of creating self-recording devices for recording atmospheric phenomena, about the need to organize a permanent network of meteorological stations on a common methodological basis. considered meteorology as an independent science, the task of which is the scientific prediction of the weather.

In the 2nd XVIII century. the Mannheim Meteorological Society was organized, which created a network of 39 stations in Europe equipped with the same type of instruments, in Russia 3. At all meteorological stations, observations were carried out according to a single method for 12 years.

In 1820 G.V. Brandeis in Germany mapped observational data from the Mannheim network and identified areas of high and low pressure. 1 synoptic map was created. the science of forecasting-- synoptic m.

Development climatology in the 19th century Important milestone development -- the introduction of the cartographer. a method that made it possible to identify the main regularities in the distribution of meteorological elements over large spaces.

1 map of isotherms A. Humboldt (1817), and maps of the isotherms of January and July - by French scientists. First isobar maps showing distribution atmospheric pressure, built in 1869 by the Scottish scientist A. Bukhan .

A. Humboldt (1769-1859) studied climatology and physical geography. climate distribution depending on the city, latitude of the place and height above sea level. developed a method for displaying average temperatures on maps using isotherms, contributed to the introduction of the cartographic method, helped to identify the main patterns of the distribution of meteorological elements on Earth.

In the middle of the 19th century meteorological institutes began to be organized in Europe, including in Russia - the Main Physical (Geophysical) Observatory in St. Petersburg (1849) - the world's first scientific meteorological institution. G.I. Wild Instruments: Wild weather vane, evaporator, an exemplary meteorological network is organized. Rykachev headed the first weather forecasting department in Russia. Wild developed guidelines for conducting observations and their analysis.

Russian geographical society (1845). It included a department of meteorology, led A.I. Voeikov (1842--1916). the climatic significance of snow cover and atmospheric circulation, as well as the first to show the existence of monsoonal circulation in temperate latitudes East Asia. "Climates the globe, especially Russia" (1884).

paid attention to physical close the shaper. climate. He pointed out the need to study the heat balance of the atmosphere and the earth's surface-atmosphere system, as well as the microclimate. established a connection between the Azores and Asian anticyclones in the winter and called it the major axis of the Eurasian continent. Voeikov axis.

A.I. Voeikov is one of founders climatology in Russia. The Main Geophysical Observatory (GGO) in St. Petersburg is named after him.

An important stimulus in the development of meteorology in the XIX century. was the opening of a series physical laws(gas, radiation, thermodynamics, hydrostatics and hydrodynamics) are used to explain numerous atmospheric phenomena. Based on these laws in the 2nd XIX century. atmospheric physics and dynamic meteorology. A great contribution to the development of dynamic meteorology was made by G. Coriolis and S. Poisson in France, W. Ferrel in the USA, G. Helmholtz in Germany, G. Mohn and K. Gouldberg in Norway. Studies of climate depending on the geographical factors of its formation were carried out by J. Gann (Austria) and W. Köppen (Germany). At the end of the century, the study of radiation and electrical processes in the atmosphere became more active.

In 1873, the First International Meteorological Congress took place in Vienna, and in 1879 the second; its participant was D.I. Mendeleev. The development of meteorology in the XX century. proceeded at an increasing pace. The network of meteorological stations has increased, their technical equipment has improved. in line with the achievements of physics, chemistry, mathematics and computer science. Successes in the study of physics are associated with achievements in the study of gases, the study of radiation, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, and thermodynamics. Computational forecasting methods began to be introduced (K. Rossby, J. Charney, a technique was developed long-term forecasts weather conditions (B.P. Mul’tanovsky, G.Ya. Vangeim, etc.).

In the 1920s Norwegian scientists V. Bjerknes and J. Bjerknes created the doctrine of air masses And atmospheric fronts, advanced synoptic. weather forecasting methods. Synoptic meteorology stepped forward thanks to the work of S.P. Khromova , H.P. Pogosyan (USSR), S. Petersen (Norway). Methods for active influences on clouds began to be developed (V.N. Obolensky, E.K. Fedorov).

With the advent aircraft it became possible to study the atmosphere in layers remote from earth's surface. Aerological research a number of discoveries, expanded understanding of the structure and gas composition atmosphere. in 1902, A. Teyseran de Bor (France) discovered the existence of the tropopause and the stratosphere. A little later this discovery was confirmed by R. Assmann (Germany).

In 1930, the Soviet scientist P.A. Molchanov invented the radiosonde, which made it possible to supplement ground-based observations at meteorological stations with aerological observations and significantly improve the accuracy of weather forecasts.

Since the middle of the XX century. the practice of meteorological observations included meteorological radars and rocket sounding of the atmosphere. Modern weather forecasts cannot do without information received from satellites. April 1960, the first meteorological satellite became the basis for the development of satellite meteorology and climatology. regular measurements of the radiation balance of the Earth and its components, as well as the opportunity to monitor big amount elements and quantities.

In the XX century. developed actinometry (the science of radiation in the atmosphere). N.N. Kalitin, V.A. Michelson, O.D. Khvolson, S.I. Savinov), as well as scientists from the USA (G. Abbott), Germany (F. Linke) and Sweden (A. Ongstrom) developed methods and instruments for measuring radiant energy fluxes, the theory of its transfer in the atmosphere. began to measure flows solar radiation in the Earth-atmosphere system.

In the XX century. in climatology began active use models of the general circulation of the atmosphere, as well as combined models general circulation atmosphere and ocean. With the help of general circulation models, climate scenarios are calculated that differ from the current climate, but may arise in the future under different combinations of external natural and anthropogenic factors. Modeling of paleoclimates helps to study the climatic conditions that already existed on Earth in geol. past, makes it possible to understand the processes of the current climate and its changes in the future, taking into account the impact of factors.

classifications climate of the 20th century. V.P. Koeppen (Germany).

climate: L.S. Berg, B.P. Alisov, A.A. Grigoriev, S.P. Khromov, M.I. Budyko.

All components of the Earth's heat balance were studied for the first time (M.I. Budyko). Moisture circulation (Kh.P. Pogosyan, M.I. Budyko, O.A. Drozdov), atmospheric circulation, interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean, centers of action of the atmosphere were intensively studied, methods of climatic data processing were improved.

The rapid growth of industry in the 2nd half of the 20th century. had an adverse effect on the atmosphere. problems of air pollution and the spread of harmful impurities; the need to control and manage the processes of anthropogenic pollution. V developed countries created special service dealing with pollution control natural environment including atmospheric air.

direction of research in meteo. as the impact of anthropogenic factors on the modern climate, as well as the impact of climate change on various sectors of the national economy, including the issues of adaptation of the economy in new climatic conditions(M.I. Budyko, V.F. Loginov).

global meteorological problems requiring the collective efforts of meteorologists from all countries. At the Extraordinary Conference of Directors of National Meteorological Services in London in 1946, the British Minister Stretchy said: “You who are meteorologists will be called upon to play in the life of mankind much more important role than you have ever played before." After World War II, WMO was created under the UN. international programs such as the Global Atmospheric Research Program, and unique experiments like the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), the Atlantic Tropical Experiment (1974).