Meteorology is the science that studies the physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere that determine weather events. An important part of the job is making current weather forecasts, but meteorologists also provide advance warning of dangerous weather phenomena and monitor their progress. Information for meteorologists comes from various sources. Ground and sea weather stations measure temperature, pressure, wind speed, precipitation, study cloud cover and track detected changes. Satellites cloud formations. To this are added data from sea buoys.
The ancient Greeks were the first to study the weather. The word meteorology comes from the title of the book "Meteorology", written in the 4th century BC. e. Greek philosopher Aristotle. Meteoros means very high, and logos means a word, teaching.
In his book, Aristotle explained the formation of clouds, hail, wind, rain and storms, based largely on the teachings of the Egyptian and Babylonian sages. A student and friend of Aristotle, Theophrastus, famous for his research in the field of botany, also wrote two small works on the weather: “On the Signs of the Weather” and “On the Winds”.
He described signs related to weather and winds, which were used by people to predict the weather.
Later, other Greek and Roman authors added to this list. The ancient Greeks and Romans did not have special tools for studying the weather and atmospheric phenomena. The first such instrument - a thermometer (the so-called air thermoscope) was invented in 1593 by the Italian naturalist Galideo Galilei.

In subsequent years, the study of the atmosphere developed much faster. Robert Boyle, Edie Mariotte, Jacques Alexander Cesar Charles and others discovered a close relationship between air temperature, its pressure and volume.
In 1753, the English meteorologist George Hadley published a fairly accurate description of the ways in which air circulates around the world. However, the main breakthrough in the field of meteorology came with the advent in 1844. New form communication has made it possible!, collect up-to-date meteorological data from remote places, so that the weather forecast could be prepared much more accurately and quickly.
Tower of the Winds. The Tower of the Winds was built in Athens in the 1st century BC. e. It is oriented to the cardinal points. In the upper part of each of its eight faces are allegorical images of the main winds, one of them can be seen in the illustration. A weather vane was installed in the center of the tower, which showed the direction of the wind.
Balloon. This balloon, launched in Antarctica, will rise to a height of 20-30 km, and then burst. Instruments suspended under the balloon will transmit data to a ground weather station. Around the world, about 500 stations launch such radiosondes daily.
Radio and weather forecast. Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic radio signal in 1901. Radio communications allowed meteorologists to exchange data in real time, greatly improving weather forecasting.
Weather. Satellite images allow scientists to observe the formation and development of the entire climate system. On April 2, 1978, the Nimbus 5 satellite photographed a cyclone raging over the Bering Sea (image shown at left). The cloud layer covers Kamchatka. An artificial color effect has been added to the image on the right: red indicates a high concentration of water droplets.
weather satellite. On April 1, 1960, the first meteorological satellite TIROS-1 (Television InfraRed Observation Satellite) was successfully launched. In this image, scientists prepare TIROS-1 for launch. Other satellites were later launched, known as NOAA-class satellites. They are launched into polar orbits, which allow them to pass over the entire surface of the Earth in 24 hours. They transmit images taken in visible and infrared light.
Prediction of electrical storms. Lightning is a spark discharge that occurs between positive and negative electrical charges separated by turbulence within storm clouds. Meteorologists, firefighters, electromagnetists determine the likely degree of electrical activity and predict the duration and strength of the storm using special lightning detectors and weather radar.

The beginning of the history of the development of meteorology goes back to ancient times. Mentions of various meteorological phenomena are found among most peoples of antiquity. With the development of civilization in China, India, the Mediterranean countries, regular attempts are made to make meteorological observations, there are separate guesses about the causes atmospheric processes and rudimentary scientific understanding of climate. The first body of knowledge about atmospheric phenomena was compiled by Aristotle, whose views then determined ideas about the atmosphere for a long time. During the Middle Ages, the most outstanding atmospheric phenomena were recorded, such as catastrophic droughts, exceptionally cold winters, rains and floods. In the era of great geographical discoveries (XV - XVI centuries) appeared climatic descriptions open countries. The scientific study of the atmosphere began in the 17th century. and coincided with a period of rapid development natural sciences. A thermometer (Galileo, 1597), a barometer (Toricelli, 1643), a rain gauge, and a weather vane were invented. M. V. Lomonosov in the middle of the XVIII century. invented an anemometer to measure wind speed, developed a scheme for the formation of thunderstorms. Regular meteorological observations in Russia began to be carried out under Peter I. In 1849, the world's first scientific meteorological institution, the Main Physical (now Geophysical) Observatory named after AI Voeikov, was opened in Russia. In the 19th century a network of meteorological stations begins to develop. In the 50s of the XIX century. synoptic meteorology developed. In the second half of the XIX century. a network has been established ground stations, the development of which is associated with the names of G. I. Wild and M. A. Rykachev. With the advent aircraft people got the opportunity to study the atmosphere in layers remote from the earth's surface. In 1930, the Soviet scientist P. A. Molchanov invented a radiosonde, which made it possible to supplement ground-based observations at meteorological stations with upper-air observations. Since the middle of the XX century. Meteorological radars and rocket sounding of the atmosphere began to be included in the practice of meteorological observations. Modern methods weather forecasts are not complete without information obtained from meteorological artificial satellites Earth. In the 20s of the XX century, the Norwegian scientists V. Bjerknes and J. Bjerknes created the doctrine of air masses And atmospheric fronts, which advanced the synoptic methods of weather forecasting. Important milestone in the development of climatology - the introduction of the cartographic method: with its help it was possible to identify the main patterns of the distribution of meteorological elements over large spaces commensurate with the continents. First isotherm map the globe was created by A. Humboldt (1817), and isobar maps showing the distribution of atmospheric pressure were built by Buhann in 1869. One of the first climate classifications was proposed by W. P. Köppen. The founder of climatology in Russia was A.I. Voeikov (1842-1916). His works “Winds of the Globe”, “Climates of the Globe” and others determined the level of not only Russian but also world climate science and have not lost their scientific significance to this day. The next stage in the development of the meteorological service in our country began with the adoption in 1921 of the decree "On the organization of the meteorological service in the RSFSR". In 1979, the Main Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service was reorganized into the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control. Due to the increasing rate of pollution environment, especially over the past 50-60 years, largely under the influence of economic activity human need to control and manage the processes of anthropogenic pollution. For this, in our country, as in others developed countries, a special service was created to control pollution of the natural environment, including atmospheric air. At present, on the territory of Russia, the body government controlled in the field of hydrometeorology and environmental pollution control is federal Service of Russia on hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring. A great contribution to the development of modern climatology was made by: JI. S. Berg, B. P. Alisov, S. P. Khromov, M. I. Budyko, O. A. Drozdov and many other scientists.

Information about the weather has become so familiar to us that we can no longer imagine our lives without this information. How to dress, whether to put on a raincoat, take an umbrella or not, all this depends on the information about the weather. Even our mood is largely connected with the weather, and in many respects it depends not so much on the weather itself, but on information about it.

And now the question is, when did Moscow begin to regularly inform citizens about the weather and who did it? It turns out that concrete people stood at the origins of meteorological observations in Moscow, and even the years are known when weather information began to be published in the newspaper. These are Professor of Physics at Moscow University Pyotr Ivanovich Strakhov and Count Alexei Kirillovich Razumovsky, who at that time was a trustee of Moscow University. Moscow University and the Moscow Society of Nature Testers, organized at the university, also put their “hands” into this.

In 1808, by order of A.K. Razumovsky, the university newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti began to publish information about meteorological observations carried out by professor of physics P.I. Strakhov three times a day.

The first observations of the weather in Russia were carried out under Peter I, when a network of weather stations was organized. In 1725, regular observations using a barometer and a thermometer began to be carried out at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, then a network of 20 weather stations was created. But these were "sovereign" institutions, and in Moscow, observations were carried out "for the people" and carried out by professors, students of Moscow University and members of the Moscow Society of Naturalists.

IN early XIX century, the age of Moscow University was approaching 50 years. In 1805, the Moscow Society of Naturalists was organized, the founders of which were professors and students of Moscow University, as well as representatives of the gymnasium organized at the university. The first president of MOIP was Count A.K. Razumovsky, who at that time held the post of Comrade Minister (Deputy Minister) of Education. He was also a trustee of Moscow University.

Alexei Kirillovich Razumovsky helped the Society of Naturalists a lot, financed its activities, and organized scientific expeditions. Under A.K. Razumovsky, the Society began to be called "Imperial". With his participation, a plan was drawn up for a systematic description of the Moscow province; several expeditions were organized in the Moscow region, as well as in the southern and eastern regions of the country. Razumovsky himself ( richest man of that time) was fond of botany, was the owner of a huge (probably the largest in Europe) botanical garden. It was located in the Gorenki estate, in the east of Moscow, immediately behind the modern ring road. Its area was more than two square kilometers, and the length of the greenhouses alone exceeded one and a half kilometers, in which more than 500 citrus trees grew. Total in botanical garden more than 2000 species of various plants grew. Many travelers brought plants from distant countries and continents. Now, unfortunately, nothing remains of his greatness.

His illegitimate son Alexey Perovsky (then a university student) was the very student who had the honor of becoming the founder of MOIP. Alexey in student years dabbled in natural science. In 1808, Alexei Perovsky's three public lectures on botany were published as a separate book: "How to distinguish animals from plants", "On the purpose and benefits of the Linnaean system of plants" and "On plants that would be useful to propagate in Russia". They were read and published in Russian, German and French. In fact, it was his graduation graduate work. A. Perovsky, a major writer of that time, published under the pseudonym Anthony Pogorelsky. In 1829, Pogorelsky published a children's fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants"Written for Alyosha's ten-year-old nephew, Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, a future writer and poet. This book is now well known to young readers.

Among the founders of MOIP was Petr Mikhailovich Dobrynin, director of the Gymnasium, which was organized in 1755 at Moscow University. The gymnasium prepared students for university studies. Among her pets were famous people such as M.N. Muravyov (later a trustee of Moscow University), P.I. Strakhov, D.I. Fonvizin (playwright), Kh.A. Chebotarev (rector of the university), M.Ya. .Merzlyakov and others. M.Ya.Mudrov - Professor of Moscow University, doctor, for the first time in Russia introduced into practice medical card patient, where he wrote down information about the patient, the methods of treatment used, etc. For 22 years of medical practice, the collection of cards amounted to 40 volumes. A.F. Merzlyakov - Russian poet, professor, head of the department of literature at the university. Currently, his romance - "Black-browed, black-eyed ..." is widely popular.

P.I.Strakhov - was from poor family, when entering the gymnasium at the university showed good knowledge and was accepted as a state student (studied at the expense of the state). He graduated with honors, a green uniform was sewn to him at the state expense and a student sword was issued. Then he was sent on a business trip abroad for an internship. Upon his return from a business trip in September 1786, Strakhov served as an inspector at the university gymnasium, and in 1791 he headed the department of experimental physics.

This decision irritated some of the university professors. As a result, ordinary professor P.I.Strakhov was forced to write a dissertation in Russian in physics. Strakhov submitted to the Conference (Academic Council) the work "Discourse on the motion of bodies and especially the stars of heaven." Then a new test was invented - to rewrite this essay in Latin language. Strakhov fulfilled this condition as well. In addition, with great brilliance, he gave a trial lecture in Russian “On the properties and chemical composition of the atmosphere, air and other similar substances” - an area that fascinated him back in Paris, when he, while on an internship, listened to lectures by Professor M. -J. Brisson (French naturalist, physicist).

Lectures on physics at Moscow University P.I. Brisson. In the period 1803–1808. Strakhov was engaged in the creation of his own textbook "Brief outline of physics". It was the first physics textbook in Russian, published in 1810.

P.I.Strakhov proved to be not only an excellent teacher, but also a talented popularizer. P.I.Strakhov's lectures were accompanied by numerous physical demonstrations and were read in Russian. In 1803, regular public lectures were organized at Moscow University. Strakhov's speeches gathered a lot of people from different strata of Moscow society, not only university colleagues, but also outsiders "noble persons of both sexes." The first rows of seats were usually occupied by ladies, followed by male visitors and students. N.M. Karamzin, who regularly visited them, noted: “The phenomena of electrical power, galvanism, aerostatic experiments, etc., are in themselves so curious, and Mr. Strakhov explains them so well, so intelligibly, that the public finds excellent pleasure in listening to his lectures.”

The director (rector) of the university, P.I.

Strakhov was the first in Russia to conduct experiments proving the electrical conductivity of water and wet earth, and he conducted these experiments not in the laboratory, but in nature. A note about these results was published in the first issue of the Journal of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. great attention Strakhov paid attention to the physics of the atmosphere, studied the phenomena of thunderstorms and lightning discharges, investigated the damage caused by them, made numerous experiments with electricity and worked on improving lightning rods.

Since 1808, Strakhov organized systematic meteorological observations - three times a day. Students often participated in his work, which significantly raised their interest in physics. They measured the temperature of air, soil, water, Atmosphere pressure, humidity, amount of precipitation, wind direction and speed, as well as other meteorological indicators. The observations were carried out in accordance with the instructions existing in Europe, the measurements were entered into tables of a standard form, i.e. everything was done not just like that, but “according to science”.

Count Razumovsky (a trustee of the university), who knew about these observations, ordered that the reports be published in the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper. By the way, it was the only newspaper published at that time in Moscow.

PI Strakhov in 1805 was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists; was elected rector of Moscow University (1805-1807), awarded the Order of St. Anna 2nd degree with diamonds. Later, the Order of St. Vladimir IV degree was added to it.

In accordance with the new charter of Moscow University, P.I.Strakhov was re-elected to the rector's position in 1806 and 1807. At the university, P.I.Strakhov enjoyed universal trust and respect, “ knowing how to obey himself, knew how to nobly and command". In 1807, Strakhov submitted his resignation for health reasons.

In his rectorship in 1805, M.F. Kazakov was accepted as a university architect, who built the building of the main building on Mokhovaya Street. Under him, the number of classrooms was increased, the library premises were expanded. Strakhov made efforts to preserve the gymnasium at the university, which was threatened with closure. Funds to support the gymnasiums came from the economic activities of the university printing house, as well as financial support from the industrialist P.G. Demidov.

In 1812, during the invasion of Napoleon's troops, P.I.Strakhov led the evacuation of university property; moved to Nizhny Novgorod where he died. He was buried at the local Peter and Paul cemetery.

Newspaper "Moskovskie Vedomosti" belonged to Moscow University, published in 1756–1917 (i.e. 160 years). It was created by decree of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1756) at Moscow University. The first issue was published on Friday, April 26, 1756 and was timed to coincide with the first anniversary of the opening of the university. Newspaper format - A3, an average of 8 pages of text. The coat of arms of the Russian Empire was depicted on the first page. double-headed eagle, which was the only graphic. "Moskovskie Vedomosti" for a long time remained the only periodical newspaper in Moscow. At first, it was published twice a week, then three times, and towards the end of the 19th century, daily.

A.P. Sadchikov, Professor of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov,
Vice President MOIP

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Meteorological observations in Russia began, according to their first historian, K.S. Veselovsky

, - around the middle of the 18th century: for St. Petersburg, correct observations of air temperature have been available since 1743, over precipitation - since 1741, and over the opening of the freezing of the Neva - they date back to 1706.

But such earliest observations were few and unevenly distributed throughout Russia, being confined either to large centers like St. Petersburg, Moscow, or related to several points in Finland and Siberia, finally, and they were made using unequal methods and very diverse instruments. However, M.V. Lomonosov

as early as 1759, he proposed his own project for a more correct setting of meteorological observations, but only in 1804 was the government decree on the production of meteorological observations at all educational institutions in Russia made public; however, the order was not carried out, and if the observations did start anywhere, they were neither processed nor printed.

The establishment in Germany in 1828, at the initiative of Humboldt, of an association for the production of magnetic observations was the impetus that was destined to put the matter of meteorological observations on practical ground. In 1829, Humboldt visited St. Petersburg and managed to convince the Academy of Sciences to join this union and start organizing observations in Russia. One of the members of the Academy, Kupfer

took charge of this business. Under his supervision and leadership, a magnetic laboratory was established in St. Petersburg at the Academy in 1830 (located first in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then transferred to one of the premises of the Mining Corps); then, at the suggestion of the academy, he established similar observatories in Kazan, Nikolaev, Sitkha, Lekin, and, finally, in Yekaterinburg, Barnaul and Nerchinsk. In 1833, Kupfer submitted a project for the establishment of several more observatories, adapted for the production of not only magnetic, but also meteorological observations; he managed to achieve the implementation of this project and the installation of magnetic meteorological observatories in Bogoslovsk, Zlatoust and Lugan, and to transform the observatories in Yekaterinburg, Barnaul and Nerchinsk into permanent institutions. At the Mining Corps in St. Petersburg, an observatory was established, which was not only supposed to conduct observations, but also to supply all meteorological institutions in Russia with proven instruments.

In 1849, the project and the staff of the "Main Physical Observatory" were approved; Kupfer himself was appointed its first director. Under his leadership, the Main Physical Observatory firmly established the business of meteorological observations in Russia: the number of meteorological stations began to increase; completely uniform methods of observation were used; there were publications representing the codes of the observations made. The first such code was "Annuaire magnetique et meteorologique", and then the observations began to be published annually in the publication: "Collection of observations made, etc."... Since 1865, this last edition was replaced by the "Chronicles of the Main Physical Observatory". Containing a huge amount of material delivered by observations, in finished, processed form. Kupfer's successors in managing the Main Physical Observatory and directing meteorological observations were Kemtz, then Wild and Rykachev. Wild's activity was especially fruitful in the development of meteorological observations in Russia.

Under him, the instructions for guiding observers and for processing observations were revised, new observational methods were researched and introduced (thus, he was given new way installation of thermometers for measuring air temperature, a weather vane with a wind force indicator was installed, barometers were improved, etc.); periodic inspection and revision of meteorological stations has been instituted; under him, finally, the meteorological network began to develop faster and faster.

The Meteorological Commission of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society also rendered considerable service in the development of meteorological observations in Russia. Separated in 1870 for the purpose of more detailed development of various meteorological issues from the geographical society From the very beginning of the existence of the commission, a small circle of people, which included most of the St. Petersburg meteorologists, actively set about promoting meteorological observations and organizing stations to help the Main Physical Observatory. The construction of denser networks for rain gauge observations and observations of thunderstorms, the collection of observations on the opening and freezing of rivers were the first steps of the commission. With its transformation in 1883, it also organized observations on the height and density of the snow cover, observations on the duration of sunshine, phenological observations, etc. However, the meteorological commission, limiting itself only to propaganda and making various observations, transmitted these observations as only they turned out to be firmly placed under the jurisdiction of the Main Physical Observatory, to which belonged and still belongs, thus, the general management of meteorological work. A further stage in the development of meteorological observations in Russia was the appearance of local networks, the task of which was more detailed study some important meteorological phenomena, eluding the observation of large, relatively far apart from one another stations - phenomena observed over relatively short distances. The first impetus for the development of these networks was the organization of the "network of the South-West of Russia", arranged by the professor of Novorossiysk University A.V. Klossovsky, who achieved the establishment of a network of observation posts of such density, which allowed him to trace in great detail the spread of thunderstorms, showers, snow blizzards and drifts, etc. Following the example of the network of the South-West of Russia, then networks were organized: , eastern and, finally, even smaller, embracing the space of less than one province: Perm, Buguruslan, etc. Since 1894, the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, having undertaken the organization of agricultural and meteorological observations, established a meteorological bureau under the scientific committee, placed under office of meteorologist; the task of the bureau is to set up a network of the stations mentioned and to unite the activities of the few already existing (Meteorological observations XIX, 175). Weather stations:

In 1850 there were 15

" 1885 " " 225 and 441 rain. pun.

" 1890 " " 432 " 603 " "

" 1895 " " 590 " 934 " "

Finally, let us note some points in Russia that have the longest series of observations. Air temperature observations are available:

Petersburg since 1743.

"Abo" 1750"

" Moscow " 1770 "

" Warsaw " 1779 "

" Riga " 1795 "

"Verre" 1800"

"Reval" 1807"

" Kyiv " 1812 "

" Kazan " 1812 "

"Arkhangelsk" 1813 "

Precipitation observations:

Petersburg since 1741.

"Abo" 1749"

"Uleaborg" 1776"

" Warsaw " 1803 "

"Revel" 1812"

Observations on the opening and freezing of rivers:

In Riga since 1530

" Petersburg " 1706 "

" Irkutsk " 1724 "

" Warsaw " 1725 "

"Arkhangelsk" 1734 "

" Veliky Ustyug " 1749 "

"Barnaul" 1751

" Saratov " 1762 "

Historical information on the development of meteorological observations in Russia - see Veselovsky, "On the Climate of Russia" (St. Petersburg, 1857); Klossovsky, " Recent advances meteorology" (Odessa, 1882); Wild, "About air temperature Russian Empire"(St. Petersburg, 1878, II); Voeikov

, "Meteorology in Russia" (St. Petersburg, 1874); Heinz, "Essays on the activities of the Main Physical Observatory" ("Monthly Bulletin of the Main Physical Observatory", 1899, No. 3).
Even at the dawn of its history, man faced unfavorable atmospheric phenomena. Not understanding them, he deified the terrible and natural phenomena associated with the atmosphere (Perun, Zeus, Dazhbog, etc.). As civilization develops in China, India, and the countries of the Mediterranean, attempts are made to make regular meteorological observations, and individual conjectures about the causes of atmospheric processes and rudimentary scientific ideas about climate appear. The first body of knowledge about atmospheric phenomena was compiled by Aristotle, whose views then determined ideas about the atmosphere for a long time. During the Middle Ages, the most outstanding atmospheric phenomena were recorded, such as catastrophic droughts, exceptionally cold winters, rains and floods.

Modern scientific meteorology dates back to the 17th century, when the foundations of physics were laid, of which meteorology was at first a part. Galileo and his students invented a thermometer, a barometer, a rain gauge, and the possibility of instrumental observations arose. At the same time, the first meteorological theories appeared. By the middle of the 18th century, M.V. Lomonosov already considered meteorology an independent science with its own methods and tasks, of which, in his opinion, the main one was “weather forecasting”; he created the first theory of atmospheric electricity, built meteorological instruments, made a number of important considerations about climate and the possibility of scientific weather prediction. In the second half of the XVIII century. a network of 39 meteorological stations was created in Europe on a voluntary basis (including three in Russia - St. Petersburg, Moscow, Pyshmensky Zavod), equipped with uniform

graduated instruments. The network functioned for 12 years. The results of the observations have been published. They stimulated the further development of meteorological research. In the middle of the 19th century, the first state networks of stations appeared, and already at the beginning of the century, the foundations of climatology were laid in Germany by the works of A. Humboldt and G. D. Dove. After the invention of the telegraph, the synoptic method for studying atmospheric processes quickly came into general use. On the basis of the weather service arose and a new branch of meteorological science - synoptic meteorology.

By the middle of the XIX century. includes the organization of the first meteorological institutes, including the Main Physical (now Geophysical) Observatory in St. Petersburg (1849). Its director (from 1868 to 1895) G.I. Wilde belongs to the historical merit of organizing an exemplary meteorological network in Russia and a number of capital studies climatic conditions countries.

In the second half 19th century the foundations of dynamic meteorology were laid, that is, the application of the laws of hydromechanics and thermodynamics to the study of atmospheric processes. A great contribution to this field of meteorology was made by Coriolis in France. At the same time, the study of climate in close connection with the general geographical situation was greatly advanced by the works of the great Russian geographer and climatologist A. I. Voeikov, W. Köppen in Germany and others. By the end of the century, the study of radiation and electrical processes in the atmosphere intensified.

The development of meteorology in the 20th century proceeded at an ever-increasing pace. In very brief description to name only a few areas of this development. Works in theoretical meteorology, especially in the Soviet Union, increasingly focused on the problem of numerical forecasting, although pioneering work. With the advent of computers, these initially purely theoretical studies very quickly found application in the practice of the weather service in the USSR, the USA, England, France, Germany and many other countries. Synoptic meteorology also made rapid strides forward, and the development of the most important practical problem began. long-term forecast weather.

Great progress has been made since the beginning of the 20th century. in the field of aerological research. In many countries, outstanding organizers and researchers came forward in this, then still new, direction. In particular, in Velik in the XX century. and progress in actinometry. - The study of radiation in the atmosphere.

In the second half of the 20th century great value acquired the problem of air pollution and the spread of impurities of both natural and anthropogenic origin. It took creation special service pollution.

Throughout the world and in our country, the volume of meteorological research and the number of publications is growing rapidly; accumulated a lot of experience international cooperation in such international programs, as the Global Atmospheric Process Research Program, and unique experiments,

similar to the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958).


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