Peacekeeping functions of the Russian army and navy. Peacekeeping activities of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. The training and material base provided by the training center for conducting training camps for UN military observers includes
State Committee of the Russian Federation
of Education
Essay on life safety on the topic:
“Peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. UN peacekeeping operations. ”
11b class
Hrisanova Maria
Moscow, 2001
Introduction .....................................................3
Chapter I Peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces
1. The first Soviet peacekeepers .............................. 5
2. Participation of Russia in UN peacekeeping operations and activities to maintain peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts in the territories of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states. ...................................8
3. On the status of military personnel participating in UN peacekeeping operations .............................................................. .................14
Chapter II. UN peacekeeping operations.
1.What are UN Peacekeeping Operations?..................................................17
2. What is the scope of UN peacekeeping operations?.................................................21
3.Who Provides Guidance?................................21
4.What does it cost?...............................22
5. What compensation do peacekeepers receive? .............................................. 22
6.Who provides personnel and property? .............................................. ...23
7. Why do UN peacekeeping operations continue to be important? ...........23
Conclusion ...............................................25
List of references .....................................27
Introduction.
In our time, the state of relations between the leading states gives rise to some optimism in the low probability of a global nuclear conflict and another world war. However, the constantly emerging small and large military conflicts in Europe and Asia, the countries of the “third world”, the claims of many of them to possess nuclear weapons, the instability of political systems in many of these states do not exclude the possibility of events developing according to an unpredictable scenario, including a major one. military tragedy. Unresolved disputes and contradictions, as well as armed conflicts arising from them, affect the vital interests of each state and pose a real threat to international peace and security. In the course of conflicts, which often turn into civil wars, massive grave crimes are committed against civilians, the destruction of villages and the destruction of cities, which are a flagrant violation of international conventions. According to official UN data, by the mid-90s, during the major post-war conflicts, the death toll exceeded 20 million people, more than 6 million maimed, 17 million refugees, 20 million displaced persons, and these numbers continue to grow.
From the foregoing, it is clear that present stage the world community is faced with a serious danger of being drawn into the elements of numerous, unpredictable in their consequences, difficult to control armed conflicts on various grounds, which is a destabilizing factor in the progress of society and requires additional efforts by states in the field of domestic and foreign policy, since any conflict, in its essence, poses a threat to any states and peoples. In this regard, international peacekeeping activities have advanced in last years in a number of priority areas of foreign and domestic policy of many states.
All of the above makes us think about measures that guarantee the protection of society from military encroachments from outside.
The history of human development knows many examples of the creation of interstate organizations, one of the tasks of which is to maintain international peace and security. Particular attention to the solution of this problem, as practice has shown, was paid after the end of large-scale wars. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, after the First World War, the League of Nations was formed, which marked the beginning of the creation of more civilized and multifunctional organizations for ensuring peace and security. At the end of the Second World War, in connection with the virtual cessation of the activities of the League of Nations, a new international organization was created, uniting almost all states for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security. the globe- United Nations (UN).
As for Russia, it has never been and never will be a "purely" European country. Its duality was well expressed by the Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, who emphasized that Russia is a transitional country, a mediator between the two worlds. Culture has inextricably linked it with Europe; but nature has placed upon her traits and influences which have always attracted her to Asia, or drawn Asia into her. And therefore Russia, even if it wants to lock itself into a purely internal problems, cannot refuse to participate in the creation of a peaceful order by virtue of its geopolitical position in the center of Eurasia. There is no one to replace her. Stability in the middle zone of Eurasia guarantees stability throughout the world, and this is in the interests of the entire world community. And therefore an integral part of modern international politics of the Russian state are its carefully weighed consistent actions aimed at preventing possible aggression, preventing the threat of wars and armed conflicts, strengthening security and stability on a regional and global scale.
It should be noted that essential condition The defense capability of the state is the readiness of citizens to defend the interests of their state. The main guarantee of this protection is the achieved balance in nuclear forces, the military power of the state, which consists of the national and military defense capability and the readiness of citizens to defend the interests of their state, including with weapons in their hands.
Thus, the need for understanding by all members of society, and especially representatives of the younger generation, is clearly visible of the importance of mastering military knowledge, methods of armed defense, their readiness to fulfill the tasks of protecting the interests of the state, including service in the Armed Forces.
The first Soviet peacekeepers.
They appeared a quarter of a century ago.
Today, the participation of Russian military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations is a common thing. At present, our soldiers and officers as military observers under the auspices of the UN can be found in many hot spots on the planet. But few people know how the participation of Soviet military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations began. In October 1973, by decision of the USSR government, in accordance with the resolution of the UN Security Council, the first group of our officers was sent to the Middle East. They were to monitor the ceasefire in the Suez Canal zone and on the Golan Heights after hostilities ended here. The group was led by Colonel Nikolai Belik. Commander of the first detachment of domestic "blue berets" President of the Interregional public organization veterans of UN peacekeeping missions RF recalls: “The group was formed very quickly. it included officers of the company, battalion level, only twenty-five people. Commander of the Moscow Military District, General of the Army Vladimir Govorov, said that by decision of the military council I was approved as the commander of a special group of officers who will act as UN military observers in the Middle East.
At the General Staff, General of the Army Nikolai Ogarkov, then Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR, conducted a briefing, noting that the peace that had come after the end of the Arab-Israeli war in 1973 was rather fragile and that our group had a special responsibility, because the Soviet military personnel participate in UN peacekeeping operations for the first time.
In Cairo, the highest Egyptian officials gave us close attention. It was explained by another outbreak of tension in Arab-Israeli relations. In their settlement, much depended on Moscow. The urgent arrival of our group in Cairo made it clear that the Kremlin would not allow further escalation of the conflict.
Serious attention was paid to acquaintance with the new region, the history of the country. on one of the days of November, namely the 25th, a solemn ceremony was held to present us with blue berets and blue scarves - an indispensable attribute of the uniform of UN military personnel. each of us received a special certificate confirming the status of UN military observers. The day of the ceremony can be considered the starting date for the participation of Soviet military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations.
Soon some of the officers left for Syria. The rest were to serve in Egypt. It should be noted that in accordance with adopted by the council The UN Security Council resolution of October 22, 1973, as well as not without the efforts of the Soviet government, hostilities in the Middle East were suspended.
I especially remember the first months of 1974. They were the most difficult for us. We had to participate in a number of the most serious peacekeeping operations. One of them - "Omega" - was held from February 5 to March 31. Omega produced 173 search operations the remains of servicemen who died during the recent October military conflict, each of which lasted several days. In a no less difficult situation, the Alpha Line operation was also carried out (defining the border between the buffer zone and the zone of a limited number of Egyptian troops), since for almost a month they had to act on the terrain, which was a continuous minefield.
I cannot but say that my comrades were in no way inferior to the experienced "blue berets" from the battalions of the peacekeeping forces of other states. We not only served together, but also were friends, showing the real internationalism that was necessary to maintain peace. Participants of peacekeeping organizations after a certain period of service on behalf of the UN Secretary General were awarded medals "In the Service of Peace". Together with the military observers of a number of other countries, we, Soviet officers, also received this award.”
Russia's participation in UN peacekeeping operations and activities to maintain peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts in the territories of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.
The practical participation of Russia (USSR) in UN peacekeeping operations began in October 1973, when the first group of UN military observers was sent to the Middle East.
Since 1991, Russia's participation in these operations has intensified: in April, after the end of the war in the Persian Gulf, a group of Russian military observers (RVN) of the UN was sent to the region of the Iraqi-Kuwait border, and in September - to Western Sahara. From the beginning of 1992, the sphere of activity of our military observers extended to Yugoslavia, Cambodia and Mozambique, and in January 1994 to Rwanda. In October 1994, a UN RVN group was sent to Georgia, in February 1995 - to Angola, in March 1997 - to Guatemala, in May 1998 - to Sierra Peone, in July 1999 - to East Timor, in November 1999 - to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Currently, ten groups of Russian military observers and UN staff officers, totaling up to 70 people, are participating in peacekeeping operations conducted under the auspices of the UN. Russian military observers can be found in the Middle East (Lebanon), on the Iraqi-Kuwait border, in Western Sahara, in the former Yugoslavia, in Georgia, in Sierra Leone, in East Timor, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The main tasks of military observers are to monitor the implementation of armistice agreements, a ceasefire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent, through their presence without the right to use force, possible violations of the agreements and agreements of the conflicting parties.
The selection of candidates for UN military observers on a voluntary basis is carried out from among the officers who speak foreign languages (in most UN missions this is English), knowing the rules maintaining standard UN documents and having driving experience. Features of the UN military observer service, requiring him to have qualities that allow him to make compromise decisions in the most unexpected situations and in the shortest possible time, determines special order selection and training of these officers. The requirements set by the UN for an officer candidate for military observers are very high.
The training of UN military observers for participation in UN peacekeeping operations since 1974 has been carried out on the basis of the former 1st Higher Officer Courses "Shot", currently it is the Training Center for Retraining and Advanced Training of Officers of the Combined Arms Academy. Initially, the courses were held once a year for 2 months (from 1974 to 1990, 330 people were trained). In connection with the expansion of the participation of the USSR, Russia in UN peacekeeping operations (OPM), since 1991, courses began to be held 3 times a year. In total, from 1974 to 1999, more than 800 officers were trained at the UNO courses to participate in the UN PKO.
In addition to training military observers, staff officers and UN military police (organized since 1992), the course actively participated in the implementation of the provisions of the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces and Conventional Arms in Europe. In 1990-1991, more than 250 officers-inspectors were trained in the course to control the reduction of armed forces and conventional weapons in Europe.
The practice of participation of Russian officers in UN missions has shown that in terms of the level of professional training, moral and psychological state, and the ability to make the most expedient decision in extreme situations, they fully meet the requirements. And the experience accumulated by Russian military observers is being actively used in organizing work to prepare for participation in new peacekeeping operations and improving the methods of their training.
The high level of training of officers of the RF Armed Forces for participation in UN peacekeeping operations, the harmony of training programs and rich experience in improving educational process in the courses of UN military observers are of interest from foreign experts and organizations.
Since 1996, foreign military personnel have been trained at the courses. In 1996-1998, 55 officers from Great Britain (23), Denmark (2), Canada (2), Norway (2), USA (17), Germany (5), Sweden (4) were trained at 1 VOK "Shot" .
In October 1999, 5 foreign students attended the courses (Great Britain - 2, Germany, Canada, Sweden - one each).
Training camps for the training of UN military observers are held three times a year according to a two-month program. The timing of the training camp is coordinated with the schedule for the replacement of specialists participating in UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs). The annual curriculum also provides for one monthly gathering for the training of officers of the UN PKO headquarters.
Scheduled classes under the UN HS training program are conducted with the involvement of teachers of the main cycles of the training center, as well as seconded instructor officers with practical experience in participating in UN peacekeeping operations. The training of foreign military personnel is carried out according to a one-month program together with Russian military personnel, starting from the second month of each training camp.
Teaching of tactical-special and military-technical disciplines is conducted in Russian with the help of an interpreter. Special training classes, in English, are conducted by instructor officers.
Educational and material base provided training center to conduct training camps for UN military observers, includes:
Equipped classrooms;
Automotive and other equipment;
Technical training aids;
Polygon;
Hotel for students.
The available educational and material base allows training in English the following categories of specialists to participate in the UN PKO:
UN military observers;
Officers of the headquarters of the peacekeeping forces (MS) of the UN;
rear commanders and technical services UNMS;
officers military police UN;
United Nations civilian police officers.
In April 1992, for the first time in the history of Russia's peacekeeping activities, on the basis of UN Security Council resolution N743 and after the completion of the necessary domestic procedures (decision of the Supreme Council Russian Federation) a Russian was sent to the former Yugoslavia infantry battalion numbering 900 people, which in January 1994 was reinforced with personnel, BTR-80 armored personnel carriers, anti-tank weapons and other weapons and military equipment.
In accordance with the political decision of the Russian leadership, part of the forces of the Russian contingent of UN forces in February 1994 was redeployed to the Sarajevo region and, after an appropriate reinforcement, was transformed into a second battalion (numbering up to 500 people). The main task of this battalion was to ensure the separation of the parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement.
In connection with the transfer of powers from the UN to NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the battalion of the Sarajevo sector in January 1996 ceased its peacekeeping missions and was withdrawn to Russian territory.
In accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council on the completion of the UN mission in Eastern Slavonia on January 15, 1998, the Russian infantry battalion (up to 950 people), which performed the tasks of separating the parties (Serbs and Croats), was withdrawn in January this year. from Croatia to the territory of Russia.
In June 1995, a Russian peacekeeping unit appears on the African continent. A Russian military contingent consisting of seven Mi-8 helicopters and up to 160 servicemen was sent to Angola to solve the problems of aviation support for the UN Control Mission in Angola (UNAVEM-3). Russian aviators coped with the assigned tasks in the most difficult tropical conditions of Africa.
In March 1999, the Russian aviation group of the UN Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) was withdrawn to the Russian Federation in connection with the termination of the UN mission.
In August 2000, a Russian aviation unit was again sent to the African continent to join the UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone. This is a Russian aviation group consisting of 4 Mi-24 helicopters and up to 115 personnel.
However, Russia bears the main material costs with the participation of a special military contingent of the RF Armed Forces in maintaining international peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts on the territory of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.
Former Yugoslavia. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have been participating in the operation of the multinational forces since April 1992 in accordance with UN Security Council Resolutions No. 743 of February 26, 1992 and June 10, 1999 No. 1244. Currently, the Russian military contingent is taking part in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and in the autonomous province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main tasks of Russian peacekeepers:
Preventing the resumption of hostilities;
Creation of security conditions for the return of refugees and displaced persons;
Ensuring public safety;
Supervision of demining;
Support, where necessary, for an international civil presence;
Fulfillment, as necessary, of duties for the implementation of border control;
Ensuring the protection and freedom of movement of own forces, international civil presence and personnel of other international organizations.
Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone from 23.7 to 31.8.1992 on the basis of the Moldovan-Russian agreement on the principles of the peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova of 21.7. 1992
The main task is to monitor compliance with the terms of the truce and help maintain law and order.
South Ossetia. The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone on 9.7.1992 on the basis of the Georgian-Russian Dagomys agreement of 24.6. 1992 on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict.
The main task is to ensure control over the ceasefire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the disbandment of the self-defense forces and the maintenance of a security regime in the zone of control.
Abkhazia. The military contingent was brought into the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a ceasefire and disengagement of forces of May 14, 1994.
The main tasks are blocking the conflict area, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and their disarmament, guarding important facilities and communications, escorting humanitarian supplies, and others.
Tajikistan. 201 honey with reinforcements became part of the CIS Collective Peacekeeping Forces in October 1993 on the basis of the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan on cooperation in the military field dated 25.5.1993. Agreement of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Collective Peacekeeping Forces and joint measures for their material and technical support.
The main tasks are to assist in the normalization of the situation on the Tajik-Afghan border, the protection of vital facilities and others.
On the status of military personnel participating in UN peacekeeping operations.
The legal status of military personnel participating in UN peacekeeping operations is complex. It is governed by a set of legal principles and norms belonging to different legal systems and having a different legal nature.
The legal status of servicemen reflects its specificity, first of all, as an integral part of a functional interstate mechanism - an international organization. The main legal basis for regulating the activities of international organizations and their employees is the international legal basis, the form - international legal principles and norms. In this regard, the status of the staff is primarily international in nature and is limited by the functional framework.
A feature of the legal status of military personnel participating in UN peacekeeping operations is that they do not enter the service of the United Nations, they do not become UN personnel as such. Military personnel are temporarily seconded to a UN peacekeeping mission.
After citizens of one state are seconded to serve in an organ of an international organization located on the territory of another state, legal relations between employees and these states accordingly remain and arise. Military personnel remain and become participants in legal relations that are governed by the norms of the respective national legal systems.
In addition, an international organization, whose activity is subject to the will of the member states, is endowed with a certain independence by the member states in order to achieve its goals. The independence of the organization is embodied in the functional legal personality and is materialized through the functional competence, in particular, to create the rules of law, including those regulating the activities of personnel. These norms are unconditionally legally binding, however, they are not international legal, they have a special legal nature and sources.
It follows from the foregoing that all the norms and principles governing the legal status of personnel can be divided according to the nature of their sources and belong to:
1) to the norms of international law contained in the charters of the UN and its specialized agencies, in special agreements, in acts of organizations and other international legal acts;
2) to the norms that have a domestic nature of the sources contained in the acts of various domestic authorities of the host country, transit, business trip, and ò.ï.
3) to the norms of the so-called internal law of the UN, created and applied within the organization;
4) to the norms that have a domestic nature of the sources contained in the acts of certain domestic bodies.
Heterogeneous character legal regulation status of military personnel participating in UN peacekeeping operations reflects the specifics of the legal status of such military personnel as a special category of participants in international legal relations. This specificity determined the definition of sources of norms on the legal status of personnel and, thus, the features of its regulation in various legal areas.
At present, the active participation of Russian citizens in the peacekeeping efforts of the world community requires the development of a “Status of a participant in peacekeeping operations” that meets international legal standards, which would define legal rights and obligations and provide social guarantees for all participants in this process.
UN peacekeeping operations.
Regional wars and armed conflicts in a number of regions are increasingly threatening peace and stability, becoming protracted and difficult to resolve. The United Nations assumed responsibility for their prevention, containment and termination.
What are United Nations peacekeeping operations? The year 1998 marked the fiftieth anniversary of United Nations peacekeeping operations. The United Nations has pioneered peacekeeping operations as a means of maintaining international peace and security. Basically, United Nations peacekeepers, often referred to as "blue helmets", are military personnel provided on a voluntary basis by their governments in order to use military discipline and training to solve the problems of restoration and maintenance of peace. In recognition of their services, United Nations peacekeepers were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.
State governments are increasingly turning to the United Nations for assistance in resolving interethnic and interethnic conflicts that have erupted in many parts of the world since the end of the Cold War. While 13 operations were established in the first forty years of United Nations peacekeeping, 35 new operations have been deployed since 1988. At its peak in 1993, the total number of United Nations military and civilian personnel deployed in the field from 77 countries reached over 80,000. Missions of a complex nature, involving simultaneous work in the political, military and humanitarian fields, drew on the experience gained in the conduct of "traditional" United Nations peacekeeping operations, which, as a rule, are aimed at solving mainly military tasks, such as observing a ceasefire, disengaging opposing forces and establishing buffer zones.
The military personnel serving as United Nations peacekeepers have been joined by civilian police, election observers, human rights monitors and other civilian professionals. The range of their tasks is wide - from providing protection during the delivery of humanitarian aid and its very delivery, to helping former enemies in the implementation of complex peace agreements. United Nations peacekeepers are called upon to perform such tasks as assisting in the disarmament and demobilization of ex-combatants, assisting in the training of civilian police officers, monitoring their activities, assisting in the organization of elections and monitoring them. Working with United Nations agencies and other humanitarian organizations, peacekeepers helped refugees return to their homes, ensured human rights monitoring, cleared landmines and initiated reconstruction efforts.
Typically, peacekeeping operations are established by the Security Council, the organ of the United Nations with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council determines the scope of the operation, its overall objectives and time frame. Since the United Nations does not have its own armed forces or civilian police, it is up to the Member States to decide whether to participate in a particular mission and, if so, what personnel and what equipment they are willing to provide.
The success of peacekeeping operations depends on the clarity and feasibility of their mandate, the effectiveness of command from Headquarters and in the field, the continued political and financial support of Member States, and, perhaps most importantly, the cooperation of parties to conflict.
The mission is established with the consent of the government of the country where it is deployed and, as a rule, of other parties involved, and it can in no way be used to support one side to the detriment of the other. The most effective "weapon" of peacekeepers is their impartiality and legitimacy by virtue of the fact that they represent the international community as a whole.
Military personnel in United Nations peacekeeping operations carry light weapons and are entitled to the use of minimum force in self-defence or when armed individuals attempt to interfere with their assigned duties. Civilian police officers are usually unarmed. The specifics of the service of military observers is that they actually carry out their mission without weapons, relying only on knowledge and experience, and often only on intuition, when making decisions.
United Nations peacekeepers cannot impose peace when there is no peace. However, when parties to a conflict seek a peaceful resolution of their differences, a United Nations peacekeeping operation can stimulate peace and provide "breathing space" to create a more stable and secure environment in which lasting political solutions can be found and exploited.
United Nations peacekeeping operations must be distinguished from other forms of multinational military intervention, including "coercive" measures. On a number of occasions, the Security Council has authorized Member States to use "all necessary means", including the use of force, to deal with armed conflict or threats to the peace. Acting on the basis of such a sanction, member states formed military coalitions - in the Korean conflict in 1950 and in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in the 1990s. Multinational operations were deployed in addition to United Nations operations in Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, In 1997, the Council authorized a “coalition of the willing” to respond to the situation in Albania It also authorized the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force in the Central African Republic, which was replaced in March 1998 by the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) .
What is the scope of United Nations peacekeeping operations? Since 1948, the United Nations has conducted 48 peacekeeping operations. Thirty-five peacekeeping operations were established by the Security Council between 1988 and 1998. There are currently 16 operations with approximately 14,000 peacekeepers. More than 750,000 military and civilian police personnel and thousands of other civilian professionals have served in United Nations peacekeeping operations; more than 1,500 people died in the line of duty as part of these missions.
The most significant of the special missions and peacekeeping operations are: Special Mission to Afghanistan, Verification Mission to Angola, Good Offices Mission to Burundi, UN Military Liaison Team to Cambodia, Observation Mission to El Salvador, Special Envoy and Military Observer Team to Georgia, Iraq -Kuwaiti mission, special envoy to Tajikistan and a number of others.
Who provides guidance? Peacekeeping missions are established and determined by the fifteen States members of the Security Council, not by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Charter of the United Nations specifically states that the Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Each of the five permanent members of the Security Council - China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and France - can veto any decision relating to peacekeeping operations.
The military and civilian police personnel of peacekeeping operations remain part of their national formations, but serve under the operational control of the United Nations and are required to conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the purely international nature of their tasks. Mission members wear the uniforms of their countries and are identified as United Nations peacekeepers by blue berets or helmets and United Nations badges. Civilian personnel are seconded from the United Nations Secretariat, United Nations agencies or Governments, or are employed on a contract basis.
What does it cost? The cost estimate for United Nations peacekeeping operations for the period July 1997 to June 1998 is approximately $1 billion. This figure has decreased from the $3 billion in 1995, which reflected the cost of United Nations peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia. All Member States contribute to the costs of peacekeeping operations in accordance with a formula that they have developed and agreed upon. However, as of February 1998, Member States owed the United Nations approximately $1.6 billion in current and prior period contributions for peacekeeping operations.
What compensation do peacekeepers receive? Peacekeepers are paid by their governments according to their rank and pay scale in their national armed forces. The costs of voluntary peacekeeping personnel are reimbursed by the United Nations at a flat rate of approximately $1,000 per soldier per month. The United Nations also reimburses countries for equipment provided. At the same time, refunds to these countries are often delayed due to cash shortages caused by Member States not paying their dues.
Who provides personnel and property? All Member States are responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Since 1948, more than 110 countries have provided personnel at various times. As of early 1998, 71 Member States are providing military and civilian police personnel for ongoing missions. Almost all countries provide civilian personnel.
Why do United Nations peacekeeping operations continue to be important? Armed conflicts continue to arise for a variety of reasons:
· Inadequate political structures in countries fall apart or are unable to ensure an orderly transfer of power;
· a disillusioned populace takes sides, often on the basis of ethical affiliation, on the side of ever smaller groups that do not always respect national boundaries;
· The struggle for control over scarce resources intensifies as the embitterment and frustration of the population, caught in the clutches of poverty.
These factors create a fertile ground for violence within or between states. Violence is fueled by the vast amount of weapons of virtually every type readily available throughout the world. The result is human suffering, often on a massive scale, threats to international peace and security in a broader sense, and the disintegration of the economic and social life of the populations of entire countries.
Many of today's conflicts may seem far away to those who are not directly in the line of fire. However, the states of the world must weigh the risks of action against the obvious dangers of inaction. The inability of the international community to take measures to curb conflicts and resolve them peacefully can lead to the expansion of conflicts and an increase in the circle of their participants. Recent events have shown how quickly civil wars between parties in the same country can destabilize neighboring countries and spread to entire regions. Few modern conflicts can be considered truly "local". They often give rise to a range of problems, such as the illicit arms trade, terrorism, drug trafficking, refugee flows and damage environment, - the consequences of which are felt far beyond the immediate zone of conflict. To address these and other global challenges, the international cooperation United Nations peacekeeping operations, drawing on half a century of experience in this field, are an indispensable method of influence. Legitimacy and universality are their unique characteristics, due to their very nature of acting on behalf of a worldwide organization of 185 Member States. United Nations peacekeeping operations can open doors to peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts towards lasting peace that may remain closed without them.
For countries in which United Nations peacekeeping operations are being deployed, their legitimacy and universality:
¨ limits the consequences for national sovereignty that other forms of foreign interference may entail;
¨ can stimulate discussions between parties to a conflict that might not otherwise be possible;
¨ can draw attention to conflicts and their consequences that might otherwise go unnoticed.
For the international community more broadly, United Nations peacekeeping operations:
I can be Starting point to mobilize international efforts that demonstrate to the parties that the international community stands for peace as a united front, and can limit the spread of alliances and opposing alliances that can exacerbate conflicts;
¨ enable many countries to share the burden of taking action to control and resolve conflicts, resulting in improved humanitarian, financial and political performance.
Conclusion.
Summarizing the above, we can conclude that in modern conditions, the greatest threat to international peace and security, both at the regional level and on a global scale, is posed by armed conflicts, which should be resolved primarily by political means and only, as a last resort, by conducting operations to peacekeeping. However, it should be noted that not a single peacekeeping action will bring the desired result if there is no political will and desire of the warring parties to resolve the contradictions that have arisen themselves.
As for the prospects for Russia's participation in peacekeeping, they are eloquently evidenced by the fact that if in the first 40 years of its existence the UN conducted 13 peacekeeping operations, then since 1988, 28 new operations have been initiated.
Special mention should be made of the organization of peacekeeping activities with the CIS member countries. The Commonwealth, as a regional organization that has assumed the functions of ensuring international peace and security, opens up new horizons for the development of peacekeeping.
For the newly formed states that left the former USSR, peacekeeping is becoming one of the main forms of conflict resolution policy in the post-Soviet space. Unresolved national, territorial and other problems, mutual claims, disintegrated processes led to the development of well-known events in the Dnieper region, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Tajikistan, North Ossetia.
In these difficult conditions, it is precisely the appeal to the experience of the UN and other international and regional organizations(such as the OSCE) to resolve interstate and other disputes and conflicts can serve as the basis for the formation in the CIS countries (with the active participation of Russia) of their own concept of peacekeeping.
Will the world draw lessons from its centuries-old past, or will it confirm Hegel's well-known aphorism: "Peoples and governments have never learned anything from history and have not acted according to the teachings that could be learned from it" ... At least we need to help them in this.
Bibliography:
1. Fundamentals of life safety: Moscow textbook Part II 10-11 / Ed. V.Ya. Syunkov. - M., 1998;
4. Headquarters for the coordination of military cooperation between the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States - Collection of documents and theoretical materials on peacekeeping activities in the Commonwealth of Independent States. - M., 1995;
5. Vartanov V.N. and others. Main Directorate of International Military Cooperation of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (1951-2001). - M., 2001;
6. Ivashov L.G. Evolution of Russia's Geopolitical Development: Historical Experience and Lessons. - M., 1999;
7. Ivashov L.G. National Security // Profi. - 1998. - No. 1-2.
How to become an officer of the Russian army?
Professional training of Russian officers in educational institutions was organized when the regular army was created. In 1698, on the initiative of Peter I, the Artillery and Infantry Schools in Moscow and the Nautical School in Azov were opened, and in 1701 the Engineering School,
School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences. Then other military educational institutions were created.
The military schools created under Peter I gave the young men a good general and special education for that time.
Later, in St. Petersburg, the Land (1732) and Marine (1743) gentry were established. cadet corps. They trained not only officers, but also officials of state institutions.
In the last quarter of the XVIII century. The Baltic and Black Sea Navigator Schools, the St. Petersburg School of Naval Architecture, and others were opened.
In 1798, the Medico-Surgical Academy was established, which trained military doctors for the army and navy.
At the beginning of the XIX century. The Main Engineering (1819) and Mikhailovskoye Artillery (1820) schools were opened with academic classes for training officers with a higher military special education, which were later transformed into academies. Therefore, 1819 is considered the official year of the creation of the Military Engineering Academy, which still exists today, and 1820 - the Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces. Peter the Great (until 1997 - Military Academy them. F. E. Dzerzhinsky).
In the second half of the XIX century. new higher military educational institutions appeared: the Military Law (1867) and Naval (1877) academies. At the same time, part of the cadet corps was transformed into military gymnasiums.
By the beginning of World War I (1914-1918), Russia had four groups of military educational institutions:
1) lower (for training junior officers); 2) secondary general education (cadet corps, preparatory schools, etc.); 3) secondary special (trained command and engineering personnel for the army and navy); 4) higher and secondary type for the training and retraining of active service officers (military academies, naval higher schools, rifle, cavalry, electrical, aeronautical, artillery and other schools).
After 1917, a new network of military educational institutions was created, which included:
1) courses and regimental schools (for training junior officers); 2) command courses (for training platoon commanders); 3) advanced training courses for officers; 4) schools for the training of mid-level specialists; 5) military academies (for the training of senior officers of all specialties).
As a result military reform 1924-1925 a system of higher and secondary military educational institutions was formed, which included military academies, military schools of the Ground Forces and the Air Force, and naval schools. Subsequently, military schools were transformed into secondary military schools. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 in the Soviet Union there were 19 military academies, 203 secondary military schools, 7 higher naval schools and 10 military faculties at civilian higher educational institutions.
Major changes in the officer training system took place in the 1950s and 1960s. 20th century in connection with the emergence of nuclear missile weapons and a new branch of the Armed Forces - Missile troops strategic purpose (RVSN). Secondary military schools were transformed into higher ones with terms of study of 4 and 5 years.
The military education system of the Russian Federation
Military educational institutions of professional education of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include military academies, military universities, military institutes and higher military schools (Scheme 32). They are designed to train and improve the skills of command, engineering and special personnel for the Armed Forces.
The military educational institutions of vocational education indicated in Scheme 32 train highly qualified officer cadres with higher military and higher military special education. Many of these institutions are research centers for the development of problems in various industries. military science and technology.
Several dozens of military educational institutions function in the personnel training system for the Armed Forces (Scheme 32, Annex 3). The terms of study in most of them are 5 years.
In 2008, military training centers were established at some federal state educational institutions of higher professional education. These centers are new form preparation of citizens for military service under contract in officer positions. They train specialists in engineering, humanitarian and legal profiles. Rules for admission to military educational institutions of vocational education
Military educational institutions in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Military Duty and Military Service" accept citizens of the Russian Federation who have a secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education: those who have not completed military service at the age of 16 to 22; who have completed military service or who are conscripted for military service - until they reach the age of 24 years.
Admission to a military educational institution is carried out upon a personal application of a person who wants to enter it, which must be submitted before May 1 of the year of admission to the district (city) military commissariat at the place of residence.
The application must indicate: surname, name and patronymic, year and month of birth, address of the place of residence, name of the military educational institution (faculty) in which the applicant wishes to enter. The application must be accompanied by the documents specified in Scheme 33.
District (city) draft commissions until May 15 of the year of admission conduct a preliminary professional selection. On the time and place of arrival of candidates for admission, the heads of military educational institutions inform the candidate before June 30 of the year of admission to study through the military commissariats. Applicants prepare for the entrance exams on their own or at preparatory courses, which are organized at most military educational institutions. Candidates who arrived at military educational institutions undergo a professional selection, which is carried out by the selection committee from July 5 to July 25 of the year of admission to study.
During the professional selection, candidates are checked for:
Health status;
military-professional orientation and physical fitness;
individual psychological qualities;
general education.
The state of health is checked by medical specialists: therapist, surgeon, neuropathologist, psychiatrist, ophthalmologist, otorhinolaryngologist, dentist, and, if necessary, doctors of other specialties.
Military professional orientation and individual psychological qualities are checked during the candidate's interview with professional selection specialists and during testing.
Physical fitness is assessed by the results of the exercises(running 3 km, pulling up on the bar, running 100 m, swimming 100 m).
General education of candidates is checked at entrance exams according to the approved list of subjects in order to determine the possibility of applicants to master the relevant professional educational programs.
Without checking general education, subject to compliance with all other requirements for professional selection, the following are enrolled:
Military personnel, including those transferred to the reserve, who were conscripted for military service and at the same time performed tasks in the conditions of an armed conflict of a non-international character in the Chechen Republic and in the territories of the North Caucasus immediately adjacent to it, classified as an armed conflict zone;
graduates of Suvorov military schools who were awarded a gold or silver medal "For Special Achievements in Teaching" (upon admission to all universities);
other graduates of Suvorov military schools (when entering universities that are not included in the list of military educational institutions, upon admission to which they must pass exams in general subjects, provided that they are sent to these universities in accordance with the plan for the distribution of candidates for admission to study to military educational institutions);
graduates of the Moscow Military Music School upon their admission to study at the Moscow Military Conservatory (Military Institute);
citizens who graduated with a gold or silver medal "For Special Achievement in Teaching" from state-accredited educational institutions of secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education, as well as citizens who graduated with honors from state-accredited educational institutions of secondary vocational education, with positive interview results (with the exception of entrance examinations of a professional orientation, which can be established by the university);
graduates of 11 classes of educational institutions of secondary (complete) general education, whose preparation was assessed by the results of the unified state exam, with positive results of the interview;
winners and prize-winners of the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren and members of the national teams of the Russian Federation participating in international Olympiads in general subjects and formed in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation for training in areas of training (specialties) corresponding to the profile of the Olympiad;
other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, are exempted from testing knowledge in general subjects when entering universities. Out of competition, candidates who have successfully passed the professional selection from among:
orphans and children left without parental care, as well as persons under the age of 23 from among orphans and children left without parental care;
citizens under the age of 20 who have only one parent - a disabled person of the first group, if the average per capita income of the family is below the subsistence level established in the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation;
citizens discharged from military service and entering universities on the recommendations of commanders military units;
participants (veterans) of hostilities;
other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been granted the right to non-competitive admission to institutions of higher professional education.
Candidates who showed equal results in the course of entrance examinations, from among:
Children of Heroes of the Russian Federation;
citizens discharged from military service;
children of servicemen performing military service under a contract and having a total duration of military service of 20 years or more;
children of citizens discharged from military service upon reaching the age limit for military service, for health reasons or in connection with organizational and staffing measures, the total duration of military service of which is 20 years or more;
children of servicemen who died in the performance of military service duties or died as a result of injury (wounds, injuries, contusions) or diseases received by them in the performance of military service duties;
other citizens who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been granted a priority right when entering universities.
According to the competition, candidates are enrolled for the places remaining after the enrollment of persons who have the right to enter without checking general education and out of competition.
More detailed information on admission to military educational institutions can be obtained from the district (city) military commissariat at the place of residence.
Education in a military educational institution, assignment of an officer rank
Citizens enrolled to study at a military educational institution are assigned the military rank of cadet. Prior to concluding a military service contract, a cadet has legal status conscription soldier. A contract for military service is concluded with a cadet upon reaching the age of 18, but not earlier than the end of the first course of study for the period of study at educational institution and five years of military service after graduation. The cadet enjoys the rights and freedoms established for citizens of the Russian Federation with restrictions determined by the conditions of study, and taking into account the current legislation. Every year, cadets are provided with a vacation of 30 days, as well as a two-week winter vacation vacation. The duration of free education in military educational institutions is from 3 to 6 years.
The academic year in a military educational institution of vocational education is divided into two semesters, which end with an examination session. The time of classes in accordance with the schedule usually does not exceed 6 academic hours (45-50 minutes each) per day.
In addition, daily 3-4 hours are allocated for self-study. The main types of training sessions are lectures, seminars, practical exercises and trainings, exercises, internships, term papers, diploma and test papers, consultations and performance of independent tasks. The study of each discipline usually ends with an exam or a test.
Male military personnel expelled from educational institutions of military education for indiscipline, poor progress or unwillingness to study, if they have reached the age of 18 by the time of expulsion, as well as those who refused to enter into a contract for military service, who have not completed the established period of military service by conscription and do not have the right for dismissal, exemption or deferment from conscription, are sent for military service on conscription. The rest are sent to the military commissariats at the place of residence.
In order to eliminate the negative practice when young people, not wanting to do military service by conscription, enter military educational institutions of vocational education, not planning to link their lives with military service in the future, the law provides for withholding from them Money spent on their education.
Citizens expelled from military educational institutions of vocational education or military training centers at federal state educational institutions of higher professional education for indiscipline, poor progress or unwillingness to study or who refused to enter into military service contracts, as well as citizens who graduated from these educational institutions and were dismissed from military service earlier than the term established by the contract for military service, in connection with the deprivation of their military knowledge, the entry into force of a court verdict on imposing a sentence of imprisonment on a serviceman or depriving him of the right to hold military positions for a certain period, reimburse the federal budget funds spent on their military or special training. These citizens do not reimburse the federal budget funds spent on ensuring that they perform military service duties during the period of study. The procedure for calculating the amount of reimbursed funds is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Graduated from military educational institutions vocational education receive a secondary or higher military special education and one of the prestigious civilian professions. They are given a diploma of education of the all-Russian sample and are assigned the military rank of lieutenant.
Questions
1. What military educational institutions of professional education are available in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?
2. What is the age limit for civilian youth wishing to enroll in military schools?
3. What documents should those wishing to enter military educational institutions of vocational education draw up and where should they be submitted?
4. In what areas is the professional selection of candidates for admission to a military educational institution carried out?
6. Which of the candidates with positive marks in the exams can be enrolled to study out of competition?
7. When is a military service contract concluded with a cadet of a military educational institution?
International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The scale of modern military conflicts is often such that the countries on whose territory they occur experience great difficulties in eliminating them. In this regard, it becomes necessary to unite the forces of different states to resolve such conflicts. Peacekeeping activities of the states are carried out in accordance with paragraph 6 of the Charter of the United Nations "Observation missions" in order to coordinate the efforts of the world community in maintaining and strengthening peace.
International cooperation in the field of maintaining stability and peace- one of major areas in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Russia actively participates in international measures to end military conflicts in various regions: in the Balkan Peninsula, in the Middle East, in the Persian Gulf region, in Africa and in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It carries out this activity on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and the laws of the Russian Federation, as well as legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.
The Federal Law "On Defense" establishes that international cooperation for the purposes of collective security and joint defense is one of the aspects of state defense. The same law defines the powers of officials, legislative and executive bodies states in this area.
The President of the Russian Federation is authorized to negotiate and sign international treaties on the participation of the Russian Armed Forces in peacekeeping and international security operations. The Federal Assembly decides on the possibility of using the army outside the territory of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation conducts international negotiations on issues of military cooperation and concludes appropriate intergovernmental agreements. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation cooperates with the military departments of foreign states.
In accordance with international treaties, military formations of the Russian Armed Forces in zones of armed conflicts may be part of the joint armed forces or be under joint command. military personnel military service upon conscription, they can be sent to perform tasks in military conflicts exclusively on a voluntary basis (under contract).
For service in "hot" spots, additional social guarantees and compensations have been established for servicemen. They consist in the establishment of higher salaries for military rank and position, granting additional holidays, crediting length of service in the ratio of one to two or three, paying an increased amount of daily or field money, issuing additional food rations, reimbursement to family members for travel expenses to the place of treatment of a military man and back.
International activity to prevent and eliminate all types of armed conflicts is a new component of Russia's foreign policy, in which there is no longer room for ideological complexes and so-called class solidarity.
Questions and tasks
1. In what regions of the world does Russia participate in international events to end military conflicts?
2. Based on what documents does the Russian Federation carry out peacekeeping activities?
3. Under what conditions can conscripts be sent to the zone of military conflict?
4. What social guarantees and compensations are established for servicemen serving in "hot" spots?
Task 47
The guiding principle in the system of combat training of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the provision:
a) “What is useless in war is harmful to introduce into peaceful education”;
b) "Teach the troops what is needed in the war";
c) "The enlightenment of the mind is the most important part in the education of every military and non-military person."
Specify the correct answer.
Task 48
The physical fitness of applicants to military educational institutions is assessed by the results of the following exercises:
a) 1 km run;
b) 3 km run;
c) pull-ups on the crossbar;
d) flexion and extension of the arms in the prone position;
e) 60 m run;
f) 100 m run;
g) 100m swimming;
h) 50m swimming.
Indicate the correct answers.
Task 49
Your friend Y. graduated a year ago high school with a gold medal and works in the laboratory. He decided to enter a military educational institution and is studying at the preparatory courses at this institution. While studying in the 11th grade, he participated in the city Olympiad in physics and took second place. What benefits will he have upon admission to study?
The Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.
As you know, the starting point for reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the Construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to the year 2000.
The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of the calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 1990s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.
Currently, to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense.
In this connection the most important task The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.
The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.
The long-term goals of ensuring the national security of Russia also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception.
Thus, at present, the leadership of the country considers the Armed Forces as a factor of deterrence, as a last resort used in cases where the use peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of the military threat to the interests of the country. Performance international obligations Russia's participation in peacekeeping operations is seen as a new task of the Armed Forces to maintain peace.
The main document that determined the creation of the Russian peacekeeping forces, the principles of their use and the procedure for using them, is the Law of the Russian Federation “On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security” (adopted State Duma on May 26, 1995).
To implement this law, in May 1996 the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.”
In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent was formed in the Armed Forces of Russia with a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions.
In total, until April 2002, one thousand servicemen from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in two regions - the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, Abkhazia.
The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of the peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.
On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa on the settlement of the Dniester conflict with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.
military contingent in the conflict zone in South Ossetia(Georgia) was introduced on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.
A military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in Abkhazia on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a ceasefire and separation of forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1600 people.
Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people (insert, photo 36).
Since June 11, 1999 Russian peacekeepers were on the territory of the autonomous region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. there was a serious armed confrontation between Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. A separate sector occupied by Russians in Kosovo equalized the rights of the Russian Federation in resolving this interethnic conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).
The staffing of government bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service under a contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces are carried out at the expense of the federal budget funds allocated for defense.
During the period of service as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in the conduct of peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13 1996, UN Security Convention of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Groups of Military Observers and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992
The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances in accordance with the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).
The CIS member states concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel allocated to the collective support forces peace.
The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.
On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan exercise of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.
These are collective actions of international organizations (UN, OSCE, etc.) of a political, economic, military and other nature, carried out after the outbreak of a conflict in accordance with the norms and principles of international law, aimed at resolving international disputes, preventing and ending armed conflicts mainly by peaceful means. to eliminate the threat to international peace and security. May include mediation, reconciliation of conflicting parties, negotiations, diplomatic isolation and sanctions.
Peacekeeping operations in general are actions aimed at inducing warring parties to an agreement.
In this case, the possible goals of the peacekeeping activities of the armed forces can be:
Forcing one or more warring parties to stop violent actions, to conclude a peace agreement between themselves or with the current government.
shield of the territory and (or) population from aggression.
The isolation of a territory or a group of people and the restriction of their contact with the outside world.
Observation (tracking, monitoring) of the development of the situation, collection, processing and dissemination of information.
Providing or assisting with the basic needs of the parties involved in the conflict.
Coercion in this context does not provide for the mandatory consent of all or any of the parties to the entry of a peacekeeping contingent.
The main tasks that can be entrusted to the contingents of the armed forces within the framework of a peacekeeping operation are:
observation and control over compliance with the terms of the truce and ceasefire;
preventive entry of troops into the area of potential conflict;
disengagement of the forces of the opposing sides and control over compliance with the terms of the truce;
maintaining and restoring order and stability;
securing humanitarian assistance;
ensuring the right of passage, imposing restrictions on movement;
establishment of restricted areas and control over them;
imposing and monitoring compliance with the sanctions regime;
forced separation of the belligerents.
As for the forced disengagement of the belligerents, the solution of this problem actually brings peacekeeping activities to the level of "combat" operations and is a reflection of the abandonment of the traditional approach in the use of exclusively light weapons by peacekeeping contingents and only for the purposes of self-defense. Such peace enforcement operations expand the possibilities for resolving conflict situations, but carry the risk of losing the status of an impartial arbiter by the peacekeeping forces.
The history of the participation of Russian military personnel in peacekeeping operations can be traced back to 1973, when a group of officers was included as observers in the UN Emergency Force in Sinai. In the United Nations Protection Force established in 1992 (in the former Yugoslavia), Russian military personnel for the first time took part in a UN peacekeeping operation already within the framework of individual national military formations. Thus, the first Russian battalion participates in the separation of Serbian and Croatian forces in Croatia. Subsequently, on the basis of part of the forces of this battalion, transferred from the Serbian Krajina near Sarajevo, the second Russian battalion was deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At present, two Russian divisions are carrying out purposeful preparations for peacekeeping missions (including according to UN plans).
But on a much larger scale, Russia was involved in the implementation of peacekeeping operations on the territory of the former USSR (in South Ossetia (since 1992), Moldova (1992), Tajikistan (1993) and Abkhazia (1994)).
There are several main stages in the development of the international community's approaches to the implementation of peacekeeping functions.
During the FIRST STAGE (from 1948 to 1956), two operations were organized, which continue to this day. Thus, within the framework of these operations were formed: the UN Truce Supervision Mission, created to monitor the ceasefire agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors in 1948, and the UN military observer group in India and Pakistan, created in 1949 to monitor the line of demarcation between the two countries in Kashmir.
The SECOND STAGE of international peacekeeping (from 1956 to 1967) took place against the backdrop of increasing tension in relations between the two main military-political blocs - the Warsaw Pact and NATO. which led to the gradual curtailment of peacekeeping activities under the auspices of the UN. During this period, no new peacekeeping operations were organized and only three of the previously established ones continued to operate.
THE THIRD STAGE (from 1967 to 1973 between the 2nd and 3rd Arab-Israeli wars) was characterized by the most fierce rivalry between the military-political groups of the West and East.
At the FOURTH STAGE (chronologically associated with the end of the "October" war of 1973 in the Middle East and at the end of the 80s), peacekeeping again began to be considered as a means capable of ensuring control (monitoring) of the development of the situation in the event of a crisis development of conflict situations .
Stopping aggression.
Aggression (lat. - attack) is a military violation of the sovereignty of the state, its independence and the integrity of its borders. Aggression can also be economic, psychological, ideological, etc. In modern international law there is a principle of legal responsibility for aggression, including coercive measures aimed at stopping aggression and restoring peace. Political and material responsibility for aggression is envisaged.
The suppression of aggression - will decide. the use of the state military. forces combined with non-military. means of influencing the aggressor to stop his armament. attacks. It is carried out by retaliatory strikes on the avenue by troops (forces) at the same time. using economics, polit., dipl. and other countermeasures on early stage military conflict in order to prevent its escalation and facilitate a subsequent settlement on terms acceptable to the country under attack.
Stopping the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
The active attempts of the world community to resolve the crisis caused by Iraq's occupation of Kuwait ended in vain. On January 17, 1991, in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council, the multinational forces of the anti-Iraqi coalition began hostilities under the code name Desert Storm.
The political goals of this operation were to liberate Kuwait and return power to the legitimate government, restore stability in the Persian Gulf region; approval of the principles of the "new world order", as well as in changing the composition of the leadership of Iraq and its political course. The military goals of the operation were to destroy the military potential of Iraq, threatening Israel and some countries of the Middle East with its military power; in depriving Iraq of the ability to produce nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.
The operation began on the night of January 16-17, 1991. The Allied air forces successfully bombed military installations in Iraq, which in turn tried to initiate an all-Arab war by launching provocative missile attacks on Israel, which was not officially involved in the conflict. Saddam Hussein tried to start a kind of "ecological war" by dumping oil directly into the Persian Gulf and setting fire to oil rigs. The offensive of the Allied ground forces began on February 24, 1991, in 4 days the territory of Kuwait was liberated. On February 28 hostilities ended as Iraq agreed to a UN resolution to liberate Kuwait.
During 43 days of hostilities, Iraq lost 4 thousand tanks (95% of the total), 2140 guns (69%), 1865 armored personnel carriers (65%), 7 helicopters (4%), 240 aircraft (30%). The losses of the coalition amounted to 4 tanks, 1 gun, 9 armored personnel carriers, 17 helicopters, 44 aircraft. The 700,000-strong allied grouping of troops lost 148 people killed. The losses of the half-million Iraqi army are estimated at 9,000 killed, 17,000 wounded, and 63,000 captured. About 150,000 Iraqi army soldiers deserted during the fighting.
PRO system.
Anti-missile defense (ABM) - a set of measures of reconnaissance, radio engineering and fire nature, designed to protect (defend) protected objects from missile weapons. Missile defense is very closely related to air defense and is often carried out by the same systems.
The concept of missile defense includes protection against a missile threat of any kind and all means that carry out this (including active protection of tanks, air defense systems that fight against cruise missiles etc.), however, at the everyday level, speaking of missile defense, they usually mean “strategic missile defense” - protection against the ballistic missile component of strategic nuclear forces (ICBMs and SLBMs).
Speaking of missile defense, one can single out self-defense against missiles, tactical and strategic missile defense.
Self defense against missiles
Self-defense against missiles is the minimum unit of anti-missile defense. It provides protection against attacking missiles only for the military equipment on which it is installed. A characteristic feature of self-defense systems is the placement of all missile defense systems directly on the protected equipment, and all deployed systems are auxiliary (not the main functional purpose) for this equipment. Self-protection systems against missiles are cost-effective for use only on expensive types of military equipment that suffer heavy losses from missile fire. Currently, two types of self-defense systems against missiles are being actively developed: active tank protection systems and anti-missile defense of warships.
Tactical PRO
Tactical missile defense is designed to protect limited areas of the territory and objects located on it (troop groups, industry and settlements) from missile threats. The goals of such missile defense include: maneuvering (mainly high-precision aviation) and non-maneuvering (ballistic) missiles with relatively low speeds (up to 3-5 km / s) and not having the means to overcome missile defense. The reaction time of tactical missile defense systems ranges from several seconds to several minutes, depending on the type of threat. The radius of the protected area, as a rule, does not exceed several tens of kilometers. Complexes with a significantly larger radius of the protected area - up to several hundred kilometers, are often referred to as strategic missile defense, although they are not capable of intercepting high-speed intercontinental ballistic missiles, covered by powerful means of penetrating missile defense.
Existing tactical missile defense systems
short range
Tunguska
Pantsir-S1
Short Range:
MIM-104 Patriot PAC3
Medium and long range:
Aegis (AEGIS)
GBI (Ground Based Interceptor) missiles
KEI (Kinetic Energy Interceptor) missiles
Short Range:
Medium and long range:
Short Range:
iron dome
Medium and long range:
Strategic missile defense
The most complex, advanced and expensive category of anti-missile defense systems. The task of strategic missile defense is to fight strategic missiles - their design and tactics of use specifically provide for means that make it difficult to intercept - a large number of light and heavy decoys, maneuvering warheads, as well as jamming systems, including high-altitude nuclear explosions.
At present, only Russia and the United States have strategic missile defense systems, while the existing systems are capable of protecting only from a limited strike (single missiles), and over a limited area. In the foreseeable future, there are no prospects for the emergence of systems capable of protecting against a massive strike by strategic missiles.
The US Territory Missile Defense System (NMD) (English National Missile Defense - NMD) is being created, according to statements by the American administration, to protect the country's territory from a nuclear missile strike from the so-called rogue countries, which in the United States include, in particular, North Korea, Iran and Syria (previously also Iraq and Libya). Russian politicians and the military has repeatedly expressed the view that in reality the American missile defense threatens the security of Russia and possibly China, thereby violating nuclear parity. The deployment of missile defense bases has led to a deterioration in relations between the United States and Russia.
US missile defense system
The US missile defense system being created includes the following elements: a control center, early warning stations and satellites for tracking missile launches, interceptor missile guidance stations, and launch vehicles themselves for launching anti-missiles into space in order to destroy enemy ballistic missiles.
In late 2006 - early 2007, the US intention to deploy elements of a missile defense system in Eastern Europe, in the immediate vicinity of Russian territory, encountered sharp opposition from the Russian leadership, which gave rise to opinions about the beginning of the next round of the nuclear-missile arms race and the Cold War.
In early October 2004, the United States, declaring its concern about the emergence of Iran's medium-range missiles capable of hitting targets at a distance of 2 thousand km, decided to accelerate the deployment of a missile defense system in the United States and held consultations with European allies on the deployment of missiles -interceptors in Europe and their inclusion in the US missile defense coverage area.
Countries involved in the development of US missile defense: Great Britain, Ireland, Germany and France, Poland, South Korea, etc.
Development of Russian air defense
The Moscow air defense system is part of the Special Purpose Command (KSPN), created in September 2002 on the basis of the Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District as the head section of the country's aerospace defense.
Now the KSpN includes the 16th Air Army with headquarters in Kubinka (Moscow Region), which is armed with MiG-25 and MiG-31 interceptors, MiG-29 and Su-27 fighters, Su-24 front-line bombers and Su- 25, as well as two air defense corps (1st in Balashikha and 5th in Rzhev), equipped with S-300PM, S-300PMU1 and S-300PMU2 Favorit anti-aircraft missile systems.
August 6, 2007 in Elektrostal near Moscow at combat duty the first division, equipped with the S-400 Triumph anti-aircraft missile system, capable of solving the tasks of both air defense and non-strategic missile defense, took over.
On August 18, 2004, Colonel-General Yuri Solovyov, commander of the SSN troops, announced that the Almaz-Antey air defense concern was developing a missile that could intercept and destroy targets "in near space."
November 22, 2011, as part of a response to NATO's actions to create a European component of the missile defense system, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced an order for the immediate entry of a new 77Y6-DM Voronezh-DM class radar (object 2461), built in the western part of Russia in the city of Pionersky, Kaliningrad Region, on combat duty. On November 29, the station was included in the missile attack warning system. The station began pilot operation in 2011, it should cover the area of responsibility of stations in Baranovichi and Mukachevo located outside the Russian Federation. Its main task is to control the space and airspace of Europe and the Atlantic.
European security.
The Declaration, approved at the meeting of heads of state and government of the OSCE participants in Helsinki on July 9-10, 1992 (Helsinki-11), notes that the OSCE is a forum that determines the direction of the process of forming a new Europe and stimulates this process (p. 22). The package of decisions adopted there also provides for the creation of OSCE anti-crisis mechanisms, including peacekeeping operations. In particular, it was determined that at the first stage of the settlement of crisis situations, the mechanism of peaceful settlement of disputes, missions of special rapporteurs and fact-finding missions are used. If the conflict escalates, a decision may be made to conduct a peacekeeping operation. Such a decision is taken by consensus by the Council of Ministers or by the Governing Council acting as its agent. The consent of directly interested parties is required for the operation to be carried out. Operations involve sending groups of military observers or peacekeeping forces. Personnel for participation in OSCE peacekeeping operations are provided by individual participating States.
Operations can be carried out in the event of conflicts both between participating States and within them. Their main tasks are monitoring the ceasefire, monitoring the withdrawal of troops, providing support for maintaining law and order, providing humanitarian assistance, etc. Operations are non-coercive and carried out in a spirit of impartiality. The overall political control and direction of the peacekeeping operation is exercised by the Steering Committee. It is envisaged that OSCE operations are carried out with due regard for the role of the UN. In particular, the Helsinki decisions establish a provision that the OSCE chairman informs the UN Security Council in full about OSCE operations.
In conducting peacekeeping operations, the OSCE can draw on the resources and expertise of existing organizations such as the EU, NATO, WEU, and the CIS. The OSCE decides on a case-by-case basis whether to use the assistance of such organizations.
The OSCE has gained some experience in conducting peacekeeping operations at various levels. Its missions were sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Tajikistan, Nagorno-Karabakh, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo. Their mandates were tailored to the specific situation in the area of operations and included the task of establishing close contacts with representatives on the ground and further strengthening the dialogue initiated between the parties involved in the conflict.
In 1994, at the Budapest Meeting of Heads of State and Government, the Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security was adopted, which entered into force on January 1, 1995. The document focuses on ensuring national security in line with common efforts to strengthen security and stability in the OSCE region and beyond. It emphasizes that security is indivisible and that the security of each of the participating States is inextricably linked to the security of all other participating States. The states undertook to develop mutual cooperation. In this context, it was emphasized key role OSCE. The document provides for joint and national measures in such areas of indivisible security as disarmament, the fight against terrorism, the exercise of the right to individual and collective self-defense, confidence-building, the creation of healthy economic and environmental conditions, etc.
1996 Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe in the 21st Century. laid the foundations for European security. It involves the creation of a common security space, the fundamental elements of which are the comprehensive and indivisible nature of security and adherence to shared values, obligations and norms of behavior. Security must be based on cooperation and based on democracy, respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, market economy and social justice. No OSCE participating State should strengthen its security at the expense of the security of other States.
The OSCE brings together 55 sovereign and independent states in the Euro-Atlantic space and is considered the largest regional organization on security issues.
Adopted in Istanbul at the OSCE summit on November 19, 1999, the Istanbul Declaration, the Charter for European Security and the Vienna Document for Negotiation on Confidence and Security Building Measures laid the legal foundation for the formation of a comprehensive European security system in the 21st century.
The Charter for European Security is a unique document that is in fact the constitution for the new Europe. It recognizes the OSCE as the main organization for the peaceful settlement of disputes in its region and the main instrument in the field of early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict reconstruction.
The Commonwealth of Independent States is called upon to ensure security in the Eurasian space of the former USSR. Important documents in this area have been adopted within the CIS.
The CIS Charter includes provisions on collective security and on conflict prevention and dispute resolution arising from the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 and the Agreement on Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces of March 20 of the same year. The Charter of the CIS establishes in Art. 12 the right to use, if necessary, the Joint Armed Forces in the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defense in accordance with Art. 51 of the UN Charter, as well as the use of peacekeeping operations.
On the basis of the Collective Security Treaty of 1992, to which nine states were parties: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, the Collective Security Council (CSC) was created. It consists of the heads of states - parties to the Treaty and the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS Allied Armed Forces. The CSC is authorized to hold consultations in order to coordinate the positions of the participating states in the event of a threat to the security, territorial integrity and sovereignty of one or more states or a threat to peace and international security: to consider issues of providing necessary assistance, including military, to the state - the victim of aggression; take the necessary measures to maintain or restore peace and security.
The situation is quite different with respect to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which claims to leading role in ensuring security and stability in Europe. NATO is based on the interstate North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949, which entered into force on August 24 of the same year. Its members are 23 states: Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA, Turkey, France, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
The parties to the Treaty pledged to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any way inconsistent with the purposes of the UN, to resolve all their disputes by peaceful means, and to promote the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations.
A complex political and military structure has been created to carry out the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty. The highest body of NATO is the North Atlantic Council (NAC), which operates at various levels: heads of state and government, foreign ministers, ambassadors who are permanent representatives. In the latter case, it is treated as a Permanent Council. Within the framework of the Council, broad political consultations are held on all issues of foreign relations, issues of ensuring security, maintaining international peace, and military cooperation are considered. Decisions are taken unanimously. A permanent working body has been created - the Secretariat, headed by the NATO Secretary General
To ensure cooperation between the Alliance and non-NATO European countries, the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) were established in 1991 to lead the program. In connection with the ongoing transformations in NATO, a new expanded PfP program has been introduced, which could provide more active cooperation between NATO members and non-members of NATO in the defense and military fields, including in crisis situations, as is already the case in the organization of the Support Force implementation of the Dayton Accords (IFOR) and the Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Within its framework, NATO member and non-member countries are supposed to participate in the creation of Partner Headquarters Elements (SEP) and Multinational Operational Forces (MOF) for crisis management operations.
Instead of the NACC, at the session of the NATO Council on May 30, 1997, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was created, consisting of 44 countries, including all NATO member states, all former republics of the USSR, all former participants in the Warsaw Pact, as well as Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. The purpose of the EAPC is to hold multilateral consultations on a wide range of issues, including political, security, crisis management, peacekeeping operations, and others.
The partnership between Russia and NATO was established by the signing on 27 May 1997 in Paris of the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between the Russian Federation and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Act states that Russia and NATO will work together to contribute to the creation in Europe of a common and comprehensive security based on a commitment to common values, obligations and norms of behavior in the interests of all states. The Act also emphasizes that it does not affect the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security and the role of the OSCE as a common and comprehensive organization in its region.
Further, on May 28, 2002, in Rome, the “Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the Russian Federation and NATO Member States” was adopted. In particular, it notes: “As initial steps in this regard, we agreed today to undertake the following cooperation efforts.
Fight against terrorism: Strengthen cooperation based on a multidimensional approach, including joint assessments of the threat of terrorism to security in the Euro-Atlantic region, focused on specific threats, for example, Russian and NATO military forces, civil aviation or infrastructure of critical importance; as a first step, conduct a joint assessment of the terrorist threat to the peacekeeping forces of Russia, NATO and partner countries in the Balkans.
Today, there are practically no hotbeds of conflict left in Europe - the only two serious "hot spots" at the turn of the century are the Balkans and Transnistria. However, the trends existing in international relations do not allow us to hope that the world, even in long term freed from wars and conflicts. In addition, the negative legacy of the Cold War has not been completely overcome - NATO's eastward expansion is still perceived in Russia and a number of other states as a threat own security. A very sharp reaction was also caused in Moscow by the US plans to deploy anti-missile defense elements in Europe. In turn, Europe was very wary of the growth of Russia's military spending, and the announcement of its withdrawal from the CFE Treaty (Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe) also caused concern.
War.
War - a conflict between political entities - states, tribes, political groups, etc., taking place in the form of armed confrontation, military (combat) actions between their armed forces.
As a rule, war is aimed at imposing one's will on the opponent. One political subject is trying to change the behavior of another, to force him to give up his freedom, ideology, property rights, to give away resources: territory, water area, etc.
According to Clausewitz, "war is the continuation of politics by other, violent means." The main means of achieving the goals of war is organized armed struggle as the main and decisive means, as well as economic, diplomatic, ideological, informational and other means of struggle. In this sense, war is organized armed violence, the purpose of which is to achieve political goals. Total war is armed violence carried to its extreme limits. The main tool in the war is the army.
Military writers usually define war as an armed conflict in which the rival factions are sufficiently equal in strength to make the outcome of the battle uncertain. Armed conflicts of militarily strong countries with tribes that are at a primitive level of development are called appeasements, military expeditions, or the development of new territories; with small states - interventions or reprisals; with internal groups - uprisings, rebellions or internal conflicts (civil war). Such incidents, if the resistance is strong enough or prolonged in time, may reach sufficient magnitude to be classified as a "war"
Marxism-Leninism views warfare as a socio-political phenomenon, inherent only in class socio-economic formations. Under the primitive communal system there was no private property, no division of society into classes, and there was no valorization in the modern sense of the word. Numerous armed clashes between clans and tribes, despite some of their outward resemblance to warfare of class society, differ in social content. The reasons for such clashes were rooted in a method of production based on the use of primitive tools and did not ensure the satisfaction of the minimum needs of people. This pushed some tribes to earn a livelihood by armed attack on other tribes in order to seize food, pastures, hunting and fishing grounds. Important role disunity and isolation of primitive clans and tribes, blood feud based on blood kinship, etc. played in the relations between communities.
Introduction
The nature of international relations depends on many different factors, one of which is the international activity of the Armed Forces. The main purpose of this activity is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.
The protection of the country's national interests presupposes both reliable security of citizens and independent peacekeeping activities in order to avoid conflicts, if necessary, being present in strategically important parts of the world.
At the moment, the Armed Forces are the last resort used in cases where a military threat could not be avoided by peaceful means, since there is constant tension in relations between the leading powers in the world.
International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
armed forces russian federation
The international activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.
As is known, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure" became the starting point for the beginning of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the Construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to the year 2000.
The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of the calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 1990s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.
Currently, to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense.
In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.
The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.
The long-term goals of ensuring Russia's national security also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception.
Thus, at present, the leadership of the country considers the Armed Forces as a factor of deterrence, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country.
The main document that determined the creation of Russian peacekeeping forces, the principles of their use and the procedure for using them, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted State Duma May 26, 1995).
To implement this law, in May 1996 the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.”
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