AT modern world The problem of deviant behavior is particularly acute. Economic inequality, mass globalization, free access to information, the development of democracy, as well as social phenomena often cause negative reactions among adolescents. Young people rebel against injustice, established or imposed moral principles. Often this protest develops into especially dangerous forms that harm not only the young "revolutionary", but the whole society.

Deviations from the norms of behavior

The boundaries of what is permitted have long been outlined by mankind in the process of its development. Deviant behavior, examples of which can be observed in all sectors of society, is a deviation from generally accepted norms, customs, customs and traditions. It is non-standard, does not live up to the expectations of the surrounding world or a group of people. It is clear that there is no absolutely ideal society: often its members make exceptions to the rules, circumvent the canons, and do not fulfill their tasks. But this reaction does not have an aggressive or destructive color, rather, it is filled with elements of cunning, laziness, greed and other individual. Such a person, if he causes damage to himself and other people, then he is insignificant, easily corrected.

Quite another matter - deviant behavior. Real life examples show that it has the most negative impact not only on the mental and human, but also on his socialization. And the saddest thing is that other personalities can suffer from it. Deviant behavior has its own focus:

• Selfish goals. Actions, the purpose of which is to obtain material benefits: theft, robbery, speculation, theft, fraud.
• aggressive manifestations. These are actions directed against an individual: sexual, physical and moral violence.
• Socially passive orientation. Departure from a full life in society, lack of interest in ongoing events: vagrancy, drunkenness, suicide.

Behavioral deviations can be classified according to a number of factors: depending on the form of violation (etiquette, morality, law); motivations (selfish, aggressive, pessimistic); performer (individual, group of people, organization).

Varieties of deviant behavior

Harassment can be roughly divided into two large groups of violations. Each of them is fundamentally different, since they are based on diametrically opposed motivating elements:

1. Mental disorder, that is, the presence of a congenital or acquired pathology in a teenager. The problem of deviant behavior is most often observed in people suffering from schizophrenia, asthenia, imbecility, mental retardation and other disorders of consciousness. This group can also include individuals with an accentuated character, when some deviations in behavior are still within the normal range, but almost border on pathology. Such individuals can also be given a definite diagnosis, but often they do not undergo the necessary treatment, as they can live a full life without revealing features in their psyche.

2. Antisocial behavior. People who are prone to negative actions are mentally healthy. The rebellion committed by them has a lot of different reasons: from “there is simply nothing to do” and to an attempt to turn all the foundations of society upside down due to the injustice of the distribution of material wealth in it. If the offenses committed by these people do not bring great harm to the outside world, then the correction of deviant behavior occurs through punishment in accordance with the norms of labor or administrative law. Police officers often order corrective labor or fine them for offenders; in an enterprise, institution or office, such individuals are at risk of reprimand, disciplinary action or dismissal. If the crime is qualified as a criminal one, then more severe punishments are applied to the offender, for example, arrest or imprisonment for one or another line.

Whatever starting points deviant behavior, in any case, it must be stopped, and the person who committed the offense should be subject to preventive, curative or punitive measures.

accentuation

It should be discussed in detail, since this feature is most often observed in minors in adolescence. Accentuation, as already mentioned, is a slight deviation from the norm of behavior. In this case, adolescents have a pronounced character trait, most often negative, which becomes problematic in communicating with others. For example, he can openly be rude to teachers and parents, refuse to do homework, ignore requests from adults for help, and so on. There may be several reasons for this: a complex school curriculum, difficulties of adolescence, the influence of puberty. If we add to them troubles of a personal nature or experienced stress due to problems in the family, then we get a real deviant, ready to take revenge on everyone and everyone.

It happens that a protest in a child takes place not in an active, but in a passive form. This behavioral reaction is called depression, and minors carefully hide it from adults. It can develop due to imaginary physical defects that children attribute to themselves. Also, a teenager may experience the so-called when he unjustifiably takes responsibility for important or tragic events. This is also deviant behavior. Examples include: feelings of guilt after loss loved one, the death of a pet, or a serious illness of a best friend.

Reasons for deviant behavior

Some of them we have already named. Sociologists identify three main primary sources, thanks to which the social behavior of a teenager goes beyond the bounds of decency:

1. Social inequality. The child encounters this phenomenon even in elementary school: classmates dress better than him, they have more pocket money, and so on. The minor feels impoverished, disadvantaged. He cannot fully show his abilities and talents due to the lack of material wealth. Even self-realization is sometimes difficult when there is no money at your disposal, with which you can buy books, atlases, encyclopedias. A teenager is angry at the whole world, but first of all - at his parents. Even if they try their best, the deviant does not understand that a person's desires do not always coincide with his capabilities.
2. Moral and ethical factor. It is expressed in the low spiritual development of society, apathy towards science and art. The child observes the decline in morals among people: many of them, for example, consider the trade in the body and labor, mass alcoholism and prostitution to be an ordinary event.
3. Environment, society. Representatives of the latter not only ignore deviants, but often even treat them favorably. Nowadays, they are pitied, blaming everything on their upbringing and living in dysfunctional families, and they forget that personality is formed primarily not by parents, but by the person himself. There are many individuals who grew up in an unfavorable environment, but managed to cultivate inner and firmness of spirit, therefore they reached certain heights in life and became normal members of society.

The characteristic of deviant behavior is marked total absence teenagers strengths or by being in a dormant state. Instead of self-education, they choose an easier, but dangerous path, which gives them deceptive oblivion in the form of alcohol or drug intoxication or imaginary self-affirmation, manifested in the form of violence.

Typology

The types of behavior that run counter to the normal way of life were also identified by the American sociologist Robert King Merton, known for his studies of the problem. His typology is based on the concept of deviation as a gap between revered moral values ​​and methods for achieving them:

1. Innovation. People accept the goals of society, understand them, but deny the normal means of achieving (prostitutes, creators of financial pyramids, blackmailers, great scientists).
2. ritualism. The goals of society are ignored, and the way to achieve them becomes absurd. An example is a bureaucrat who requires hundreds of forms to be filled out in detail. At the same time, he forgets about the main thing: why the papers were signed.
3. Retreat is an escape from reality. The individual refuses goals and all ways to achieve them (drug addict, bum).
4. Riot. Denial of moral principles, the desire to remake them, replace them with more perfect and progressive ones (revolutionary).

Types of behavior according to Merton show us that deviation is not always negative. After all, there is nothing wrong with the actions of a revolutionary, he is simply trying to create better conditions for life. As for the great scientist, he is considered, on the contrary, a respected and revered person who has little oddities or eccentricities.

Alcoholism and drug addiction

These two forms of deviant behavior among adolescents are more common than others. Alcoholism is the excessive use of alcoholic beverages by minors, which threatens their physical and mental health, causes pathological addiction, dependence. There are many reasons: genetic predisposition, congenital syndrome, individual personality traits, unfavorable environment, curiosity. Deviant behavior, examples of which are demonstrated by schoolchildren drinking alcohol, is the result of a low level of development, lack of demand in the team, self-doubt. In order to fish a child out of a dangerous company and quickly save him from the negative effects of alcohol, it is necessary to find an exciting activity for the victim, as well as normal friends who will show an example of self-affirmation using other methods. The society also came up with legal measures to prevent the drinking of minors: persons under 18 years of age, a fine to parents for the appearance of their son or daughter in a state of intoxication. In addition, teaching children to drink alcohol is considered a crime, which is punishable by articles of administrative and criminal law.

Drug addiction is another deviation from the norm. It implies the systematic use of mind-stupefying substances that cause deep and irreversible disturbances in mental and physical functions. A teenager becomes addicted to pills, injections and powders due to social neglect. Often, drugs are used by minors to express themselves or satisfy their curiosity. Addiction to them often prompts a teenager to take a criminal path in order to illegally raise money to purchase a potion. Children who have fallen into such bondage should be treated in special institutions. Quitting drugs on your own is often impossible.

Prostitution and homosexuality

Deviant behavior, exemplified by girls who provide sexual services for or without pay, is also not uncommon. The main reason is the desire to earn money, improve the financial situation on their own, if the parents are not able to provide all the vagaries dictated by fashion and the “beautiful life” promoted by the media. If we add to this the low level of culture of a teenager and his social promiscuity, trouble in the family and the indifference of adults, the path to the panel becomes a kind of salvation for the child, an opportunity to hide from difficulties and vicissitudes of fate. In order to reduce the level of prostitution among minors to a minimum, it is recommended to develop special programs for sex education, to equalize and raise the culture of the population.

As for homosexuality, in most cases it is an inborn predisposition. Finding that he is not like everyone else, the teenager falls into depression, begins to take large amounts of drugs and alcohol, suffers from neuroses and mental disorders. Such a minor needs qualified specialist assistance. If, however, he was drawn into homosexuality through deceit or coercion, then the guilty persons face imprisonment. By the way, sexual perversions are also deviant behavior. Real life examples show that teenagers become interested in sadomasochism, group intimacy and other unnatural things.

Suicide and delinquency

The intention to take one's own life or try to scare others in this way are also features of deviant behavior. The most dangerous age for young people is 16-19 years old: at this time, disappointment in life usually occurs due to a failed first love, the inability to find a job or continue education. Social status, conflicts with society and stress are also powerful triggers for suicide. Services are organized for people with suicidal tendencies psychological help and helplines. Preventive work is also important: raising a child as a cheerful optimist, demonstrating by example that life is beautiful, and the black stripes that are found in almost everyone bring only variety and a tart zest to it.

Offenses - a form that is directed against citizens, society, way of life. Adolescents have different motivations: from ordinary mischief to unmotivated aggression. In order to protect the growing generation from the influence of the criminal world, it is necessary to conduct lessons on relevant topics in schools. Parents, for their part, are obliged to explain that breaking the law is bad, harming or hurting others is unacceptable, and deviant behavior is punishable in any case.

Help

How to pull teenagers out of the asocial abyss in which they are mired? Sociologists say: firstly, a special state program will help. Deviant behavior of children must be taken under control, this is the task of specialists. Favorable conditions should also be created for the opening of rehabilitation centers of various directions, in which experienced specialists could save young people from addictions, direct their energy into a channel that is productive and useful for society.

Secondly, invaluable assistance will be provided by hotlines operating in every city, nationwide helplines and regional family counseling centers for psychologists.

Thirdly, the study of the adaptation environment of adolescents should not stop for a day. The deviant behavior of schoolchildren requires constant adjustment, which must be carried out in full cooperation with the Inspectorate for Juvenile Affairs, doctors, police officers, and representatives of guardianship authorities. If necessary, such children must be removed from the family if the reason for the deviation is precisely the influence of the parents.

Prevention of deviant behavior

To this end, experts have developed the following measures:

1. Conducting educational and development programs, courses in schools. Lectures are aimed at educating teenagers and educating them in a sustainable aversion to drugs, alcohol, etc.

2. Promotion of sports and healthy lifestyle life. Prohibition of advertising of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages.

3. Organization of interesting and informative leisure for young people. Working with children with deviant behavior requires the development of such a pastime scenario that would correspond to modern trends and fashion trends.

4. Caring for the material security of children.

Prevention of deviant behavior should cover all segments of the population, regardless of their social status, religion, level of education and other factors. the main task- establish a trusting relationship between a teenager and his parents. Only then can you be sure that in the event of a problem, the student will turn to his mother or father for help, and not to a dubious group of friends.

Friendly relations in the family are a guarantee that you will never encounter deviant behavior of your son or daughter. It is necessary from a very young age to make sure that there are no problems in the future. Pay attention to your child: give him love and tenderness, do not swear in his presence, talk with the baby on various topics, share your feelings and emotions, listen to the heir and listen to his opinion. Become a faithful, devoted and reliable companion for your child.

If the family is viewed as a self-regulating system, and symptomatic behavior as a mechanism for its regulation, then if the symptom is eliminated, the entire system may turn out to be temporarily unregulated. Therefore, not only the carrier of the symptom, but the whole family unconsciously resists positive changes, including supporting deviant behavior.
Thanks to the analysis of psychological concepts, we were once again able to see how complex and diverse the reality we are studying is the deviant behavior of a person. Deviant behavior can be the result of spiritual problems, it can also be associated with intrapersonal conflicts and inadequate psychological defenses, it can be the result of family dysfunction, and finally, unwanted behavior can simply be a habit - an action that has been repeatedly repeated and rewarded with external or internal benefit. It can be one thing or many at once.
Concretizing the considered psychological factors and mechanisms of deviant behavior, we can try to systematize its psychological components.
So, deviant behavior is characterized by: "spiritual problems - the absence or loss of the meaning of life, unformed moral values, reduced higher feelings (conscience, responsibility, honesty), inner emptiness, blocking self-realization; » deformations in the value-motivational system of the personality - deviant values, situational-egocentric orientation, frustration of needs, internal conflicts, unproductive psychological defense mechanisms; » emotional problems - anxiety, depression, negative emotions, difficulty understanding and expressing emotions; » problems of self-regulation - violation of the ability to set goals and achieve their implementation; inadequate self-esteem, excessive or insufficient self-control, low reflection, unproductive mechanisms for coping with stress, low adaptive capabilities, lack of positive resources of the individual; » cognitive distortions - dysfunctional thoughts, stereotypes of thinking, limited knowledge, myths, prejudices, inadequate attitudes; » negative life experience - negative habits and skills, deviant experience, rigid behavioral stereotypes, mental trauma, experience of violence.
In the case of deviant behavior, as a rule, several of the listed psychological problems take place. The question remains not completely clear - when and why do the considered personality traits exceed the "threshold of acceptable", causing behavioral disorders? In fairness, it should be noted that psychological difficulties are inherent in each person to one degree or another (for example, self-doubt). But due to certain reasons (for example, a system of personal meanings), in one case, personal problems stimulate a person to positive activity (creativity, service to people, achievements), and in another case, they provoke deviant behavior.
In general, the accumulated clinical and experimental data suggest that there is no linear relationship between deviant actions and any specific factor or mechanism. As a rule, deviant behavior of a person is complex shape social behavior determined by a system of interrelated factors - conditions and psychological causes.
The selected factors of dependent behavior can be presented in the form of working schemes and for analysis. This scheme allows you to timely recognize the most vulnerable areas of the personality, which can be both causes and stabilizers of problem behavior.
Based on the results of this analysis, it is possible to draw up an individual program for the prevention or overcoming of deviant behavior.

Deviant Behavior Analysis Scheme

1. Individual typological vulnerability: "sensitivity (increased sensitivity to any external influence); » emotionality (brightness of experiences) and emotional lability (sudden mood swings); » lowered mood background; » impulsiveness (tendency to quick, thoughtless, uncontrolled reaction); » low adaptability (inability to quickly and effectively change their behavior in response to changes in the situation); » a tendency to quickly form persistent behavioral stereotypes (habits are either very persistent or form too quickly); » rigidity - a tendency to "get stuck" on any activity (thoughts, feelings, actions); » a tendency to somatization (bodily response to adverse factors, such as bodily tension, allergies, somatic diseases).
These features can be considered innate. They persist throughout the life of the individual. If one person has several of these features, it is advisable to talk about a typological predisposition to deviant behavior. (This level is preceded by - genetic and physiological. For their analysis, simple observation is not enough, but special methods diagnostics.)
2. Violations of personality self-regulation: "the predominance of negative emotional states(anxiety, impotence, despair, pain, guilt, aggression, depression) and internal conflicts; » alexithymia - weak speech regulation (lack of understanding of one's experiences and inability to formulate them in words, a tendency to act out affects in actions, poor development of reflection); » lack of formation of assertive behavior (inability to openly express one's feelings; inability to defend one's interests); » unproductive ways of coping with stress (withdrawal, isolation, denial, projection); » lack of goal-setting (inability to set goals, plan, persistently implement the plan); » false self-identity and low self-esteem; » deviation of individual values ​​from social norms and rules (deviant values); » Lack or loss of meaning in life.
These features of self-regulation are formed during life. The combination of several problems determines the psychological predisposition to deviant behavior.
3. Personal resources (its vital important qualities and compensatory possibilities): » spirituality; » health and healthy lifestyle values; » external attractiveness; » sociability, ability to cooperate; » activity; » intelligence, special abilities; » purposefulness and ambition; » higher feelings (conscience, responsibility, sense of duty, compassion, faith); » creativity, hobby; » professional qualification, business (work, study); " achievements; » love, friendship, meaningful personal relationships; " life experience.
The presence of these resources in a particular person means a real opportunity to compensate for personal or life problems. They provide tolerance (stability) of the individual to deviant behavior. They also determine the ability of the individual to deal with their tendency to addiction. Their absence or weak severity means a lack of internal resources and a weak ability to deal with deviation, vulnerability to it.
4. Lack of social support systems: absence of a parental family; » incomplete family (absence of a father); » dependent family; » deviant family; » low social status of the family; » a family in crisis (divorce, financial crisis, relocation, death of a family member, serious illness of a family member); » social isolation; » lack of a supportive peer group; » low personal status in the reference social group (work team, study group); » lack of close friends; » lack of a sexual partner; » public unemployment; » troubled company; » problem friends (including those with deviant behavior).
5. Socio-psychological conditions that trigger and support deviant behavior: » the state of socio-psychological maladaptation; » state of frustration of vital needs; » learning in the reference group (at a disco, at school); » provocation or pressure from outside.
6. Features of deviant behavior (OP): » situation in which OP occurred for the first time; » Situations in which the OP manifests itself at the present time; » the degree of severity of behavior (method, frequency, circumstances, individual rhythm); » the state during the OP itself (for example, while drunk or playing); » what usually precedes the OP (triggers); » subsequent events (state, thoughts, actions); » reaction of others; which excludes this behavior (due to which it does not happen).
7. Conclusion.
» form and severity of OP; » degree of social maladaptation; attitude towards the EP of the personality itself; » supporting external conditions (reinforcing incentives); » supporting internal conditions (individual-personal predisposition and psychological benefit); » inhibitors (preventing conditions); » personal resources; » possible ways of coping (strategy of change); » forms and methods of socio-psychological assistance.

Recommended reading
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Conditions for the formation of aggressive behavior of a person

We proceed from the hypothesis that the aggressiveness of a person and his tendency to aggressive behavior are significantly determined by the characteristics of his individual development. Many factors are involved in the appearance of aggressive behavior, including age, individual characteristics, external physical and social conditions. For example, aggressiveness may well be potentiated by such external circumstances like noise, heat, tightness, environmental problems, weather conditions, etc. But the decisive role in the formation of the aggressive behavior of the individual, according to most researchers of this issue, is played by its immediate social environment. Consider some, in our opinion, the leading factors that cause or support aggressive behavior personality.
The nature of aggressive behavior is largely determined by the age characteristics of a person. Each age stage has a specific situation of development and puts forward certain requirements for the individual. Adaptation to age requirements is often accompanied by various manifestations of aggressive behavior. So, at a very early age, children, apparently, demonstrate aggression: if they cry often, loudly and demandingly; if they don't have a smile; if they don't make contact. Psychoanalytic research suggests huge number anger experienced by infants, especially in situations where their needs are not adequately addressed. It is also a well-known fact that young children, wanting to retain their mother's love, tend to be cruel to their newborn siblings.
Adapting to the demands of kindergarten, toddlers can call names, pinch, spit, fight, bite, and even eat inedible things. Moreover, these actions are performed, as they say, "indiscriminately" - impulsively, unconsciously and openly. Negativism, stubbornness, refusals (to speak, eat), biting nails (lips) are considered a passive manifestation of aggression at this age. It should be noted that the behavior of a preschool child at home significantly depends on the emotional climate in the family, and the children's group, in turn, becomes a mirror image internal state educator. If one or the other show, even just experience aggression, children are more likely to reproduce it.
In general, children's aggressiveness is the reverse side of defenselessness. If a child feels insecure (for example, when his needs for security and love are not met), numerous fears are born in his soul. In an effort to cope with their fears, the child resorts to defensive-aggressive behavior. Another possible way to overcome fear is to direct aggression towards yourself. Auto-aggression can manifest itself in many ways, such as self-destructive fantasies, timidity, or ideas of self-punishment.
In junior school age aggression is more often manifested in relation to weaker ("chosen victim") students in the form of ridicule, pressure, swearing, fights. The manifestation of aggressive behavior of schoolchildren towards each other in some cases becomes a serious problem. The sharply negative reaction of teachers and parents to such behavior often not only does not reduce the aggressiveness of children, but, on the contrary, strengthens it, since it serves as indirect evidence of the strength and independence of the latter. Nevertheless, it is the teacher, his authority and ability to openly express his attitude towards aggressive behavior that encourages children to choose more socially approved forms of behavior.
A specific feature of aggressive behavior in adolescence is its dependence on a group of peers against the backdrop of the collapse of the authority of adults. At this age, being aggressive often means "appearing or being strong." Any teenage group has its own rituals and myths, supported by the leader. For example, rituals of initiation into group members (or tests of newcomers) are widespread. The group's shocking "uniform" (as well as teenage fashion in general) also has a ritual character. Rituals enhance the sense of belonging to a group and give adolescents a sense of security, while myths become the ideological basis of their life. Myths are widely used by the group to justify its intragroup and external aggression. So, for example, any manifestation of violence against "non-members of the group" is justified by assurances such as - "they are traitors ... we must protect our own ... we must make everyone respect us." Violence, "spiritualized" by the group myth, is experienced by adolescents as an assertion of their strength, as heroism and devotion to the group. At the same time, in some cases, the initiators of aggressive behavior can be individual teenagers-outsiders, maladjusted for various reasons and making attempts to assert themselves with the help of aggression.
Thus, aggressive behavior is quite common in childhood and adolescence. Moreover, in the process of personality socialization, aggressive behavior performs a number of important functions. Normally, it releases from fear, helps to defend one's interests, protects from external threats, and promotes adaptation. In this regard, we can talk about two types of aggression: benign-adaptive and destructive-maladaptive.
In general, for the development of the personality of a child and adolescent, it is not so much the aggressive manifestations themselves that are dangerous, but their result and the wrong reaction of others. In the case when violence gives attention, power, recognition, money, other privileges, children and adolescents are more likely to form behavior based on the cult of power, which can form the basis of social functioning of adults (for example, in criminal groups). The desire of others to suppress aggression by force often leads to an effect opposite to what was expected.
In adults, the manifestations of aggressive behavior are more diverse, since they are determined mainly by their individual characteristics. As individual-personal characteristics that potentiate aggressive behavior, traits such as fear of public disapproval, irritability, suspicion, prejudices (for example, national ones), as well as a tendency to feel shame instead of guilt are usually considered. Important role in maintaining the tendency to violence, a person's conviction that he is the sole master of his fate (and sometimes the fate of other people), as well as his positive attitude towards aggression (as a useful or normal phenomenon) can play.

The reasons for such a phenomenon as deviation some scientists tend to look more into the biological nature of man. Biological explanation . At the end of the last century, the Italian physician Cesare Lombroso discovered a connection between criminal behavior and certain physical traits. People are located, in his opinion, to certain types of behavior according to their biological make-up.

He argued that the "criminal type" is the result of degradation to earlier stages of human evolution. This type can be identified by such characteristic features as a protruding lower jaw, a sparse beard, and reduced sensitivity to pain, etc. At one time, Lombraso's theory was widely accepted, and some scientists became his followers.

William Sheldon (1940) - famous American psychologist and physician emphasized the importance of studying the structure of the body. He believed that dogs of certain breeds have an innate tendency to follow certain types of behavior. Also, in humans, a certain body structure means the presence of characteristic personality traits. He developed the following typology: endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs.

Endomorphs - people of moderate fullness with a soft, somewhat rounded body, are characterized by sociability, the ability to get along with people and indulge their desires.

Mesomorphs, whose body is distinguished by strength and harmony, tend to show anxiety, activity, but they do not show excessive sensitivity.

Ectomorphs are characterized by subtlety and fragility, a tendency to introspection, increased sensitivity.

Based on his research at the Rehabilitation Center, W. Sheldon concluded that mesomorphs are most prone to deviation, although they are by no means always criminals.

Although such biological concepts were popular at the beginning of the 20th century, they were gradually supplanted by other scientific views. Evidence has been obtained that some mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, may be due to a genetic predisposition. In addition, individual biological features can have an impact on the psyche of the individual.

For example, if a boy is teased for his small stature, his response may be directed against society and expressed in deviant behavior. But in this case, biological factors only indirectly contribute to the deviation, combined with social or psychological ones. Therefore, any biological analysis of deviation must take into account a complex set of many factors.

Psychological explanation of deviance Psychoanalysts have proposed a theory that linked deviant behavior with mental disorders. For example, Freud introduced the concept of "guilty criminals", we are talking about people who unconsciously want to be caught and punished because they feel guilty because of their "destructive drive", they are internally sure that imprisonment helped to overcome this attraction.

However, careful research has shown that the essence of deviation cannot be overcome only on the basis of an analysis of psychological factors.

In 1950, Schuesler and Cressy made a critical review of many scientific works, the authors of which tried to prove that criminals have some psychological characteristics that are not characteristic of law-abiding citizens. But there was not a single psychological trait that would be observed in all criminals.

Currently, most psychologists and sociologists recognize that the characteristics of the individual and the motives of her actions probably influence all types of deviant behavior. But still, with the help of any one feature or "complex" it is impossible to explain the essence of crime or another type of deviation.

Sociological explanation of deviation. Note that biological and psychological explanations did not give a sufficiently clear and complete explanation of the phenomenon of deviation. Therefore, sociological science also made an attempt to analyze this problem with its own methods.

Theory of anomie. The first sociological explanation of deviation was proposed in the theory of anomie, developed by Emile Durkheim, who used this theory in his classic study of the essence of suicide. He believed that one of the causes of suicide is disordered - anomie, explaining this phenomenon, he emphasized that social rules play an important role in people's lives.

Norms govern their behavior and they know what to expect from others and what is expected of them. However, during crises or radical social changes, life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. As a result, people begin to experience a state of confusion and disorientation. The suicide rate rises markedly during crisis years.

Although E. Durkheim's theory has been repeatedly criticized, its main idea, that social disorganization is the cause of deviant behavior, is now considered generally accepted. Term "social disorganization" denotes the state of society when cultural values, norms and social relationships are absent, weaken or begin to contradict each other.

This may be, for example, the result of a mixture of religious ethnic and racial groups or is observed with a high level of migration of members of settlement communities, which also leads to heterogeneity and instability of social ties.

Sociologists have established official level Juvenile delinquency is particularly high in areas where people of diverse backgrounds live and there is a high degree of population turnover. And, conversely, the more people believe in socially significant values, the deeper their attachment to their parents, the more actively they strive for learning and for socially approved activities.

There are also cultural explanation. So a number of scientists believe that deviation arises as a result of conflicts between cultural norms.

They study behavior individual groups whose norms differ from those of the rest of society. This is due to the fact that the interests of the group do not correspond to the norms of the majority, this is especially true for the subculture of the lower stratum of society, one of the manifestations of which is gang crime.

This subculture gives great value qualities such as willingness to take risks, endurance, the desire for thrills and "luck". Since gang members are guided by precisely these values, other people - representatives of the middle strata - treat them as deviants. Thus, deviation occurs when an individual identifies with a subculture whose norms are contrary to the norms of the dominant culture.

In addition, not only social disorganization and the collapse of ideals give rise to crime, deviant behavior opens up favorable opportunities for some of the youth.

In some areas of activity, young people learn role models prosperous deviants. We are talking about people involved in organized or professional crime. Opportunities to prosper seduce people who have limited access to legitimate means of success.

Z. R. Merton's theory of anomie. Robert K. Merton (1938) made some changes to Durkheim's concept of anomie. He believed that the cause of deviation is the gap between the cultural goals of society and the socially approved means of achieving them. An example is the contradictory attitude of Americans towards the problem of wealth. They admire financial success. Achieving wealth is a common goal in American culture. Socially approved or institutionalized means to achieve this include traditional methods such as getting a good education and getting a job in a trade or law firm.

But as soon as we face the real state of affairs in American society, it becomes clear that these socially approved means are not available to the majority of the population.

Many people cannot pay for a good education and the best firms hire only a limited number of people.

According to Merton, when people strive for financial success but are convinced that it cannot be achieved through socially approved means, they may resort to illegal means, such as racketeering, speculation, drug trafficking, etc.

R. Merton proposed a classification of deviant acts, which is still considered the most successful.

In the Merton system, total conformity presupposes agreement with the aims of the society and with the lawful means of attaining them. A young man or girl who receives a good education, finds a prestigious job and successfully moves up the career ladder is the personification of conformism; they set a goal (say, financial success) and achieve it by legal means. It should be borne in mind that conformism is the only type of non-deviant behavior.

The second possible reaction is called innovation; it presupposes agreement with culturally approved goals, but denies socially approved means of achieving them. "Innovator" will use new, but illegal means of achieving wealth. He does racketeering, blackmail, white collar crimes" (like embezzlement of other people's money)

The third reaction is called ritualism, implies a denial of the goals of a given culture, an agreement to use socially approved means. Example, bureaucrat fanatically dedicated to the cause.

The fourth reaction is called flight from reality (retriarism), when a person simultaneously rejects both goals and socially approved means and their achievement. Their most prominent representatives are marginals: vagrants, drunkards, etc.

Finally, rebellion, like an escape from reality, also simultaneously rejects and cultural goals, and socially approved means to achieve them. But they lead to the replacement of old goals and funds for new ones. A new ideology is developing. For example, the revolutionary considers the system of socialist property to be more legitimate than the existing one.

The theory of Albert Cohen. Albert Cohen developed the views of R. Merton, looking at them from the point of view of game theory. The main theses of his theory can be presented as follows.

Most deviations are not simply and not so much an expression of individual pathology, but cases of borrowed behavior, acquired for the most part in interaction with others, who serve as role models, pass on relevant skills and reinforce beliefs and ideologies.

Deviant behavior, like most types of human behavior, requires both material and moral support from accomplices, like-minded people. In general, the processes that generate and maintain deviant behavior are not much different from the processes that generate and maintain conformist behavior.

An industrial society creates a strong motivation to learn, work hard and strive for responsibility. But it also breeds dissatisfaction between hopes and real achievements.

When faith and hope are deceived, when the legitimate paths to achieving your goals are closed, or when there is not enough personal data for this, dissatisfaction can turn into a bitter consciousness of failure. Most people adapt to their situation, but often people get into all sorts of deviations, trying to achieve what they want by illegal means.

Human behavior in society can be viewed as a set of games that are played according to certain rules. These rules set out the appropriate methods of play and success criteria.

The positions occupied by the participants in these games create their social status (identification, i.e., indicating to others who and what this person is), as well as an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthemselves. If the players value these identifications, then they have incentives to play and submit to success in these games.

In doing so, they create the basis for self-discipline and for a coherent and stable organization of life. When games are poorly understood, the possibility of successful participation in them is assessed as low. It is common for people, if not to reject these games, then in any case, to lose interest in them, ceasing to respond to the rules by which the games are played, to minimize their life plans the meaning of the identities created by these games.

People tend to look for games in which they can or hope to find more rewarding identifications, even if the latter provide recognition in the narrow groups in which they move. If they fail to do this, they lead an unstable extravagant life, surrendering to the will of circumstances and momentary impulses.

Introduction …………………………………………………………………...
Chapter 1. Deviance………………………………………………………	4- 8
1.1Definition of deviance…………………………………………
1.2. Types of deviance………………………………………………..	5 - 7
1.3 Forms of deviations………………………………………………………	7 - 8
Chapter 2. Features of individual forms of deviant behavior …….	8-12
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….
List of sources used…………………………………….
Annex A. ………………………………………………………….	14-18
Appendix B. ……….................................................. .................................	19-22
Dictionary……………………………………………………………………

INTRODUCTION

Society is a multi-component and multi-level social system that includes many variables, but the main variable, without which it cannot exist, is the personality. What is a personality?

To correctly answer this question, we must highlight the difference in three terms: man, individual, person. When we say a person, we mean a generic concept, covering all people as representatives of a specific species (homo sapiens), embodying the highest stage of development of life on Earth and being the subject of socio-historical activity and culture. This concept indicates the qualitative difference between people and animals, but says nothing about the social differences between people themselves. The concept of an individual is designated as a separate representative of the human race, possessing psychophysiological features - temperament, character, specific abilities of memory, feelings, etc. The concept of personality refers to the social quality and characteristics of the individual, which are formed, developed, realized in joint activities and communication with other people. In view of the foregoing, it is possible to give definitions of personality. Personality it is a relatively stable and holistic system of social qualities that characterize a given individual, acquired and developed by him in the process of interaction with other people and are a product community development.

A personality exists in a certain human body, and therefore has certain biological prerequisites, without which it cannot be formed (for example: it is impossible to imagine a personality in the absence of a brain). The personality appears in public life as a unique carrier of consciousness and self-awareness, the subject of interpersonal relations and social interactions.

The process of assimilation by an individual of social experience, knowledge, beliefs, norms, values, patterns of behavior, status-role standards is called socialization in science.

Socialization has its own forms, factors, stages, varieties, a complex mechanism of its manifestation, which combines external influences on a person. External information and the internal process of selecting this information is a kind of psychological filter, thanks to the presence of which it is possible to explain why, under equal conditions of socialization in society, one has to face not only normal, but also deviant behavior, inhumane, aggressive activities of individuals, and not only on the level of ordinary people, but also major politicians who elevate crime to the rank of state activity, for example, fascism, Stalinism (see Dictionary), etc.

The concept of "behavior" came to sociology from psychology. Behavior is the reaction of a living being to external and internal changes. This reaction can be both conscious and unconscious. Thus, purely emotional reactions ˗ laughter, crying ˗ are also behaviors

Relevance and necessity research on the topic of deviant behavior is determined by the fact that modern society needs physically and mentally healthy, harmoniously developed people who have a specific goal in life and are able to achieve it. The study is becoming especially relevant at the present time, at a critical period in the development of our society. Various difficulties that arise in the process of adapting representatives of certain social groups to the current economic situation give rise to deformation of interpersonal ties, separation of generations, and loss of traditions.

Purpose of the study: study of deviant behavior.

Research objectives:

1. Reveal the features of deviant behavior.

2. To study the types and causes of deviant behavior of a person.
3. Consider measures for the correction and prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents.

4. Features of a separate type of deviation (crime).

Object of study: deviant behavior.

Hypothesis is that adolescents aged 15-18 have a tendency to deviant behavior.

Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the research problem, conversation, questioning, interviewing.

Chapter 1. Deviance

Definition of deviance

The concept of “norm” serves as the starting point for understanding the essence of deviant behavior. A social norm is a historical measure of the acceptable behavior of an individual, social group or organization in a particular society. Social norms are formed as a result of an adequate or distorted reflection in the minds and behavior of people of the objective laws of the functioning of society. Therefore, they either correspond to the laws of social development, being “natural”, or are insufficiently adequate to them, or even come into conflict due to a distorted, class-limited, religious, subjectivist, mythologized reflection of objective laws. In this case, the “norm” becomes abnormal, while deviations from it become “normal”.

That is why social deviations can have different meanings for society. Positive ones serve as a means of progressive development of the system, raising the level of its organization, overcoming obsolete,
conservative or reactionary standards of behavior. This is social
creativity: scientific, technical, artistic, socio-political. Negative ones disorganize the system, sometimes undermining its foundations. This is a social pathology: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide.

The boundaries between positive and negative deviant behavior are mobile in time and space of societies. In addition, various “normative subcultures” simultaneously exist (from scientific communities and artistic “bohemia” to communities of drug addicts and criminals). Social norms perform very important functions in society. They regulate the general course of socialization, integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society, control deviant behavior, and serve as standards of behavior. From all this it follows that if an individual complies with all the norms prescribed by society, then his behavior is not deviant, but if he does not comply with any rules, then the behavior of this individual will be deviant. But usually in society there are no people who would observe absolutely all the norms.

In most cases, deviant behavior is subject to social sanctions. Weak and random forms of deviation associated with a violation of the order of interaction between people (lies, rudeness, etc.) are fixed by public opinion and corrected directly and situationally by the participants in the interaction. Methods and means of punishment in relation to stable forms of deviations are determined by public consciousness or the interests of the ruling elite, depending on the degree of danger of deviations.

Social behavior is a set of human behavioral processes associated with the satisfaction of physical and social needs and arising as a reaction to the surrounding social environment. The subject of social behavior can be an individual or a group.

If we abstract from purely psychological factors and reason at the social level, then the behavior of the individual is determined, first of all, by socialization. The minimum of innate instincts that a person possesses as a biological being is the same for all people. Behavioral differences depend on the qualities acquired in the process of socialization and, to some extent, on congenital and acquired psychological individual characteristics.

Under deviant behavior in a broad sense understand any actions or actions of people that do not correspond to written and unwritten norms, both positive and negative. These can be culturally approved deviations, for example, super-genius, heroism, self-sacrifice, altruism, workaholism, etc., as well as culturally unapproved deviations, ranging from ticketless travel to

murder and other serious crimes.

AT narrow sense Deviant behavior refers to such deviations from the norm (from the law), which entail criminal punishment. The totality of illegal acts is called delinquent behavior in sociology. (see dictionary)

Deviant behavior is relative, since it is related to the moral norms, values ​​of this group, delinquent behavior is absolute, since it violates the absolute norm expressed in the legal laws of society.

Deviant behavior as a violation of social norms has become widespread in recent years, which has brought this problem to the center of attention of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, and law enforcement officials.

1.2. Types of deviance

It is customary to distinguish between primary and secondary deviation. Primary they call such a deviation, which generally corresponds to the norms accepted in society and is so insignificant that the environment of the individual does not qualify him as a deviant and he does not consider himself as such. Under secondary deviation is understood as behavior that deviates to a large extent from the norms existing in the group and therefore is defined as deviant and the person is already identified as a deviant. Most people break some kind of social norm. For example, traffic rules when crossing the street or talking on mobile phone in lectures, but they are not considered deviants. Sociologists call this behavior "primary deviation." But a drive to the police, initiation of a criminal case, expulsion from an educational institution puts a deviant label on a person. This is already a “secondary deviation”, after which others begin to communicate with him as with a deviant.

At all times, society has tried to suppress, eliminate unwanted forms of human activity and their carriers. Methods and means were determined by socio-economic relations, public consciousness, and the interests of the ruling elite. The problems of social "evil" today embody the most dangerous destructive tendencies for the country.
What are the reasons for the deviation? More than a hundred years ago, biological and psychological interpretations of the causes of deviation were widespread. So,

Italian doctor Lombroso proposed a phrenological theory of deviation, trying to identify a direct link between a person's criminal behavior and his biological characteristics. In his opinion, the "criminal type" is the result of degradation in the earlier stages of human evolution. In 1940, the American psychologist and physician W.H. Sheldon, a follower of Lombroso, emphasized the importance of body structure. In his typology, the endomorph (a person of moderate fullness with a soft and somewhat rounded body) is sociable, knows how to get along with people; the mesomorph (whose body is distinguished by strength and harmony) shows a tendency to anxiety, he is active and not too sensitive: the ectomorph is distinguished by the subtlety and fragility of the body, prone to introspection, endowed with increased sensitivity and nervousness. Based on the research, Sheldon comes to the conclusion that mesomorphs are most prone to deviation. psychological theory deviations are developed by the psychiatrist Zigmund Freud. He explains it as an underdeveloped "Super-Ego" and substantiates it with "mental defects", "dementia" and "psychopathy", as if programmed deviations. The foundations of the sociological theory of deviation were laid by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. According to him, the main reason

deviation is anomie a state of disorganization of society when

values, norms, social ties are absent, weaken or contradict each other. All this violates the stability of society, disorganizes people, and as a result, various types of deviations appear. The theory of anomie was further developed by the American sociologist Robert Merton. He considered the main cause of deviation to be the gap between the cultural goals of society and the socially approved means of achieving them. Based on the dilemma

R. Merton singled out five types of behavior, four of which relate to deviation: conformity - a type of behavior that implies compliance with the goals and means of their implementation accepted in society; innovation, an individual shares the socially approved goals of society, but chooses disapproved means of achieving them, and the means do not have to be criminal, they are simply unusual at a given moment in time for a given society; ritualism involves the negation of the goals proclaimed by society, while conditionally agreeing with the approved means of achieving them, for example, a student who has not done his homework goes to school and secretly dreams that the teacher will miraculously suddenly fall ill. But when he enters the classroom, he says: "Hello, Marya Ivanovna"; retricism - rejection of the goals and means accepted by society as "escape from reality", a kind of social nihilism (tramps, drug addicts, alcoholics living in society, but not belonging to it) rebellion, rebellion denial of old socially accepted goals and means while simultaneously replacing them with new ones (revolutionaries, radical

extremists).

When using this typology, it must be remembered that people living in a society can never be completely conforming to a normative culture or be completely innovators. In each personality, all of the listed types are present to one degree or another, but some one prevails.

We note another interesting phenomenon of the manifestation of deviant behavior of the norm-justification. These are cultural patterns by which people justify the implementation of any forbidden desire and action without an open challenge to existing moral norms.

Other theories explaining the origin of deviations include:

1) the theory of imitation of the French sociologist - criminologist Gabriel Tarde. In his opinion, people become criminals because they get into a criminal environment from an early age.

2) the theory of differential association of the American sociologist and criminologist Edwin. Sutherland. Developing the idea of ​​G. Tarde, he emphasized that much in the deviant behavior of an individual depends on his environment, i.e. from who exactly teaches him and what. Therefore, the longer an individual stays in a criminal environment, the more likely it is that in the future he will become a deviant. These two theories are united under the general name of "the theory of cultural transfer of deviation";

3) the theory of stigmatization (from Greek, stigma - stigma), or labeling, the authors of which are American sociologists Edward Lemert, economist Gary Stanley Becker. According to this theory, deviation is determined not so much by the behavior or content of specific actions, but by a group assessment, “attaching” a label to a person as a “violator” of established norms and applying sanctions against him.

These are the main research approaches to studying the causes of the emergence and spread of deviant behavior.

Forms of deviations

The main forms of deviant behavior in a broad sense include:

drunkenness and alcoholism;

drug use;

crime;

suicide;

prostitution.

According to experts, the existence of deviant behavior in modern society is inevitable. At the same time, they note that deviations naturally arise in societies experiencing

a transformation, where, against the background of intensifying crisis phenomena, people are growing dissatisfied with their position, which causes a feeling of social dissatisfaction, lack of demand and alienation from society. This feeling of deprivation (lat. deprivatio loss, deprivation, reduction or complete deprivation of the opportunity to satisfy basic psychophysiological or social needs) in some cases can lead to the emergence of pessimistic moods and demoralization among the population (low spirits, confusion).

Typical reactions are indifference to the means to achieve the goal, corruption, cynicism, extremism. The mechanism of deviant behavior is revealed through an analysis of the interaction of normative regulation, personality characteristics, its relationship to the norm and a real life conflict situation.

And so these forms of deviation are associated with the formation of asocial personality types and criminal acts directed against the individual, society and the state.

Chapter 2

Crime as one of the forms of deviation

Under the crime at the very general view understood as a violation of laws. (See Dictionary) Criminals are those convicted by the court. In this case, the judges perform the function of stigmatization, that is, they impose a kind of state “stigma” on a person, declaring him a criminal.

Crime, depending on the field of activity, has different interpretations and interpretations. From a legal point of view, a crime is a violation of the law. From the political point of view, a crime is an act perceived by the authorities as a direct or indirect threat to its interests. Sociology considers crime as an anti-social act, which implies the need to protect the existing social system. And psychology says that crime is a form of social inability to adapt to the environment, the difficulty that the individual experiences in responding to the stimuli surrounding him. When studying crime as a form of deviant behavior, researchers find more and more factors that affect its dynamics. These factors include: poverty, social status, social status, occupation, education of a person, the level of his upbringing and development. Every society has the kind of crime “which it deserves”, and more specifically, which corresponds to the culture of this society. In modern countries Western Europe it is unlikely that any of the mentally normal people will use such a method of causing harm to health as the “evil eye”, or such a method of killing as witchcraft. Computer crimes are possible only in societies with an appropriate "information" culture.

The culture of society "tells" us all sorts of patterns of behavior and various options for resolving conflicts - get drunk, steal, sort things out, stop dating, commit suicide, etc. Also culturally determined are not only the nature and methods of committing crimes, but also the measures of social control and punishment applied by society.

Crime reflects all the vices of mankind. And to this day no society has succeeded in eliminating it. It is currently one of the most relevant social problems, and this phenomenon should be given great attention by the state and society. It should be borne in mind that crime has a threshold of quantitative and qualitative saturation, beyond which it turns from a criminological, law enforcement problem into a socio-political problem. The decrease in crime will lead to an increase in the quality of life of the country as a whole and of each of its people in particular.

According to studies of all age categories, the greatest concern is the scale of the spread of negative phenomena among young people and minors.

Voluntarily or involuntarily, a person adheres to a line of behavior approved by his immediate environment, in which attitudes and orientations that contradict the norms of a rational lifestyle may be present or even predominate. Most often it happens that only some element of the microenvironment, and not all of it as a whole, has an antisocial orientation. And here much depends on which group will be more authoritative and attractive for the individual. Many deviations originate in the family or are associated with it, caused by shortcomings in family education. The employment of both parents, having few children, the elimination of children from housework and serious life problems often become the factor that contributes to the development of unseemly inclinations and actions. The psyche and actions of children are negatively affected by the contradictions between the words and deeds of parents, relatives, and adults. It is difficult to expect that a teenager will form moral stability, healthy habits, when the one who educates him, proclaiming certain "truths", actually acts contrary to them.

According to the official statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, there is an increase in crimes committed by minors. (Appendix B). The social danger of crimes largely depends on whether these acts are committed alone or in a group.

It is necessary to dwell on such an important indicator as group crime. The origins of gang crime lie in street companies with an antisocial orientation. A characteristic feature of juvenile crimes is violence and cruelty. Teenagers in the process of committing crimes, in an unfortunate combination of circumstances for them, commit such crimes as murder, grievous bodily harm, robbery.

It is group crimes of minors that are distinguished by the greatest cruelty.

Due to the nature of juvenile delinquency, the problem of the personality of the offender is put forward in the first place. The main thing when considering the personality of a juvenile delinquent is age. By age characteristics juveniles are divided into the following groups: 14-15 years old - teenagers and minors, 16-17 years old - minors.

Special meaning has a study of the marital status of juvenile delinquents. It is in the family that social significant qualities personality and evaluation criteria.

The problem of leisure is also special, according to the results of individual studies, as free time increases, the interests of adolescents are deformed and acquire a negative connotation. The more free time, the higher the likelihood of committing offenses. According to the same studies, 18% of adolescents with 2-3 hours of free time registered with the police, 5-7 hours - 53%.

The media is also causing an increase in juvenile delinquency. Television programs are oversaturated with scenes of violence. European society Child Protection has calculated that films and broadcasts on all European channels show at least twenty murders and gory atrocities every hour. Our television, unfortunately, is not inferior to the European one in terms of showing violence to young viewers. Since teenagers spend an average of three to four hours a day in front of the screen, one can imagine the impact on the immature child's psyche of all this avalanche of horrors and its role in the process of personality formation.

Many children's institutions, organizations ceased to exist, and the premises belonging to them were leased to commercial structures. A large number of sports sections, circles have switched to a commercial basis, i.e. became paid, and therefore inaccessible.

In our country, the law allows young people who have reached the age of 16 to work, and those who have not reached this age face the problem of employment. Thus, teenagers are forced to earn extra money at various jobs illegally, contrary to the law. "Money - in any way!" - this is the motto for many young people. Minors are actively involved in racketeering, illegal business and other types of criminal activities. Employment of minors, their adaptation and preparation for professional labor activity are one of the important tasks, the solution of which will ensure the realization of the rights of young people to work, use their potential in the development of the country's economy.

The formation of a person as a person occurs throughout his life, but the basis of behavior and character is laid precisely in adolescence. As practice shows, persons who received criminal punishment for crimes in adolescence continue to commit recidivism. This means that in order to reduce the number of offenses, education is of great importance, which aims to prevent a person from committing the first crime in his life.

So, a juvenile delinquent is a person with habits, inclinations, stable stereotypes of antisocial behavior. They are characterized by: a constant demonstration of disregard for the norms of generally accepted behavior (foul language, appearing in a state of intoxication, harassment of citizens, damage to public property, etc.); addiction to alcohol, drugs, gambling; vagrancy, systematic escapes from home, educational and other institutions; early sexual intercourse; systematic display of spitefulness, vindictiveness, rudeness, acts of violent behavior: a guilty creation conflict situations, constant quarrels in the family, terrorizing parents and other family members; cultivation of enmity towards other groups of minors who are distinguished by academic success; the habit of appropriating everything that lies badly, that can be taken away from the weak with impunity.

Juvenile delinquency is just the beginning general crime. The influence of adult crime on juvenile delinquency is most often carried out indirectly through youth crime. The relationship between juvenile delinquency and youth is two-way. Juvenile delinquency is, as it were, a reflection or shadow of youth delinquency, since the younger ones try to repeat the behavioral stereotypes of the elders, and the older delinquency is replenished due to the influx of yesterday's minors.

Of great importance is the preventive effect on the personality of a minor, that is, individual prevention. Measures of individual prevention should affect both the personality of the juvenile delinquent and his environment. The purpose of the prevention of crimes committed by minors is the correction and re-education of a teenager or a change in his criminogenic orientation. Many actors are involved in the prevention of juvenile delinquency. They represent a single system bound by common goals and objectives. A special place in this system is given to the internal affairs bodies, which represent a subsystem for the prevention of deviant behavior. The internal affairs bodies carry out the bulk of the work in the field of preventing juvenile crimes, are directly involved in the correction and re-education of juveniles who have committed crimes. In addition, the preventive activity of the internal affairs bodies implies the mandatory inclusion of other subjects in it. An important role in anticriminogenic influence on

minors should be provided by the school, since self-education, along with education, is the content of the process of appropriate influence on the teenager, shaping him as a person useful to society. In conversation with social educator of our school, N.R. There is an explanation for this. Extracurricular activities in our school are organized at the proper level. We operate with elementary school various hobby groups, sections and specialized education in the senior classes of your choice. A wide variety of sports sections that take place after school hours and on the sixth school day. Thus, the children of our school do not have questions of employment after school.

We also have a prevention council in our school, which takes place once a week. Students who have unsatisfactory grades, skip school without good reason, and violate discipline are invited to the council.

In conclusion, I would like to draw some conclusions.

Most minors are not busy with any business, they do not attend circles, sections, do not read, but only walk with their friends. A complete reluctance to study or work was revealed.

Juvenile delinquents prefer to go out in the evening or at night, although they should be at home at this time.

Most minors live in incomplete families or their parents are on long business trips. Neglect on the part of parents, permissiveness are the most important factors in the commission of crimes and offenses.

In general, the growth of juvenile delinquency creates the prerequisites for the growth of general crime. In order to prevent crime and delinquency among minors, it is necessary to conduct explanatory and preventive conversations, to involve them in various public events and sections. The accessibility of education should be the same for all segments of the population with different financial status, which at the moment is not.

CONCLUSION

So, we have determined that deviant (deviant) behavior is
behavior of an individual or group that does not conform to generally accepted
norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them, such
the individual easily falls into a state of "social disorganization" when
cultural norms, values ​​and social relationships are absent,
weaken or contradict each other. Such a state is called
anomie and is the main cause of deviant behavior. Also during the study, the hypothesis that adolescents aged 15-18 years have a tendency to deviant behavior was confirmed.

Given that deviant behavior can take a variety of forms (both negative and positive), it is necessary to study this phenomenon, showing a differentiated approach.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Lantsova L.A., Shurupova M.F. "The Sociological Theory of Deviant
behavior”, Socio-political magazine No. 4, 1993.
2. Ivanov V.N. "Deviant Behavior: Causes and Scales"
Socio-political magazine №2, 1995
3. Hoffman A.B. "Seven lectures on the history of sociology", M., 1995
4. Gilinsky Ya.I., Smolinsky L.G. "Sociodynamics of Suicide", Sotsis No. 5, 1988.
5. Golod S.I. "Prostitution in the context of changes in sexual morality", Socis
No. 2,. 1988
6. Petelin B.Ya. "Organized juvenile delinquency", Socis
No. 9, 1990

7. Deviant behavior and its types. [Electronic resource] /. - Access mode: http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-deviaciya.html - Access date: 20.02.2017.

8. Deviant behavior in adolescence. [Electronic resource] /. – Access mode: http://smolsoc.ru/index.php/home/2009-12-28-13-46-25/54-2010-09-07-19-09-09/1058-2011-02- 01-01-44-43 – Access date: 02/18/2017.

9.General statistics. [Electronic resource] /. – Access mode: http://mvd.gov.by/main.aspx?guid=256493 – Access date: 02/18/2017.

10.A.N. Elsukov "Sociology short course», tutorial 2009

11.E.M. Babosov "General Sociology", textbook for university students 2002

Annex A

1. How do you spend your free time?

A) I read books D) I go out with friends

B) I watch TV D) I go to discos

C) I attend circles of section E) _________________________________

2. What time of day do you prefer to meet with friends?

A) during the day B) in the evening C) at night

3. How do you rate your performance?

A) excellent B) fair

B) good D) not good

4. You attend school because

A) parents force

B) like

AT)_________________________________

5. Who do you live with?

6. Which parent is responsible for your upbringing?

A) mother B) father C) grandparents D) both parents

7. Where do your parents work?

A) in the city of Mogilev B) in other cities C) do not work

8. Do you have bad habits?

A) yes (to question 9) B) no (to question 10)

9.your bad habit?

A) smoking

B) the use of narcotic or toxic substances

B) drinking alcohol

10. Do your parents have bad habits? Which?

A) smoking B) using drugs or toxic substances

B) drinking alcohol

G) ________________________________________________________

11. What's your gender

A) female B) male

12. Your age __________________

Annex B

GENERAL STATISTICS FOR 2015

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2015, 96,982 crimes were registered in the republic, or 103.2% of the 2014 level.

In 2015, 1,024 crimes were registered per 100,000 people in the republic (in 2014 - 992 crimes).

The number of registered crimes and the level of crime by regions and the city of Minsk in 2015

	Number of registered crimes		Crime level per 100,000 population
		growth rate (decrease) by 2014, in %
Republic of Belarus
regions and Minsk:
Brest
Vitebsk
Gomel
Grodno
Mogilevskaya

In 2015, 12,390 especially grave and serious crimes were registered, the share of which in the total number of registered crimes was 12.8% (in 2014 - 10,842 crimes, or 11.5%).

Registered crimes by specific types

		growth rate (decrease) by 2014, in %
Registered crimes
especially grave
less severe
Of the total number of reported crimes:
murder and attempted murder
intentional infliction of grievous bodily injury
rape and assault to rape
from apartments and private houses
extortion
hooliganism
corrupt practices
fraud
misappropriation
embezzlement or embezzlement
abuse of power or official authority
official forgery
crimes related with drugs
illegal traffic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors and analogues
including for the purpose of marketing

In 2015, 2,894 crimes against the order of economic activity were registered in the republic, which is 14.8% more than in 2014, of which 15 are especially serious crimes (3.8 times more).

In 2015, the preliminary investigation was completed on 66.6 thousand crimes, which is 5.5% more than in 2014.

Crimes for which preliminary investigation has been completed

		growth rate (decrease)
Crimes, preliminary investigation completed
of which were made:
minors and with their participation
persons with a criminal record
not working, not studying
group of people
in a state of intoxication
in a state of drug intoxication

In criminal cases, the investigation of which was completed, in 2015, 53.1 thousand persons who committed crimes were identified.

Persons who have committed crimes

		growth rate (decrease)
Identified persons who committed crimes
minors
not working, not studying
persons with a criminal record
persons under the influence of alcohol
persons under the influence of drugs

More than 45 thousand people, or 84.9% of the total number of identified persons who committed crimes, were brought to criminal responsibility (in 2014 - 41.6 thousand people, or 83.2%).

As of January 1, 2016, 33.3 thousand people were kept in places of deprivation of liberty, which is 11.9% more than relevant date 2015, including correctional colonies for adults - 25.7 thousand people (12.2% more), educational colonies for minors - 231 people (35.9% more), pre-trial detention centers - 6.9 thousand. people (11.8% more), prisons - 555 people (5.8% less).

In the republic in 2015, internal affairs bodies registered 3,758.8 thousand administrative offenses, for which decisions were made to impose an administrative penalty (94.7% compared to 2014). 1,309.7 thousand administrative penalties were issued for exceeding the speed limit (in 2014 - 1,632 thousand), for drinking alcoholic beverages in a public place - 349.8 thousand (in 2014 - 326.5 thousand), for petty hooliganism - 108.7 thousand (in 2014 - 107.5 thousand). The amount of the fine for administrative offenses in 2015 amounted to 1,207.6 billion rubles against 1,022.3 billion rubles in 2014.

DICTIONARY

Fascism is a form of open dictatorship based on racism and chauvinism, aimed at the eradication of democracy, the establishment of a regime of brutal reaction and the preparation of aggressive wars.

Stalinism politic system in USSRin the late 1920s and early 1950s and the underlying ideology. Stalinism was characterized by the dominance of authoritarianism, the strengthening of the punitive functions of the state, the merging of state bodies and the ruling Communist Party, and strict ideological control over all aspects of society.

Delinquent behavior is the antisocial illegal behavior of an individual, embodied in his misconduct (action or inaction), causing harm to both individual citizens and society as a whole.

Crime an act that violates the law and is subject to criminal liability

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

"OMSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"

(FGBOU VPO "OmSPU")

Analysis of a specific case of deviant behavior of a child

Omsk 2013.

1. Description of features, manifestations of behavior

Masha is 15 years old and for about 2 years now she has been the most striking example of a case of deviant behavior among my friends. Maria's deviant behavior appeared spontaneously, after reaching the age of 13 and the appearance of a younger sister in her family. The girl with bravado began to say that she did not need anyone, people annoyed her, everyone around was stupid to the point of disgrace, and no one, especially, did not understand her. At school, the child keeps aloof, does not make friends with anyone and does not even try to establish contact, does not recognize authorities. During the year I changed 2 schools due to conflicts with teachers and classmates. Relations with parents are also rather strained, there is no trusting relationship between the child and parents. Masha is terribly jealous of her parents for her younger sister. In her opinion, the parents love the youngest child, but they do not. He does not like to spend time with his family, he tries to close himself in his room so as not to see or hear anyone. Quite often he says to his parents the phrases: "I hate you", "when I'm 18, I'll leave."

Last year, Maria had a suicide attempt (jumping from the 3rd floor). Later, she herself called it stupidity. Leaving home is not uncommon, but every time she herself returned in the evening. Masha's mom suspects that she skips classes and smokes.

Masha's family is complete and prosperous. AT totalitarian sects and other destructive organizations the child is not a member.

2. Causes, formation factors

1. Specific adolescent reactions;

2. Exacerbation of relationships with adults, primarily with parents, teachers, manifested in the moral "conflict" of the younger and older, in an inadequate sense of adulthood and rejection of demands on oneself;

3. Increased criticality in relation to the behavior of adults and their value judgments;

4. Accentuated character traits;

5. Children's jealousy, lack of communication skills;

6. The desire to prove their independence and a sense of adulthood.

3. Development forecast

In the presence of psychological assistance, the problem will get off the ground and, after a certain amount of time, it will move towards improvement. The psychologist, using methods (for example: "Self-assessment of mental states" by Eysenck, SAN, Spielberger's Reactive Anxiety Scale, "Character Accentuations" by Shmishek-Leonhardt, etc.) will determine the psychological state of the child and mood, identify his fears and develop a plan of psychocorrectional work.

In the absence of psychological assistance to the family and the child, behavior can only worsen. Social contacts will be completely cut off, the child will not have a desire to be included in the life of a team or family. Relations with the family will only get worse, the child will become aggressive, closed, and suicide attempts may be repeated.

4. Methods of correction

The psycho-correctional complex includes four main blocks.

1. Diagnostic. Purpose: diagnosis of personality development features, identification of risk factors, formation general program psychological correction.

2. Installation block. Purpose: inducing a desire to interact, relieving anxiety, forming a desire to cooperate and change something in one's life.

3. Correction block. Purpose: harmonization and optimization of the client's development, transition from the negative phase of development to the positive, mastering certain methods of activity.

4. Block for evaluating the effectiveness of corrective actions. Purpose: Measuring the psychological content and dynamics of reactions, promoting the emergence of positive behavioral reactions and experiences, stabilizing positive self-esteem.

You can work with this child and his parents, both in groups and individually. As the methods used, it is advisable to use such methods as: "fairy tale therapy" (to release your fears, feelings and emotions), body-oriented therapy (to improve contact with parents, classmates), psycho-gymnastics (for relaxation and self-knowledge), art- therapy (to relieve aggressiveness and direct energy in a positive direction) and many others.

deviant behavior child psycho-corrective

List of used literature

1. Badmaev S.A. Psychological correction deviant behavior of schoolchildren. - M.: Master, 1999. - 96 p.

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