All phenomena and processes of economic activity of enterprises are interconnected and interdependent. Some of them are directly related, others indirectly. Hence, an important methodological issue in economic analysis is the study and measurement of the influence of factors on the magnitude of the studied economic indicators.

Under economic factor analysis is understood as a gradual transition from the initial factor system to the final factor system, the disclosure of a full set of direct, quantitatively measurable factors that affect the change in the effective indicator.

According to the nature of the relationship between the indicators, methods of deterministic and stochastic factor analysis are distinguished.

Deterministic factor analysis is a methodology for studying the influence of factors, the relationship of which with the performance indicator is of a functional nature.

The main properties of the deterministic approach to analysis:

building a deterministic model by logical analysis;

the presence of a complete (rigid) relationship between indicators;

the impossibility of separating the results of influence at the same time operating factors, which cannot be combined in one model;

study of interrelations in the short term.

There are four types of deterministic models:

Additive Models represent an algebraic sum of exponents and have the form

Such models, for example, include cost indicators in conjunction with production cost elements and cost items; an indicator of the volume of production in its relationship with the volume of output of individual products or the volume of output in individual divisions.

Multiplicative Models in a generalized form can be represented by the formula

An example of a multiplicative model is the two-factor sales volume model

where H- average number of employees;

CB is the average output per worker.

Multiple Models:

An example of a multiple model is the indicator of the goods turnover period (in days). T OB.T :

where W T- average stock of goods; O R- one-day sales volume.

mixed models are a combination of the models listed above and can be described using special expressions:

Examples of such models are cost indicators for 1 ruble. marketable products, profitability indicators, etc.

To study the relationship between indicators and to quantify the many factors that influenced the performance indicator, we present general model conversion rules to include new factor indicators.

To refine the generalizing factor indicator into its components, which are of interest for analytical calculations, the method of lengthening the factor system is used.

If the original factorial model , and , then the model takes the form .

To isolate a certain number of new factors and construct the factor indicators necessary for calculations, the method of expanding factor models is used. In this case, the numerator and denominator are multiplied by the same number:

To construct new factor indicators, the method of reducing factor models is used. When using this technique, the numerator and denominator are divided by the same number.

The detailing of factor analysis is largely determined by the number of factors whose influence can be quantitatively assessed, therefore, multifactorial multiplicative models are of great importance in the analysis. They are based on the following principles:

the place of each factor in the model should correspond to its role in the formation of the effective indicator;

the model should be built from a two-factor complete model by sequentially dividing the factors, usually qualitative ones, into components;

when writing a multivariate model formula, the factors should be arranged from left to right in the order of their replacement.

Building a factor model is the first stage of deterministic analysis. Next, a method for assessing the influence of factors is determined.

Method of chain substitutions consists in determining a number of intermediate values of the generalizing indicator by successively replacing the basic values of the factors with the reporting ones. This method based on elimination. Eliminate- means to eliminate, exclude the influence of all factors on the value of the effective indicator, except for one. At the same time, based on the fact that all factors change independently of each other, i.e. first one factor changes, and all the others remain unchanged. then two change while the rest remain unchanged, and so on.

In general, the application of the chain setting method can be described as follows:

where a 0 , b 0, c 0 are the basic values of the factors influencing the generalizing indicator y;

a 1 , b 1 , c 1 - actual values of the factors;

y a , y b , - intermediate changes in the resulting indicator associated with a change in factors a, b, respectively.

The total change ∆ y=y 1 -y 0 is the sum of the changes in the resulting indicator due to changes in each factor with fixed values of the other factors:

Consider an example:

Table 2 - Initial data for factor analysis

Indicators	Conventions	Basic values	Actual values	The change
Indicators	Conventions	Basic values	Actual values	Absolute (+,-)	Relative (%)
The volume of marketable products, thousand rubles.
Number of employees, people
output per worker, thousand roubles.

The analysis of the impact on the volume of marketable output of the number of workers and their output will be carried out in the manner described above based on the data in Table 2. The dependence of the volume of marketable products on these factors can be described using a multiplicative model:

Then the impact of a change in the number of employees on the general indicator can be calculated using the formula:

Thus, the change in the volume of marketable products positive influence had a change of 5 people in the number of employees, which caused an increase in production by 730 thousand rubles. and a negative impact was exerted by a decrease in output by 10 thousand rubles, which caused a decrease in volume by 250 thousand rubles. The total influence of the two factors led to an increase in production by 480 thousand rubles.

Advantages of this method: versatility of application, ease of calculation.

The disadvantage of the method is that, depending on the chosen order of factor replacement, the results of the factor expansion have different values. This is due to the fact that as a result of applying this method, a certain indecomposable residue is formed, which is added to the magnitude of the influence of the last factor. In practice, the accuracy of assessing factors is neglected, highlighting the relative importance of the influence of one or another factor. However, there are certain rules that determine the sequence of substitution:

if there are quantitative and qualitative indicators in the factor model, the change in quantitative factors is considered first of all;

if the model is represented by several quantitative and qualitative indicators, the substitution sequence is determined by logical analysis.

Under quantitative factors in analysis, they understand those that express the quantitative certainty of phenomena and can be obtained by direct accounting (the number of workers, machine tools, raw materials, etc.).

Qualitative Factors define personal traits, signs and features of the studied phenomena (labor productivity, product quality, average working day, etc.).

Absolute difference method is a modification of the chain substitution method. The change in the effective indicator due to each factor by the difference method is defined as the product of the deviation of the studied factor by the base or reporting value of another factor, depending on the selected substitution sequence:

Relative difference method is used to measure the influence of factors on the growth of the effective indicator in multiplicative and mixed models of the form y \u003d (a - c) . With. It is used in cases where the initial data contain previously defined relative deviations of factor indicators in percent.

For multiplicative models like y = a . v . with the analysis technique is as follows:

find the relative deviation of each factor indicator:

determine the deviation of the effective indicator at for each factor

Example. Using the data in Table. 2, we will analyze by the method of relative differences. The relative deviations of the considered factors will be:

Let us calculate the impact on the volume of marketable output of each factor:

The calculation results are the same as when using the previous method.

integral method allows you to avoid the disadvantages inherent in the method of chain substitution, and does not require the use of techniques for the distribution of the indecomposable remainder by factors, since it has a logarithmic law of redistribution of factor loadings. The integral method allows you to achieve a complete decomposition of the effective indicator by factors and is universal in nature, i.e. applicable to multiplicative, multiple, and mixed models. The operation of calculating a definite integral is solved with the help of a PC and is reduced to the construction of integrands that depend on the type of function or model of the factorial system.

You can also use the already formed working formulas given in the special literature ∆ 4∆ :

1. View model:

2. View Model :

3. View Model :

4. View Model :

Consider the possibility of using the main methods of deterministic analysis, summarizing the above in the form of a matrix (Table 3).

Table 3 - Matrix of applying methods of deterministic factor analysis

	Multiplicative	Additive	mixed

Chain substitution
Absolute difference
Relative differences
Integral

Questions for self-control

What management tasks are solved through economic analysis?

Describe the subject of economic analysis.

What kind distinctive features characterize the method of economic analysis?

What principles underlie the classification of techniques and methods of analysis?

What role does the method of comparison play in economic analysis?

Explain how to build deterministic factorial models.

Describe the algorithm for applying the simplest methods of deterministic factor analysis: the method of chain substitutions, the method of differences.

Describe the advantages and describe the algorithm for applying the integral method.

Give examples of problems and factor models to which each of the methods of deterministic factor analysis is applied.

Careful planning is essential to the success of any enterprise. Its basis is a factor analysis of various indicators, which allows to substantiate plans, evaluate the quality of accounting and control systems. Based on the results, tactics and strategy of the enterprise are developed. Most often, factor analysis is carried out in relation to profit in order to determine how this indicator is affected by the quality and volume of products, labor productivity. For trade enterprises sales analysis is the most important.

The task of studying financial results is to control the implementation of plans and determine what objective and subjective factors affect the level of income. The calculation process uses credentials and information from the business plan. Based on the results, reserves are determined to increase net income.

Calculations are carried out according to:

gross, taxable,
basic goods (services, works)
income from other sales
non-operating income

Research objectives:

determine deviations for each feature
explore the change and structure of each indicator
evaluate the performance of the enterprise for a certain period

The structure and composition of income, dynamics compared to previous time periods, the impact of the chosen accounting policy on each type of profit and the amount of dividend and tax deductions are analyzed.

It is important to take into account all the factors affecting the result entrepreneurial activity:

income from operations with currencies, deposits, bonds, shares
losses from bad debts, penalties, fines, penalties
rental income, received penalties, fines, penalties
Losses from negative past earnings and natural disasters
expenses for paying taxes and deductions to off-budget funds

Main indicator successful work– high profitability. It is required to study the dependence of this indicator for the entire enterprise and for each line of activity. The profitability of sales, return on invested capital, investments and costs are assessed. Calculations are carried out for each type of profit (gross, from sales, net).

Factor analysis consists of several stages:

selection factors
their systematization and classification
modeling relationships between factor and result
determining each factor and calculating its impact on the result economic activity
development of recommendations to use the results in practice

Main elements: changes in profitability, income and expenses.

For factorial research, you can use other indicators, for example, profitability:

investments (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to the amount of own funds)
equity
assets (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to the total volume of the first section of the balance sheet)
(the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to the volume of working capital)
sales (the ratio of the amount in the "bottom line" to revenue)

The difference between the amounts for the base and the current year is calculated, the factors that influenced the changes are identified.

Study of factors affecting the profitability of sales

Sales revenue depends on:

volume of goods sold
structure of goods sold
prime cost
average price level
business expenses

In the course of the study, each factor and its influence are evaluated.

General indicator of change in income from the sale of goods:

ΔP = P1 - P0, where

P1 - profit of the current period
P0 - profit of the previous period

When calculating the effect of the volume of goods sold on profitability, the increase in volume (as a percentage) is first calculated:

ΔQ \u003d Q1 / Q0 * 100 - 100, where

Q1 - revenue of the current period in the prices of the base
Q0 - revenue of the previous period

ΔР1 = Р0 * ΔQ / 100, where

ΔР1 - change in the volume of goods sold

Problems can be created by comparing the data of the base and reporting time interval, especially if the products are heterogeneous. The problem is solved by using the prices of the previous period as a basis.

The impact on the cost price is calculated by the formula:

ΔР2 = С0 — С1, where

C0 - the cost of goods sold in the reporting period in the prices of the previous period
C1 - the cost of goods sold in the reporting period at current prices

This formula is also used in calculating the impact of selling and administrative expenses.

The change in the selling price is calculated by the formula:

ΔР3 = Q1 - Q2, where

Q1 - revenue of the current period in current prices
Q2 - revenue of the current period at prices of the base

To calculate the impact of product structure on profits, the following formula is used:

ΔР4 = ΔР - ΔР1 - ΔР2 - ΔР3

To determine the impact of all factors, the formula is used:

ΔР = Р1 - Р0 = ΔР1 + ΔР2 + ΔР3 + ΔР4

Based on the results, reserves are determined that allow. This may be an increase in the volume of products sold, a reduction in the total cost or its individual components, an improvement in the structure (quality, assortment) of manufactured (sold) products.

Calculation example

To make calculations, you need to take data from the balance sheet for the current and base year.

An example of calculating indicators of factor analysis of profit from sales, if:

revenue 60,000 and 55,000 (at current prices) or 45,833 (at base year prices)
production cost 40,000 and 35,000
selling expenses 3,000 and 2,000
management expenses 5,000 and 4,000
total cost 48,000 and 41,000
sale price change index 1.2
profit 12,000 and 14,000

(the first indicator refers to the base period, the second - to the reporting period).

Profit change:

ΔP \u003d P1 - P0 \u003d 12,000 - 14,000 \u003d -2,000

Revenue of the current period in prices of the past: 55,000 / 1.2 = 45,833.

Increase / decrease in sales volume:

ΔQ = Q1 / Q0 * 100 = 45,833 / 60,000 * 100 - 100 = -24%

Effect of volume reduction:

ΔP1 \u003d P0 * ΔQ / 100 \u003d 12,000 * (-24) / 100 \u003d -1,480

Influence of incomplete (production) cost:

ΔP2 \u003d C0 - C1 \u003d 40,000 - 35,000 * 1.2 \u003d -2,000

Impact of selling expenses:

ΔP2 \u003d C0 - C1 \u003d 3,000 - 2,000 * 1.2 \u003d 600

Impact of management costs:

ΔР2 \u003d С0 - С1 \u003d 5,000 - 4,000 * 1.2 \u003d 200

The impact of the change in the value of the sale:

ΔP3 \u003d Q1 - Q2 \u003d 55,000 - 45,833 \u003d 9,167

Structure influence:

ΔР4 = ΔР - ΔР1 - ΔР2 - ΔР3 = -2,000 - 1,480 - 2,000 + 600 + 200 + 9,167 = 4,467

Influence of all factors:

ΔР = ΔР1 + ΔР2 + ΔР3 + ΔР4 = -1 480 - 2 000 + 600 + 200 + 9 167 + 3 467 = 9 114

The results show that profit in the reporting period decreased due to a decrease in sales volumes and an increase in production costs. The change in the structure and cost of products during the sale had a positive effect.

Study of factors affecting gross profit

The following costs are not taken into account when calculating gross profit:

commercial
managerial
non-operating
operating rooms
tax
emergency
others

In the example discussed in the previous section, 3 will change:

cost will be 2000
structure influence 3 667
influence of all factors 8 314

The amounts will be less, since selling and administrative costs that change the full cost price are not taken into account.

Study of factors affecting the size of net profit

All factors influencing this indicator are divided into internal and external. The first group includes accounting methods, methods for forming the cost structure, the second - the impact of climate, changes in tariffs and prices for raw materials, changes in contracts, force majeure. Net profit is calculated by subtracting production costs, management and commercial costs, other expenses, taxes from the proceeds.

For calculations, the formula is used:

∆Rch = ∆Р + ∆С + ∆К + ∆У + ∆П + ∆NP, where

∆Р - change in revenue
∆C - change in cost
∆K - change in commercial costs
∆У - change in management costs
∆P - change in other income/expenses
∆NR - size change after adjustment

When calculating changes in individual factors, the following formula is used:

ΔI2 = I0 - I1, where

I0 - costs of the current period in prices of the past
I1 - costs of the reporting period at current prices

Similarly, a study is carried out of income from additional activities, for example, participation in other enterprises, deposits, deposits in bonds. This allows you to determine the factors affecting the profitability and the feasibility of investing. For example, if income from interest on deposits has decreased, you should not use this type of investment in the future.

When working with the “bottom line”, a study of the quality and use of net profit is also carried out. This indicator can be improved by reducing the gap between the figure in the balance sheet and the real amount of funds. For this, the method, methods of writing off the cost and the formation of reserves are changing.

To study the use of earned funds, the formula for calculating the profitability of one share is used:

Pa \u003d (Pch - Dpr) / Qo, where

Pa - profitability of one share
Pch - net profit
Dpr - the amount of dividends per preferred share
Qo - the number of ordinary shares in circulation

Net profit is used for:

dividend payments
formation of savings and reserves
contributions to social and charitable funds

Factor analysis can also be performed on these measures to compare volumes and variances across two or more periods.

Factor analysis makes it possible to more deeply and in detail assess the state of the enterprise's finances by identifying the factors that have the greatest impact on the profitability of the business. Based on the results, it is possible to determine exactly what actions are required.

Write your question in the form below

In order to effectively manage sales, it is necessary to correctly assess the factors that affect revenue. There are many examples of factor analysis of revenue in Excel on the web. However, most of them are written to show methodological aspects and are of little practical use.

The purpose of this article is to show how to develop a factorial revenue model in accordance with the needs of the business. In practice, such a model can be quite complex, and in order not to waste time performing factor analysis in Excel, we will use the Fincontrollex® Variances Analysis Tool add-in, which allows you to fully automate this process. With this approach, we will be able to focus on data analysis, and not on developing formulas in Excel.

How to develop a factorial revenue model

You are selling a product that has a price. In order to calculate revenue, you need to multiply the number (or volume) of products sold by their price:

This is the basic revenue calculation model. All other models are its derivatives and detail the volume factor, price, or highlight the influence of other factors according to a given condition. The final form of the formula will depend on the sales business process that needs to be managed. Let's look at the most common of them.

If you sell several types of products at different prices, then you can manage the assortment of sales. To do this, divide the volume factor by the total volume of sales of all products and specific gravity of each product in total:

In practice, sales managers often do not understand the essence of this factor, which leads to a misunderstanding of the results of the analysis. This factor should be interpreted as a change in the structure of sales volumes towards products with a higher or lower price. For example, if the assortment factor had a positive effect, this means that the share of products with a higher price increased in the sales structure, while the share of products with a lower price decreased. If the assortment factor had a negative impact, then the picture will be opposite: an increase in the share of products with a lower price and a decrease in the share of products with a higher price. Do not confuse the influence of this factor with price changes, since when calculating the assortment factor, the influence of other factors is eliminated (excluded).

If your company is using various ways supply of their products to the market (sales channels), then in order to assess the impact of the structure of sales channels, you need to add the share of each channel to the revenue calculation formula. For example, the factor model of revenue by chains and retail outlets may look like this:

Horizontal and vertical growth

On the network trade structure often there is a need to evaluate the change in volumes due to the opening of new outlets or changes in sales volume in existing outlets. Such an assessment can be made by highlighting the factors of horizontal and vertical changes in sales volumes.

Horizontal changes are changes in sales volumes due to the opening of new outlets.

Vertical change is a change in sales volumes in existing outlets.

In order to highlight these changes, the following conditions must be added to the revenue calculation model. If there is a sale in the current month in point of sale, in which the products were not sold before - these are horizontal changes. If the product has already been sold at the outlet, then we are talking about vertical change.

Introduction of new products

If the assortment is introduced New Product, it is advisable to evaluate the impact of this decision on the total revenue. To do this, it is necessary to exclude the influence of the product from all factors and separate the revenue from this product into a separate factor.

To do this, it is necessary to add a condition for checking whether the product is new to all factors of the model. A product is considered new if it was not sold in the previous period.

You can separate revenue from a new product into a separate factor using the following condition:

As a result, you will get the factors cleared of the impact of new products and a separate amount of revenue for new products. This will allow you to accurately estimate the increase in revenue due to the introduction of new products.

Removal of products from the assortment

The assessment of the effect of the withdrawal of products from the assortment is carried out similarly to the assessment of the effect of the introduction of new products, with the only difference being that the effect of the withdrawn product is excluded from the factors. A product is considered withdrawn if it was sold in the previous period, but not in the current one.

You can allocate revenue from a derived product into a separate factor using the following condition:

As a result, you will be able to evaluate the decrease in revenue due to the withdrawal of products from the assortment.

By simultaneously evaluating the introduction of new products and the withdrawal of old products, you can evaluate the effectiveness of changing the assortment.

Conversion management

If you work in a retail business, you probably know that not all store visitors make a purchase. In order to estimate what percentage of visitors make a purchase, you need to calculate the conversion rate:

The conversion rate depends on the efficiency of the staff that closes sales. If you want to evaluate it in terms of value, then you should add it to the factorial model. The number of buyers is used to calculate the conversion rate, so in order to highlight this factor in the revenue factor model, you need to add an indicator that will link the price with the number of buyers. For example, the size of the average check.

Managing the size of the average check

By offering related products, you can increase your overall sales. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this process, it is necessary to calculate the size of the average check:

The size of the average check, as well as the conversion rate, depends on the efficiency of the work of the staff that closes sales. Therefore, if you want to evaluate the effectiveness of these indicators, then you should add them to the factorial model.

In order to encourage sales, you can provide discounts. The size of the discount may depend on various conditions: sales volumes, payment terms, etc. In order to evaluate the impact of the discount on revenue, you need to add this factor to the model:

When analyzing a discount, you should not forget about the main purpose of providing a discount - to increase sales. Therefore, the discount factor must be evaluated together with the volume factor.

If you are a manufacturer of products, then you have the opportunity to stimulate the intensity of sales of your goods in retail chains with the help of retro bonuses. A retro bonus is a reward paid to distributors and dealers for promoting products. To assess the effectiveness of sales promotion using retro bonuses, the percentage of retro bonuses to revenue (excluding discounts) is usually calculated. In order to evaluate the impact of retro bonuses on revenue, you need to add this factor to the model:

Putting It All Together: A Factor Model for FMCG Manufacturer Revenue

As an example, let's consider a factorial revenue model for an FMCG manufacturer. It is common for FMCG producers to sell their products through distribution channels, offering additional volume discounts. To reflect this feature, let's add the formulas for managing the assortment, discounts and retro bonuses that we discussed above to the basic revenue calculation model.

Our factorial model contains five factors: total sales, assortment, price, discount, and retro bonus. The order in which the factors are calculated depends on the degree of control the enterprise has over these indicators (from higher to lower). Therefore, we will calculate them in the following sequence:

Overall volume
Range
Retro bonus
Discount

The factor model is ready, and now you can move on to factor analysis in Excel.

Factor analysis of revenue in Excel - it's easy!

Performing factor analysis in Excel is quite a laborious task even for an experienced user. Therefore, in order to significantly simplify it, we will use a special add-in for Excel. To activate the free trial, you will need your Email, which will receive a message with an activation key and a download link.

This add-in saves you from having to enter formulas for calculating each factor in an Excel workbook, independently creates a summary report for all factors and a detailed report for products, and also, if you use Excel 2016 or Office 365, builds a chart waterfall(If you are not familiar with this chart, then be sure to read the article as this chart is an excellent way to show the results of factor analysis).

In this article, we will not dwell on all the features of this add-on, because. you can watch the video review below or read it yourself, and immediately proceed to setting up the factorial model.

As initial data, we use conditional data from the sales report for January and February. You can download an archive with an example from this link.

To run an add-in on the ribbon excel go to tab site and in the group Variance Analysis Tool press the button Run. The add-in window will open.

Enter the name of the model

The next step is to enter the mathematical formula of the factorial model. To do this, enter our factorial model in the formula field and press the button Enter.

The add-in will automatically determine the name of all factors and fill in the first column of the factor settings table with them. It remains for us to adjust the parameters of these factors.

Now let's set up the calculation order of the factors. Factors are calculated in the order in which they appear in the table: the factor at the top of the table will be calculated first, and the one at the bottom of the table will be calculated last. By dragging the factors in the first column, you need to adjust the calculation order that we defined in the previous section. To do this, left-click on the name of the factor in the first column and, without releasing the mouse button, drag the factor to the required line and release the button. As a result, we should get a sequence like in the picture below.

We left the last parameter unconfigured: a range with product names. Let's set it up. On tape Fincontrollex® Variance Analysis Tool tab home in Group Model press the button Title range.

Everything is ready and now you can perform factor analysis. To do this, on the tape Fincontrollex® Variance Analysis Tool tab home in Group Analysis press the button Run. In a couple of seconds, you will get the result of the factor analysis, which will be created in a new Excel workbook.

Based on the results of the factor analysis, it can be concluded that the growth in total sales in February compared to January was achieved due to a decrease in base prices and a change in the range of sales towards products with a lower price. In order to understand which products have undergone major changes, you can additionally analyze the "Details" sheet in the report.

Conclusion

We looked at the basic revenue model and the basic formulas for bringing it in line with business needs. These formulas are given as an example and can serve as Starting point to develop a factorial revenue model in accordance with your goals and objectives. Using the add-on Fincontrollex® Variance Analysis Tool for factor analysis allows you to analyze models of any complexity. This will allow you to focus on managing the factors that affect the revenue in your business.

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Introduction
2.2 Profit functions
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

The market economy determines the specific requirements for the enterprise management system. A faster response to changes in the economic situation is needed in order to maintain a sustainable financial condition and continuous improvement of production in accordance with changing market conditions.

In conditions market economy the enterprise independently plans its activities and determines development prospects, based on the demand for manufactured products and the need to ensure production and social development. Income became independently planned indicator among others.

The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that in a market economy the basis economic development- profit, the most important indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise, the source of its vital activity. However, it cannot be assumed that planning and profit formation remained exclusively in the sphere of interests of only the enterprise. The state is no less interested in this, commercial banks, investment structures, shareholders and other holders of securities.

The formation of a mechanism of fierce competition, the volatility of the market situation, posed the need for the enterprise to effectively use the internal resources at its disposal, on the one hand, and on the other, to respond in a timely manner to changing external conditions, which include: the financial and credit system, the tax policy of the state, the pricing mechanism, market conditions, relationships with suppliers and consumers. As a result of these reasons, the directions of analytical activity are also changing.

factor analysis profit indicator

my goal term paper- to give a quantitative assessment of the reasons that cause a change in profit on a specific example of "Arsenal" LLC and conduct a factor analysis of the profit of this enterprise.

The main tasks in the work on the analysis of the distribution and use of profits are:

¾ complete appraisal of the Arsenal LLC enterprise and analysis of its technical and economic indicators in recent years.

ѕ method of analysis and theoretical aspects of the factor analysis of the profit of the enterprise.

ѕ factorial analysis of the company's profit on a specific example for the reporting year 2013 compared to the base year 2010.

The subjects of research in the analysis process will be:

profit from sales

profit before tax

· net profit

operating income and expenses

The object of the study is LLC "Arsenal".

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the enterprise LLC "Arsenal"

1.1 General information about the enterprise

Before analyzing the financial condition of the enterprise "Arsenal" LLC, let's consider it general characteristics activities. Society with limited liability"Arsenal" was founded on February 25, 2004 in accordance with federal law"On Limited Liability Companies" and others regulations, consistent Civil Code Russian Federation. The enterprise is an independent economic entity with the rights legal entity, has an independent balance sheet, a current account in established banks, a trademark.

The main purpose of the enterprise is to make a profit. The main activities of the company are the production and sale of video, audio and home appliances.

1.2 Characteristics of organizational and production structure enterprises

The number of employees is about 218, including production personnel. Company location: the Russian Federation, Moscow region, Alexandrov, index: 172438.

The company produces the following types of products:

1) Ballu DSFS 1530 - Dishwasher

2) Cowon UHB - Humidifier

3) Arsenal iAudio10 - MP3 player

4) Defendor CBR MF600 - Speakers

At present, the organizational structure of the enterprise is as follows (see Figure 1.1).

Drawing 1 .1 Organizational structure Ltd " Arsenal".

1.3 Analysis of the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise

For analysis, consider the following figures:

Figures 1.2 - 1.4 show the main indicators of "Arsenal" LLC. From these figures, it can be seen that in 2010-2011, 2012-2013, production volumes increased in physical terms. Due to the fall in prices and less production (compared to the previous year) of the most expensive product, in the period 2012-2013 there is a decline in output in value terms. In turn, the profit of the enterprise was subject to constant changes. In 2010 and 2011, the profit was less than in 2010 and 2012, but more than in 2013. In 2013, there is a decrease in profit compared to the previous year. 2012 is the most successful year for the company and 2013 is the worst year for the company. Profitability has also undergone changes in profit and received the corresponding dynamics of change.

Drawing 1.5 Analysis financial results activities enterprises.

1. Growth of production costs in the period 2010-2012.

2. 2011-2012 growth of administrative expenses. To increase the efficiency of the enterprise.

3. But 2011-2012 brought in the least amount of profit. Therefore, it was decided to reduce management costs in the period 2012-2013. allowed the company to increase the volume of production, and at the same time reduce the price of products. This led to an increase in profits in 2013 compared to 2012.

4. In the period 2012-2013, despite the decrease in selling expenses, due to a sharp decrease in management expenses, the total cost also decreased.

Drawing 1 .6. Analysis results financial and other species activities enterprises.

Based on Figure 1.6. it can be said that the constant decrease, in the period (2010-2012), of dividends from the participation of our enterprise in the capital of other companies and organizations is one of the main reasons for the decrease in the amount of profit of the enterprise. Consider the period 2012-2013, in which there is an increase in the amount of profit:

1. An increase (9.27%) in interest payable by the enterprise, caused by the strengthening of the role of borrowed capital in its activities, for the use of which the enterprise paid 12.9 million rubles in 2013. interest on the loan instead of 11.8 million rubles. as in 2012

2. Also in the period 2012-2013. there is an increase (6.5%) of proceeds from the participation of our enterprise in the capital of other companies and organizations.

Conclusion: in this chapter were given general information and characteristics of the enterprise LLC "Arsenal". An analysis of the main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise for 4 years was also carried out.

Chapter 2 2.1 The concept of profit, its economic essence and significance

Profit is one of the main financial indicators of the plan and evaluation of the economic activity of enterprises. At the expense of profits, measures for the scientific, technical and socio-economic development of enterprises are financed, and the wage fund of their employees is increased.

Profit is received from the sale of goods or from other activities. The financial result of the activity of any enterprise is expressed by the profit revealed for the reporting period on the basis of accounting all its economic transactions.

In this regard, profit is formed as a result of the interaction of many components, both with a positive and negative sign.

The final financial result that characterizes the production and economic activities of any organization is profit, that is, it forms the basis of the economic development of the organization. Profit is obtained as the difference between the sum of income and losses received from different business operations.

Part of the obligations to the budget, banks and other enterprises are fulfilled at the expense of profits. Thus, profit is the most important indicator for assessing the production and financial activities of an enterprise.

Conducting a factor analysis of profit from sales allows you to:

§ Assess the reserves for improving the efficiency of the enterprise

§ Form management decisions on the use of production factors

2.2 Profit functions

Making a profit plays a big role in stimulating the development of production. Profit is a generalizing indicator, the presence of which indicates the efficiency of production, a favorable financial condition. Profit can take the form Money, material values, resources and benefits. Most of the savings of the enterprise is realized in profit.

The function of profit as a measure of production efficiency lies in the fact that it is profit and profitability that are the main indicators of the successful operation of an enterprise and predetermine the adoption of such decisions as the company's entry into new markets, the flow of capital from one industry to another, etc.

Profit performs a reproductive, stimulating and control function.

The reproductive function characterizes profit as one of the sources of financing for expanded production.

The stimulating function represents profit as a source of formation of incentive funds and social development of the enterprise team.

In the control function, profit is expressed as one of the main performance indicators of economic activity.

2.3 Methodology for factor analysis of enterprise profit

The sale of products and services is the source by which enterprises receive the bulk of their profits. In the process of analysis, the dynamics, the implementation of the profit plan from the sale of products are studied and the factors of change in its amount are determined.

Profit from the sale of products in general case is influenced by factors such as:

1. sales volume;

2. product structure;

3. selling prices;

4. production cost level.

The methodology for calculating the factor analysis of the profit of an enterprise includes the following steps:

1. Calculation of the impact on profit of changes in selling prices for products (Pc):

(2.1.)

where Q i 1 - sales volume of the i-th product in real terms in the reporting period;

Ц i 0 , Ц i 1 - selling price of the i-th product, respectively, in the base and reporting periods;

B 1 - sales volume in the reporting period;

В 1 0 - sales volume of the reporting period, calculated in basic prices.

Therefore, the change in profit as a result of price changes is equal to the difference in revenue from the sale of the actual volume of products, calculated in reporting and basic prices.

2. Calculation of the impact on profit of changes in the cost of production (Пz):

(2.2.)

where Z i 0 , Z i 1 - unit cost of the i-th product, respectively, in the base and reporting periods;

S 1 - production costs in the reporting period;

S 1 0 - the cost of production of the reported volume of products, calculated at the base cost.

Thus, the change in profit as a result of a change in the cost price is equal to the difference in the cost of the actual volume of production, calculated at the actual and basic cost per unit of output.

3. Calculation of the impact on profit of a change in the volume of sales of products (P Q):

(2.3.)

where Q i 0 - basic sales volume;

R 0 - profitability of sales as a whole for the enterprise in the base period.

Consequently, the change in profit as a result of a change in the volume of sales is measured by the product of the return on sales of the base period and the increase in the amount of revenue, calculated at constant (basic) prices.

4. Calculation of the impact on profit of changes in the structure (range) of manufactured products (P AS):

(2.4.)

where R i 0 - profitability of sales for the i-th product in the base period;

Thus, the impact on profit of a change in the range of products is equal to the increase in revenue, calculated in basic prices, multiplied by the difference in the profitability of the i-th product and the profitability of the entire output.

Factor analysis of the profit of the enterprise is completed by calculating the sensitivity assessment of the analyzed indicator to the action of the factors that determine it. Sensitivity scoring allows you to see where you need to focus your attention to make your business run more efficiently.

Sensitivity assessment is carried out using the sensitivity coefficient:

(2.5.)

where Y 0 - the basic value of the effective indicator;

X 0 - basic value of the factor indicator;

X - change in the factor indicator;

Y x - change in the effective indicator under the influence of factor X.

The sensitivity coefficient determines by what percentage the effective indicator will change when the indicator-factor changes by 1%.

Conclusion: in this chapter, the concept of profit, its economic essence and significance was considered, the functions of profit were listed, formulas for calculating the factor analysis of the profit of an enterprise were given.

Chapter 3 Consider the preliminary calculations that will be used in the future in factor analysis:

Drawing 3.2 Payment costs on the production.

The following figures will show the factor analysis of the enterprise LLC "Arsenal" and the calculations of the sensitivity assessment:

Drawing 3.3 - 3.4 Analysis arrived on factors (chain).

Figures 3.3 - 3.4 show a chain analysis of the profit of the LLC "Arsenal" enterprise. The figures show the dynamics of changes in profit from 2010 to 2013.

In 2011, the company's profit was higher than in 2010 due to changes in price, cost and assortment.

In 2012, there is a decline due to an increase in the cost per product (-23.59) and due to a decrease in sales (-2.77%). And 2013 turned out to be more profitable than 2012, mainly due to an increase in prime cost (22.52%).

In the future, there was an increase in prices for manufactured products, which led to a systematic increase in profits for each subsequent period. But, at the same time, the increase in the cost of production led to loss of profit.

The profit of the enterprise is subject to constant change. Therefore, let us consider the general changes in profit by factors in the period 2010 (base) - 2013 (reporting) years.

Drawing 3.5 Analysis arrived enterprises on factors (general).

A general analysis of the company's profit by factors (Fig. 3.5.) showed that for the entire period under review, an increase in sales led to an increase in profits.

In order to show the most effective ways of developing an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate the sensitivity coefficient.

Drawing 3.6 Analysis sensitivity arrived To factors her defining (chain).

From the calculations of the sensitivity coefficient (Fig. 3.6.) It can be seen that in the period 2010 - 2011. the company's profit was most sensitive to changes in sales volume. Also in the periods 2011-2012, 2012-2013. the profit of the analyzed enterprise was more sensitive to the volume of production.

We calculate the sensitivity coefficient for the entire period from 2010-2013.

Drawing 3.7 Analysis sensitivity arrived To factors her defining (general).

Calculations of the sensitivity coefficient for the entire period from 2010-2013. show that the profit of the company OOO "Arsenal" is the most sensitive to the volume of sales, the sensitivity index is 6.09. This is the highest figure of all calculated, therefore, it characterizes the most promising way for the development of the organization to increase profits.

Conclusion: in this chapter, the factor analysis of the profit of the enterprise Arsenal LLC was considered, and also, using the sensitivity coefficient, the most efficient way development, aimed at increasing the profits of the enterprise.

Conclusion

In this work, an analysis of the profit of the company "Arsenal" LLC was carried out by factors. The sensitivity coefficient was also calculated, with the help of which the most effective direction for the development of the organization was indicated.

In the theoretical part of the work, the concept of profit, its essence and significance was revealed, profit functions were listed and formulas for calculating factor analysis were provided. In the analytical part, according to the calculations provided from the tables, various indicators of Arsenal LLC were considered and analyzed.

In the first chapter, general information and characteristics of the LLC "Arsenal" enterprise were given, general economic indicators of the company's entrepreneurial activity were also considered and their analysis was carried out. This analysis shows that from 2010 to 2013:

1) 2012 is the most successful year for the company and 2013 is the worst year for the company. Sales revenue fluctuated constantly. The data show that, compared to 2012, subsequent years are less profitable for the company. This is due to the fact that the average price of products was the highest. Profitability has also undergone changes in profit and received the corresponding dynamics of change. It increased due to the growth in sales volume and decreased due to the growth in the cost of fixed assets.

2) In the second chapter of this work, the concept of profit was provided, its essence and significance were disclosed, and its functions were listed. It also provided the formulas that are necessary to calculate the factor analysis of the profit of the enterprise and the sensitivity coefficient.

3) In the third chapter, an analysis of the profit of the enterprise by factors was carried out and the sensitivity coefficient was calculated. Calculations of the sensitivity coefficient for the entire period from 2010-2013. show that the profit of the company OOO "Arsenal" is most sensitive to the volume of sales. This is the highest figure of all calculated, therefore, it characterizes the most promising way for the development of the organization to increase profits.

Based on the data provided in this work, it is possible to give a number of recommendations for the further business activities of the company.

Provided sufficient stability and favorable conditions external environment possible development of the enterprise. An increase in production volumes and a decrease in cost due to a more economical use of resources, automation of production, and an increase in labor productivity will lead to an increase in the profit of the enterprise. Also, for successful financial activity it is necessary to develop financial planning. In modern conditions, when the principle of surprise takes place, financial planning is necessary to protect the enterprise from the influence of negative external factors, to provide financial stability, achieving a high result of financial and economic activity. The development of new sales markets, the sale of goods in other regions of Russia, the release of new types of products that are in great demand, would also have a positive impact on the economic activity of the organization. It would also be necessary to improve the quality of products and optimize the personnel policy.

Conclusion: according to the data provided, it is clear that the company "Arsenal" LLC, for the period under review (2010-2013) did not have a negative profit (loss), therefore, in general, we can say that this company has prospects and potential for economic development.

Bibliography

1. Abryutina M.S., Grachev A.V. Analysis of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise. - M.: Business and service, 2009.

2. Bakanov M.I., Melnik M.V., Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2011.

3. Ermolovich L.L. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. - Minsk: Modern. school, 2011.

4. Kovalev A.I., Privalov V.P. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise. - M.: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2009.

5. Kovalev V.V. The financial analysis: methods and procedures. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2011.

6. Kovalev V.V., Volkova O.N. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise. - M.: Prospekt, 2012.

7. Kretina M.N. The financial condition of the enterprise: Methods of assessment. - M.: DIS, 2009.

8. Lyubushin N.P., Leshcheva V.B., Dyakova V.G. Analysis of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise. - M.: UNITI, 2009.

9. Mikhailova-Stanyuta I.A. Evaluation of the financial condition of the enterprise. - Minsk: Navuka i tekhshka, 2009.

10. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise: Textbook for technical schools. - M.: INFRA-M, 2011.

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FACTOR ANALYSIS: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS OF CARRYING OUT

Factor analysis is a way of a comprehensive and systematic study of the influence of individual factors on the size of the final indicators. the main goal conducting such an analysis is to find ways to increase the profitability of the firm.

Factor analysis allows you to determine general change profit in the current period in relation to the previous (base) period or a change in actual profit indicators in relation to the plan, as well as the impact of the following factors on these changes:

sales volume of products;
cost of goods sold;
selling prices;
range of products sold.

Thus, with the help of factor analysis, it is possible to establish the sales volume, cost price or selling price, which will increase the profit of the company, and factor analysis by the range of products sold will make it possible to identify the product that sells best and the product that is in the least demand.

Indicators for factor analysis are taken from accounting. If you analyze the results for the year, then use the data of form No. 2 "Report on financial results".

Factor analysis can be done:

1) by the method of absolute differences;

2) by the method of chain substitutions.

Mathematical formula of the factor analysis model of sales profit:

PR = V prod × (C - S units),

where PR - profit from sales (planned or basic);

V prod - the volume of sales of products (goods) in physical terms (pieces, tons, meters, etc.);

C - the selling price of a unit of sold products;

S ed - the cost of a unit of sold products.

Absolute difference method

The mathematical formula of PR (sales profit) is taken as the basis of factor analysis. The formula includes three analyzed factors:

sales volume in natural units;
price;
cost per unit of sales.

Consider situations that affect profit. Let's determine the change in the amount of profit due to each factor. The calculation is based on the successive replacement of the planned values of factor indicators with their deviations, and then with the actual level of these indicators. Here are the calculation formulas for each situation that affected the profit.

Situation 1. Impact on profit of sales volume:

ΔPR volume = Δ V prod × (C plan - S units plan) = ( V prod. fact - V prod. plan) × (C plan - S units plan).

Situation 2. Effect on profit of the selling price:

ΔPR price = V prod. fact × ΔC = V prod. fact × (C fact - C plan).

Situation 3. The impact on the profit of the unit cost of production:

ΔPR S ed = V prod. fact × (-Δ S u) = V prod. fact × (-( S units fact - S units plan)).

Chain substitution method

Using this method, the influence of one factor is first considered, while the others remain unchanged, then the second, etc. The same mathematical formula of the factor analysis model of sales profit is taken as the basis.

We will reveal the influence of factors on the amount of profit.

Situation 1. Change in sales volume.

PR1 = V prod. fact × (C plan - S units plan);

ΔPR volume = PR1 - PR plan.

Situation 2. Change in sales price.

PR2 = V prod. fact × (T fact - S units plan);

ΔPR price = PR2 - PR1.

Situation 3. Change in cost unit sales.

ETC S ed = V prod. fact × (T fact - S units fact);

ΔPR S unit = PR3 - PR2.

Conventions used in the above formulas:

PR plan - profit from sales (planned or basic);

PR1 - profit received under the influence of the factor of change in sales volume (situation 1);

PR2 - profit received under the influence of the price change factor (situation 2);

PR3 - profit received under the influence of the factor of change in the cost of sales of a unit of production (situation 3);

ΔPR volume - the amount of profit deviation due to a change in sales volume;

ΔPR price - the amount of profit deviation when the price changes;

ΔP S ed - the amount of deviation of profit when the cost of a unit of sold products changes;

Δ V prod - the difference between the actual and planned (basic) sales volume;

ΔTs is the difference between the actual and planned (basic) sales price;

Δ S ed - the difference between the actual and planned (basic) cost per unit of sold products;

V prod. fact — actual sales volume;

V prod. plan - planned sales volume;

C plan - planned price;

C fact - actual price;

S units plan - the cost of a unit of sold products is planned;

S units fact - the cost of a unit of sold products is actual.

Remarks

The chain substitution method gives the same results as the absolute difference method.
The total deviation of profit will be equal to the sum of the deviations under the influence of all factors for which factor analysis is carried out.

FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SALES PROFIT

We will carry out a factorial analysis of profit from sales with using Excel. First, let's compare the actual and planned indicators in Excel tables, then we will build a diagram and a graph that will clearly show the results and deviations of the factor analysis performed.

In Excel, you can build a standard plan-fact table consisting of several blocks: on the left side of the table in the column there will be the name of the indicator, in the center - data with plan and fact, on the right side - deviation (in absolute and relative values).

EXAMPLE 1

The organization sells rolled metal products. Indirect costs are allocated to the cost of goods sold, that is, the full cost of production is formed. We will carry out a factor analysis of profit from sales in two ways (the method of absolute differences and the method of chain substitutions) and determine which of the indicators greatest influence to the profit of the company.

Planned figures are taken from the sales business plan, actual figures are taken from financial statements(form No. 2) and accounting - (reports on sales in natural units).

Data on the results of the company's financial activities (actual and planned) are presented in Table. one.

Table 1. Data on the results of the company's financial activities, thousand rubles.
Factor	Plan	Fact	Deviations from the plan
Factor	Plan	Fact	absolute	in percentages
				5 = / × 100%
Sales volume, thousand tons


Cost of sales
Cost of sales 1 ton

From the data in Table. 1 it follows that the actual sales volume is lower than the planned one by 10.1 thousand tons, the selling price was higher than the planned one by 0.15 thousand rubles. At the same time, the amount of actual revenue is less than the planned one by 276.99 thousand rubles, and the cost of sales, on the contrary, is higher than the planned one by 1130 thousand rubles. All of the above factors reduced the actual profit compared to the planned one by 1404.78 thousand. rub.

E. V. Akimova, auditor

The material is published in part. You can read it in full in the magazine.