International Development Cooperation: The Role of the World Bank. What are the international objects of environmental protection? How is international cooperation carried out? Starting with politics

Purpose of the lecture: consider issues of international cooperation in the field of ecology and explain the principles of such cooperation.

Lecture plan:

1. The concept of international cooperation.

2.International organizations

3. Participation of Kazakhstan in international environmental cooperation in the field of ecology.

Basic concepts: international cooperation in the field of ecology, international objects, environmental protection, principles of international environmental cooperation, interstate environmental council, UN specialized agencies in the field of environmental protection, UNEP, UNESCO, WMO, UITP, World Conservation Fund wildlife, Club of Rome, Greenpeace.

Harmonization of international environmental relations is one of the main ways for the world community to get out of the ecological crisis. It is generally recognized that the exit strategy can be implemented only on the basis of the unity of environmental actions of all states. Today, no country is able to solve its environmental problems alone or by cooperating with only a small group of countries. There is a need for clear concerted efforts by all states, coordination of their actions on a strict international legal basis. Nature knows no state boundaries, it is universal and one. Therefore, disturbances in the ecosystem of one country inevitably cause a response in neighboring countries. For example, if industrial enterprises in Germany or England emit flue gases into the atmosphere with unacceptably a high percentage harmful impurities, this negatively affects not only the ecological state of these countries, but causes significant damage to the flora and fauna of neighboring Scandinavian countries. It is clear that state borders are not recognized by all other components of the natural environment (river runoff, marine areas, migratory species of animals, etc.). The high priority of the environmental factor in international relations is constantly increasing, which is associated with the progressive deterioration of the state of the biosphere. All the main components of the environmental crisis (greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, soil degradation, radiation hazard, transboundary pollution transfer, depletion of energy and other resources of the planet’s interior, etc.) become environmental imperatives and determine new norms and rules for the interaction of states. There is every reason to believe that in the XXI century. ecology will enter the category of the highest priorities of the global system of international relations. Already now some statesmen consider it expedient to create such a supranational body that would manage the protection and rational use of the natural environment in all states and regions.

Objects of environmental protection are divided into national (intrastate) and international (global).

National (intrastate) facilities include - land, water, subsoil, wild animals and other elements of the natural environment that are located on the territory of the state. National objects of the state dispose freely, protect and manage them on the basis of their own laws in the interests of their peoples.

International objects of environmental protection- these are objects that are either within international spaces: space, atmospheric air, the World Ocean and Antarctica, or move through the territory various countries(migratory animal species). These objects are not under the jurisdiction of states and are not someone's national property. They are developed and protected on the basis of various treaties, conventions, protocols, reflecting the joint efforts of the international community.

One of the most important objects of international protection is Space. No country in the world has any rights to space. Space is the property of all mankind. This and other principles are reflected in the international Treaties on the use of outer space. In them, the international community recognized: the inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on space and pollution of outer space. Conditions for rescuing astronauts were also discussed. The Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Missile Defense Systems and the Soviet-American Agreements on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START) were of great importance for limiting the military use of outer space. World Ocean is also an object of international protection. He contains great amount minerals, biological resources, energy. The transport value of the ocean is also great. The development of the oceans should be carried out in the interests of all mankind

Attempts to formalize national claims to maritime resources and spaces were made long ago and by the 50-70s. last century necessitated legal regulation exploration of the oceans. These issues were considered at three international conferences and ended with the signing by more than 120 countries of the UN Convention on maritime law(1973). The United Nations Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to bioresources in 200-mile coastal zones. The inviolability of the principle of free navigation was confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the outer boundary of which is set at a 12-mile distance from the coast).

Antarctica rightly called the mainland of peace and international cooperation. In 1959, the USSR, the USA, England, France, Argentina and a number of other countries concluded the Antarctic Treaty, which proclaimed the freedom scientific research, the use of this continent only for peaceful purposes, the international legal regime of Antarctica was determined. New, more stringent measures for the protection of flora and fauna, waste disposal and pollution prevention are reflected in the Protocol signed in October 1991 in Madrid following international cooperation in Antarctica.

Another important international object of environmental protection is atmospheric air. The efforts of the international community are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transport of atmospheric pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction.

International relations in these matters are regulated by the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal and Vienna agreements on the ozone layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents. A special place among international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin was held by the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, other agreements of the 70-90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in different environments and regions. In 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was solemnly signed at the UN.

For the first time, the basic principles of international environmental cooperation were summarized in the Declaration of the Stockholm Conference of the United Nations (1972). In the modern sense, they are set out in the Declaration of the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992). These principles include, in particular, the following ideas:

People have the right to a healthy and fruitful life in harmony with Nature;

Development for the benefit of the present generation should not be carried out to the detriment of the interests of the development of future generations and to the detriment of the environment;

States have the sovereign right to develop their own resources, but without prejudice to the OS beyond their borders;

Eradicating poverty and inequalities in living standards in various parts of the world is essential to ensure sustainable growth and meet the needs of the majority of the population;

States cooperate to preserve, protect and restore the integrity of the Earth's ecosystems;

States develop and encourage public awareness and participation by providing broad access to environmental information;

States enact effective national environmental laws;

Environmental policy should not be used to unjustifiably restrict international trade;

In principle, the one who pollutes the environment should also bear financial responsibility for this pollution;

States notify each other of natural disasters or activities that may have harmful transboundary effects;

War inevitably has a devastating effect on sustainable development. Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and inseparable.

International organizations make it possible to unite the environmental activities of interested states, regardless of their political positions, highlighting environmental problems from the totality of all international problems. Russia actively participates in the work of many international environmental organizations.

The United Nations makes a great contribution to solving environmental problems. All its main bodies and specialized institutions participate in nature protection activities.

UN specialized agencies in the field of environmental protection:

UNEP(UN Environment Program) has been implemented since 1972 and is the main subsidiary body of the UN. Through the Economic and Social Council, UNEP annually reports on its activities to the UN General Assembly.

UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has existed since 1946 to promote peace and international security, cooperation between states in the field of education, science and culture. The most famous area of activity is the scientific program "Man and the Biosphere" (MAB), adopted in 1970.

FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), founded in 1945, deals with issues of food resources and agricultural development in order to improve the living conditions of the peoples of the world.

WHO(World Health Organization) established in 1946, has the main goal of caring for people's health, which is directly related to the protection of the environment.

WMO(World Meteorological Organization) - established as a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1951, whose environmental functions are primarily related to global environmental monitoring, including:

Assessment of transboundary transfer of pollutants;

Study of the impact on the Earth's ozone layer.

ILO(International Labor Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was created in 1919 under the League of Nations with the aim of creating safe working conditions and reducing pollution of the biosphere, which often occurs due to neglect of the working environment.

IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency) was established in 1957. It operates under an agreement with the UN, but is not its specialized agency. At the end of the 1990s, there were several hundred (according to various sources, 200-500) non-governmental international organizations in the world that included environmental measures in their activities, as well as showing interest in environmental problems.

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature - (from the English. IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature)- created in 1948 in Fontainebleau (France). The work of IUCN contributes to the implementation of the Washington Convention on international trade wild species of fauna and flora (CITES). IUCN is the initiator of the Red Data Books.

WWF(World Wildlife Fund) (from the English. WWF- World Wide Fund for Nature- the largest private international environmental organization, established in 1961, unites 27 national branches around the world ( Russian representation was opened in 1994), as well as about 5 million individual members. The Fund's activity consists mainly in providing financial support for environmental protection activities; Over $12 million has already been invested in Russia's environmental projects.

MOJ(International Legal Organization), established in 1968, pays great attention to the development of legal issues of OS protection.

Roman club(RK) is an international non-governmental organization that has made a significant contribution to the study of the prospects for the development of the biosphere and the promotion of the idea of the need to harmonize relations between Man and Nature. The main form of its activity is the organization of large-scale research on a wide range of issues, mainly in the socio-economic field. The Club of Rome initiated work on the study of problems called "Global Problems".

MES(International Environmental Court) was established on the initiative of lawyers at a conference in Mexico City in November 1994. In the practical environmental activities of the world community, disputes arise that require appropriate competent resolution. The panel of judges includes 29 environmental lawyers from 24 countries. Disputes in the International Environmental Court are considered on the principles of arbitration. The parties themselves decide on applying to the court and select three or more judges from among its composition to consider the case, which is conducted on the basis of international law OS, national legislation of the parties and precedents.

GREENPEACE(Greenpeace- "Green World")- an independent international public organization, which aims to prevent environmental degradation, was established in Canada in 1971. It has about 1.5 million members, 1/3 of which are Americans. Greenpeace has the status of a full member or an official observer in a number of international conventions for the protection of the environment; has branches in 32 countries of the world, including in Russia, its official representative office has been operating since 1992.

Most international non-governmental organizations deal with the protection of individual natural objects or types of natural resources. These include the International Council for the Conservation of Birds, International Federation for the Protection of the Alpine Regions, the European Waters Federation, etc.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki, August 1975) with the participation of European countries, the United States and Canada adopted the Final Act, which reflects issues of political and environmental security. In order to implement the agreements reached, the following were later adopted:

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels, November 29, 1969, as amended on December 18, 1971 and November 19, 1976);

Convention on the Prohibition of the Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Environmental Influence (Geneva, May 18, 1977);

The World Charter for Nature, adopted by the UN General Assembly (October 28, 1981), determined the priority areas for the environmental activities of the international community and contributed to the formation of the environmental policy of states at that time;

Vienna meeting of representatives of the States - participants of the Conference in Helsinki (Vienna, April 22, 1985), which adopted the final document containing, in particular, recommendations: reduce air emissions sulfur by 30% until 1995, as well as hydrocarbons and other pollutants; develop methods for the disposal of hazardous waste, alternative methods of burial at sea; reduce the production of ozone-depleting substances; conduct research on the role CO 2 in global climate change;

the Montreal meeting (Montreal, September 16, 1987), at which representatives of 98 countries adopted the Agreement (Montreal Protocol) on the phase-out of the mass production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the prohibition of their emission into the atmosphere;

the London meeting (London, June 27-29, 1990), where representatives of almost 60 countries signed an additional (to Montreal) protocol demanding a complete cessation of CFC production by the year 2000;

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 3-14, 1992), organized to take stock of 20 years of activity since the Stockholm Conference. The Conference was attended by 179 states and more than 30 international organizations; 114 heads of state, representatives of 1600 non-governmental organizations met at it. Five main documents were discussed and adopted in Rio:

- Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 27 principles of which define the rights and obligations of countries in ensuring the development and well-being of people;

- United Nations Program of Action "Agenda 21"- a program on how to make development socially, economically and environmentally sustainable;

- Forest Principles Statement, relating to the management, protection and sustainable development of all types of forests vital for economic development and the conservation of all forms of life;

- Framework Convention on Climate Change, the purpose of which is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at such levels that will not cause a dangerous imbalance in the planet's climate;

- Convention on Biological Diversity, requiring countries to take measures to conserve the diversity of living beings and to ensure that the benefits from the use of biological diversity are fairly shared;

The Pan-European Conference of Ministers of the Environment (Sofia, October 1995) adopted the final documents, the main of which are:

- ministerial declaration;

-environmental program for Europe;

Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, Japan, December 1997), at which the Protocol to the Convention or the Kyoto Protocol was signed.

International Congress on Sustainable Development ( World Summit on Sustainable Development), 26.08 - 04.09.2002, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The upbringing and education of young people is a priority direction for the development of any society, regardless of political structure and economic formations. The global ecological crisis of modern technological civilization, which has matured on the threshold of the third millennium, is forcing mankind to create a system of continuous environmental education and education, the result of which would be the formation of ecological thinking - the ability to evaluate the results of one's activities in terms of impact on Nature. At the same time, not only each immediate (momentary) impact should be assessed, but also their long-term consequences affecting subsequent generations.

Environmental education of young people should begin in the family, continue in child care facilities (kindergartens, etc.), schools and universities. In accordance with the modern Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, environmental education, education and enlightenment are recognized as one of the means of implementing the state environmental policy of our country.

The participation of Kazakhstan in international environmental cooperation is an integral element of its policy in the field of environmental protection. The active participation of Kazakhstan in the work on international programs, projects and conventions contributes, on the one hand, to the inclusion of the country in the global process of environmental activities, and on the other hand, Kazakhstan becomes an equal member of the world community and has the right to receive technical and financial assistance developed countries.

The government and the UNDP have developed the “Cooperation Framework for Sustainable Development for 2000-2004”. An integral part of the sustainable development cooperation framework is the Program support document Kaz/00/005/A/01/99 - “Institutional Strengthening for Sustainable Development”. The purpose of the Cooperation Framework is to contribute to effective management environment, which is a condition for improving the environment, reducing conflicts and poverty, and ensuring sustainable development. The implementation of the Program will also help to remove barriers in intersectoral and intradisciplinary cooperation aimed at sustainable development. It will promote the involvement and participation of Kazakhstan in regional initiatives aimed at environmental management and sustainable development.

The “Cooperation Framework” follows from the Framework Program of the main areas of cooperation with Kazakhstan. As part of UNDP's corporate policy, the Cooperation Framework adheres to its mandate and the traditional areas in which UNDP can provide support. Activities within the framework of the Program consolidate UNDP's current commitments and reflect the policy and priorities of the Government.

Achieving the goal of the Program "Institutional Strengthening for Sustainable Development" is associated with the solution of the following tasks:

1. Analysis, assessment and support of procedures for the implementation of international conventions on the environment.

2. Analysis of environmental institutions and administrative framework. Recommendations for improving and strengthening the capacity to manage the environment.

3. Overcoming intersectoral barriers of cooperation for sustainable development. Support for the development of Kazakhstan Agenda 21.

4. Regional cooperation on environmental management and sustainable development.

The current state of affairs related to the solution of the problem of international environmental conventions is as follows. An Executive Committee of UNEP has been created, which includes representatives of all sectors of civil society.

Together with international experts prepared and published a review of the "Effectiveness of environmental activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan". The priority direction of the implementation of environmental policy in the field of international cooperation is the accession of our country to international conventions and agreements, followed by the adoption of practical measures to implement their provisions. In 2001, the Republic of Kazakhstan became a Party to the following international environmental agreements:

Aarhus Convention Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context.

Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents.

Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes.

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

Submitted to the Expert Council for Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with international organizations proposals on the accession of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Copenhagen and Montreal amendments, the Protocol on Water and Health” to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes.

The Government is considering a package of ratification documents for the Basel Convention. A package of ratification documents on the Bonn Convention is being coordinated with the ministries and departments. The Global Environment Facility provided funding for the implementation of projects under the Ozone Depleting Substances Elimination Program ($3.9 million) and support activities under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants ($0.5 million). National report The RK on the implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification was reviewed and approved by the Secretariat of the Convention and a special Working Group.

By concentrating their efforts on a consolidated Institutional Strengthening Program for Sustainable Development, which includes interrelated activities at the political and institutional levels, the Government and UNDP support environmental projects. An important condition implementation of environmental projects is to attract international investment and grants. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection organized and held a number of meetings, seminars and donor conferences to attract potential donors, interested organizations, departments and enterprises to environmental projects. The country gets the opportunity to introduce new modern technologies into production, develop non-traditional types of energy production, and modernize production. Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 1997-2009. to solve environmental problems and within the framework of international environmental conventions for environmental projects attracted funds from international organizations and donor countries in the amount of more than 100 million US dollars.

The funds raised made it possible to solve a number of transboundary and socio-environmental problems of the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea, contained in the National Program for the Development and Humanitarian Assistance to the Basin Population Aral Sea, the Kazakh program for the development of the Caspian Sea region. They are also used to fulfill the country's obligations under international environmental conventions - on climate change, under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, on the conservation of biodiversity and combating desertification. In addition, participating in the implementation of projects, the Republic gained access to a significant amount of scientific, methodological and technological information. Currently, MEP projects to address the most pressing environmental problems are at various stages of implementation. A group of projects is being actively worked on and with the help of donors, the stage of developing a feasibility study has begun or is already being completed.

Environmental projects are developed jointly with donor organizations and are at various stages: from the development of technical specifications to implementation.

International cooperation on projects of the Caspian, Aral regions and the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site:

Aral region. The following projects are expected to be implemented in the Aral region:

1. "Water supply, sanitation and health care settlements Kyzylorda region.

2. "Water supply of the city of Aralsk, Kyzylorda region"

3. “Pilot water supply project for Kazalinka/Novokazalinsk, Kyzylorda region”.

4. “Regulation of the river bed. Syrdarya and the northern part of the Aral Sea”.

The aim of the project is to ensure the health of the population by improving the systems of water supply and sanitation. The project covers the territories of the region most affected by the Aral Sea crisis.

The overall coordination of activities in the field of environmental protection and sustainable development in the region is entrusted to the Interstate Commission for Sustainable Development (ICSD), which is the working body of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS).

Since 2000, when the chairmanship of the Commission was assigned to Kazakhstan in rotation, the activities of the Commission have significantly intensified. At present, the object of coordination of the ICSD is the Aral Sea Basin Rehabilitation Program and a number of regional projects. The preparation of regional plans for the sustainable development of mountain territories, to combat desertification, to develop a network of reserves and national parks, as well as the “Regional Action Plan for Environmental Protection”, designed to consolidate the management of regional activities of the Central Asian countries, is underway.

ICSD cooperates with many international donors - UNDP, GEF, UNEP, WB, GEF, TACIS, German KFV Fund, Kuwait Fund for Economic Development of Arab Countries, ADB, EBRD, USAID.

Caspian region.

The Caspian Environment Program (CEP) was developed by the Governments of the five Caspian states (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan) with the participation of international organizations (GEF, UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, TACIS). Within the framework of the main activities of the Caspian Environment Program:

The structure of the draft National Caspian Action Plan was developed and working group for its preparation. The draft text of the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea is at the stage of coordination.

The territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.

Within the framework of international cooperation between Great Britain and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the project "Sustainable Land Use Strategy" was completed. The project budget was 601 thousand pounds ($900,000). A complex of agricultural surveys was carried out on the southern part of the landfill with an area of 3-4 thousand hectares. km 2 provided with radiological examination. Kazakhstani partners - KIO NPTszem, INP and IRBE NNC RK. The projects "Monitoring of the environment" and "Underground water purification from aviation fuel pollution" were accepted for consideration by the TACIS program.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the IAEA have prepared an appeal to donors for the allocation of funds for the completion of the project "Full radiological assessment of the Polygon" , however, for some unknown reason, the appeal was not sent out.

Kazakhstan is a member of the Interstate Ecological Council of the CIS countries. The Republic of Kazakhstan, guided by the needs of a multi-vector policy within the framework of the Eurasian concept, is actively cooperating with European structures. Since 1997, Kazakhstan, along with other CIS countries, has been participating in the Program of the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) "Environment for Europe", was the executor of the Program for 2001-2003. for the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS. Active cooperation within the framework of the TACIS program is carried out with the countries of the Common Market, which provide mainly technical assistance in the field of environmental protection. Kazakhstan participated in the preparation of the UNEP Global Environmental Review, which contains an analysis of global activities in the field of environmental protection.

Conclusions:

Thus, international cooperation in solving global problems The interaction of society and nature is an objective need of the era, a condition for the existence and progress of mankind. The prerequisite for international cooperation in solving global problems is, first of all, the biosphere itself, its unity, which requires joint actions both in influencing it and in protecting it. Kazakhstan is preparing a cooperation agreement with other countries and participates in a number of interstate programs.

International objects of environmental protection Objects of environmental protection are divided into national (intrastate) and international (global). National (intrastate) objects include land, water, subsoil, wild animals and other elements of the natural environment that are located on the territory of the state. National objects of the state dispose freely, protect and manage them on the basis of their own laws in the interests of their peoples. International objects of environmental protection are objects that are either within international spaces (Space, atmospheric air, the World Ocean and Antarctica), or move across the territory of various countries (migratory species of animals). These objects are not under the jurisdiction of states and are not someone's national property. They are mastered and protected on the basis of various treaties, conventions, protocols.

There is another category of international objects of the natural environment, which is protected and managed by states, but is taken on international records. These are, firstly, natural objects of unique value and taken under international control (reserves, national parks, reserves, natural monuments); secondly, endangered and rare animal plants listed in the international Red Book and, thirdly, shared natural resources that are constantly or for a significant part of the year used by two or more states (the Danube River, the Baltic Sea, etc.). Space is one of the most important objects of international protection. . No country in the world has any rights to outer space. Space is the property of all mankind. This and other principles are reflected in the international Treaties on the use of outer space. In them, the international community adopted: the inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on space and pollution of outer space. The conditions for rescuing the astronauts were also discussed. The Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and the Soviet-American Agreements on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START) were of great importance for limiting the military use of space. World Ocean is also an object of international protection. It contains a huge amount of minerals, biological resources, energy. The transport value of the ocean is also great. The development of the World Ocean should be carried out in the interests of all mankind. Attempts to formalize national claims to maritime resources and spaces have been made for a long time and to 50- 70s of the last century caused the need for legal regulation of the development of the oceans. These issues were considered at three international conferences and ended with the signing by more than 120 countries of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1973). The UN Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to bioresources in 200-mile coastal zones. The inviolability of the Principle of free navigation was confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the outer boundary of which is set at a distance of 12 miles from the coast). Antarctica rightly called the mainland of peace and international cooperation.

Another important international object of environmental protection atmospheric air. The efforts of the international community are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transport of atmospheric pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction. International relations in these matters are regulated by the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal (1987) and Vienna (1985) agreements on the ozone layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents. A special place among international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin was held by the Moscow Treaty of 1963 on the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, other agreements of the 70-90s. on limiting, reducing and banning tests of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was solemnly signed at the UN. At part of Russia in international environmental cooperation. Our country plays a significant role in solving global and regional environmental problems. As the legal successor of the USSR, the Russian Federation assumed the contractual obligations of the former USSR to prevent an ecological catastrophe, preserve the biosphere and ensure the development of mankind. The main directions of Russia's international cooperation in the field of environmental protection are as follows: 1) government initiatives; 2) international organizations; 3) international conventions and agreements; 4) bilateral cooperation. State initiatives for international cooperation in the field of environmental protection have a long history. Only in recent years, our country has put forward a number of constructive proposals for international cooperation for the purpose of environmental safety, for example, on environmental cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region (Krasnoyarsk, September 1988), on the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea (Murmansk , October 1987), to coordinate efforts in the field of ecology under the auspices of the UN (43rd Session of the UN General Assembly, December 1988). The Russian Federation continues to play an active role in international environmental cooperation. In particular, important proposals to the participants of the conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) were contained in the message of the President of Russia. The decisions of the Conference were approved in Russia and reflected in the Concept of the Russian Federation's transition to a development model. Russia also pays great attention to the organization of international partnerships to solve the problems of such a transition. International Organizations for the Conservation of Nature operate in almost every country in the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. The UN Environment Program mentioned above by UNEP performs a key function in organizing environmental activities in the UN system. Russia actively cooperates in the field of environmental protection with UNEP and other organizations on the development of a strategy for protection against pollution, the creation of a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed in 1990 about the World Conservation Union. USSR as a member-state in 1991, and now this membership is continued by the Russian Federation. Currently, IUCN has become one of the leaders in the development of biodiversity issues. On the initiative of the IUCN, the International Red Book of Rare and Endangered Species of Plants and Animals has been published (in five volumes). Russia also pays a lot of attention to work in other specialized UN organizations that have a comprehensive environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), FAO (UN Food and Agriculture Organization). household). Russia's scientific ties with the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) are being strengthened. Russia actively promotes the implementation of the main programs of the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Programme. Through WMO channels, Russia receives information about the state of the World Ocean, the atmosphere, the Earth's ozone layer and environmental pollution. Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation through international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. Over 50 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as former USSR and adopted by it for execution, now regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states. Cooperation continues within the framework of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and other agreements and treaties on the protection of the World Ocean. Big job being implemented) of the Conventions: on the Conservation of Living Resources in the Baltic Sea (1973); on International Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973); on the protection of the Black Sea (ratified in 1993); on the Conservation of Wetlands (1971) and many others. In July 1992, Russia became a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Speaking of international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot fail to mention international cooperation with the CIS countries - the former union republics of the USSR. The main document here is the intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries. ... ‘On the basis of intergovernmental agreements, bilateral cooperation is developing with all border countries, including the CIS states, as well as with the USA, Great Britain, France, China and other states. At present, Russian-American cooperation is developing most fruitfully (the problem of Lake Baikal, measures to regulate water quality, the organization of nature reserves, etc.), Russian-German ties (environmental problems in the regions, the Lake Baikal region, the exchange of radiological information, etc.), as well as cooperation with the Scandinavian countries (environmentally friendly technologies, construction of water treatment facilities, protected areas on the Karelian Isthmus). In recent years, in the context of insufficient financial support, the implementation of several environmental projects with the financial support of the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Global Environment Facility and other organizations contributed to the solution of environmental problems. Despite the successes achieved, in order to overcome the environmental crisis, further development and intensification of international cooperation both on a bilateral and multilateral basis, including organizations of the UN system, is necessary.

The origins of international cooperation are connected with the end of the religious wars in Europe and the establishment of the Peace of Westphalia. One of the most important achievements of the Westphalian Treaty was the formation of the basis of legal relations between states, which created the conditions for the formation, institutionalization and subsequent development of international cooperation. Formation European system international relations (the main parameters of which, and above all its main element, the state as a form political organization people, gradually spread to the whole world) not only gave impetus to interstate cooperation, but also determined its main direction for a long time. The starting points of cooperation between states as new political units are mutual respect for sovereignty and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and its central chains are the conscious desire of governments to further strengthen national security and independence. In turn, concern for their own sovereignty forced the states to agree with the right of coexistence (for more details, see:.-S. 1998. R. 138) and its fundamental principle - legal equality.
The following regularity is not surprising. The right of coexistence charged the states with mainly negative obligations: not to interfere in each other's internal affairs, not to violate treaties, not to wage unjust wars, not to create obstacles for the diplomatic activity of official representatives of other countries on their territory. Therefore, the theoretical status of the problem of cooperation in international political science turned out to be inextricably linked with the analysis of confrontation and conflicts between independent states. However, the further development of science has led to the expansion of the content of the concept of international cooperation and its types.
1. The concept and types of international cooperation The concept of "international cooperation" reflects such a process of interaction between two or more actors, in which the use of armed violence is excluded and joint searches for the realization of common interests dominate. Contrary to common understanding, cooperation is not the absence of conflict, but "getting rid" of its extreme, crisis forms. The illusion of "transparency" of the content of this concept was apparently the reason why attempts to define it are quite rare. One of them was undertaken by J.-P. Derriennik, according to which “two actors are in a state of cooperation, when each of them can be satisfied only if the other is also satisfied, i.e. when each of them can achieve its goal only when the other can achieve it too ... The result of a purely cooperative relationship can be a situation in which either both actors are satisfied, or neither of them is satisfied ”(Oetepts. 1977. R .110).
Traditionally, cooperation relations include bilateral and multilateral diplomacy, the conclusion of various kinds of alliances and agreements providing for the mutual coordination of political lines (for example, in order to jointly resolve conflicts, ensure general security or other issues of common interest to all parties involved).
As has already been shown, the development of cooperation between states and other actors of international relations has brought to life a whole system of interstate and non-state organizations of global and regional significance. The growth of the interdependence of the world, the emergence and aggravation of global problems have unusually increased the objective need for expanding multilateral cooperation and contributed to its spread to other spheres of life. Today, cooperation covers not only issues of trade, customs regulations, border settlements or military-political alliances, but also the tasks of finding adequate responses to environmental challenges, space exploration, the sharing of public resources, the development of communication networks, arms control, etc.
Noting the significant progress made over the past decade in the theoretical study of international cooperation, experts highlight two major achievements of the theory.
First, while discussions continue today, in scientific community an agreement was reached on the concept of “interstate cooperation”. Following R. Cohen, many scientists today understand cooperation as a situation “when some actors regulate their behavior in accordance with the actual or expected preferences of others, through the process of [mutual] policy coordination” (cited in: MIPeg. 1992. R 467). In other words, Interstate cooperation presupposes the presence of three elements: the common goals of the partner states, their expectation of benefits from the situation, and the mutual nature of these benefits. “Each actor does not necessarily help the other, but in doing so, he expects his own situation to improve, which leads to mutual coordination of public policies” (ibid.).
Such an understanding is important, because it allows not only to find the boundaries between cooperation and rivalry (or conflict), the boundaries within which activities are carried out in order to reduce the benefits of others or activities aimed at preventing the implementation of their interests. In addition, such an understanding of “interstate cooperation” makes it possible to distinguish cooperation from non-cooperation, i.e. from one-sided behavior, in which actors do not take into account the consequences of their actions for others, as well as from inaction, i.e. from the behavior of actors that does not prevent negative consequences for the policies of other parties (ibid. R. 468)".
The presence of consensus on the content of the concept of "interstate cooperation" makes it possible to create a primary classification of cooperative situations. From this point of view, the following types of interstate cooperation can be distinguished: negotiations, the subject of which is the distribution of the benefits of states from their interaction (this is both a path to cooperation and an indicator of its existence, for example: the Tokyo Round of GATT, the abolition of tariff barriers); conscious policy agreement reached as a result of discussion (formal contracts and agreements on activities); implicit cooperation, carried out without direct ties and/or formal agreements, not involving the conclusion of contracts (such cooperation arises from the concurring expectations of the actors); forced cooperation: the stronger side forces the other to adjust its policy, but at the same time adjusts its own; creation of specialized institutions (for example, UN institutions) that carry out regulations, examinations, and subsidies.
Secondly, another important achievement of recent research in the field of interstate cooperation has been the development of hypotheses regarding the conditions under which cooperation between states becomes most likely. These hypotheses did not constitute a comprehensive theory of interstate cooperation. They proposed a series of variables, each of which makes collaboration more likely. Analysis and empirical testing of these hypotheses can advance the creation of a complex theory, and hence the development of the theory of international relations as a whole. X. Milner identifies and analyzes six such hypotheses. Firstly, this is the “reciprocity hypothesis”, the main content of which is the expectation by states of benefits from cooperation and the fear of losses and even punishments in case of evasion from it. Secondly, this is the "hypothesis about the number of actors", from the point of view of which the prospects for cooperation increase with a decrease in the number of interacting states. Thirdly, this is the “iteration hypothesis”, based on which the possibilities for states to enter the path of cooperation are related to the duration of their interaction. Fourth, there is the “international regime hypothesis”, i.e. about the norms, principles and procedures for making decisions, the totality of which is the centers of interstate cooperation. Fifth, it is the “epistemic communities hypothesis”, which describes the role that professional experts play in the development of interstate cooperation, sharing a common understanding of the problem and developing common ways to solve it. Finally, sixth, there is the “power asymmetry hypothesis”, which is similar to the so-called hegemonic theory of stability and according to which cooperation is more likely if there is a strong and interested hegemonic state.
X. Milner sees the main drawback of these hypotheses in the fact that they do not pay attention to the internal sources of interstate cooperation. In this sense, the position of X. Milner is close to the positions of some representatives of the sociological approach. However, before analyzing in detail the contribution of the sociological approach, it is worth briefly considering the features of the study of interstate cooperation within the framework of the theoretical directions and paradigms existing in international political science.

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International cooperation in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations

1 The concept of international cooperation in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations

2 Features of cooperation between states in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations

Bibliography

1. The concept of international cooperation in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations

IN modern society security is the basis of stable relations capable of developing effectively. The variety of threats generates irreversible consequences and threatens the lives of individuals, and possibly individual states. At the same time, there is a significant development in the field of science, technology, and economics. As a result, there are new risks of emergencies. As a result, there is a need to search for new approaches to ensuring security, to methods and ways of overcoming crisis situations.

Prevention and liquidation of emergency situations, as well as ensuring safety in emergency situations at international level, is an integral element of the international security system.

The system of international security must be based on international norms and principles, with their observance by all subjects of international cooperation. However, international security is currently under threat, so the situation in the world can be assessed as unstable. International conflicts have a negative impact on world security, and cause or may cause emergencies, which, at times, reach catastrophic proportions. The UN report notes that in 2014 the total number of displaced persons in Syria will reach 6.5 million (at the end of 2013 their number is estimated at 4.25 million). According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, as of July 2014, the number of refugees from Ukraine to the territory of Russia amounted to more than 21 thousand people.

In the conditions of international security, each state has the best conditions for raising the material standard of living of people, free development of the individual, ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

International norms governing the provision of international security form a corresponding branch - the law of international security, which is a branch of international law, including a set of principles and norms governing the relations of states to ensure international security.

The basis of the law of international security are generally recognized international principles, including: non-use of force or threat of force, territorial integrity of states, inviolability of state borders, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, peace resolution disputes, cooperation between states. See, for example, the UN Charter, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the 1970 UN Charter.

There are also special principles:

The principle of indivisibility of international security. Indeed, the modern development of society, infrastructure, and the economy implies a close interconnection of all states in the world. Experience shows that any emergency situation in one part of the world can have negative consequences in another part of it. Armed conflicts, accidents and catastrophes cause crises not only in the countries where they occur. The interests of other states, sometimes tens and even hundreds of countries, are often affected. Therefore, all states should set themselves the task of improving and developing the system of ensuring international security, and not just the security of their region.

The principle of non-damage to the security of other states implies that each state pursues such a foreign policy that takes into account the security of not only its own state, but the entire world community to the maximum extent.

The principle of equal and equal security means that a state must ensure its own security, commensurate with the possibilities of ensuring the security of other states.

There are two types of international security: universal and regional. Both types of international security are collective security, that is, they can only be ensured by the collective efforts of all or most states of the world or region.

Universal security is created as a whole for our planet. It is based on a system of international agreements (treaties) aimed at ensuring international security for all states.

The universal system for ensuring international security has been formed within the framework of the United Nations (UN). Its main body for ensuring international security is the UN Security Council (UN Security Council). In accordance with the UN Charter, the UN Security Council has the right to determine whether there is a threat of aggression in the world, whether it is actually carried out, what measures must be taken in order to maintain peace and ensure international security in full.

The UN Security Council is a permanent body and has the right to apply a set of measures to the aggressor, including the use of armed force, in order not only to stop aggression, but also to create conditions for preventing it in the future. However, these measures can be applied only with the unity of all states - permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Regional international security is security in a separate region. For example, the system of collective security in Europe is based on the mechanism of functioning of a number of systems, including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) http://www.osce.org. Collective European security within the OSCE began to take shape in 1975, when 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada, signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) at the highest level. The OSCE currently includes 57 states from Europe, Central Asia and North America. Russia is a member of the OSCE.and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)http://www.nato.int.

Within the framework of the OSCE, high-level meetings and meetings at the level of foreign ministers were held. Their result was the adoption of a large number of documents, including in the field of ensuring collective security. For example, in 1999 the OSCE member states adopted the Charter for European Security. It reflects the concept of security of the world community, focused on the 21st century. It is based on two principles: collectivity, in which the security of each participating state is inextricably linked with the security of all others, and the principle of the UN Security Council's primary responsibility for maintaining international peace.

The OSCE has been identified as one of the main organizations for the peaceful settlement of disputes in its region and one of the main instruments in the field of early warning and conflict prevention.

OSCE in 2014 actively participates in the settlement of the crisis in Ukraine.

Collective European security is also ensured within the framework of NATO, which has powerful armed forces. These forces can be called into action in the event of a threat to the security of NATO member states. NATO currently has 28 member states. However, NATO is trying to expand its borders. or, as practice shows, the emergence of unstable regions in Europe.

Russia does not welcome NATO expansion. However, Russia cooperates with NATO on the most important security issues. To this end, in May 2002, a corresponding agreement was signed between Russia and NATO, after which the first meeting of the new Russia-NATO interaction and cooperation body was held in Rome. Since the creation of the Russia-NATO Council, these actors of international relations have worked together on various issues, from the fight against drug trafficking and the fight against terrorism, to submarine rescue and civil emergency planning. At present, relations between Russia and NATO have become tense. On April 1, 2014, NATO Foreign Ministers condemned Russia's illegal military intervention in Ukraine and Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Ministers stressed that NATO does not recognize Russia's illegal and illegal attempt to annex Crimea (http://www.nato.int/cps/ru/natolive/topics_50090.htm?)

The 1990 Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) of 1990 is essential for ensuring European security. This Treaty should operate in an adapted form, as agreed by its participants by signing in November 1999 in Istanbul the corresponding Agreement on the Adaptation of the CFE Treaty. In accordance with According to the provisions of the adapted CFE Treaty, the states located in Central Europe must not exceed the corresponding parameters of armaments stipulated by the Treaty.

One example of the creation of the foundations of regional collective security is the signing on April 25, 2002 of the Document on Confidence and Security Building Measures in the Black Sea. In conjunction with the Agreement on the Establishment of the Black Sea Naval Operational Cooperation Group Blackseafor The main tasks of Blackseafor are to conduct joint search and rescue exercises, mine action, humanitarian operations, environmental protection operations, and conduct goodwill visits., Document on confidence-building measures forms an integral mechanism of naval cooperation in the region. In particular, it provides for the exchange of various information, including annual plans for naval activities and advance notices of ongoing activities. A number of sections of the Document are devoted to the development of naval cooperation between the Black Sea states. The participants of the Document were six Black Sea states: Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Another example of the formation of a regional system of collective security is within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) http://www.sectsco.org. Six states are members of the SCO: Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The SCO is active in the field of ensuring security in the region where the member states are located.

International security at the regional level is also ensured within the framework of the CIS. However, CIShttp://www.e-cis.info. Currently, eleven states are members of the CIS: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. is an organization of general competence. The organization of special competence to ensure collective security is the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) http://www.odkb-csto.org. Currently, six states are members of the CSTO: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. .The purpose of the CSTO is to ensure security in the region where the participating states are located. See, for example, the 1992 Collective Security Treaty, the CSTO Charter of October 7, 2002.

In accordance with the Declaration of the CSTO member states, adopted at the June 2006 session of the CSTO Collective Security Council, it is noted that one of the main directions for the development of integration processes within the CSTO is activities in the field of prevention and elimination of consequences of emergency situations.

In 2007, in order to coordinate the interaction of ministries and departments of the CSTO member states in the field of prevention and liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations, the Organization established the Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations of the Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (KSChS), which included the heads of authorized bodies for emergency situations. The member of the Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations of the Collective Security Treaty Organization from Russia is the Minister of the Russian Federation for civil defense, emergencies and aftermath natural Disasters.

The KSChS is responsible for solving problems on:

organization of interaction between authorized bodies in order to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergency situations;

development of proposals for the implementation of joint organizational and practical measures aimed at preventing emergency situations and increasing the effectiveness of measures to eliminate their consequences;

development of the international legal framework for cooperation in the field of prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations;

preparing proposals for improving and harmonizing the national legislations of the CSTO member states;

coordinating the preparation and conduct of joint activities to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergency situations;

preparation of proposals for the development of draft interstate programs and plans for the prevention and elimination of consequences of emergency situations;

organizing the exchange of experience and information, assistance in the training and advanced training of personnel;

participation in the methodological and informational and analytical support of the authorized bodies of the Member States of the Organization in the field of prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations.

On the basis of the Decision of the Collective Security Council, which adopted amendments to the Regulations on the KSChS CSTO, the Chairman of the Coordinating Council is appointed starting from 2010 for a period of three years. Since December 2010, the Republic of Belarus has chaired the Coordinating Council. In 2013, the chairmanship passed to Kazakhstan for three years. Vladimir Bozhko, Minister for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan, headed the KSChS CSTO.

In total, six meetings of the CSTO Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations were held: on March 18, 2008, the first meeting of the CSTO Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations was held in Moscow.

The second meeting of the KSChS was held on November 26, 2009 in Moscow on the basis of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, at which the head of the Russian Emergencies Ministry was elected Chairman of the Council.

On December 1, 2010, the third meeting of the CSTO Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations was held in Moscow.

On October 11, 2011 in Yerevan (Republic of Armenia) the fourth meeting of the KSChS of the CSTO member states was held, which was chaired by the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus.

On August 16, 2012, the fifth meeting of the CSTO Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations was held in Minsk (Republic of Belarus), also chaired by the Minister for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus.

The participants of the meeting heard information from the heads of delegations about the prospects for the development of the CSTO in the field of countering challenges and threats in the CSTO space due to emergencies, as well as directions and measures to counter these threats.

At the meeting of the KSChS, the Main Directions for the Development of the System of Collective Response to Emergencies and the draft Decision on granting the status of basic educational institutions to train specialists for the emergency departments of the Member States.

In particular, in order to ensure the further progressive development of the system of collective response of the CSTO member states to emergencies, the issues of deploying humanitarian centers in the CSTO collective security regions will be worked out, including the development of a legal framework, the deployment of material resources on the basis of centers, comprehensive logistical and financial ensuring the activities of these centers, as well as the creation of rescue teams in the CSTO collective security regions.

The document provides for the development of a single information and program space of the Organization for regular exchange of information and joint monitoring of the CSTO space in the field of the system of collective response of the CSTO member states to emergencies, as well as ensuring the interaction of member states in joint actions. Much attention is paid to the coordination of the activities of non-governmental and international organizations in order to use their potential in providing assistance to victims of emergency situations.

It is also expected that a mechanism for the preferential purchase of special equipment for equipping rescue teams and the expansion of cooperation through the improvement of the training system for the emergency departments of the CSTO member states, the organization of a joint vocational training rescue teams.

By the decision of the CSTO Collective Security Council of December 19, 2012 "On basic educational institutions of higher professional education for the training of specialists for the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in the field of civil defense and emergency response and in the field of fire safety" the status of basic educational institutions was given CSTO of the Academy of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - for training specialists in the field of civil defense and emergency response and the Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - for training specialists in the field of fire safety and emergency response.

In June 2013, in Kazakhstan, near Almaty, joint exercises were held by the rescue units of the CSTO member states to practice actions in the aftermath of a devastating earthquake. The issues of increasing the level of interaction between rescuers, the algorithm of organizational activities of the governing bodies in the management of subordinate forces and means in the preparation and conduct of rescue operations in the emergency zone were worked out, rescuers exchanged experience and skills in organizing and conducting rescue operations.

On July 16, 2013, in Gomel (Belarus), under the chairmanship of the Minister for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus, the sixth meeting of the Coordinating Council for Emergency Situations of the CSTO Member States was held, in which CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha took part and spoke, who stated that the process of forming a system of collective emergency response has passed major milestones and is moving towards completion. Thanks to it, the CSTO countries will be able to respond together to major man-made and natural disasters. http://www.odkb-csto.org/kschs_odkb

The KSChS approved the draft Action Plan for the implementation of the Main Directions for the Development of the Collective Emergency Response System. At the meeting of the KSChS on July 16, 2013, a draft mechanism for the implementation of the Regulation on the Procedure for Response of the CSTO Member States to Emergencies was also discussed and adopted as a basis. Approved by the Decision of the CSTO Collective Security Council of December 20, 2011. interaction between the authorized bodies of the CSTO member states.

Draft standard regulations and an algorithm for organizing information interaction between control centers in crisis situations of the CSTO member states were taken as a basis. It is assumed that all ministries and emergency management centers exchange information about emergencies, incidents, and predictive data so that they can quickly respond and predict the development of the situation in the future. “At the moment, this is exceptionally important, and the Ministers of Emergency Situations talked a lot about this today, everyone noted the very great contribution to this work and, in general, to the creation of this system of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. Russian rescuers, in my opinion, already have vast experience in creating such a system and interact with almost all the world's largest emergency control centers,” Nikolai Bordyuzha said following the meeting of the KSChS. http://www.odkb-csto.org/ kschs_odkb

Bilateral agreements between states, for example, between Russia and France, are of great importance in ensuring international, regional and national security. In order to deepen interaction between the two states on international security issues and in the field of bilateral relations, in accordance with the decision of the presidents of the two countries, the Russian-French Council for Security Cooperation was established. The main topics on the agenda of the Council are the problems of global and regional security, the fight against terrorism, countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Within the framework of the Council, joint working groups have been formed on the nonproliferation of WMD and on combating new threats and challenges.

Thus, international security occupies the most important place in the system of international relations, since the development and fruitful cooperation of states in all spheres of relations, including in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations, is possible on the principles of international security.

International security in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations - the state of security of states, their citizens, material and cultural property from threats of emergencies that have arisen and may arise.

International security in emergency situations involves:

ensuring the security of states and their citizens in emergency situations;

emergency warning;

liquidation of emergency situations;

protection of people and material objects from emergency situations;

restoration of territories;

normative legal regulation this area;

creation of forces and means of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations.

Ensuring international security in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is possible only with the cooperation of states and (or) international organizations.

Such international cooperation is carried out on international norms and principles. Among these principles are the following, which, in particular, regulate relations to ensure security in emergency situations:

the principle of sovereign equality of states;

the principle of non-use of force and threat of force;

the principle of inviolability of state borders;

the principle of territorial integrity (inviolability) of states;

the principle of peaceful resolution of international disputes;

the principle of non-interference in internal affairs;

the principle of indivisibility of international security;

the principle of non-damage to the security of other states;

the principle of equal and equal security, as well as:

the environment is the common concern of mankind;

freedom to explore and use the environment;

rational use of the environment;

interdependence of environmental protection and human rights People have the right to live in good health and to work productively in harmony with nature;

prevention of environmental pollution;

state responsibility;

the one who pollutes pays;

the principle of access to information relating to the environment, etc.

Prevention and liquidation of emergency situations can be carried out both within the framework of one state, and within a certain region or the whole world.

The main way to ensure international security in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is international cooperation in this area, which is determined by the peculiarity of the main participants in international relations - states. States have sovereignty, which determines the nature of their relationship - mutual cooperation.

Indeed, international cooperation is an essential element of ensuring security for Russia as well. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation notes that the world is developing along the path of globalization of all spheres of international life, which is characterized by high dynamism and interdependence of events. Contradictions escalated between the states. The vulnerability of all members of the international community in the face of new challenges and threats has increased. As a result of the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging. The failure of the existing global and regional architecture, oriented, especially in the Euro-Atlantic region, only to NATO, as well as the imperfection of legal instruments and mechanisms, increasingly pose a threat to international security, including in emergency situations. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2009 No. 20, Art. 2444

Attention international politics in the long term will be focused on the possession of sources of energy resources, including in the Middle East, on the shelf of the Barents Sea and in other areas of the Arctic, in the Caspian Sea basin and in Central Asia. The negative impact on the international situation in the medium term will continue to be exerted by the situation in Iraq and Afghanistan, conflicts in the Middle East, in a number of countries in South Asia and Africa, and on the Korean Peninsula.

It is noted that in the long term, the Russian Federation will strive to build international relations on the basis of international principles, ensuring reliable and equal security of states. To protect its national interests, Russia, remaining within the framework of international norms, will pursue a rational and pragmatic foreign policy. Russia views the UN and the UN Security Council as a central element of a stable system of international relations based on respect, equality and mutually beneficial cooperation between states based on civilized political instruments for resolving global and regional crises. Russia will increase interaction in such multilateral formats as the G20, RIC (Russia, India and China), BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), as well as use the opportunities of other informal international institutions.

The development of relations of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with the CIS member states is a priority direction of Russia's foreign policy. Russia will strive to develop the potential for regional and sub-regional integration and coordination in the space of the CIS member states within the framework of, first of all, the Commonwealth of Independent States itself, as well as the CSTO and the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), which have a stabilizing effect on the general situation in the regions bordering the states - members of the CIS. See ibid. P.13

The Russian Federation stands for the comprehensive strengthening of the mechanisms of interaction with the European Union, including the consistent formation of common spaces in the spheres of the economy, external and internal security, education, science and culture. It is in the long-term national interests of Russia that an open system of collective security be formed in the Euro-Atlantic region on a certain contractual and legal basis. See ibid. P.16

In order to maintain strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, the Russian Federation will participate in the activities carried out under the auspices of the UN and other international organizations to eliminate natural and man-made disasters and emergencies, as well as in the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected countries. See ibid. P.95

Thus, the National Security Strategy of Russia describes the international economic, political, social and other situation that is currently or may be a threat of large-scale emergencies requiring the participation of the entire world community.

The Strategy of the state national policy determines that the development of national, interethnic relations is influenced by such a negative factor of a global or transboundary nature as the unifying influence of globalization on local cultures, the unresolved problems of refugees and internally displaced persons, illegal migration, the expansion of international terrorism and religious extremism, international organized crime. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2012 No. 1666 "On the Strategy of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025"

The tasks in the field of international cooperation in the implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation are:

promoting the formation of a positive image of the Russian Federation abroad as a democratic state that guarantees the satisfaction of the ethno-cultural needs of citizens on the basis of centuries-old Russian traditions of harmonizing interethnic relations;

monitoring of international events and activities of international organizations that can affect the state of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation;

ensuring the protection of rights and legitimate interests Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad, on the basis of generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation;

use of cross-border cooperation mechanisms for the purposes of ethno-cultural development, socio-economic cooperation, creation of conditions for free communication of families of divided peoples;

creation, within the framework of interstate contacts and agreements, of conditions for Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad to guarantee their humanitarian contacts and freedom of movement;

using the resource of public diplomacy by involving civil society institutions in solving the problems of international cultural and humanitarian cooperation as a means of establishing an inter-civilizational dialogue, ensuring mutual understanding between peoples;

strengthening international cooperation in the field of regulation of migration processes, ensuring the rights of labor migrants;

establishing partnerships within the framework of the UN, UNESCO, OSCE, Council of Europe, SCO, CIS and other international organizations. See ibid. P.21

These tasks should be implemented in any area of international cooperation, including in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations.

The main state authority in the field of international cooperation in Russia is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is the main body in the system of federal executive bodies in the field of relations with foreign states and international organizations and coordinates:

activities of federal executive authorities, including the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, in the field of international relations and international cooperation;

international relations of the subjects of the Russian Federation;

international activities of organizations authorized in accordance with the Federal Law Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 15, 1995 No. 101-FZ “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation” to submit proposals to the President of the Russian Federation or to the Government of the Russian Federation on the conclusion, implementation and termination of international treaties of Russia . Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 8, 2011 No. 1478 “On the coordinating role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in pursuing a unified foreign policy line of the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2011 No. 46, Art. 6477

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation:

oversees the overall implementation international obligations Russian Federation;

promotes interaction between federal state authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and their officials in order to ensure compliance with the principle of unity of foreign policy and fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the implementation of these bodies and persons of international activities;

renders necessary assistance to state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the development of international relations, including through territorial bodies - representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Russian Federation;

gives explanations to the federal state authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on issues of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

informs the federal executive authorities in advance about international events, the topics of which fall within their competence;

renders, in accordance with the established procedure, political, diplomatic and informational assistance to federal state authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, their delegations and representatives in the preparation and holding of international events;

ensures the participation of representatives of the Russian Foreign Ministry, employees of diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation in foreign states, representative offices of the Russian Federation at international organizations, territorial bodies - representative offices of the Russian Foreign Ministry on the territory of the Russian Federation in the work of interdepartmental commissions, working groups and other bodies whose functions are related to the implementation of international activities, as well as in the work of delegations formed to participate in international events affecting the foreign policy interests of the Russian Federation;

agrees in a timely manner with the federal executive authorities, insofar as they are within their competence, proposals on issues of international cooperation that are to be submitted to the President of the Russian Federation or the Government of the Russian Federation;

communicates, on the basis of appeals from state bodies of the Russian Federation, to state bodies of foreign states and bodies of international organizations through diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation in foreign states, representative offices of the Russian Federation to international organizations, diplomatic missions and consular offices of foreign states in the Russian Federation, representative offices of international organizations in the Russian Federation information on the international activities of state bodies of the Russian Federation;

gives official clarifications on the issues of coordination of international activities of federal executive bodies, international relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and international activities of authorized organizations. See ibid. P.2

Federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and authorized organizations:

inform the Russian Foreign Ministry about their international activities and international relations (official trips, consultations and negotiations, signed documents, participation in the implementation of international projects);

coordinate, within the limits of their competence, proposals and acts affecting the foreign policy interests of the Russian Federation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia;

inform the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia about the planned official international events with the participation of representatives of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and authorized organizations, their goals and content;

send to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and, if necessary, to other interested state authorities of the Russian Federation, reports on the content of international events and agreements reached, as well as copies of documents signed during these events;

ensure, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, the participation of delegations and representatives of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, authorized organizations in international events, the topics of which fall within their competence, as well as the timely resolution of issues within their competence relating to international relations and international cooperation, etc. See ibid. P.3

Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation in foreign states must ensure the implementation of a unified foreign policy line of the Russian Federation in the host states and, for this purpose, coordinate the activities and control over the work of other representative offices of the Russian Federation located in the host states, representative offices of federal executive bodies, Russian state institutions, organizations, corporations and enterprises, their delegations and groups of specialists, as well as representative offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. See ibid. P.6

Permanent representatives of the Russian Federation to international organizations must ensure the implementation of a single foreign policy line of the Russian Federation in the relevant international organization and, for this purpose, coordinate the participation of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Russian state institutions, organizations, corporations and enterprises, their delegations and groups of specialists in the activities of the relevant international organization or its bodies. See ibid. P.9

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the main body responsible for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Recall that the EMERCOM of Russia is a federal executive body that performs the functions of developing and implementing state policy, legal regulation, as well as supervision and control in the field of civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, providing fire safety and security of people in water bodies. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2004 No. 868 “Issues of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of July 12, 2004 No. 28 Art. 2882

The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia carries out its activities, in particular, through representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia as part of the representative offices of the Russian Federation at international organizations. See ibid. P.3

The Emergencies Ministry of Russia carries out, in accordance with the established procedure, international cooperation in the field of civil defense, prevention and liquidation of emergency situations, ensuring fire safety and safety of people at water bodies, overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, carrying out underwater work for a special (special) purpose, humanitarian demining, as well as participation in international humanitarian projects, programs and operations.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, within its competence, concludes, in accordance with the established procedure, agreements with international and non-governmental organizations related to the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and the provision of humanitarian assistance to foreign states.

It is also noted that in order to develop the main directions of international cooperation and ensure the activities of the Russian National Corps of Emergency Humanitarian Response, the Council for the Evaluation and Strategic Planning of International Activities is being created under the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. See ibid.

Thus, the Russian Foreign Ministry carries out international cooperation in general, being the coordinating body in the field of international cooperation in the Russian Federation. At the same time, state authorities carry out international cooperation in areas of activity. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is authorized to carry out international cooperation in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations, which means that it takes part in ensuring security in emergency situations.

There are many threats in the world, the occurrence of which can lead to accidents, disasters and other emergencies. For Russia, the threats to national security, which we have already mentioned, are defined in the National Security Strategy. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2009 No. 20, Art. 2444 The presence of threats implies the need to respond to them. The mechanism for responding to relevant threats may include: providing favorable conditions for the economic and social development of the country, for maintaining global and regional stability; peaceful coexistence of states and peoples; efficient operation international organizations; taking into account the interests of various countries; promoting conflict resolution; ensuring the security of states and citizens; international cooperation in various fields, etc.

Threat response is an essential element of the international security mechanism. As noted above, in order to effectively respond to emergency situations, states, international organizations and other subjects of international relations need to carry out international cooperation.

Thus, international cooperation in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is the activity of states, international organizations and other subjects of international relations, aimed at their interaction, ensuring the comprehensive development of the emergency response mechanism or its individual elements, as well as the mechanism of mutual assistance and joint actions in case of emergency. emergencies based on international norms and principles.

Subjects of international cooperation in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations: states, intrastate structural formations, international organizations and other structural formations, legal entities and individuals, including officials.

The peculiarity of international cooperation is that it is created, first of all, by states. States act as the main subjects of international legal cooperation. In this capacity, they have an exclusive and inalienable property - state sovereignty.

By virtue of the principle of sovereign equality, all states are legally equal. A state exercises its sovereignty with respect for the sovereignty and interests of other states. A state cannot exercise its power over another state. In particular, this is expressed in the disobedience of one state to the legislation of another: the actions of a state are determined by its own laws and international norms. Bringing a state to court of another state can be carried out only with its consent.

It is worth paying attention to the recognition of states. Any legal relations between states are possible only if the participants recognize each other as subjects of law. In this regard, it is worth recalling the example of humanitarian assistance provided to the Serbs who were in Kosovo at the end of 2011. The Russian Federation does not recognize Kosovo as a state, while most European states recognize this state. It is also worth remembering that many European states and not only do not recognize the results of the referendum held in Crimea in 2014.

One way to recognize states is to join the UN. The UN Charter makes the following requirements for states wishing to join the UN: peacefulness, acceptance of obligations under the UN Charter, the ability to fulfill these obligations. Article 4 of the UN Charter. In addition, according to the principle of non-use of force, a state created as a result of aggression cannot be recognized as a legal entity. For example, the states created by Nazi Germany in the conquered territories.

Joining an organization involves accepting obligations under its charter, recognizing certain powers of the organization and its decisions in accordance with their legal force.

International norms regulating the relations of states in the sphere of international communication are created by the states themselves by their agreement and are aimed at strict observance of state sovereignty in international relations. Respect for the sovereignty of any state, recognition of the sovereign equality of all states are among the fundamental principles contemporary international relations.

A State must fulfill in good faith its obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law, and cannot invoke the provisions of its constitution or its laws as an excuse for not fulfilling this obligation.

2. Features of cooperation between states in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations

international security nation cooperation

The maintenance of international peace and security and the adoption of effective collective measures for this are the main goals of the UN. The main source regulating the international legal ways and means of ensuring peace and security is the UN Charter.

The following international treaties have an important place in ensuring international security, including those regulating the issues of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations:

1. Treaties that restrain the nuclear arms race in spatial terms: the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1968, the Treaty on Principles for the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 1967, and others.

2. Treaties limiting the buildup of armaments in quantity and quality relations: Treaty on the Ban on Tests of Nuclear Weapons in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water of 1963, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1996, the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Impact on the Natural Environment of 1977, an agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States on the further reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms of 1993 and others.

3. Treaties prohibiting the production of certain types of weapons and requiring their destruction: Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1972, Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction 1993 and others.

4. Treaties designed to prevent an unauthorized outbreak of war. Agreement on direct communication lines between the USSR and the USA in 1963, 1971 (similar agreements were concluded by the USSR with Great Britain in 1967, France in 1966, Germany in 1986). Agreement on measures to reduce the risk of a nuclear war between the USSR and the USA, 1971. Exchange of letters between the USSR and France on the prevention of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons in 1976 and others.

In addition, documents adopted within the framework of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), such as the Charter for European Security, adopted in 1999 in Istanbul, deserve special attention.

Thus, the following main international normative legal acts in the field of security in emergency situations:

Charters of international organizations;

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948;

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966;

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966;

Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 For the Russian Federation, the Convention entered into force on May 5, 1998;

1995 Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Entered into force, including for the Russian Federation, on August 11, 1998;

Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the 1970 UN Charter;

Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes of 1907 The Convention entered into force on January 26, 1910. The Convention entered into force for the USSR on March 7, 1955;

Revised General Act for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, 1949;

The Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949 and the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1977 Additional Protocol I entered into force for the USSR on March 29, 1990. Additional Protocol II was ratified by the Decree of the USSR Supreme Court of August 4, 1989;

1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Entered into force for the Russian Federation on April 11, 1997;

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 The USSR ratified this Treaty by Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of October 20, 1960;

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 1991 Entered into force for the Russian Federation on January 14, 1998;

1967 Treaty on Principles for the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty) The Treaty entered into force, including for the USSR, on October 10, 1967;

Agreement on the Rescue of Cosmonauts, the Return of Cosmonauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1968 The agreement entered into force, including for the USSR, on December 3, 1968;

Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992;

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Security civil aviation 1971, the Convention entered into force for the USSR on March 22, 1973;

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1972 The Convention entered into force, including for the USSR, on March 26, 1975;

International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, 1979;

UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949 The Convention entered into force for the USSR on November 9, 1954;

Agreement on open sky 1992, the Russian Federation ratified this Treaty by Federal Law No. 57-FZ of May 26, 2001;

The CIS Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, 1993 For the Russian Federation, it entered into force on December 10, 1994;

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