Mobile phone in modern world- this is already a necessity. A person cannot imagine himself without this device and feels uncomfortable being “separated” from it. Needless to say, this, truly, a unique invention not only simplified life, but also pulled humanity into a technological chain of progress. It's hard to imagine, but many people remember life without phones. It would seem that just yesterday a communication device was rather an invention of a fantastic genre, but today it is a basic necessity.

Pioneer of the mobile era

Motorola can hardly be called a leader in the mobile phone market. However, it was this company that launched the very first mobile phone in the world. It was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X.

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

The release fell on 1983. Its first development was presented 10 years before this historic moment.

in the United States, the 1973 story is told like a legend. It was then that inventor Martin Cooper, walking around Manhattan, defiantly made a call on a mobile phone he had created. Witnesses to this spectacle doubted the adequacy of Cooper's condition, mistaking him for an excessively drunk or sick person.

What characteristics did the device have:

• the phone memory stored up to 30 numbers;
• the weight of the first mobile phone was 1 kg;
• a fully charged battery provided 1 hour of operation;
• the price of such a phone was 3995 dollars (it is worth noting that this is the price of a good car in those days).

The modern generation, reading this, will smile sarcastically, but such an achievement was not just a breakthrough, but also the first step towards today's success in this area.

Top 5 legendary telephone inventions

After the world got a mobile phone, many companies began to work in this direction, trying to invent something similar, or even better to surpass the previous creator. As in any field, the success of the invention confirms the massiveness. In our case, these are people who used telephones. Some models were promising and ultimately did not fall in love with the public, others were not so advertised, but they became real favorites. Consider the most sensational models:

• Nokia Mobira Senator is a car phone. Most of the mobile devices of those times weighed a lot, so they found their way into cars. This Nokia model weighed about 10 kg. It earned its fame in our country due to the fact that it was Gorbachev who used it.

Nokia Mobira Senator

• Nokia 8110 - or better known as the banana phone from The Matrix movie. It is unknown what made this model so popular, the film or unusual shape... However, this year it returns to store shelves in a reprinted version. Its cost is about $ 120 in our country, the phone is made in black, as well as the original yellow. There is no doubt that he will find his audience in today's mobile world.

Nokia 8110 reissue

• Motorola StarTAC - the world's first clamshell (1996). It sold about 60 million copies. Such a high demand was due to the ultra-modern and unique design, besides the weight of the device was 90 grams, which was also unusual. The price for this model was about 1 thousand dollars, but this did not prevent him from gaining such popularity.

Motorola StarTAC

• Benefon Dragon - was released in 1998. Like no other phone, it is associated with the era of crimson jackets and the so-called “new Russians”. After all, it was this segment of the population that could afford such an expensive pleasure. It did not differ in special design or attractiveness of appearance, however, in the absence of a choice, it was he who was considered a luxury item. The weight of the phone was 200 grams, the thickness was 2 cm, the functionality is quite simple - calls, calculator, alarm clock, calculator.

• Nokia 3310 - 2000 release. The stories about the indestructibility of this phone do not end even now. More than 130 million copies have been sold worldwide. Everything ingenious is simple - this is how this phone can be characterized. Loud speaker, bright screen, easy to operate and durable. In addition, everyone has a couple of stories in their stock of how the Nokia 3310 helped out in hammering nails and making chops, how it survived the flood and was reborn from the ashes.

Smart - era

Having learned the convenience of using a mobile phone, the world could not stop there. They began to demand more from a modern gadget: everything began to fill it big amount functions, improve its capabilities, hone appearance and find new ways to use it. Finally, the time has come when the phone became not only convenient, but also “smart”. This is a real helper and savior.

“Smart phone” (smart-phone) - combines the functions of a mobile and personal computer.

The world's first famous smartphone - IBM Simon. Its appearance is far from its modern counterpart, but the functionality and idea are undoubtedly repeated. The 1kg device included a phone function, fax, email, notepad, calculator, watch and several games. The gadget was controlled with a stylus, the screen was fully touch-sensitive. The cost of this pleasure was $ 1,000. The device should have been a real sensation. However, he was not appreciated and passed through his fingers. Most likely this is due to the limited technological capabilities of that time, no one believed in a smartphone. In addition, in those memorable times, the Internet was not entirely in working order, but rather had mythical properties, and the very prospects for the development of mobile communications were not clear to mankind.

The world's first smartphone - IBM Simon

In 1996, an attempt to conquer mobile world repeated by Nokia together with Hewlet-Packard, presenting its development to the public - the HP 700LX PDA. Behind him, at the end of the same year, came the Nokia 9000 Communicator. A year later, a Taiwanese company known as HTC announced the development of ultra-modern devices that combine the properties of a phone and a PDA. The company's success was not lightning fast, despite loud statements and colorful promises. In 2000, they were able to enter the world market and present a wide selection of their undoubtedly high-quality products.

Modern technologies

While reviewing mobile phones, it is impossible not to dwell on the story about the IPhone. Probably everyone already knows the notorious story with apples, and incredible story creator Steve Jobs. However, the mystery of what the success of the company lies in is not solved and cannot be fully solved. Whether it is superintuition that made it possible to understand what he wants modern man, or is it just a coincidence that happened at the right time. On June 29, 2007, IPhone smartphones with their own IOS operating system went on sale. For some six months, the device has gained incredible popularity, while in many respects inferior in performance to many phones. Beloved smartphones are still the benchmark.

Today's rival OS Android first went on sale in 2008 on the T-Mobile G1 (HTC Dream). What's next? It would seem that smartphones have reached perfection, surpassing yesterday's computers and phones, becoming an inseparable and accessible companion to humans. Then comes the time for building up power and marketing gimmicks. A technological sensation is not expected in the near future, but sales are needed. In order to sell, you need to surprise. This is how phones with a wide diagonal appear, combining a phone and a tablet, curved devices, shockproof and other unusual gadgets.

Modern leaders

World analytical companies annually work to provide data on the leaders of world markets, including mobile ones. According to the results of the first quarter of 2018, Samsung is the leader. Per reporting period they managed to sell 78 million smartphones, which is 22% of the total... Apple ranks second, selling 52.2 million smartphones - 15%. In third place is Huawei with 11%. On the market North America invariably, Apple has been the leader for several years, occupying 40% of the market.

The market for smartphones and mobile phones has grown tremendously since the introduction of the first phone. Today, almost anyone can buy a smartphone. The assortment panel is so wide that it allows you to choose a gadget for every taste and budget.

Interesting facts about mobile phones

Using a mobile phone every day, a person does not even know about many unusual things and facts regarding this gadget:

• The most popular function of a mobile phone is not calls, or even SMS, but a clock. It is to check the time that a person most often uses the phone;
• the contamination of the mobile phone exceeds the contamination of the handle of the cistern;
• the text of the world's first SMS message: "Merry Christmas";
• a resident of Florida became famous for the largest mobile phone bill - 201 thousand dollars. Unaware of the tariff for using roaming, she used mobile communications while in Canada;
• a driver talking on the phone while driving reacts one third slower than a driver who is intoxicated;
• In England, an invention was presented - a toilet, capable of recharging a mobile battery.

Man has reached the highest heights in the field of technology. The niche of mobile communications is now one of the most popular. People have long tried to find something similar for themselves: notepads for notes, alarm clocks, players, watches, calculators, and so on. The mobile phone is everything. This pocket assistant stores an incredible amount of information about its owner. In addition, the model of the gadget characterizes the owner as much as possible. Elegance and glamor are preferred by the female part of the population, business people prefer brevity and functionality, older people prefer ease of use. Whatever the choice, a telephone in our time is a necessity that makes a person mobile, operative and open.

"My phone rang ..." I am sure that none of us today can not imagine life without communications. We forget our phone at home and rush back to get it, we cannot find it in our bag or briefcase, and we are sure to get upset. Who brought into our lives unique technique that helps connect people at a distance?

Lesson plan:

Is it possible to communicate without a phone?

Sure! People lived before, and they did not have any new-fangled telephone models, but information from each other was transmitted far beyond their place of residence. The need for communication forced people to invent different ways to "call into conversation" and tell the news to comrades who are several kilometers away. How it was?

By that time, the first attempts were already made to create a telegraph capable of transmitting signals over long distances using electricity. Scientists Galvani and Volt were involved in the fundamentals of electrical engineering, the Russian Schilling and Jacobi contributed by inventing transmission codes and an apparatus that converts signals into text.

A little later, in 1837, thanks to the American inventor Morse, an electric telegraph and a special system of dots and dashes, widely known to everyone as "Morse code", appeared.

But even this was not enough for the scientists of those centuries. They dreamed that it would be possible not only to receive dry text over the wires, but also to speak over them!

It is interesting! Archaeologists discovered in the Peru region two pumpkins connected with a rope and concluded that this design is a thousand-year-old ancestor of the telephone. Indeed, it is very similar to two matchboxes connected by a thread, which we used to "call" in childhood.

Who invented first?

The history of the appearance of the phone is associated with Alexander Bell from America. But he was not the only one who was actively involved in the design idea of ​​transmitting the human voice at a distance. Let's briefly go through the pages of history and trace the path that the invention overcame in the first stages of its birth.

Italian Antonio Meucci

In 1860, a native of Italy Antonio Meucci showed the Americans a device that could transmit sound over a wire, but he applied for a patent only in 1871, and to all his questions about the fate of the documents, the company that took them answered that they were lost.

German Philip Reis

The German physicist Philip Reis presented to the public an electrical apparatus capable of transmitting sound in 1861. By the way, his name "telephone", which we are accustomed to hearing today, which is translated from Greek as "sound from afar", sounded from him.

Its transmitter was made in the form of a hollow box with holes: sound - in front and covered with a membrane - on top. But the quality of sound transmission in Reis's phone was so low that it was impossible to make out anything, so his invention was not accepted by others.

Americans Gray and Bell

Only 15 years later, two American designers, Gray and Bell, completely independently of each other, were able to discover how a metal membrane using a magnet, like eardrum our ear can transform sound and transmit it through an electrical signal.

Why did Bell get all the laurels of fame? It's that simple! On February 14, 1876, he filed his application to patent the invention he discovered - the "talking telegraph" - a couple of hours earlier than Gray did.

I can imagine how upset Gray was.

Bell unveiled the telephone at a tech show in Philadelphia.

The new technology did not have a call, the subscriber was called with the attached whistle, and the only receiver both received and transmitted speech at the same time. The first telephones had to generate electricity on their own, so the telephone line worked only up to 500 meters away.

It is interesting! In 2002, the American Congress passed a decision that turned the telephone world upside down: it recognized the Italian Meucci as the true inventor of the telephone.

Evolution of the phone

Since the first telephone set was presented to the public, inventors and designers have made a lot of efforts to make a modern means of communication out of a primitive device.

So, engineers were able to replace the whistle for calling the subscriber with an electric call. In 1876, a switch was invented, which could combine not only two, but several telephones with each other.

A year later, the inventor Edison contributes to the development of the telephone - his induction coil increases the distance of sound transmission, and the carbon microphone, which improves the quality of communication, was used until the end of the 20th century. At the same time, in 1877, the first telephone exchange appeared in America, through which those who wanted to call someone were connected to the desired telephone operator's number through plugs.

Thanks to the contribution of the Russian inventor Golubitsky, the stations powered by a central source were able to serve tens of thousands of subscribers. It is noteworthy that the first telephone conversation in Russia took place three years after the appearance of the telephone, and in 1898 the first intercity line between Moscow and St. Petersburg was built.

It is interesting! The first phones were not very convenient. It was hard to hear in them, so they came up with special tubes of different sizes and shapes, into which they just had to stick their nose so that the subscriber could understand what the conversation was about. At first they were made separate: one - to speak into it, the second - to listen from it. Then they began to be connected with a handle, like a modern telephone receiver. Telephones were made of ivory, mahogany, and cast metal. The bells of the bells were chrome-plated to a shine. But one thing remained unchanged: the body, the tube and the lever on which she was hung after the conversation.

Leaps and bounds towards modernity

The inventive world did not stop there. Having received a telephone at home, people wanted to use modern means communication is already on the street, in transport, to communicate on the way to work or home.

Initially, such a communication that was not tied to the premises was available only to the special services - walkie-talkies under the nickname "walkie-talkie", or "walk-talk", became a tempting idea for ordinary users. Knowing the secrets of the device, the craftsmen tried to connect the devices to the line using such a radio communication. So in the 80s, radiotelephones appeared, working at a distance of up to 300 meters.

But the main advantage recent years became, undoubtedly, cellular communication, operating from a signal moving from one station to another.

The modern "honeycomb" appeared in 1973 at the Motorola company. Their firstborn worked without recharging for no more than 20 minutes and was similar in size to a brick, and weighed as much as 794 grams!

These are now our modern "mobile phones" small and compact, able to take pictures, send mail and messages, play music and even think for their owner! They have become real helpers for children and their parents - you can always call and find out how you are doing!

It is interesting! A resident of Singapore, An Yan, is the fastest to write SMS - he needs a little more than 40 seconds for a message of 160 characters to appear!

Interesting facts about mobile phones

There are 23 more on this video interesting facts about our telephones. They can complement your project, so watch carefully.

Now you know everything about the appearance of the telephone. Make a report and tell your friends, they will be interested! And I say goodbye to you, but do not forget to look into new projects and stay in touch!

Success in your studies!

Evgenia Klimkovich.

With the advent of the first telegraph in 1837, which gave the world the ability to transmit information at a distance, people's lives changed radically. But the appearance of the first telephone, with the help of which remote sound transmission was realized, became a real sensation.

Today, no one can even imagine themselves without a personal mobile phone. Technologies do not stand still, the telephone market is constantly expanding and annually presents consumers with new, improved models. But let's remember how it all began, who invented the first telephone, how did it appear mobile phones and what is the success modern models Apple.

Create your first phone

The first telephone was introduced in 1876 in the United States of America, and he became the creator who patented his invention. Initially, Bell's phone worked at a distance of 200 meters, but the scientist did not stop working and improving his invention, and a year later the phone underwent such an upgrade that it remained unchanged after it for another 100 years.

Bell's first phone

The very creation of the phone was not planned by Bell. The goal facing the scientist was to improve the telegraph - he tried to achieve the transmission of 5 telegrams at the same time. In the process of work, records were created with different frequencies, one of which once failed. Bell's partner got angry and started cursing. And Bell, who was at that time at the receiving apparatus, unexpectedly heard the voice of his own partner in the distance. From this moment, the history of the creation of the first telephone begins.

Bell's "telephone" patent is considered one of the most lucrative in the United States and in the world. He brought the creator wealth and worldwide recognition, and the name of Alexander Bell has gone down in history forever.

First mobile phone

The idea of ​​creating mobile phones appeared in the middle of the 20th century, and again in the United States of America.

In 1947, Bell Laboratories put forward a proposal to create a mobile phone. True, by this they meant a device that will be mounted in a car, since the weight of the phone was 30-40 kg without a power source. Only in the 70s, the weight of the phones was reduced to 14 kg, but the power supply was still located in the car.

Until 1972, Motorola had nothing to do with cell phones; the company's main goal was considered to be the creation of portable radios. Everything changed thanks to a simple employee of the company, Martin Cooper, who at one random moment came to the conclusion that it was possible to create an oversized cell phone. After sharing this discovery with colleagues, he embarked on development, which continued for a year.

In 1973, the Dyna-Tac was ready. It was a small-sized cell phone by those standards, weighing 1.15 kg and measuring 22.5 * 12.5 * 3.75 cm. It had 10 number keys, a call and end-call button. The phone had no display. The battery lasted 35 minutes of continuous talk, but after that it took 10 hours to charge the phone.

To implement the invention, it only remained to test it in practice. It happened on April 3, 1973 in New York. The first "training" station was installed on the roof of the 50-storey building, and Martin Cooper personally conducted an experiment by dialing the head of Bell Laboratories and talking to him on his cell phone. It was a triumph that was the first step in the rapid development and improvement of "hand-held" mobile phones.

The emergence of touchscreen phones

It may seem surprising, but the first touchscreen phone did not become widespread among users, and the creator company even refused to further work in the field of mobile devices.

This happened in 1993. The IBM corporation, specializing in the production of computer technology, introduced the world to the first touch-sensitive mobile phone, calling it "IBM Simon". At that time, it represented a maximum of possible characteristics, weighed 0.5 kg, and most of the operations on the display were actually done with your fingers.

The phone's battery was rated for 1 hour of continuous talk time or 8 hours of standby time. Its operative memory was 1 Mbyte, and the developers also provided for receiving e-mail and faxes on the phone.

However, as we have already noted, IBM Simon did not receive distribution. Firstly, the phone was overpriced - $ 1100. Second, the apparatus was unreliable and often required costly repairs. As a result, the development company simply self-destructed from the mobile phone market.

Apple in the life of a man of the XXI century

Today, Apple products are not only compact devices, the quality of which is noted all over the world, but also the most fashionable brand of the 21st century. People literally cannot imagine their life without an "apple", and the start of sales of a new product of the company always goes with excitement.

It's hard to imagine, but the first iPhone was released 10 years ago. True, the creation of the famous smartphones began in 2002 - by the founder of "Apple".

His main idea was to create a device that meets the needs of consumers: stylish design, built-in player and mini-computer, as well as high power of the phone. But the first iPhone did not live up to the expectations of even Jobs himself, the smartphone lacked power, but the main disadvantage was low speed internet connections. Therefore, the first model of the iPhone did not receive mass distribution.

The product modernization work continued, and a year later a new model, the iPhone 3G, was introduced. The problem with the Internet speed in this model was almost solved, the design was also modernized, and the operating memory was replaced. The success of this model was confirmed by the information received from sales: more than 70 countries are interested in the new product.

After that, the iPhone 3G S was released, declared as high-speed. There are new features such as voice control and encryption of personal information. Like the previous model, the new iPhone quickly filled the markets and was sold out.

Today, Apple smartphones are sold with great success in more than 80 countries around the world. IPhones have moved from an affordable smartphone to the category "for the level above average", since the cost of even old models rarely drops below 25,000 rubles, and new items cost 130-150 thousand rubles from the start of sales.

• The inventor of the telephone might not be considered Alexander Bell, but Antonio Meucci, who also developed the telephone, but refused to patent his invention for $ 10, and Bell took advantage of this.
• Today Nokia is developing a way that will make it possible to recharge the phone from radio waves.
• The first telephone set did not ring; instead, a whistle was used.
• Waterproof phones are popular in Japan because the Japanese use them even in the shower.

• Antarctica also has its own dialing code, starting with +682.
• 150 million mobile phones are sent to landfill every year because they are replaced with an improved device, and not because the phone is malfunctioning.

The invention of the telephone and its modernization to a mobile one is, of course, a breakthrough for science and an extremely important discovery for a person. Now everyone, regardless of distance, feels close to friends and family, talking to them every day.

Also, modern phones provide instant access to necessary information 24 hours a day. The main thing is to correctly use the achievements of the XXI century and not stop there, because the new demands of people lead to world discoveries, being a "push" and a call for development.

The world's first mobile phone

It is officially believed that the world's first mobile phone was manufactured in the USA. Legend has it that on April 3, 1973, the director of the mobile communications department of Motorola Martin Cooper, walking around Manhattan, defiantly called his mobile phone, which was allegedly very surprised by passers-by who saw this.
The mobile phone was first put on sale by Travel Electronics in 1979. It weighed 907 grams and cost $ 3,895 at the time, which was roughly the price of an average car. Thus, the first cell phone cost more than the then Toyota Corola, which was sold in the US for $ 3698. The subscription fee was$ 50 a month, and one minute of conversation cost users from 24 to 40 cents, that is, equal to the cost of a whole gallon of gasoline (3.78541178 liters).
However, few people know that long before the prototype of Motorola, a mobile phone appeared in our Soviet Union. Its creator was the Soviet radio engineer and popularizer of radio engineering Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich.

The prototype of the portable automatic duplex mobile radiotelephone LK-1, created by him, was tested on April 9, 1957. The mobile phone had a range of 20-30 km, but weighed about three kilograms.

A year later, Kupriyanovich improved his LK and reduced his weight six times to 500 grams! The new apparatus was also much smaller - like two packs of cigarettes. Foreign mobile phones will reach this weight and size only in the early 80s. Kupriyanovich's mobile phone, like modern ones, communicated with the GTS through a base station (ATR). It not only received and transmitted signals from mobile phones to the wired network, but also transmitted signals from the wired network to mobile phones. Thus, from the LC it was possible to call any landline phone, and LK could also be called from an ordinary city number or from a street machine.

In 1961, Leonid Ivanovich again improved his invention, which he called a radio telephone. As a result Kupriyanovich's mobile phone so small that it fit in the palm of your hand and weighed only 70 grams! In size it was like a modern mobile phone, but without a screen and not with buttons, but with a small-sized rotary dial.

Such weight characteristics did not allow it to be used as a wearable nickname, and then in 1958 Kupriyanovich created improved models of an apparatus that was the size of a cigarette box "Kazbek" and together with the power source weighed half a kilogram. A pocket phone will not only allow you to call any subscriber, but also receive calls from home phones. and from street vending machines.

The first nationwide national telephone communication system was the Soviet system "Altai", which was put into trial operation in 1963. Altai system originally operated at a frequency of 150 MHz, but by 1970 the Altai system operated in 114 cities of the USSR and a 330 MHz band was allocated for it. In Voronezh, this system operated until the end of 2011 and was closed for economic reasons. up to the present, the Altai system has been operating in Novosibirsk.

Previous days in Russian history:

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We have long been accustomed to our smartphones. We use them every day and do not think about how we would live without them and how the invention of the telephone and the history of creation influenced our life, which we will briefly tell you about.

Modern devices, in addition to their direct functions, also perform great amount operations. A smartphone is a compact multifunctional device, without which we can no longer. Using "mobile phones" every day, hardly anyone thinks about their distant "ancestors". But the device we are used to has enough ancient history... Let's explore the main stages in the evolution of telephones and human communication with other people at a distance.

General device information

Before delving into history, let's take a look at the main features: what a telephone and a telephone connection are, and also why we need these devices.

Any telephone device is a mechanism through which speech is transmitted at a distance. Now this device fits in the palm or pocket, but since childhood we remember other options - landline or radiotelephones. They were quite cumbersome and therefore impractical. Such devices are still used, but less and less.

And payphones have already become an exclusively tourist attraction where they still stand on the streets of the city.
The possibility of contact of one telephone with another is provided by telephone communication - this is the transmission of voice information remotely, which is carried out by means of electrical signals transmitted over wires or radio signals. Telephone users are called subscribers. It is possible to distinguish urban, intercity and international communications.

V separate species note the wireless. Distinguishes between satellite and mobile. In the first form, contact is made directly via a communication satellite. Mobile communication provides connection through towers - cells. This definition is explained by the fact that they work on the principle of an antenna, provide a certain area with communication. It is called the hundredth.

The main purpose of telephone communication is to transmit information. Previously, we only used oral speech... Now we can exchange text messages. Transfer videos and images in messengers. We can also make video calls and see the subscriber “on the other end of the line”.

Ancient ways to "call"

Man is a very resourceful creature. His resourcefulness and imagination are driving evolution. Our ancestors have long been interested in data transmission methods. And there were such inventors who realized that it was possible to significantly speed up the data transfer process. Who is the creator of the phone in the past? For a long time, messengers and pigeons have been used. But it is still very slow and upon arrival of the runner the information became irrelevant.

Some African tribes used drums to transmit signals. The aborigines used this musical instrument not only for ritual dances. A certain rhythm of drumming carried some encrypted information. Such messages were transmitted over fairly long distances. And they meant certain eventful moments within the tribe - the willingness to go hunting, general anxiety, or, conversely, joyful events.

In the Land of the Rising Sun, a gong was used to transmit information in the palace of the emperor. Its sound was heard throughout the palace. But only a specially trained servant could use such a tool. There was a system for transmitting information messages, it consisted in the number of strikes and the length of the interval between them. The courtiers knew perfectly well what each signal meant.

The Indians used whistling for signaling purposes. The same way of communication is known in some African tribes, some still use it. This method of transmitting short messages and commands is effective in hunting conditions. It is fast and clear, sounds loud enough, and also cannot be confused with the noise around.

Over longer distances, information was transmitted using smoke or fire. Thus, the Slavic tribes signaled a disaster or threat. Fireplaces were built on the hills or on specially constructed watchtowers. Such signal fires were placed at certain distances from each other and set on fire when it was necessary to inform a neighboring tribe about the imminent danger that threatened them.

And in Russia, there were signals that were used in certain situations. For example, in battle, the enemy was informed of an imminent offensive by playing the horn or big drums - timpani. And with the advent of Christianity, in some cases, bells were used - the bell ringing of the alarm signaled a distress, and a pleasant ringing ringing gathered the people for services or veche.

note

Everyone knows that flags are used as symbols of states and armies. But flags were also used as a way of transmitting encoded information. Even a special alphabet has been formed. Over the years, it has been improved and supplemented. Such a system of signs is used in our time, for emergency situations in the fleet.

An optical telegraph (semaphore) has become a technical achievement in the field of information message transmission. This is an invention of the French inventor Claude Chappe. The semaphore's birthday is considered March 2, 1793 - it was on this day that the inventor, together with his brother, transmitted the first message over a distance of 16 kilometers. And after 2 years the semaphore line Paris-Lille was successfully operating. The data was transmitted, or rather depicted, using a mast equipped with rulers at both ends. This design was driven by blocks and cords allowing 196 positions, conveying letters and some commonly used words.

A little more than 50 years later, the world's first electric telegraph was constructed by the English inventor Francis Ronalds. Although previously many scientists from different countries the development of devices for transmitting information over long distances was carried out, but there were no particular successes. To the annotation to the device, the inventor explained it as a method of transmitting telegraphic intelligence at a significant speed. It is the electric telegraph that can be largely considered the first prototype of modern smartphones.

Who and when invented (invented) the very first telephone in the world

Hardly anyone connected the invention of word transfer with the name of the Italian scientist and inventor Antonio Meucci, but this is so. The ability to transmit sound at a distance through electrical energy the scientist was discovered quite by accident. Meucci first discovered that electrical impulses have a beneficial effect on human body... For these purposes, the scientist designed a generator and began to treat people with electric current.

In one of the techniques, having connected the ends of the electrodes near the lips of the patient, the scientist went into another room to the generator. Turning on the generator at a certain power, Antonio recognized the patient's voice as if the latter was standing nearby. So the scientist saw a "miracle" - the ability electric current transfer sound at a distance.

When the first telephone was invented in America

On long time Antonio Meucci could not start designing his development. Only after the death of his wife and, having migrated to the United States, in 1860, with money savings, he posted a note about his invention, a telelectrophone, in an Italian newspaper. This newspaper was read by a clerk from Western Union, who for a very small amount bought all the schemes and other information on the invention. In 1871, Meucci wrote a patent application for his invention and waited for the start of the cooperation promised by the above company. But Western Union responded to all requests from the scientist that the documentation was lost.

But how great was Antonio Meucci's surprise when, in 1876, in an ordinary newspaper, he read about the scientist who invented the telephone. This scientist was Alexander Bell. Of course, Meucci unrolled trial and he still managed to get his drawings and patent back, but these papers were no longer worth anything, because time was up. Antonio Meucci died in poverty, never receiving recognition from his contemporaries.

The same cannot be said about Alexander Bella. The hype around the "discoverer" and "his" invention brought him worldwide fame. But on June 11, 2002, the US Congress recognized that Antonio Meucci was still the inventor of the telephone.

It was impossible without communication even under the Soviet Union. Telephone exchanges at that time were mainly designed and installed by the Swedish company Erickson and the German company Siemens. The first automatic telephone exchange was erected in 1926 in Rostov-on-Don. The advantage of automatic telephone exchange the fact that it can function without the participation of telephone operators, that is, it was no longer required to shout "young lady" into the phone. Further, you can read not only information about when the PBX began to be built, but also when they appeared Cell Phones in Russia.

In one of the issues of the Bulgarian magazine "Cosmos" for 1958, there was a scientific note about the discovery of a portable telephone device by the scientist Hristo Bachvarov. This device was housed in a plastic case and weighed about 700 grams. The range of such a device was 80 km. From a distance, this phone resembled a walkie-talkie, but still it was not practical enough. After the creation of this sample, similar models of a similar design and range appeared in Bulgaria.

Who invented (invented), when did it appear and how much did the first mobile phone in the Soviet Union weigh?

Everyone knows that the initial conversation on a wireless device took place in 1973 in New York. But another version has the right to life: that a few years earlier, in 1961, radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich designed the first mobile phone, the connection through which was carried out by radio communication.

This device was 500 grams, and the range was about 25 km. Such a telephone could work from 20 to 30 hours. The device looked like a small box with a dial for a number. The telephone receiver was attached to the apparatus. It could be transported, but that was impractical enough.

American know-how

The first radio communication was launched by the American company AT&T Bell Labs in 1946. A radio transmitter was installed in the telephone at that time, through which communication was carried out. But the device still only vaguely resembled a modern device. It did not become widespread.

But on March 6, 1983, a commercial apparatus was created. Who made such a device popular?

The development of this device was carried out under the leadership of Martin Cooper. At that time, such a phone was not available to everyone: to purchase it was necessary to sign up in a queue. In addition, calling it was rather inconvenient - it was necessary to make a call to the station, speak the number of another subscriber and, after waiting for the connection, talk, holding down a special button and releasing it, hear the answer. The first cell phone belonged to the developers of Motorola.

Since the time of the first developments, Motorola has secured an authoritative position for a long time. But 37 years have passed from the first portable device to the mass production. As of 1990, there were 11 million subscribers worldwide. A large-scale advertising campaign was carried out around these devices, but even these gadgets were unable to provide reliable communication.

Connected with the breeze

Since the early days of mobile communications, portable telephone devices have been installed in ambulances. Closer to the 70s, such a car accessory became available to ordinary citizens, but it was not at all cheap. The disadvantage of this equipment was that the phone quickly drained the car's battery. Such devices could not be used outside the car.

The principle of operation of the apparatus for cars was the same as that of radiotelephones. But also with the same disadvantages. The radius of action did not exceed the length of the city. The quality of communication was influenced by weather, creating interference in the "air".

The weight of the "car" phone was 12-14 kilograms. Cellular landline varieties are now also used. They are used by emergency crews (police, Ambulance, emergency services). Such communication is used by special services as a backup or secret source of communication.
Modern models are equipped with additional features. Naturally, they weigh much less. And most importantly, they do not affect the battery in the car. Such devices have become more affordable and of better quality. They provide reliable communication at any distance.

Back in 1910, the American journalist Robert Sloss predicted the appearance of the cell phone in one of his articles. He described many of its characteristics, as well as the consequences of the appearance of such a device. The first portable versions did not differ in unique characteristics and were not very compact. But the developers took into account all the shortcomings of their predecessors. And they developed more practical models. With all the advances in technology, apparatus was still very expensive.

"Extraterrestrial repeaters"

The idea of ​​creating systematized communication satellites was announced back in 1945 by the English scientist and writer Arthur Clarke. Unification could provide a reliable connection on a planetary scale. But the scientist did not patent his invention, because he himself did not believe in the possibility of creation.

The first research in this area began in the 50s of the twentieth century in the United States. But artificial satellite was launched not by the USA, but by the USSR in 1957. It was equipped with radio equipment. But technology developed in the USSR only for the purposes of the Ministry of Defense.

The 1980s marked the beginning of the development of civil satellite communications. The principle of operation of such networks is that the signal from the orbiting satellite arrives at the earth station - the receiver. The disadvantage of such a mobile connection is the high cost.

Outwardly, the satellite device is similar to the first mobile phones, but in addition it has an antenna. And the successful developments were carried out by the Nokia company. The open source model was introduced in 1987. The weight of such a "pipe" was close to 800 grams. And the construction cost a lot of money.

IP telephony

The progress of telephone communication has reached the Internet. Global network can ensure stable connection and availability. Due to its widespread use, the Internet allows you to make a call to any number of the mobile network. To provide voice transmission over the network, a VoIP gateway is used. It is provided and installed free of charge.

This type of communication is multichannel, but additional options can be connected. Internet telephony within the framework of calls between countries will cost many times less than calling via a mobile network.
Thanks to the Internet connection, smartphones that have become familiar to us have appeared - communicators. These devices are equipped with many additional functions. Computer geniuses have come up with many mobile applications- it makes our life much easier.

The first device - an analogue of a smartphone - was released for sale in 1994 by the American company IBM. He could work with faxes and e-mail. There were no control keys on the case, everything could be done using the touch screen. And the weight was about 1 kilogram.

The developers of "Nokia" decided to combine a cell phone and a compact Personal Computer, and they ended up with a rather bulky device, upon opening which the user received a completely productive device. The weight was already quite comfortable - 397 grams.

Who invented the smartphone

Many believe that this gadget was invented by Stephen Jobs, but this is not the case. In 1992, Frank Canova was named the creator of the smartphone. At the time, his know-how made a real breakthrough in mobile technology. But it could not be called light in any way - the weight was 510 grams. The model did not become popular even after the fall in value.

In 2000, Ericsson introduced a new term into everyday life - a smartphone. But the disadvantage of the first of the first smartphones was the inability to install additional applications and operating systems. Then different phone companies released smartphones one after another, their "filling" was improved with each new model. The main disadvantage of the then smartphone models was the lack of RAM. The very first touchscreen phone in the world was quite compact and lightweight, unlike its "ancestors" - it weighed only 164 grams.

The last word of technology

Science does not stand still for a second. And telephone communications are also developing and improving every day. Scientists are applying their knowledge to enhance the functionality of our devices.
We all had to find ourselves in situations where our phone was running out of power and the charger was not at hand. But a solution has been found in such a situation - portable Charger, in other words, an external battery. Such a gadget can be different sizes and weight.

But if this charging method did not surprise you, then how do you like to charge your smartphone with a touch of your finger? Believe it or not, Georgia Institute of Technology nanotechnologist Zhong Lin Wang has developed a static energy generator. To charge your mobile device, you just need to slide your finger across the screen. But this is only an experimental development so far.

And at Tel Aviv University they came up with the most quick way charging gadgets. The process takes only 26 seconds. This method is based on the actions of biological semiconductors. If there is no outlet nearby, but there is a park, this is also a method to recharge the mobile. Ask how? Scientists have learned to use leg loads to charge devices. To do this, chips were built into the waterproof insoles, capable of generating current. This idea belonged to the Kenyan Anthony Mutu.

For modern mobile devices, the screen is of considerable value, and especially its quality. In this area, scientific developments are also being carried out, before the implementation of which there is not much time left. Already, the screens of smartphones with "augmented reality" are being explored. Scientists have achieved additional functions - soon it will be possible to twist the screen into a tube or give it any other shape. The Nokia company is already working on the creation of a mobile phone in the form of a bracelet.

Already, many are hearing about mobile technologies of the 5G format. The advantages of such a connection include high speed internet and high quality mobile connection, regardless of conditions and distances. Scientists will also make sure that 5G technologies are energy efficient. According to the plans of the creators, the first devices supporting the latest fifth generation technologies will see the light closer to 2019. The first steps have already been taken - in 2016, a 5G modem was presented at the exhibition of the latest technologies in Hong Kong. The data transfer rate was 1 gigabyte per second.