Phraseological units of ancient Greek origin. Antique origins of phraseological units in Russian

Nature. Loans. in the 16th century from lat. lang., where natura "nature" is Suf. derived from natum "born" (from nascor "I am born"). Wed nature.
"boat, canoe", Ukrainian kayuk. Borrowed from the Tat., Tur., Crimean-Tat., Kazakh.

Scylla and Charybdis - in ancient Greek mythology, two monsters that lived on both sides of the narrow sea strait between Italy and Sicily and killed passing sailors. Scylla, who had six heads, grabbed rowers from passing ships, and Charybdis, who sucked water into herself at a great distance, swallowed up the ship with her.

Skilla (ancient Greek Σκύλλα, in Latin transliteration Scylla, lat. Scylla) and Charybdis (ancient Greek Χάρυβδις, transcription of Charybdides is acceptable) are sea monsters from ancient Greek mythology.

Charybdis in the ancient Greek epic is the personified representation of the all-consuming deep sea (etymologically, Charybdis means "whirlpool", although there are other interpretations of this word). In the Odyssey, Charybdis is depicted as a sea deity (ancient Greek δία Χάρυβδις), living in a strait under a rock at an arrow's flight distance from another rock that served as the seat of Scylla.

Comparison of Skilla with Charybdis served as the formation of a proverb, equivalent to the Russian "out of the fire and into the frying pan":

Phraseological units from ancient Greek myths

Phraseologism "Sisyphean labor" meaning

The ancient Greek myth tells about the cunning and treacherous Corinthian king Sisyphus, who deceived the gods several times in order to prolong his luxurious life on earth.

An angry Zeus awarded him eternal torment in hell for this: Sisyphus had to roll a huge stone up a high mountain, which at the top suddenly broke out of his hands and rolled down. And it all started over...

The Sisyphean expression labor began to denote hard, exhausting, useless work.

Phraseologism "Apple of discord" meaning

According to ancient Greek myth, once the goddess of discord, Eris, was not invited to a feast. Holding a grudge, Eris decided to take revenge on the gods. She took a golden apple, on which was written "the most beautiful", and imperceptibly threw it between the goddesses Hera, Aphrodite and Athena. The goddesses argued over which of them should own it. Each considered herself the most beautiful. The son of the Trojan king Paris, who was invited to be a judge, gave the apple to Aphrodite, and in gratitude she helped him kidnap the wife of the Spartan king Helen. Because of this, the Trojan War broke out.

The expression apple of discord has turned into a phraseological unit denoting the cause of a quarrel, enmity

MEDUSA'S LOOK

If a person is unpleasant in communication and not liked by others, then it is often said that he has the look of Medusa.

Medusa Gorgon - a monster on whose head snakes wriggled, and instead of feet there were copper hooves. If a person looked at her, then he immediately turned into stone.

Perseus managed to defeat the monster. To kill Medusa, the hero had to show remarkable ingenuity: during the battle, he used a shiny shield that reflected the Gorgon - so Perseus never looked at the monster. Then he cut off the head of the defeated Medusa and attached it to the shield. As it turned out, her gaze could still turn all living things into stone.

BARREL DANAID

A barrel of Danaids is a meaningless, useless work.

As the ancient Greek legend says, a long time ago King Danai sat on the Libyan throne, who had fifty beautiful daughters. And the gods gave the Egyptian king Egypt fifty sons, whom he planned to wed with the daughters of Danae. But the Libyan king opposed the will of Egypt and, together with his daughters, fled. In the Greek city of Argos, the sons overtook Danae and forced his daughters to marry them. But Danai did not want to put up with such an outcome and persuaded his daughters to kill the spouses after the wedding feast. All but one of the sisters obeyed the father's command. The beautiful Hypermnestra sincerely fell in love with the handsome Linkei and could not take his life.

The crime committed by the Danaids angered the Gods, and they severely punished the guilty. In the terrible Tartarus, a terrible curse awaited them - the sisters are forever doomed to pour water into a bottomless barrel, trying to fill it.

ATTIC SALT

Attic salt - (bookish) - an elegant joke, refined wit.

Turnover - tracing paper from lat. sal Atticus. The expression is attributed to the ancient Roman writer and orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC). In an effort to popularize Greek culture in Rome, Cicero in his writings devoted a significant place to the theory oratory developed by the Greeks. He especially singled out the inhabitants of Attica, famous for their eloquence. "All of them were ... sprinkled with the salt of wit ..." - wrote Cicero.

PROMETHEUS FIRE

Prometheus fire - (bookish) the spirit of nobility, courage, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals.

The expression comes from ancient Greek mythology. One of the titans, Prometheus, stole fire from the gods and taught people how to use it. Enraged, Zeus ordered Hephaestus to chain the titan to a rock, where an eagle flew every day to peck at the liver of Prometheus. The hero Hercules freed Prometheus.

ARIADNE'S THREAD

Ariadne's thread - means a way out of some difficult, confusing situation. The expression originated from ancient Greek myth about the Golden Fleece, when Ariadne gave her lover a ball of thread so that he could find a way out of the labyrinth. Here you can download or listen to the MYTH "Theseus' Journey to Crete" - the source of the phraseological unit Ariadne's thread.

OLYMPIAN CALM

Olympic calmness - imperturbable calmness.

Olympus is a mountain in Greece, where, as it is told in Greek myths, the gods lived. In Sophocles, Aristotle, Virgil and other authors, Olympus is the vault of heaven inhabited by the gods. The Olympians are immortal gods, always preserving the majestic solemnity of their appearance and imperturbable peace of mind.

TSAR! REMEMBER THE GREEKS

Tsar! Remember the Greeks. 1. Reminder of urgent business. 2. A reminder of the need for revenge.

The king of Persia (522-4X6 BC) Darius I ordered his slave to repeat these words loudly to him three times a day, every time Darius sat down at the table. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, in this way this ruler showed that he had not forgotten how the Greeks (Athenians and Ionians) captured and burned the Persian city of Sardis, and that he would certainly take revenge when it was possible.

PANDORA'S BOX

Pandora's Box. Allegorically - "a source of misfortune, trouble." Phraseologism is associated with the myth of Pandora, who received from the god Zeus a closed box filled with all earthly disasters and misfortunes. Curious Pandora opened the box, and human misfortunes flew out

PROCRUSTEAN BED

Procrustean bed. Allegorical expression - "a sample given in advance, for which you need to prepare something." One of the Greek myths tells about the robber Procrustes (torturer). He caught passers-by and adjusted them to his bed: if a person was longer, they cut off his legs, if shorter, they pulled him out.

THE GOLDEN FLEECE

The Golden Fleece is gold, wealth that they seek to master.

In ancient Greek myths, it is said that the hero Jason went to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea) to extract the golden fleece (golden wool of a ram), which was guarded by a dragon and bulls, spewing flames from their mouths. Jason built the ship "Argo" (fast), after which the participants in this, according to legend, the first long-distance voyage of antiquity, were called Argonauts. With the help of the sorceress Medea, Jason, having overcome all obstacles, successfully took possession of the golden fleece. The first to expound this myth was the poet Pindar (518-442 BC).

BACK TO YOUR PENATES

To return to their penates - to return under their own roof.

What does penates mean and why do people return to them? The ancient Romans believed in kind, cozy gods who lived in every house and guarded it, a kind of brownie. They were called penates, they were revered, treated to food from their table, and when leaving for a foreign land, they tried to take their small images with them.

Remember "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin:

Returned to his penates,

Vladimir Lensky visited

The neighbor's monument is moderate.

TWO-FACED JANUS

In Roman mythology, Janus - the god of time, entrances and exits - was depicted with two faces. One face, young, was turned forward, into the future. Another, senile, - back to the past. In modern language, it is used as a synonym for an insincere, two-faced person, a double-dealer.

GREEK GIFT

The gifts of the Danaans are insidious gifts brought with a treacherous purpose.

An expression from the Iliad: in the legend, the Greeks took Troy by building a huge wooden horse and giving it to the Trojans. A detachment of warriors was hidden inside the horse.

FABRIC PENELOPE

Penelope's fabric is about sophisticated cunning.

Penelope, the wife of Odysseus (the hero of Homer's Odyssey), promised to choose from among the suitors who molested her after she finished weaving a veil for her old father-in-law Laertes. But every night she unraveled everything that she managed to do in a day. When her cunning was revealed, Odysseus returned and killed in a fierce battle all the applicants for the hand of his wife.

GOLDEN AGE

In ancient times, people believed that a long time ago, at the dawn of time, a beautiful golden age reigned on earth, when humanity enjoyed peace and serenity - people did not know what fear, wars, laws, crimes, hunger were.

And although these naive beliefs have long sunk into oblivion, the golden age phraseologism is still alive - this is how we call the most best time, the days of the heyday of something.

Here you can listen or download the MYTH "FIVE CENTURIES"

CORNUCOPIA

The cornucopia is an endless source of wealth, wealth.

The ancient Greek myth tells that the cruel god Kronos did not want to have children, as he was afraid that they would take away his power. Therefore, his wife gave birth to Zeus in secret, instructing the nymphs to take care of him, Zeus was fed with the milk of the divine goat Amalthea. Once she, clinging to a tree, broke off her horn. The nymph filled it with fruits and gave it to Zeus. Zeus gave the horn to the nymphs who raised him, promising that whatever they wished would come out of it.

So the expression cornucopia became a symbol of prosperity, wealth.

Here you can listen or download the MYTH "BIRTH OF ZEUS"

THE BOND OF HYMENEUS

The bonds of Hymen are the mutual obligations that living together imposes on spouses, or, simply, matrimony itself, marriage.

Bonds are fetters, what bind a person or tie one Living being to another. There are many words of this root: “prisoner”, “knot”, “bridle”, “burden”, etc. Thus, we are talking about something like “ligaments” or “chains”, Hymeneus in Ancient Greece was called the god of marriage, the patron saint of weddings.

Eugene Onegin in the novel by A. S. Pushkin says to Tatyana Larina:

Judge what kind of roses

Hymen will prepare for us ... -

when it comes to their possible marriage.

Here you can download or listen to the MYTH "HYMENEUS"

tantalum flour

Tantalum's torments, Tantalus's torments - suffering from the awareness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. Here you can listen or download the MYTH "TANTAL"

AUGEAN STABLES

AUGEAN STABLES - a dirty place, neglected business, a mess.

GORDIAN KNOT

To cut the Gordian knot - boldly, energetically solve a difficult matter.

I HAVE EVERYTHING I HAVE WITH ME

Everything that a person carries with him is his inner wealth, knowledge and mind.

PANIC FEAR (HORROR)

Panic is a strong fear. Here you can listen or download the myth "PAN"

PALMA

The palm tree is a symbol of victory, almost the same as the laurel wreath.

RIDE A PEGASUS

Saddle Pegasus - become a poet, speak poetry

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

To be under the auspices - to use someone's patronage, to be protected.

SWORD OF DAMOCLES

The sword of Damocles is a constant threat.

HOMERIC LAUGHTER (LAUGHTER)

Homeric laughter is unrestrained laughter.

PILLARS OF HERCULES (PILLARS)

To say "reached the pillars of Hercules" means reached the extreme limit.

MENTOR TONE

"Mentor tone" - mentoring, arrogant tone.

In Greek mythology, the Augean Stables are the vast stables of Augius, king of Elis, which have not been cleaned for many years. They were cleansed in one day by Hercules: he sent a river through the stables, the waters of which carried away all the manure.

2. Ariadne's thread is what helps to find a way out of a predicament.

The expression originated from the Greek myths about the hero Theseus, who killed the Minotaur. At the request of the Cretan king Minos, the Athenians were obliged to send seven young men and seven girls to Crete every year to be devoured by the Minotaur, who lived in a labyrinth built for him, from which no one could get out. To accomplish a dangerous feat, Theseus was helped by the daughter of the Cretan king Ariadne, who fell in love with him. Secretly from her father, she gave him a sharp sword and a ball of thread. When Theseus and the boys and girls doomed to be torn to pieces were taken to the labyrinth, Theseus tied the end of the thread at the entrance and went along the intricate passages, gradually unwinding the ball. After killing the Minotaur, Theseus found his way back from the labyrinth by a thread and led out all the doomed from there.

3. Achilles' heel - a weak spot.

In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the most powerful and brave heroes. He is sung in the Iliad by Homer. The mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him into the sacred river Styx. While dipping, she held him by the heel, which the water did not touch, so the heel remained the only vulnerable spot of Achilles, where he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

4. Barrel Danaid - endless work, fruitless work.

Danaids - fifty daughters of the king of Libya Danae, with whom his brother Egypt, the king of Egypt, was at enmity. Fifty sons of Egypt, pursuing Danae, who fled from Libya to Argolis, forced the fugitive to give them his fifty daughters as wives. In the very first wedding night The Danaids, at the request of their father, killed their husbands. Only one of them decided to disobey her father. For the crime committed, forty-nine Danaids were sentenced by the gods after their death to forever fill a bottomless barrel with water in the underworld of Hades.

5. The age of Astrea is a happy time, time.

Astrea is the goddess of justice. The time when she was on earth was a happy, “golden age”. She left the earth in the Iron Age and since then, under the name of Virgo, has been shining in the constellation of the Zodiac.

6. Hercules. Hercules labor (feat). Pillars of Hercules(pillars).

Hercules (Hercules) - the hero of Greek myths, gifted with extraordinary physical strength. He accomplished the famous twelve labors. On the opposite coasts of Europe and Africa, near the Strait of Gibraltar, he placed the “Pillars of Hercules (pillars)”. So in the ancient world they called the rocks - Gibraltar and Jebel Musa. These pillars were considered “the edge of the world”, beyond which there is no way. Therefore, the expression “to reach the Pillars of Hercules” began to be used in the meaning: to reach the limit of something, to the extreme point. The expression "Herculean labor, feat" is used when talking about any business that requires extraordinary efforts.

7. Hercules at the crossroads. Applied to a person who finds it difficult to choose between two solutions.

The expression originated from the speech of the Greek sophist Prodicus. In this speech, Prodicus told the allegory he had composed about the young man Hercules (Hercules), who was sitting at a crossroads and reflecting on the life path that he was to choose. Two women approached him: Pampering, who painted for him a life full of pleasures and luxury, and Virtue, who showed him the difficult path to glory.

8. Bonds (chains) of Hymen - marriage, matrimony.

In ancient Greece, the word "hymen" meant both a wedding song and the deity of marriage, consecrated by religion and law, in contrast to Eros, the god of free love.

9. The sword of Damocles is a looming, threatening danger.

The expression arose from the ancient Greek tradition, told by Cicero in the essay “Tusculan Conversations”. Damocles, one of the associates of the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder, began to enviously speak of him as the happiest of people. Dionysius, in order to teach the envious man a lesson, put him in his place. During the feast, Damocles saw that a sharp sword was hanging on a horsehair over his head. Dionysius explained that this is an emblem of the dangers to which he, as a ruler, is constantly exposed, despite his seemingly happy life.

10. Gifts of the Danes. - "insidious" gifts, bringing with them death for those who receive them.

The Trojan horse is a secret insidious plan (hence the Trojan virus (Trojan)).

The expressions originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danans (Greeks), after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to a trick: they built a huge wooden horse, left it at the walls of Troy, and pretended to swim away from the coast of Troy. The priest Laocoön, seeing this horse and knowing the tricks of the Danaans, exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, who hid inside the horse, went out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who returned on ships, and thus captured Troy.

11. Two-faced Janus - a two-faced person.

Janus is the god of every beginning and end, entrances and exits (janua - door). Depicted with two faces facing opposite sides: young - forward, into the future, old - back, into the past.

12. Golden fleece - gold, wealth, which they seek to master.

Argonauts are brave sailors and adventurers.

Jason went to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea) to extract the golden fleece (golden wool of a ram), which was guarded by a dragon and bulls, spewing flames from their mouths. Jason built the Argo ship, after which the participants in this, according to legend, the first long-distance voyage of antiquity, were called the Argonauts. With the help of the sorceress Medea, Jason, having overcome all obstacles, successfully took possession of the golden fleece.

13. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten.

Lethe is the river of oblivion in Hades, the underworld. The souls of the dead, upon arrival in the underworld, drank water from it and forgot their entire past life. The name of the river has become a symbol of oblivion.

14. Between Scylla and Charybdis - in a difficult situation, when danger threatens from two sides.

According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the strait: Scylla and Charybdis, which swallowed sailors.

15. Torments of Tantalus - suffering due to unsatisfied desires.

Tantalus, king of Phrygia (also called king of Lydia), was a favorite of the gods, who often invited him to their feasts. But, proud of his position, he offended the gods, for which he was severely punished. According to Homer (“The Odyssey”, II, 582-592), his punishment was that, thrown into Tartarus (hell), he always experiences unbearable pangs of thirst and hunger. He stands up to his neck in water, but the water recedes from him as soon as he bows his head to drink. Branches with luxurious fruits hang over him, but as soon as he stretches out his hands to them, the branches deviate.

16. Narcissus - a person who loves only himself.

Narcissus is a handsome young man, the son of the river god Cephis and the nymph Leiriopa. One day, Narcissus, who had never loved anyone, leaned over the stream and, seeing his face in it, fell in love with himself and died of anguish. His body turned into a flower.

17. Nectar and ambrosia - an unusually tasty drink, an exquisite dish.

In Greek mythology, nectar is a drink, ambrosia (ambrosia) is the food of the gods, giving them immortality.

18. Olympians are arrogant, inaccessible people.

Olympian bliss is the highest degree of bliss.

Olympian calm - calm, unperturbed by anything.

Olympic greatness - solemnity with manners.

Olympus is a mountain in Greece, where, as described in Greek myths, the immortal gods lived.

19. Panic fear - sudden, intense fear, causing confusion.

It arose from the myths about Pan, the god of forests and fields. According to the myths, Pan brings sudden and unaccountable terror to people, especially travelers in remote and lonely places, as well as to the troops who rush to flee from this. This is where the word "panic" comes from.

20. Pygmalion and Galatea - about passionate love without reciprocity.

In the myth of the famous sculptor Pygmalion, it is said that he openly expressed his contempt for women. Enraged by this, the goddess Aphrodite made him fall in love with a statue of a young girl Galatea, created by him, and doomed him to the torment of unrequited love. Pygmalion's passion was, however, so strong that it breathed life into the statue. The revived Galatea became his wife.

21. Prometheus fire - sacred fire burning in the human soul; unquenchable desire to achieve high goals.

Prometheus is one of the titans. He stole fire from heaven and taught people how to use it, which undermined faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock. The eagle that flew in every day tormented the liver of the chained titan.

22. Penelope's work is an endless work (fidelity of the wife).

The expression originated from Homer's Odyssey. Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, remained faithful to him during many years of separation from him, despite the harassment of the suitors. She said that she was postponing a new marriage until the day when she finished weaving the coffin for her father-in-law, Elder Laertes. She spent the whole day weaving, and at night she unraveled everything that she had woven during the day and went back to work.

23. Sphinx riddle - something unsolvable.

Sphinx - a monster with the face and chest of a woman, the body of a lion and the wings of a bird, who lived on a rock near Thebes. The Sphinx lay in wait for travelers and asked them riddles. He killed those who failed to unravel them. When the Theban king Oedipus solved the riddles given to him, the monster took his own life.

24. Sisyphean labor is endless, ethereal (useless) work.

The Corinthian king Sisyphus was sentenced by Zeus to eternal torment in Hades for insulting the gods: he had to roll a huge stone up the mountain, which, having reached the top, again rolled down.

25. Circe - dangerous beauty, an insidious seducer.

Circe (Latin form; Greek Kirke) - according to Homer, an insidious sorceress. With the help of a magical drink, she turned the companions of Odysseus into pigs. Odysseus, who was given a magical plant by Hermes, overcame her spell, and she invited him to share her love. Having forced Circe to swear that she was not plotting anything evil against him and would return the human form to his companions, Odysseus bowed to her proposal.

26. Apple of discord - the cause of the dispute, enmity.

The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple between the guests at the wedding feast with the inscription: “To the most beautiful.” Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should get the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

27. Pandora's box - a source of misfortune, great disasters.

Once people lived without knowing any misfortunes, illnesses and old age, until Prometheus stole fire from the gods. For this, the angry Zeus sent a beautiful woman to earth - Pandora. She received from Zeus a chest in which all human misfortunes were locked. Spurred on by curiosity, Pandora opened the chest and scattered all the misfortunes.

28. Golden rain - big money or easily obtained wealth.

This image arose from the Greek myth of Zeus, who, captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, appeared to her in the form of a golden rain, after which her son Perseus was born.

29. Cyclops - one-eyed

Cyclopes are one-eyed blacksmith giants, strong men, cannibals, cruel and rude, living in caves on mountain tops, engaged in cattle breeding. The Cyclopes were credited with building gigantic buildings.

WORKS

A.S. Pushkin

PROPHET

Spiritual thirst tormented,

In the gloomy desert I dragged, -

And a six-winged seraph

He appeared to me at a crossroads.

With fingers as light as a dream

He touched my eyes.

Prophetic eyes opened,

Like a frightened eagle.

He touched my ears,

And they were filled with noise and ringing:

And I heard the shudder of the sky,

And the heavenly angels flight,

And the reptile of the sea underwater course,

And the valley of the vine vegetation.

And he clung to my lips,

And tore out my sinful tongue,

And idle and crafty,

And the sting of the wise snake

In my frozen mouth

He invested it with a bloody right hand.

And he cut my chest with a sword,

And took out a trembling heart,

And coal burning with fire

He put a hole in his chest.

Like a corpse in the desert I lay,

And God's voice called out to me:

"Arise, prophet, and see, and listen,

Fulfill my will

And, bypassing the seas and lands,

Burn the hearts of the people with the verb."

Notes

* Prophet (p. 149). In the image of the prophet, as in "Imitations of the Koran" (see above), Pushkin understood the poet. The picture depicted by Pushkin, in several small details, goes back to the VI chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Bible (six-winged Seraphim with a burning coal in his hand).

The poem was originally part of a cycle of four poems, under the title "Prophet", of anti-government content, dedicated to the events of December 14th. M. P. Pogodin explained to P. A. Vyazemsky in a letter dated March 29, 1837: “He wrote “Prophet” when he was in Moscow in 1826. There should be four poems, the first one has just been printed (“We languish with spiritual thirst, etc.”) "(" Links ", VI, 1936, p. 153). The remaining three poems were destroyed and have not reached us.

The version of the first verse of the "Prophet" - "We torment the Great Sorrow", which is available in Pushkin's note, apparently refers to the original edition of the well-known text.

Six-winged seraph- In Christian mythology, seraphim were called angels, especially close to God and glorifying him.

Finger- finger

Zenica- Pupil, eye.

opened up– opened

prophetic- Foreseeing the future, prophetic

Gorniy(flight) - Located in the sky.

Vegetation– growth

Right hand- right hand, sometimes even a hand

Vizhd- Look

Listen- Listen to someone, direct attention to someone.

The theme of the poem:

The moment of writing the poem refers to 1826. This multidimensional poetic work belongs to a series of poems, the key themes of which are the problem of the spiritual realization of the poet and the problem of the essence of poetry.

Composition and plot:

In the compositional aspect, it seems possible to divide the text into three equal parts. The first characterizes the place and time of the action (it consists of four verses). To some extent, the initial formula of the poem echoes the introductory part of Dante's Divine Comedy. The “six-winged seraphim”, an angel who is especially close to the throne of God and glorifies him, indicates immersion in the Old Testament space; he appears to the hero “at a crossroads”, which also emphasizes the sacredness and universality of the issues under consideration. According to the Old Testament ideas described in the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, one of the seraphim cleanses the prophet's lips by touching them with hot coal, which he takes with tongs from the sacred altar, thereby preparing him for the fulfillment of the mission of service. The theme of fire receives large-scale development in the poem at the compositional and lexical-semantic levels; the inner form of the word “seraphim” (translated from the Hebrew “fiery”, “flaming”) also actualizes the concept: in the word, one can single out the generating root srp “burn”, “burn”, “burn”. The second part of the poem occupies twenty lines and is dedicated to the transformation of a person into a Prophet. Its fusion and internal correlation is actualized by a special mechanism of poetic expressiveness: a complex sound anaphora for "and". The final part consists of six lines and expresses the idea of prophetic ministry; in it, the voice of God, calling to the lyrical hero, sums up a kind of result of the accomplished reincarnation. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter with periodic significant interruptions in the form of spondei and pyrrhichi, with double, cross and embracing rhymes with male and female rhymes; at the rhythmic-metrical level, the key idea of the poem is also reflected.

Lermontov "Duma"

Sadly, I look at our generation!

His future is either empty or dark,

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,

It will grow old in inaction.

We are rich, barely from the cradle,

The mistakes of the fathers and their late mind,

And life is already tormenting us, like a smooth path without a goal,

Like a feast at someone else's holiday.

Shamefully indifferent to good and evil,

At the beginning of the race we wither without a fight;

In the face of danger shamefully cowardly

And before the authorities - despicable slaves.

So skinny fruit, ripe before its time,

Not pleasing our taste, nor our eyes,

Hanging between flowers, an orphaned stranger,

And the hour of their beauty is its fall hour!

We dried up the mind with fruitless science,

Taya enviously from neighbors and friends

Unbelief ridiculed passions.

We barely touched the cup of pleasure,

But we did not save our young forces;

From every joy, fearing satiety,

We best juice taken out forever.

Dreams of poetry, creation of art

Sweet delight does not stir our mind;

We greedily keep in the chest the rest of the feeling -

Buried by avarice and useless treasure.

And we hate, and we love by chance,

Sacrificing nothing to either malice or love,

And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul,

When the fire boils in the blood.

And our ancestors are boring luxury fun,

Their conscientious, childish depravity;

And we hurry to the grave without happiness and without glory,

Looking back mockingly.

We will pass over the world without noise or trace,

Nor the genius of the work begun.

And our ashes, with the severity of a judge and a citizen,

A descendant will offend with a contemptuous verse,

The mockery of the bitter deceived son

Over the squandered father.

The poem "Duma" in its genre is the same elegy-satire as "The Death of a Poet". Only the satire here is directed not at the court society, but at the bulk of the noble intelligentsia of the 30s.

The main theme of the poem is the social behavior of a person. The theme is revealed in Lermontov's Characteristics of the Generation of the 1930s given here. This generation, which grew up under conditions of gloomy reaction, is not at all what it was in the 10-20s, not the generation of "fathers", that is, the Decembrists. The socio-political struggle of the Decembrists is considered by them as a “mistake” (“We are rich, barely from the cradle, by the mistakes of our fathers ...”). The new generation has moved away from participation in public life and has delved into the pursuit of "sterile science", it is not disturbed by questions of good and evil; it shows "shameful cowardice in the face of danger", is "contemptible slaves before the authorities." Neither poetry nor art speaks to these people. Their fate is bleak:

Crowd gloomy and soon forgotten

We will pass over the world without noise or trace,

Not throwing for centuries a fruitful thought,

Nor the genius of the work begun.

Such a harsh assessment by Lermontov of his contemporaries was dictated by his social views as an advanced poet. For him, who even as a young man declared: “Life is so boring when there is no struggle,” an indifferent attitude to the evil reigning in life is especially unacceptable. Indifference to public life is the spiritual death of a person.

Severely censuring his generation for this indifference, for departing from the socio-political struggle, Lermontov, as it were, calls him to moral renewal, to awakening from spiritual hibernation. Lermontov, acting as an accuser, echoes Ryleev in this, who, with the same denunciation, turned to his contemporaries who evaded the political struggle in the poem "Citizen".

How fair and accurate was the characterization of the generation of the 30s, given by Lermontov in the Duma, is best evidenced by the testimony of his contemporaries, Belinsky and Herzen, who deeply felt all the horror of their era. Belinsky wrote about the Duma: “These verses are written in blood; they came out of the depths of the offended spirit. This is a cry, this is the groan of a man for whom the absence of an inner life is an evil, a thousand times more terrible than physical death!

apathy, inner emptiness and will not respond to him with a cry, with his groan? And Herzen spoke about this era: “Will the future people understand, will they appreciate all the horror, all the tragic side of our existence? .. Will they understand ... why hands do not rise to great work, why do we not forget longing in a moment of delight?”

Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

"Woe from Wit" - a comedy in the verses of A. S. Griboedov - a work that made its creator a classic of Russian literature. It combines elements of classicism and romanticism and realism, new for the beginning of the 19th century.

The comedy "Woe from Wit" - a satire on the aristocratic Moscow society of the first half of the 19th century - is one of the pinnacles of Russian dramaturgy and poetry; actually completed the "comedy in verse" as a genre. The aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she "dispersed into quotes."

Text history:

Around 1816, Griboyedov, returning from abroad, found himself in St. Petersburg at one of the secular evenings and was amazed at how the whole audience admired everything foreign. That evening she surrounded with attention and care some chatty Frenchman; Griboyedov could not stand it and made a fiery diatribe. While he was speaking, someone in the audience announced that Griboedov was crazy, and thus spread the word all over Petersburg. Griboyedov, in order to take revenge on secular society, conceived the idea of writing a comedy about this.

Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

"Thunderstorm" - a play in five acts by Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky

History of creation

The play was begun by Alexander Ostrovsky in July and finished on October 9, 1859. The manuscript is stored in the Russian State Library.

The personal drama of the writer is also connected with the writing of the play "Thunderstorm". In the manuscript of the play, next to famous monologue Katerina: “And what dreams I had, Varenka, what dreams! Or golden temples, or some extraordinary gardens, and everyone sings invisible voices…”, there is Ostrovsky’s note: “I heard from L.P. about the same dream…”. L.P. is the actress Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya, with whom the young playwright had a very difficult personal relationship: both had families. The husband of the actress was the artist of the Maly Theater I. M. Nikulin. And Alexander Nikolayevich also had a family: he lived in a civil marriage with a commoner Agafya Ivanovna, with whom he had children in common (all of them died as children). Ostrovsky lived with Agafya Ivanovna for nearly twenty years.

It was Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya who served as the prototype for the image of the heroine of the play Katerina, she also became the first performer of the role.

Alexander Golovin. Bank of the Volga. 1916 Sketches of scenery for the drama by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

In 1848, Alexander Ostrovsky went with his family to Kostroma, to the Shchelykovo estate. The natural beauty of the Volga region struck the playwright, and then he thought about the play. For a long time it was believed that the plot of the drama "Thunderstorm" was taken by Ostrovsky from the life of the Kostroma merchants. Kostromichi at the beginning of the 20th century could accurately indicate the place of Katerina's suicide.

In his play, Ostrovsky raises the problem of the turning point in public life that occurred in the 1850s, the problem of changing social foundations.

The names of the heroes of the play are endowed with symbolism: Kabanova is a heavy, heavy woman; Kuligin is a “kuliga”, a swamp, some of its features and name are similar to the name of the inventor Kulibin; the name Katerina means "pure"; Barbara, which is opposed to her, is a "barbarian".

In the play "Thunderstorm" the writer described the state of provincial society in Russia on the eve of reforms. The playwright considers such issues as the position of a woman in the family, the modernity of Domostroy, the awakening in a person of a sense of personality and dignity, the relationship between the “old”, oppressive, and “young”, mute.

The main idea of “Thunderstorm” is that a strong, gifted and courageous person with natural aspirations and desires cannot live happily in a society dominated by “cruel morals”, where Domostroy reigns, where everything is based on fear, deceit and submission .

The name "Thunderstorm" can be considered from several positions. Thunderstorm is a natural phenomenon, and nature plays an important role in the composition of the play. So, it complements the action, emphasizes the main idea, the essence of what is happening. For example, a beautiful night landscape corresponds to a date between Katerina and Boris. The expanses of the Volga emphasize Katerina's dreams of freedom, a picture of cruel nature opens up when describing the suicide of the main character. Then nature contributes to the development of action, as if pushing events, stimulates the development and resolution of the conflict. So, in the scene of a thunderstorm, the elements induce Katerina to public repentance.

So, the name “Thunderstorm” emphasizes the main idea of the play: self-esteem awakening in people; the desire for freedom and independence begins to threaten the existence of the old order.

The world of Kabanikhi and the Wild comes to an end, because in the “dark kingdom” a “beam of light” appeared - Katerina is a woman who cannot put up with the oppressive atmosphere that reigns in the family, in the city. Her protest was expressed in love for Boris, in an unauthorized departure from life. Katerina preferred death to existence in a world where she was “sick of everything”. She is the first lightning of that thunderstorm that will soon break out in society. The clouds over the "old" world have been gathering for a long time. Domostroy has lost its original meaning. Kabanikha and Dikoi use his ideas only to justify their tyranny and tyranny. They failed to convey to their children the true faith in the inviolability of their rules of life. Young people live according to the laws of their fathers as long as they can achieve a compromise through deceit. When oppression becomes unbearable, when deceit saves only partially, then a protest begins to awaken in a person, he develops and is able to break out at any moment.

Katerina's suicide woke up a man in Tikhon. He saw that there is always a way out of the current situation, and he, the most weak-willed of all the characters described by Ostrovsky, who unquestioningly obeyed his mother all his life, accuses her of the death of his wife in public. If Tikhon is already able to declare his protest, then the "dark kingdom" really does not have long to exist.

The storm is also a symbol of renewal. In nature, after a thunderstorm, the air is fresh and clean. In society, after the thunderstorm that began with Katerina's protest, renewal will also come: the oppressive and subjugating orders will probably be replaced by a society of freedom and independence.

But the storm occurs not only in nature, but also in Katerina's soul. She committed a sin and repents of it. Two feelings struggle in her: fear of the Boar and fear that “death will suddenly find you, as you are, with all your sins ...” In the end, religiosity, fear of retribution for sin prevail, and Katerina publicly confesses her deed sin. None of the residents of Kalinovo can understand her: these people, like Katerina, do not have a rich spiritual world and high moral values; they do not feel remorse, because their morality is - if only everything was “covered”. However, recognition does not bring relief to Katerina. As long as she believes in Boris's love, she is able to live. But, realizing that Boris is no better than Tikhon, that she is still alone in this world, where everything is “embarrassing” to her, she finds no other way out than to rush into the Volga. Katerina broke the religious law for the sake of freedom. The storm also ends in renewal in her soul. The young woman completely freed herself from the shackles of the Kalinovsky world and religion.

Thus, the thunderstorm that occurs in the soul of the main character turns into a thunderstorm in society itself, and all the action takes place against the backdrop of the elements.

Using the image of a thunderstorm, Ostrovsky showed that a society that has become obsolete, based on deceit, and the old order, which deprives a person of the opportunity to manifest the highest feelings, is doomed to destruction. It is as natural as the purification of nature through a thunderstorm. Thus, Ostrovsky expressed the hope that renewal in society would come as soon as possible.

Idioms Ancient Greece and Rome

Augean stables - 1) dirty room. 2) neglect, disorder in business.

^ - threatening danger.

^ - unexpected wealth.

nii greatly exaggerate.

^ - educator, mentor.

The Odyssey is a long journey.

^ - a set of poets, poetry.

^ - an inscription in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, made by seven wise men.

^ - a measure under which they strive to fit something that is not suitable for it.

^ - the seven wonders of the world were called in ancient times the gardens of Babylon in Babylon, the temple of Artemis in Ephesus, the statue of Zeus by Phidias, the tomb of Mausolus in Halicarnassus, the image of Helios, the Colossus of Rhodes, the lighthouse on the island of Pharos, the Egyptian pyramids.

^ - take a decisive step, after which the possibility of retreating, returning to the previous one is excluded.

^ - incomprehensible, mysterious, insoluble.

^ - an evil woman, a kind of monster.

^ is an allegorical language full of omissions, allusions and allegories.

^ - morning time, the most favorable for science.

^ - the final decision is made. Exclamation of Julius Caesar while crossing the Rubicon.

^ - from the "Messages from Pontus" by Ovid.

^ - from the "History" of Titus Livius.

lib2.znaimo.com.ua

ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGIES FROM THE MYTHOLOGY OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ANCIENT ROME

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Popular expressions of ancient Greece and Rome Augean stables

Popular expressions of Ancient Greece and Rome Augean stables - 1) a dirty room. 2) neglect, disorder in business.

Apollo is a handsome young man.

Ariadne's thread is a guiding thread that helps to get out of a predicament.

Achilles' heel is a weak, vulnerable spot.

Everything flows, everything changes - the essence of the teachings of the Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

The Hydra is a hostile force, the fight against which is very difficult.

Hymen. The bonds of Hymen are marriage, matrimony.

The Gordian knot is a tangled web of circumstances.

The sword of Damocles is a threatening danger.

Life is short, art is long - the expression of Hippocrates.

The Golden Fleece is the wealth that they seek to master.

The golden age is a happy time, and also the heyday of art. The expression goes back to Hesiod's Works and Days.

Golden rain - unexpected wealth.

To make an elephant out of a fly is Lucian's expression from the Praise of the Fly. In the meaning

nii greatly exaggerate.

The swan song is the latest display of talent. Compare with Aesop: "They say that swans sing before they die."

Summer. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten.

Mentor - educator, mentor.

Morpheus. The embrace of Morpheus is synonymous with sleep.

Narcissus is a narcissist.

The Odyssey is a long journey.

Panic is a sudden, intense fear.

Parnassus is a collection of poets, poetry.

Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer - Plato in his work "Phaedo" attributes to Socrates the words: "Follow me, think less about Socrates, and more about the truth."

Know thyself - an inscription in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, made by seven wise men.

The flight of Icarus is a bold but futile daring.

Habit - second nature (nature) - Aristotle's expression in "Rhetoric".

The Procrustean bed is a measure under which they strive to fit something that is not suitable for it.

Prometheus. Prometheus fire is a symbol of service to people, greatness, human dignity.

Seven wonders of the world - the seven wonders of the world were called in ancient times the gardens of Babylon in Babylon, the temple of Artemis in Ephesus, the statue of Zeus by Phidias, the tomb of Mausolus in Halicarnassus, the image of Helios, the Colossus of Rhodes, the lighthouse on the island of Pharos, the Egyptian pyramids.

Burn the ships - take a decisive step, after which the possibility of retreating, returning to the previous one is excluded.

Sisyphean labor (stone) is hard, endless and fruitless work.

With a shield (or on a shield) - to be a winner or defeated.

Sphinx - incomprehensible, mysterious, insoluble.

Titans are people who are distinguished by the gigantic power of the mind, genius.

Themis. Scales of Themis. Priests of Themis - justice, judges, court.

The Phoenix is a symbol of eternal rebirth.

Fury - an evil woman, a kind of monster.

Chimera is a figment of the imagination, unreal.

Cerberus is a fierce, relentless guardian.

Man is a social animal - Aristotle's expression from Politics.

What was required to be proved - this expression ended each

mathematical reasoning of the Greek mathematician Euclid.

Aesopian language is allegorical, full of omissions, allusions and allegories.

I only know that I know nothing - the saying of Socrates.

The apple of discord is the cause of the dispute, enmity.

Aurora - morning time, the most favorable for science.

Power over oneself - the highest power - From the "Letters" of Seneca.

Diana is a strict virgin. In poetic speech - the moon.

To the nail - to complete perfection. The expression arose from the sculptural technique: the processing of a marble statue was considered complete if, when running along its surface with a fingernail, no roughness was felt.

Die is cast! - the final decision has been made. Exclamation of Julius Caesar while crossing the Rubicon.

Excess food interferes with the subtleties of the mind - from the "Letters" of Seneca.

Art softens morals - a paraphrase from Ovid's Letters from Pontus.

A drop hollows out a stone - from the "Messages from Pontus" by Ovid.

When weapons rattle, the Muses are silent - from the speech of Cicero.

The end is the crown of business - a Latin proverb.

Who? What? Where? With whose help? For what? How? When? - a rhetorical scheme of questions designed to clarify the circumstances of an action.

Better late than never - from the "History" of Titus Livius.

Love conquers all - from Virgil.

They do not argue about tastes - from the “Letters” of Pliny the Younger.

O times! Oh manners! from a speech by Cicero.

Repetition is the mother of learning - Latin proverb.

Habit is second nature - an expression of Cicero.

He came, he saw, he conquered - according to Plutarch, with this phrase Julius Caesar informed his friend about the victory over the Pontic king.

Hand washes hand - Latin proverb.

Bread and circuses - an exclamation that expressed the main demands of the Roman crowd in the era of the Empire.

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Expressions from Ancient Rome | Idioms

Titus Livius (59-17 BC) historian

The [Roman] state, having started small, has grown so much that it already suffers from its immensity. We cannot endure our vices, nor the medicine for them. Without strength, anger is futile. gods - the most effective means for an unenlightened and (...) rude crowd ... A feat that has acquired more glory in descendants than faith. Hating cruelty, you yourself show cruelty and, not yet gaining freedom, already want to dominate the enemy. (Senators Lucius Valerius and Mark Horace to the rebellious plebeians.) People frighten others so as not to be afraid themselves. Wars exist for the young. The world is reliable where its conditions are accepted voluntarily, and where you want to have slaves, there is nothing to count on loyalty. Fleeing from fate, he, as usual, rushes towards her. The weapon is pious in the hands of those who who had no hope left for anything. [About Alexander the Great:] No matter how enormous the greatness of this man may seem to us, it remains the greatness of just one person who had luck for a little more than ten years. As is usually the case, most of them triumphed over the best. In the first place is the person who himself can apply useful advice; on the second - the one who will obey this advice; but the one who does not give advice and does not obey another; he is the ultimate fool. (A paraphrased quote from Hesiod). The less fear, the less danger. Just as a sick person endures an insignificant disease more difficult than a healthy serious illness, so a sick, shocked state will not endure any misfortune, and not because this one is so difficult, but because, that there is no strength to lift some more burden. good only at first glance: their implementation is painful, and the results are sad. Superstition sees the will of the gods in trifles. Fear interprets everything for the worse. The last thing added always seems to be the most important. on the sea: (...) both a light breeze and a hurricane can stir it up. Every crime is incalculable. The attacker always has more inspiration than the defender. less sensitive than trouble. The past is easier to blame than correct. Happiness should be trusted least when it is most. Better (...) eternal peace than dreams of victory. who gives it. Rarely are people given happiness and common sense at once. The Romans expanded their power not so much with victories as with a gracious attitude towards the vanquished. Not a single large state can remain at rest for a long time, and if there is no external enemy, it will find an internal : so very strong people there seems to be no one to be afraid of, but their own strength weighs them down. Having completed the story of the Punic War, I feel the same relief as if I myself had shared its labors and dangers. One must be ruthless with an armed enemy, but generosity is most important with a defeated one. and in war especially, the appearance is as powerful as the action itself; who believed that there would be help, it’s all the same that he received it. Scipio [the Elder] has been constantly in front of everyone for the tenth year, and being fed up with a great man, people no longer honor him so much. The strategist does not participate in the vote on the issue of the upcoming war. No individual citizen should stand so high that he cannot, according to the laws, be called to account. Nothing responds to equality and freedom more than the ability to bring anyone, even the most powerful person, to trial. What (not to mention highest office in the state) it would be possible to entrust someone without fear, if it were not necessary to report on their actions? Having boldly started, and it is necessary to continue (...) boldly, because sometimes impudence turns into prudence in the end. There is no person who so despised the rumor in order not to waver in front of her soul. They don’t rule the ship from the shore. In general, human inventions are often good only in words, but if you try them in practice, where you need to apply them, and not talk about their application, then they do not live up to expectations .Only he can be called a husband, whom a fair wind will not captivate, and a headwind will not break. Long experience is the only verifier of laws. be obscured, but never extinguished. Although work and pleasure are different in nature, there is still some natural connection between them. If you need to do it, you need to decide on it. than never. The outcome of the case is the teacher of the unreasonable. Everyone says the same thing. Where there was no intent, there is no guilt. No crime can have a legal basis. There is no such law that would satisfy everyone. published, for the most part cancels the war, and those published during the war, cancels the world. wins the best. The peace achieved is better and more certain than the victory expected. Necessity is the last and most powerful weapon. The less you feel fear, the less danger. Friendship should be immortal, and enmity mortal. it will be clear and reliable for you; haste is reckless and blind. Wealth breeds avarice. Not a single day passes without something. The sun has not set for the last time.

Trajan (Mark Ulpius Trajan) (53-117) Roman emperor from 98

No one has yet killed his successor. It is better to leave a crime unpunished than to convict an innocent person. An unnamed denunciation of any crime should not be taken into account. This would be a bad example. Handing, as usual, to the praetorian prefect (...) a sign of his power - a dagger, [Trajan] repeatedly reminded him: "I give you this weapon to protect me, if I act correctly, if not, then against me." [Trajan] did not allow the execution of orders given after long-drawn-out feasts.

Ulpian Domitius (c. 170 - 228) lawyer

The way of thinking is unpunished.

Fabius Maximus Cunctator (275-203 BC) commander

For the sake of the fatherland, even glory should be sacrificed. If you do not rush, everything will be clear and reliable for you; haste is reckless and blind.

Phaedrus (c. 15 BC - 65 AD) fabulist, originally from Greece

With the change of ruler, nothing changes for the poor, except for the name of the master. Mind is higher than courage. The success of the bad is a temptation for many. There are many friends; friendship is only rare. The name "friend" sounds everyday, but friendly fidelity is rare. He who renders a service to a scoundrel makes a double mistake: firstly, he helps someone who does not deserve help, and secondly, he endangers himself. By flattering you lose your own. Ordinary people have a bad time when the strong argue among themselves. Cautious people benefit from the mistakes of others. You need to listen to everything, but do not rush with trust. We learn from examples.

Florus Lucius Annaeus (2nd century AD) historian

Always hope, never despair - such is the property of a man of great soul. A righteous and wise man will consider true only that victory that is achieved with impeccable honesty and unblemished dignity.

Celsus (Aulus Cornelius Celsus) (II century) philosopher, critic of Christianity

They [Christians] picture a god in their image. eliminates it. Quickly, safely and pleasantly (should be treated by a doctor). The effect of surgery among the branches of medicine is the most obvious. Diseases are not treated with eloquence, but with medicines.

Caecilius Statius (III - II centuries BC) comedian

Live as you can, if you can’t do it as you want. A man is a god for a man, if he knows his duty. I’m ready to listen to stupidity, but I won’t obey. Take what they give, if they don’t give you what you want. Always honor the traces of the past. with rags. I will endure injustice, but not dishonor. Yes, the one who is not able to hide his misfortunes is pitiful.

wyrazheniya.ru

Antique origins of phraseological units in Russian

The phraseology of the Russian language is used to create imagery and emotionality of speech. The phraseology of the Russian language is unusually rich and diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities. Phraseological units help to say a lot with a few words, since they define not only the subject, but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. So, phraseologism in a big way means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in means”. A stable combination to cover the trail does not just mean “destroy, eliminate something”, but “eliminate, destroy what can serve as evidence in something”.

Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, expressiveness, the ability to positively or negatively evaluate phenomena, express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking or other attitude to the subject.

The topic of Russian phraseology is interesting, extensive, fascinating, and for me it is relevant. Taking part in the Russian language olympiads, I came across tasks related to phraseological units. Phraseology is also found in USE materials In Russian. To cope with the tasks devoted to phraseological units (idioms), you should pay close attention to the study of the topic "Russian phraseology". It is necessary to do this, since knowledge on this issue leaves much to be desired. The results of a study conducted among students in the 7th grade allow me to assert this. The purpose of the study is to identify the level of knowledge and skills on the topic "Russian phraseology". In preparation for the survey, I compiled questions and prepared some tasks on phraseology. Then I invited classmates to answer questions and complete assignments.

As a result of the study, it turned out that students have insufficiently high knowledge on the topic "Russian phraseology". Of the ten students surveyed, five were able to explain the meaning of the proposed stable combinations, three out of ten were able to complete the task - to select phraseological units-antonyms for the data. Four children remembered and named idioms in which the words water, head, one, finger, tongue occur. And not a single student could give an accurate, intelligible answer to the question of the origin of phraseological units on a historical topic (antique, biblical, etc.).

This experiment prompted me to a deeper and more detailed study of the material about the origins of at least some of the historical phraseological phrases that are most often found in our speech.

For my work, I determined the source material for study by compiling a list of phraseological units that are noteworthy, in my opinion. This list, of course, is not so impressive. But it is impossible to study all the resources of such a means of expression as phraseology. However, start research work in the field of Russian phraseology is my goal and primary task.

1. Antique origins of phraseological units in Russian.

Achilles' heel is the weak point of a person. The post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman poet Hyginus, tells that the mother of Achilles, Thetis, wanted to make the body of her son invulnerable and for this she dipped him into the sacred river Styx. She held him by the heel, which the water did not touch, so the heel remained Achilles' only weak point, where he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Procrustean bed - The expression "Procrustean bed" has become winged and means the desire to fit something into a rigid framework or artificial measure, sometimes sacrificing something significant for this.

Procrustes (Procrustes - "stretching") - a character in the myths of Ancient Greece, a robber (also known by the names of Damastus and Polypemon), who lay in wait for travelers on the road between Megara and Athens. He made two beds: on a large bed, he laid travelers of small stature and beat them with a hammer to stretch their bodies, on a small one - tall ones and sawed off (var. chopped off) those parts of the body that did not fit on the bed. Procrustes was killed near the river Cephis by Theseus, when he, establishing order in Attica, cleared it of monsters and criminals.

Son of Poseidon, husband of Silea, father of Sinis. Killed by Theseus in Herma, on the road from Eleusis to Athens.

According to some reports, his real name is Polypemon, Damast or Prokopt ("truncator").

Sisyphean labor - the expressions "Sisyphean labor", "Sisyphean stone", meaning hard, endless and fruitless work and torment.

Sisyphus, or rather Sisyphus - in ancient Greek mythology, the builder and king of Corinth, after death (in Hades), sentenced by the gods to roll a heavy stone up the mountain, which, having barely reached the top, rolled down each time.

The Trojan horse and the gifts of the Danaans are a secret, insidious plan, a gift with the aim of harming.

The war between the Trojans and the expressions “Sisyphean labor”, “Sisyphean stone”, meaning hard, endless and fruitless work and torment, are given.

It began because the Trojan prince Paris stole the beautiful Greek woman Helen from the city of Sparta. Her husband, the king of Sparta Menelaus, with his brother Agamemnon, gathered an army of Greeks and went to Troy.

During the war with Troy, the Achaeans, after a long and unsuccessful siege, resorted to a trick: they built a huge wooden horse, left it at the walls of Troy, and pretended to swim away from the coast of Troy (the invention of this trick is attributed to Odysseus, the most cunning of the leaders of the Danaans , and Epey made the horse). The horse was an offering to the goddess Athena of Ilion. On the side of the horse was written "This gift is brought to Athena the Warrior by the departing Danaans." To build a horse, the Hellenes cut down the dogwood trees (kranei) that grew in the sacred grove of Apollo, appeased Apollo with sacrifices and gave him the name Karney (or the horse was made of maple).

The priest Laocoönt, seeing this horse and knowing the tricks of the Danaans, exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city.

There were 50 best warriors in it. According to Stesichorus, 100 warriors, according to others - 20, according to Tsetsu - 23, or only 9 warriors: Menelaus, Odysseus, Diomedes, Thesander, Sthenelus, Acamant, Foant, Machaon and Neoptolem. The names of all were listed by the poet Sakad of Argos. Athena gave the heroes ambrosia.

At night, the Greeks, who were hiding inside the horse, got out of it, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in the comrades who returned on the ships, and thus captured Troy. Virgil's half-line "I'm afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts", often quoted in Latin ("Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes"), has become a proverb. From here arose the expression "Trojan horse", used in the meaning: a secret, insidious plan.

Pandora's Box is a thing that contains a threat.

Pandora (“gifted with everything”) is the name of the mythical owner of a magical chest with all the troubles and hopes. In ancient Greek myths, the first woman. Made by Hephaestus on the orders of Zeus, who mixed earth and water, with the participation of other gods. Athena gave her a soul, and each of the others a gift. The satyrs brought her to Epimetheus in a vat, and he, contrary to the order of Zeus, ordered to break it with hammers.

Pandora became the wife of Epimetheus, the younger brother of Prometheus. She learned from her husband that there was a chest in the house that should never be opened. If the ban is violated, the whole world and its inhabitants will face incalculable troubles. Yielding to curiosity, she opened the casket and troubles fell upon the world. When Pandora opened the casket, at the bottom of it, by the will of Zeus, only Hope remained. In the 17th century, Pandora dolls began to be called mannequins, which were used to demonstrate fashion.

In modern times, the phrase "Open Pandora's Chest" has become a catchphrase, which means to take an action with irreversible consequences that cannot be undone.

Pyrrhic victory - a victory that came at too high a price; victory equals defeat.

The origin of this expression is due to the battle of Ausculum in 279 BC. e. Then the Epirus army of King Pyrrhus for two days attacked the Roman troops and broke their resistance, but the losses were so great that Pyrrhus remarked: “One more such victory, and I will be left without an army.” Since the goal of the war is the destruction of enemy troops, such a purely tactical victory did not give positive prospects and led to a long pause necessary to replenish personnel, weapons and ammunition.

Augean stables - 1. Heavily polluted room. 2. Extremely neglected, disorderly affairs.

Avgiy (“shining”) - in ancient Greek mythology, the king of the Epeev tribe in Elis, the son of Helios and Girmina, had numerous herds, for which huge stables (“Augean stables”) were built in the barnyard.

The sixth labor of Hercules

According to legend, manure has not been removed from here for years; cleaning the Augean stables in one day became one of the exploits of Hercules - Hercules blocked the Alpheus River with a dam and directed its waters to the barnyard. According to the condition, he was supposed to receive a tenth of his herds as a reward from Avgiy, but Avgiy did not give the promise, and a war broke out between them. The second campaign of Hercules to Elis ended with the murder of Hercules Avgeas and his children (except for Phileas). Avgiy was succeeded in the kingdom with the consent of Hercules by his son Philaeus.

The apple of discord is the cause of the conflict.

The expression comes from ancient Greek myth. Hero's Parents Trojan War Achilles, Peleus and Thetis forgot to invite the goddess of discord Eris to their wedding. Then the offended goddess imperceptibly threw an apple on the banquet table with the inscription: "To the most beautiful." The wife of Zeus, the goddess Hera, the goddess of wisdom, Athena, and the goddess of love, Aphrodite, argued which of the bottom is more worthy to receive an apple. Paris was chosen as the judge in this dispute. He gave the apple to Aphrodite, and in gratitude she kindled in the heart of Elena, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, love for Paris. Taking advantage of the absence of Menelaus, Paris kidnapped his beloved - this act caused the Trojan War.

Annibalova (Gannibalova) oath - a firm determination to fight to the end, a promise to always follow your ideals.

The expression came to us from ancient history. The Carthaginian commander Annibal (Hannibal, 247 - 183 BC), being ten years old, swore before the altar to his father to be an implacable enemy of Rome and kept his oath.

The Rubicon has been crossed - "burn bridges behind you" or "the die is cast."

This river is known mainly for the expression "to cross the Rubicon", meaning some irrevocable decision. The history of this expression is connected with the time when Julius Caesar was not an emperor, but was only a military leader (proconsul), and Rome was a republic. By law, the proconsul had the right to lead the army only outside Italy. However, Caesar decided to overthrow the republic and become emperor. January 10, 49 BC e. he approached the Rubicon with his army. But he was not sure of the strength of his army and therefore hesitated, because in case of failure he would be subjected to public shame and torture. He crossed the Rubicon and became emperor after the civil war. Since then, the expression "to cross the Rubicon" means to risk something important for the sake of a great goal.

Reap laurels - enjoy the fruits of fame, fame, honor, success.

In Greece, the winners of sports games and battles were crowned with a laurel wreath. Reap here - get, get, deserve.

2. Biblical origins of phraseological units in Russian.

Solomon's solution is a wise and simple solution to an intractable issue.

Solomon showed his wisdom, first of all, at the trial. Soon after his accession to the throne, two women came to him for judgment. They lived in the same house and each had a baby. At night, one of them crushed her baby and placed it next to another woman, and took the living one from her. In the morning, the women began to argue: “The living child is mine, and the dead one is yours,” each said. So they argued before the king. After listening to them, Solomon ordered: "bring the sword."

And they brought the sword to the king. Solomon said, "Cut the living child in two and give half to one and half to the other."

One of the women exclaimed at these words: “It’s better to give her the baby, but don’t kill him!”

The other, on the contrary, said: "Chop, let neither she nor me get it."

Then Solomon said: "Do not kill the child, but give it to the first woman: she is his mother."

The people heard about this and began to fear the king, because everyone saw what wisdom God had given him.

Scapegoat - refers to a person or group of people who have been held responsible for misfortune or for actions larger group of people.

On Yom Kippur, two sacrificial animals, goats of the same color, were brought to the Temple in Jerusalem. The high priest cast lots and, at his choice, one of the goats was sacrificed on fire (instead of a bull), and on the other the high priest symbolically laid the sins of the entire Jewish people and “released” into the wilderness. Hence the "scapegoat". The goat was then taken to the Judean Desert, where it was thrown off a cliff called Azazel into an abyss.

In Christian doctrine, the “Scapegoat” is sometimes interpreted as a prototype of the self-sacrifice of Jesus Christ, although some Christians see Satan in this image. It is believed that all the sins of mankind were assigned precisely to the Scapegoat, that is, to Satan, but not because he can bring redemption that was made by Christ, but because he must be punished as the original source of sin.

Babylonian pandemonium - means "noise, din, mess", a mess at work.

According to biblical legend, after the flood, Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham and Japheth. Wanting to become famous, to perpetuate their names, the descendants of Ham decided to build a city and a tower in it, as high as heaven. They busied themselves with building. God was afraid of the insolence of people and decided to punish them: he mixed the language of the builders so that they began to speak different languages and stopped understanding each other. A terrible confusion began, and the construction of the tower was stopped, and people dispersed in different directions. The unfinished city was named Babylon, which means "confusion".

"Thomas the unbeliever" (or "infidel") - The expression became common noun for the incredulous listener.

Thomas is one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. Called by Christ from fishermen. He was called Didymus "twin": according to one version, he looked like Jesus.

One of the moments of the gospel story associated with Thomas is the so-called "assurance of Thomas." Thomas did not believe in the stories about the resurrection of Jesus until he saw with his own eyes the wounds from the nails and the ribs of Christ pierced by a spear.

The Jericho trumpet is now called a voice that is terribly loud in strength and unpleasant in tone.

The expression is associated with the biblical myth about how the Jews, on their way from Egyptian captivity to Palestine, besieged the city of Jericho, surrounded by very strong walls. For six days in the morning and in the evening, by order of the Israelite priests, the soldiers blew the sacred trumpets, bypassing the city. On the seventh day, the walls could not stand it and collapsed, Jericho was taken.

Methuselah age - longevity beyond the average.

In the Old Testament traditions, Methuselah was one of the forefathers of mankind. He became famous for his longevity, having lived for 969 years - that very "Methuselah age". Methuselah was a legendary figure. Historians suggest that such a large age is associated with the system of chronology of the ancient Jews: they considered the year moon month- then the real age of Methuselah was 80 years, which was twice average duration life in Old Testament times. Despite the fact that modern centenarians live for more than 100 years, the expression "Methuselah's age" has become synonymous with longevity.

Alpha and omega are the very essence, the basis of something.

The literal interpretation of a phraseological unit - “the beginning and end of something” - goes back to a quote from the Bible: “I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the end. “I am alpha and omega, first and last.” Phraseologism is built on the collision of antonymic components: alpha and omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet.

There is a time to scatter stones and a time to collect stones - there is a time for everything.

Quote from the Old Testament: “To everything there is a time, and a time for every thing under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted; a time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to destroy, and a time to build; a time to cry, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance; a time to scatter stones, and a time to gather stones; a time to hug, and a time to avoid hugging; time to seek, and time to lose; a time to save, and a time to throw; a time to tear apart, and a time to sew; a time to be silent, and a time to speak; a time to love and a time to hate; a time for war, and a time for peace."

Feasts of Belshazzar - a feast, fun on the eve of imminent disaster.

Belshazzar (biblical form of the name Belsharusur) (killed in 539 BC), son of the last Babylonian king Nabonidus. The biblical legend tells that on the night of the capture of Babylon by the Persians, Belshazzar arranged a feast (“Baltasar's feast”). In the midst of the fun, where precious vessels captured by the Babylonians in the Jerusalem temple served as table bowls, and the Babylonian gods were glorified, a mysterious hand inscribed incomprehensible words on the wall. The Babylonian sages could not read and interpret them. The Jewish sage Daniel read the inscription. It read: “mene, mene, tekel, uparsin”. Daniel explained the meaning of these words and gave them an interpretation, predicting the death of Belshazzar and the division of the Babylonian kingdom between the Persians and the Medes. The prediction came true.

Sprinkle ashes on your head - indulge in extreme grief on the occasion of any loss, disaster.

The expression goes back to the Bible, which describes the custom of the Jews to sprinkle ashes or earth on their heads during mourning or about some kind of misfortune. This custom was also characteristic of other peoples of the South and East.

2. 3Historical origins of Russian phraseological units.

Potemkin villages - ostentatious splendor (well-being).

In 1787, after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Catherine II wanted to travel to the Crimea. The governor of the lands reclaimed from Turkey, Grigory Potemkin, sent orders to urgently restore proper order to all cities and towns along the route of the empress. Later there were stories that some of the buildings were decorations transported from place to place, for local residents festively dressed people stood out, driven from afar, in the warehouses instead of flour there was sand in sacks, and the same herd was driven from place to place at night. This is how the expression "Potemkin villages" appeared.

Here is your grandmother and St. George's Day - an expression of disappointment and unfulfilled hopes.

The expression came from the time of medieval Rus', when the peasants had the right, having settled with the previous landowner, to move on to a new one. According to the law issued by Ivan the Terrible, such a transition could take place only after the completion of agricultural work, and specifically a week before St. George's Day (November 25, according to the old style, when the Great Martyr George, the patron saint of farmers, was celebrated) or a week later. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, such a transition was prohibited and the peasants were fixed to the land. Then the expression "Here you are, grandmother, and St. George's Day" was born as an expression of chagrin due to changed circumstances.

He disappeared as a Swede near Poltava - unexpectedly difficult circumstances from which there is no way out.

Battle of Poltava - biggest battle Northern War between the troops of the Kingdom of Russia under the command of Peter I and the Swedish army of Charles XII. It took place on the morning of June 27 (July 8), 1709, 6 versts from the city of Poltava in Little Russia (Left-Bank Ukraine). The decisive victory of the Russian army led to a turning point in the Northern War in favor of Russia and put an end to the dominance of Sweden as the main military force in Europe.

After the Battle of Narva in 1700, Charles XII invaded Europe and a long multi-state war broke out, in which the army of Charles XII was able to advance far south, winning victories.

After Peter I conquered part of Livonia from Charles XII and founded a new fortress city of St. Petersburg at the mouth of the Neva, Charles decided to attack central Russia with the capture of Moscow. During the campaign, he decided to lead his army to Ukraine, whose hetman - Mazepa - went over to the side of Karl, but was not supported by the bulk of the Little Russian Cossacks. By the time Charles's army approached Poltava, he had lost up to a third of the army, his rear was attacked by Russian light cavalry - Cossacks and Kalmyks, and was wounded just before the battle. The battle was lost by Charles, and he fled to the Ottoman Empire.

Throughout Ivanovskaya (shouting, yelling, roaring) - very loudly, with all your might. Ivanovskaya is the name of the square in the Moscow Kremlin where the Ivan the Great Bell Tower stands.

There are several versions of the etymology of the phraseological unit:

1) on Ivanovskaya sometimes they read decrees aloud, in a loud voice, throughout Ivanovskaya Square. Hence the figurative meaning of the expression.

2) on Ivanovskaya Square, clerks were also sometimes punished for bribes and extortion. They were mercilessly beaten with whips and batogs, which made them shout throughout Ivanovskaya Square.

Shelve - put off any business for an indefinite time, leave it without consideration, do not give it a move.

The expression came from the lexicon of employees of orders - clerks and clerks, who demanded gifts from petitioners for the speedy advancement of a complaint or petition, otherwise they threatened to send "the case under the cloth." The cloth here is a woolen fabric with a smooth surface, which was covered desk. The case was shelved - it means that the case was left without execution (initially - the paper was not signed).

The latest Chinese warning is a warning being last in name only.

The emergence of turnover is associated with the conflict between the USSR and China in 1969 (Damansky Island). The Chinese government sent several "last" warnings to the Soviet Foreign Ministry in connection with this conflict. China regularly issued warnings about unfriendly US actions in the region. At that time - 50s - 60s - the United States did not recognize Mao's regime as legitimate, insisted that the only legitimate representative of the Chinese people and the head of state was Chiang Kai-shek, who at that time had already been ousted to Taiwan. And behave accordingly. The PRC regularly protested, and they began like this: “So-and-so. final warning." Reconnaissance flights of aircraft over the territory of the PRC, constant violations of maritime borders by warships. and so on. Zero attention to warnings. And there were jokes on this subject both here and in the USA. Even though we were very good friends at the time. Therefore, all these warnings were read out on the radio by Levitan with an appropriate mournful and solemn intonation. And when Khrushchev and Mao did not share world domination, the open letters(See by Vysotsky) “for lovers of dangerous adventures”: And by the time of the conflict, no one had forgotten that old joke about essentially fruitless warnings. Hence the hat-bearing jokes. with the corresponding result.

To come to a hat analysis - to come somewhere too late, when everything is already over.

According to the old Russian custom, when entering a room or a church, men took off their hats and folded them at the entrance. Each meeting, gathering ended with the analysis of hats. The latecomer came to the analysis of hats, that is, to the end.

3. Conclusion.

As a result of the research activity, the origin of the phraseological units of historical content indicated in the work was clarified. As a result, the studied material can provide invaluable assistance in the lessons of the Russian language and literature, in preparing for olympiads, exams, and in the analysis of various texts. Knowing and understanding the meaning of phraseological units, you can and should use them in your speech. I believe that phraseological units decorate our speech, help to express a thought figuratively and emotionally. Exploring phraseological units, I received a lot of useful and informative information that expanded my horizons. I think that the knowledge gained will be useful in my future educational activities.

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"Ancient Rome"

A game for 5th grade students on the topic "Ancient Rome"

The purpose of the game: to instill interest in the study of additional literature, to summarize the knowledge of students on the topic "Ancient Rome", to develop communication skills, the ability to express one's point of view, the ability to think outside the box. Equipment: notepads and flags for game participants, team rating cards for judges. The class is divided into two teams, judges are selected. Teams are given notebooks for work and flags to determine when they are ready to respond. Judges receive team rating cards, in which they mark the number of points scored, record violations of discipline and impose fines.

Competition "Definitions"

Definitions are written on the cards, it is necessary to choose terms for them. (1 point is awarded for a correct answer.) 1) Descendants of the most ancient inhabitants of Rome (patricians). 2) A form of government in which power belongs to elected bodies or officials (republic). 3) Roman soldiers (legionnaires). 4) Elected defenders of the plebeians (tribunes of the people). 5) A ruler who had unlimited power for a short period of time (dictator). 6) Personal protection of the emperor (praetorians). 7) Public baths (terms). 8) Romans of humble origin (plebeians). 9) Solemn entry into Rome of the victorious commanders (triumph). 10) The right to cancel the orders of the consuls or the decisions of the senate (the right of "veto"). 11) The territory outside Rome, which was under his authority (province). 12) Specially trained slaves who fought in the arena (gladiators).

Competition "Chronology"

(1 point is awarded for a correct answer.) 1) How many years passed from the establishment of a republic in Rome to the seizure of power by Caesar? (460 years) 2) How would a Roman answer the question: in what year was the republic established? (in 244 from the founding of Rome) 3) What happened before: the uprising of Spartacus or the seizure of power by Caesar? For how many years? (rebellion of Spartacus, for 25 years) 4) How many years did Octavian August rule? (44 years) 5) How many years did the Roman Republic last? (482 years) 6) Which event happened first: the battle of Cannae or the fall of Carthage? For how many years? (Battle of Cannae, for 70 years) 7) How old will Rome be in 2005? (2758 years) 8) How many years did the Western Roman Empire last? (81 years old)

Competition "Winged expressions"

Popular expressions are written on the cards, it is necessary to determine to whom they belong and for what reason they were uttered. (1 point is awarded for a correct answer.) 1) “Woe to the vanquished!” (Gallic leader Brenn during the siege of the Capitol in 390 BC) 2) "The die is cast!" (Gaius Julius Caesar before going to Rome in 49 BC) 3) "Carthage must be destroyed!" (Senator Cato after the second Punic War) 4) “I came, I saw, I conquered!” (Gaius Julius Caesar after the defeat of the army of Pharnaces in Asia Minor) 5) “One more such victory, and I will have no army left” (Pyrrhus during the battles with the Romans in 280 BC) 6) “The thicker the grass , the easier it is to mow!” (Alaric during the attack on Rome) 7) “It is better to die once than to constantly expect death!” (Gaius Julius Caesar about the conspiracy being prepared against him) 8) “It is better to die from iron than from hunger!” (Spartacus)

Competition "Ancient Manuscripts"

For a correct, reasoned decision 5 points. Text 1. “And the law itself, if we compare it with that great injustice and greed against which it was directed, was distinguished by gentleness and moderation: people who should have been put on trial for disobeying the laws and deprived of illegally seized property with a fine, ... the law commanded only to refuse, moreover, for a ransom, from illegal possession in favor of needy citizens. No matter how moderate this reform was, the people were ready to be satisfied with it and forget the past, if only to protect themselves from injustices in the future. But the rich and big proprietors... took up arms against the law and the legislator himself... However, they did not achieve anything by this. He seemed terrible for enemies and invincible when, standing in front of the people crowding around his podium, he spoke in defense of the disadvantaged ... Generals deceive soldiers when they are called on to defend tombs and temples from enemies on the battlefields. After all, many Romans have neither an altar nor the tombs of their ancestors, and they fight and die for someone else's luxury, someone else's wealth. They are called the rulers of the world, but they do not have even a piece of land.” What event are we talking about? Give arguments in favor of your point of view. What year did the event take place? (We are talking about the land law proposed by Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC) Text 2. “Great fear reigned in the city: everyone was afraid of each other and everything stopped ... And if again an external war? Here, of course, there is nothing to hope for, except for the consent of the citizens; By hook or by crook, unity should be restored in the state. It was then that it was decided to send Menenius Agrippa as an intermediary to the plebeians, an eloquent man and pleasing to the plebeians, since he himself was a native of them. And now, admitted to the camp, he, they say, told an artless story: in those days when all the organs in a person were not coordinated, as now, but each member spoke and decided as he pleases, all the members were indignant that their efforts were going for the needs of one stomach, and the stomach, sitting in the middle, does nothing and only enjoys what it receives from others. Then the members agreed that neither the hand should bring food to the mouth, nor the mouth should accept the offering, nor the teeth should chew it. Thus, in anger, they wanted to subdue their stomachs with hunger, but they themselves, and the whole body, were completely wasted. With such a comparison ... he changed the mood of the people. After that, negotiations began for a truce, and it was agreed that the plebeians should have their own officials with the right of immunity ... and that none of the patricians could hold this position. What event are we talking about? Give arguments in favor of your point of view. What year did the event take place? (We are talking about the struggle of the plebeians with the patricians and the departure of the plebeians to the Sacred Mountain in 494 BC)

Competition "Who is who?"

Students are invited to identify historical figures according to the proposed characteristics. For the correct answer from the first phrase - 6 points, from the second - 5 points, from the third - 4 points, etc.

Portrait 1 1. After his murder, the Roman orator Cicero said: "The tyrant is killed, but tyranny is alive." 2. Possessed numerous talents and the ability to do several things at the same time: read, write and talk with visitors. 3. Enjoyed great respect and love of his legionnaires, showing fearlessness and composure in all situations. 4. Dreamed of power and glory from a young age. In his opinion, "it is better to be first in a village than second in Rome." 5. He bore the title of "Father of the Fatherland." 6. One of the months of the year was named after him. (Gaius Julius Caesar)

Octavian August

Portrait 2 1. This man was very proud of the fact that he gave the Roman people a world that they almost never had in their entire history. 2. Under the guise of "care" for the laws and rights of people, he severely suppressed any discontent and conspiracies. He wrote with pride that he captured and handed over to the slave owners for execution 30 thousand fugitive slaves. 3. Proclaimed the restoration of the Republic, and appointed himself the guardian of the state. 4. He showed extreme caution and created detachments of the Praetorian Guard for his own protection. 5. He bore the title "Holy". His birthday was declared a holiday. 6. One of the months of the year was named after him. (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian Augustus)

Portrait 3 1. The ancient author Suetonius believed that "there was no better slave and worse master" than this Roman emperor. 2. Personally participated in gladiator fights (this was considered the lot of outcasts and slaves). He was guided by the principle: "I can do everything in relation to everyone." 3. So neglected the traditions of the past that he wanted to appoint his beloved horse Incitatus as consul. 4. He demanded to be worshiped as a god and constantly repeated the words from one tragedy: “Let them hate, if only they were afraid!” 5. He got his nickname due to the fact that he spent his childhood in military camps, dressed in a military uniform and tiny boots. 6. Killed in a conspiracy. It is curious that people suspected that he himself spread the rumor about the murder in order to find out what the people thought of him. (Gaius Julius Caesar Claudius Caligula)

Nero

Portrait 4 1. The beginning of his reign was marked by general rejoicing, because. he showed his generosity and mercy. 2. His character combined bestial cruelty and arrogant hypocrisy. Ordering to kill his own mother, he in feigned grief declared that she herself had committed suicide. 3. Was the first emperor deprived of power during his lifetime. The Senate declared him an "enemy of the Fatherland." 4. During a grand fire in Rome, arranged by his order, he sang a hymn about the death of Troy. 5. On the ruins of the city he built the Golden Palace of incredible splendor and size, inside which there were fields, vineyards, pastures and a pond depicting the sea. All chambers were trimmed with gold and precious stones. 6. For this man, the laurels of an actor were more desirable than power. Before his death, he uttered the words: “What a great artist is dying!” (Tiberius Claudius Nero)

Vespasian

Portrait 5 1. Crowned with military glory. Participated in 30 battles in Britain, for which he was awarded a triumph. 2. His ancestors were neither distinguished nor wealthy. By the will of the legions, he became emperor at an advanced age. 3. The ancient author Tacitus considered him the only ruler whom the authorities changed not for the worse, but for the better: he had the greatest tolerance and listened to every truthful word. He was not vindictive and vindictive, he deserved the glory of a just person. 4. By his order, the construction of the famous Colosseum began in Rome. 5. Possessed the only vice - stinginess. He introduced numerous taxes, including those from public latrines, which led to the emergence of the popular expression "money does not smell." 6. On his deathbed, he said the phrase: "Alas, it seems that I am becoming a god." (Titus Flavius Vespasian)

Trajan

Portrait 6 1. From a young age he served in the army. He had great physical strength and incredible stamina. 2. He walked around Rome and was available to petitioners. He was not afraid of conspirators, and completely destroyed denunciations by not paying attention to them. Pliny wrote that under him "it is not scammers who inspire fear, but laws." 3. He wished to be the kind of ruler he would have wished for himself if he had remained a mere subject. Handing over the sword to the head of the palace guard, he solemnly proclaimed: "Take this sword to use it for my protection if I rule well, and to use it against me if I rule badly." 4. Expanded the territory of the Roman Empire, adding Dacia and Mesopotamia. 5. The Senate officially recognized him as the best ruler. 6. His ashes are buried at the base of a column in the Forum. (Mark Ulpiy Trayan) Portrait 7 1. This man had such a calm character that neither joy nor sorrow was reflected in his expression. 2. His time was notorious for the abundance of misfortunes and hardships that befell Rome, from the raids of the barbarians to the plague, from which the emperor died. 3. He wrote a philosophical essay on Greek"To yourself." 4. Burdened by the imperial power, conscientiously performed all the duties of the ruler. He hated war, but spent almost the entire reign in wars and campaigns. 5. Was the only one of the Roman emperors depicted as a rider. 6. He was upset not by the fact that he was dying, but by the fact that he left behind such a dissolute and cruel son. (Annius Ver Antoninus Marcus Aurelius) Portrait 8 1. According to legend, he defeated his rivals in the struggle for power, ordering to depict the sign of the cross on the shields of his soldiers, because. On the eve of the decisive battle, I saw a bright cross in the sky with the inscription: "By this, win." 2. He permanently disbanded the Praetorian Guard, which he considered the source of internal unrest. 3. Widely involved in the army of barbarians and for the first time began to appoint them to the post of consuls. 4. Surrounded himself with Asiatic splendor, wore dyed fake hair, colorful silk robes, adorned himself with many precious stones, necklaces and bracelets. 5. The most important event in the history of Rome is connected with the name of this man: he stopped the persecution of Christians and even baptized himself before his death. 6. Founded a new capital of the state, named after him. (Gaius Flavius Constantine I the Great)

Competition "Ingenuity"

A correct answer is awarded 5 points.

1. Reward In 390 BC. Rome was in turmoil. The Gauls captured the city, only the fortress on the Capitoline Hill survived. Exhausted by hunger and fatigue, the defenders of the fortress slept, unaware of the impending assault. Suddenly, the silence was broken by the cackling of the sacred geese of the temple of the goddess Juno. From their cackle and flapping of wings woke up Mark Manlius, the famous warrior, who had been consul three years ago. In the midst of the general confusion, he rushed forward and with a blow of his shield knocked down the Gaul, who was already standing on top. Rolling down, the Gaul in the fall carried away those who rose after him, and Manlius slew the rest. But other Romans came to the rescue. The capitol was saved, and the brave warrior received the highest award that could be in a besieged fortress. Guess what award Mark Manlius received? (Each brought to his house half a pound of flour and a quart of wine, which in the conditions of hunger was the greatest proof of love and gratitude.)

2. Sword and compass In the VI century. BC. Xenophanes, regarding the fact that all honors go not to wise men, but to athletes, said: “It is a vain and unfair custom to give preference to strength over good wisdom.” History settled this dispute in the city of Syracuse, showing what miracles human thought is capable of, directed towards the noble goal of defending its fatherland. The city owed its long resistance to the Romans not to the commander, but to the greatest scientist of antiquity. Can you guess which scientist? (Syracuse defended itself using the technical inventions of Archimedes.)

3. Cunning of Hannibal General Hannibal was a master of military tricks and arranged numerous traps for his enemies. During the war with Rome, Hannibal's troops captured several estates of the Roman rich, including the estate of the commander of the Roman army. Hannibal ordered his soldiers to burn and plunder everything around, but forbade them to touch the commander's estates. Moreover, he assigned guards so that nothing was damaged there and nothing was stolen from there. Guess what was Hannibal's trick? (The essence of the trick was to discredit the commander in the eyes of the Romans.)

Scipio Africanus

4. Who is the best commander of antiquity? In the writings of Plutarch there is a story about the last meeting of two enemies - Scipio Africanus the Elder and Hannibal in Syria. The conversation touched upon issues of military art. Scipio asked Hannibal to name the three best commanders of all times and peoples. Hannibal was the first to name Alexander the Great, the second - King Pyrrhus, the third - himself. Scipio was hurt, but did not show it, smiled and asked what place Hannibal would put himself in if he defeated him, Scipio. The Roman liked the answer more than the previous one, because Hannibal in the second case put himself in the first place, Alexander the Great in the second, and Pyrrhus in the third. Guess why Scipio liked the last answer? (Hannibal made it clear to Scipio that he considered him an unsurpassed commander and the most dangerous enemy.)

5. The last triumph of Caesar Having defeated his opponents in civil wars, Caesar in 45 BC. celebrated his last triumph in Rome. However, this triumph did not please the Romans, but extremely upset them. Many said that Caesar should have been ashamed of such glory, and not proud of it. Guess what explained this attitude of the Romans to the last triumph of Caesar? (Caesar's last victory was over the Romans.)

6. Marcus Aurelius and the Conspirators The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was a man of high moral principles, possessed of a deep mind and was distinguished by exceptional stamina in enduring the vicissitudes of life. One day, one of the generals rebelled against him. The uprising was suppressed, the commander was killed, but letters addressed to his supporters from among the emperor's associates fell into the hands of Marcus Aurelius. Guess what the emperor did with the letters that fell into his hands? (Marcus Aurelius ordered them to be burned without opening.)

7. Prohibitions on hot food In the high-rise buildings of Rome, where the poor lived, it was not possible to cook hot food. Taverns were a place where people met, ate hot stew, talked, and rested. Meanwhile, the emperors issued decrees that forbade or restricted the sale of hot dishes in taverns. Guess what is the reason for the imperial bans on the sale of hot food? (The emperors feared conspiracies and suspected them wherever companies of people could gather, even in taverns.)

8. In a special position These people had great advantages over other inhabitants of Rome. Everyone made way for them. In circuses and amphitheatres, they were given places of honor. If the convict was led to the execution and they met this person on the way, then the execution was canceled. However, few parents would wish such a fate for their child. Guess what we're talking about? (We are talking about the vestals - the priestesses of the goddess of fire and the hearth of Vesta.)

9. Unknown product According to archaeologists, this product is 6 thousand years old. Its use is directly related to the famous terms. The Romans took it from the Gauls, who used vegetable oil and red earth paint for it. In Russia, it has become widespread since the time of Peter I. Guess what we are talking about? (We are talking about ordinary soap.)

10. Precious gift Alaric, the leader of the Goths, demanded from the Romans "all gold, all valuables, all slaves" in exchange for a single gift from him. Guess what Alaric promised the Romans? (In exchange for a huge ransom, he left them their lives.)

LITERATURE

Goder G.I. Tasks and tasks on the history of the ancient world. M., 1996. Drahler A.B. General history (questions for the Olympiad). M., 2002. Kishenkova O.V., Korotkova M.V. History for the curious. In 2 books. Book. 1. M., 1996. Litvinov A.V. The story is getting closer. M., 1996. Ryzhov K. All monarchs of the world. Ancient Greece. Ancient Rome. Byzantium. M., 1998. Suetonius G.T. Life of the Twelve Caesars. M., 1990. Smirnov S.G. History book ancient world. M., 1994. Trukhina N.N. History of Ancient Rome. M., 1993. Fedorova E.V. People of Imperial Rome. M., 1990. Fedorova E.V. Imperial Rome in person. M., 2002. Encyclopedia for children. T. 1. World history. M., 1993.

Matveeva A.R., history teacher

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Ancient Rome | Idioms

1. Augean stables. In Greek mythology, the Augean Stables are the vast stables of Augius, king of Elis, which have not been cleaned for many years. They were cleansed in one day by the hero Heracles (Hercules): he sent a river through the stables, the waters of which carried away all the manure. This myth was first reported by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC). Emerging from here […]

Roman Lawyers Asinius Pollio (75 BC-5 AD) statesman Having done well [judicial] cases, I began to conduct them often; leading often, began to lead badly. Lucius Cassius (Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla) consul 127 BC The famous Lucius Cassius, whom the Roman people considered the fairest and wisest judge, used to ask during the trial: "Who benefits?" Cassius Severus […]

Lucius Vitellius (I century), consul, father of the emperor Vitellius [Lucius Vitellius] exclaimed, congratulating [emperor] Claudius on the centenary games: “I wish you to celebrate them more than once!” Tiberius Gracchus (1st half of the 2nd century BC) consul, father of the popular tribunes Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus When the Lusitanians told Tiberius Gracchus that they had food for ten years, and therefore they […]

Aurelian (Lucius Claudius Domitius Aurelian) (214-275) emperor since 270. He was born not to live, but to drink. (Aurelian about one of his commanders.) Hadrian (Publius Aelius Adrian) (76-138) emperor since 117. He [Adrian] refused something to one man, whose head was already turning gray; when he, having dyed his hair, […]

Anonymous sayings. Proverbs The gladiator makes a decision in the arena. The good deed of a robber is not to kill. Friendship should be immortal, mortal enmity. If in doubt, refrain. Better freedom full of dangers than quiet slavery. Baldness is not a vice, but evidence of wisdom. He who has robbed a lot and given a little to the defenders will survive. How many slaves, so many enemies. Drunken slaves seem to be free. Do you want a long old age - […]

Various historical figures of Actions (Akkiy) (170 - c. 80 BC) playwright-tragedian Let them hate, if only they were afraid! Honor is good from the honored. Gigin (I century AD) librarian of Emperor Augustus; under his name came an astronomical and mythological treatise, dating back to the 2nd century BC. Night is what we call the shadow of the earth when it covers the light of the sun. Elius Donatus (mid-4th century) grammarian, […]

Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), statesman, commander, writer Happiness plays a big role in everything, especially in matters of war. In war, often small things lead to big changes. Soldiers (…) are being given big influence the customs of those countries where they stand for a long time. The task of the commander is to win as much with the mind as with the sword. Should cover weak […]

Ennius Quintus (239-169 BC) poet A true friend is known in trouble. Whoever slanders you is not your friend. Good deeds rendered to the unworthy, I consider atrocities. I know the nature of women: when you want, they do not want, when you do not want, they are seized by a passionate desire. Epictetus (c. 50 - c. 140) Greek Stoic philosopher, born in […]

Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) statesman, orator, writer I (...) with my valor illuminated the path of my ancestors, so that they, if they were not known before, owe their memory to me. Our tears dry up quickly, especially if we pour them over someone else's misfortune. The greatest freedom breeds tyranny and the most unjust and hardest slavery. Not […]

Titus Livius (59-17 BC), historian [Roman] state, having started small, grew so much that it already suffers from its immensity. We cannot endure our vices, nor the cure for them. Without power, anger is futile. Fellowship among kings is unreliable. Military service hardens hearts. Fear of the gods is the most effective remedy for an unenlightened and (...) rude crowd. […]

1. a heavily littered, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying in disarray;

2. something that is in an extremely neglected state, in disarray, etc. Usually about some organization, about a complete mess in the conduct of business.

· · ·

From the name of the huge canyons of the king of Elis Avgei, not cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty - the son. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, directing the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

a firm determination to be irreconcilable towards someone or something, to fight someone or something to the end.

· · ·

On behalf of the Corthaginian commander Annibal (or Hannibal, 247-183 BC), who, according to legend, as a boy swore to be an implacable enemy of Rome all his life. Annibal kept his oath: during the Second Punic War (218-210 BC), the troops under his command inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the troops of Rome.

a happy serene life, a peaceful, unclouded existence.

· · ·

From the name of Arcadia - the central mountainous part of the Peloponnese, whose population in ancient times was engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture, and which in classical literature XVII-XVIII centuries portrayed as happy country where people live serene, carefree lives.

subtle, elegant wit, elegant joke; mockery.

· · ·

By the name of the ancient Greek region of Attica, which was the center of the mental and spiritual life of that time and became famous for its rich and subtle culture.

extreme limit, limit of something, extreme in something.

· · ·

Originally - the name of two rocks on the shores of Europe and Africa near the Strait of Gibraltar, according to ancient legend, erected on the border of the world.

intractable, complicated matter, task, some kind of difficulty. Also Cut (cut) the Gordian knot– resolve a complex, confusing issue boldly, decisively and immediately.

· · ·

From the name of a complex, tangled knot tied, according to one of the legends, by the Phrygian king Gordius, which no one was able to untie. According to the oracle, the one who managed to unravel this knot was to become the ruler of all Asia. The legend, told by ancient Greek writers, tells that only Alexander the Great managed to do this - he cut the knot in half with a sword.

a constant threat to someone, a nuisance.

· · ·

The expression arose from the ancient Greek legend about the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder (432-367 BC), who, in order to teach a lesson to one of his entourage, Damocles, who envied his position, put him in his place during the feast, hanging over his head Damocles sharp sword on a horsehair as a symbol of the dangers that inevitably threaten the tyrant. Damocles realized how little happy he is who is under eternal fear.

1. two-faced person; 2. a case that has two opposite sides.

· · ·

In ancient Roman mythology, Janus is the god of time, as well as of every beginning and end, the god of change, movement. He was depicted with two faces, young and old, which were turned in different directions: young - forward, into the future, old - back, into the past.

a complex, intractable task that requires a subtle approach, a fair amount of intelligence and competence.

· · ·

It arose from a myth that tells how the gods sent a terrible monster to Thebes as a punishment for the misconduct of one of the rulers of the city - which was located on a mountain near Thebes (or in the city square) and asked everyone who passed the question: “Which of the living creatures in the morning walks on four legs, during the day - not two, but in the evening on three? Unable to give a clue, the Sphinx killed and thus killed many noble Thebans, including the son of King Creon. Oedipus solved the riddle, only he managed to guess that it was a man; The Sphinx threw herself into the abyss in despair and fell to her death.

large sums of money.

· · ·

The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth about. Captivated by the beauty of the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was born in the future. Danae, showered with a rain of golden coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc. Hence the expressions “golden rain is pouring”, “golden rain is pouring”.

be forgotten, disappear without a trace and forever.

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From the name Lethe - the river of oblivion in the underworld; from it the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their whole past life.

one experiences a feeling of intense envy for one's success.

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The words of the ancient Greek commander Themistocles: “The Lavra of Miltiades do not let me sleep,” said by him after the brilliant victory of Miltiades over the troops of the Persian king Darius in 490 BC.

scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing someone or threatening him.

· · ·

It arose from ideas about the supreme god, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people who were objectionable to him with the help of forged lightning, terrifying in their power.

in a position where danger threatens from two sides (to be, to be, to be, etc.). Synonyms: between a hammer and an anvil, between two fires.

· · ·

From the name of two mythical monsters, and who lived on both sides of the narrow Strait of Messina and destroyed all those passing by.

that helps to find a way out of a predicament.

first place among others due to superiority over all others.

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From the ancient Greek custom of rewarding the winner of a competition with a palm branch or wreath.

to exalt, to rave about, to praise someone or something.

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It arose from the name of dithyrambs - laudatory songs in honor of the god of wine and vine, sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

something that is a measure for something, to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted.

· · ·

Initially, it was a bed on which, according to ancient Greek myth, the robber Polypemon, nicknamed Procrustes (“stretching”), laid the travelers he captured and stretched out the legs of those for whom this bed was large, or cut off the legs of those for whom it was small.

As if from a cornucopia - in huge quantities, inexhaustible.

· · ·

In ancient Greek mythology - the wonderful horn of the goat Amalthea, who nursed the baby with her milk. According to one of the legends, when one day a goat accidentally broke off its horn, the Thunderer gave this horn a miraculous ability to be filled with whatever its owner wishes. Therefore, the horn of Amalthea became a symbol of wealth and abundance.

Augean stables

*1. a heavily littered, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying in disarray;
*2. something that is in an extremely neglected state, in disarray, etc. Usually about some organization, about a complete mess in the conduct of business.

From the name of the huge stables of the king of Elis Avgei, not cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules - the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, directing the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

Annibal's Oath

* a firm determination to be irreconcilable with respect to someone or something, to fight with someone or something to the end.

On behalf of the Carthaginian commander Hannibal (or Annibal, 247-183 BC), who, according to legend, as a boy swore to be an implacable enemy of Rome all his life. Hannibal kept his oath: during the Second Punic War (218-210 BC), the troops under his command inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the troops of Rome.

arcadian idyll

* happy serene life, peaceful, unclouded existence.

From the name of Arcadia - the central mountainous part of the Peloponnese, whose population in ancient times was engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture, and which in the classical literature of the 17th-18th centuries. portrayed as a happy country where people live serene, carefree lives.

Attic salt

* subtle, elegant wit, elegant joke; mockery.

By the name of the ancient Greek region of Attica, which was the center of the mental and spiritual life of that time and became famous for its rich and subtle culture.

Pillars of Hercules

* extreme limit, border of something, extreme in something.

Initially - the name of two rocks on the shores of Europe and Africa near the Strait of Gibraltar, according to ancient legend, erected by Hercules on the border of the world.

Gordian knot

* intractable, confusing matter, task, some kind of difficulty. Also
Cut (cut) the Gordian knot

* resolve a complex, confusing issue boldly, decisively and immediately.

From the name of a complex, tangled knot tied, according to one of the legends, by the Phrygian king Gordius, which no one was able to untie. According to the oracle, the one who managed to unravel this knot was to become the ruler of all Asia. The legend told by ancient Greek writers tells that only Alexander the Great managed to do this - he cut the knot in half with a sword.

Sword of Damocles

* a constant threat to someone, a nuisance.

The expression arose from the ancient Greek legend about the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder (432-367 BC), who, in order to teach a lesson to one of his confidants, Damocles, who envied his position, put him in his place during the feast, hanging over his head Damocles sharp sword on a horsehair as a symbol of the dangers that inevitably threaten the tyrant. Damocles realized how little happy he is who is under eternal fear.

Two-faced Janus

*1. Two-faced person;
*2. a case with two opposite sides.

Riddle of the Sphinx

*a complex, intractable task that requires a subtle approach, a fair mind and competence.

It arose from a myth that tells how the gods sent a terrible monster to Thebes as a punishment for the misconduct of one of the rulers of the city - the Sphinx, which was located on a mountain near Thebes (or in the city square) and asked each passing question: "Which of the living creatures walks on four legs in the morning, not two in the afternoon, but three in the evening? Unable to give a clue, the Sphinx killed and thus killed many noble Thebans, including the son of King Creon. Oedipus solved the riddle, only he managed to guess that it was a man; The Sphinx threw herself into the abyss in despair and fell to her death.

Golden Rain

* large sums of money.

The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the king of Argos Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was born in the future. Danae, showered with a rain of golden coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, and others.

Sink into oblivion

* be forgotten, disappear without a trace and forever.

From the name Lethe - the river of oblivion in the underworld of Hades; from it the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their whole past life.

Laurels won't let you sleep

*someone feels intense envy of someone else's success.

The words of the ancient Greek commander Themistocles: "The Lavra of Miltiades do not let me sleep", said by him after the brilliant victory of Miltiades over the troops of the Persian king Darius in 490 BC.

Throw thunder and lightning

*to scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing someone or threatening him.

It arose from ideas about Zeus, the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people who were objectionable to him with the help of thunderbolts, terrifying in their power, forged by Hephaestus.

Between Scylla and Charybdis

* in a position where danger threatens from two sides (to be, to be, to be, etc.). Synonyms: between a hammer and an anvil, between two fires.

From the name of two mythical monsters, Scylla and Charybdis, who lived on both sides of the narrow Strait of Messina and killed everyone passing by.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread

*what helps to find a way out of a predicament.

Named after Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull-half-human Minotaur, safely get out of the underground labyrinth with the help of a ball of thread.

palm

* first place among others, as a result of superiority over all others.

From the ancient Greek custom of rewarding the winner of a competition with a palm branch or wreath.

sing praises

*immoderately, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something.

It arose from the name of dithyrambs - laudatory songs in honor of the god of wine and the vine of Dionysus, sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Procrustean bed

*what is a measure for something, to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted.

Initially, it was a bed on which, according to ancient Greek myth, the robber Polypemon, nicknamed Procrustes ("stretching"), laid the travelers he captured and stretched out the legs of those for whom this bed was large, or cut off the legs of those for whom it was small.

Cornucopia

* As if from a cornucopia - in huge quantities, inexhaustible.

In ancient Greek mythology - the wonderful horn of the goat Amalthea, who nursed the baby Zeus with her milk. According to one of the legends, when one day a goat accidentally broke off its horn, the Thunderer gave this horn a miraculous ability to be filled with whatever its owner wishes. Therefore, the horn of Amalthea became a symbol of wealth and abundance.

Saddle Pegasus

* the same as Fly to Helikon - become a poet, write poetry; feel inspired.

By the name of the winged horse Pegasus, the fruit of the relationship of the Gorgon Medusa with Poseidon, bringing good luck to his rider. With a blow of a hoof, Pegasus knocked out on Helikon (the mountain - the abode of the muses) the source of Hippocrene ("horse spring"), the water of which gives inspiration to poets.

Sisyphean labor

* the same as the Bochka Danaid - useless, endless hard work, fruitless work.

The expression came from the ancient Greek legend of Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death, sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades - he had to roll a heavy stone up the mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all work had to be started anew.

Pandora's Box

* source of multiple misfortunes, disasters.

From the ancient Greek myth of Pandora, according to which people once lived without knowing any misfortunes, illness and old age, until Prometheus stole fire from the gods. For this, the angry Zeus sent a beautiful woman, Pandora, to earth; she received from God a casket in which all human misfortunes were locked. Despite Prometheus' warning not to open the casket, Pandora, spurred on by curiosity, opened it and scattered all the misfortunes.

slide 1

Phraseologisms that came into our speech from mythology
Authors: 7th grade students Ilya Anokhin, Kristina Yurina

slide 2

Goals and objectives
Purpose: to study the nature of phraseological units and learn from the example of the myths of the Ancient World to use phraseological units in their speech. Tasks: To analyze the necessary language information about phraseological units; get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries; create your own dictionary of phraseological units; create multimedia resources about phraseological units.

slide 3

Borrowed phraseological units are divided into borrowed from the Old Slavonic language and borrowed from Western European languages. A significant number of phraseological units are borrowed from ancient Greek mythology.

slide 4

Augean stables
In ancient Greece, according to legend, there lived a king named Augeas. He was a passionate lover of horses. Three thousand horses stood in his famous stables. However, the stalls in which these animals were kept were not cleaned for 30 years, and they, of course, were filled with manure up to the very roofs. Once, the strongman Heracles entered the service of King Avgius, whom Avgius instructed to clean his stables - it was no longer possible for someone else to do this. Hercules was distinguished not only by his mighty strength, but also by his mind. He solved this problem simply: he diverted the river through the gates of the stables, and its turbulent flow quickly washed away all the dirt from there. This ancient legend first reported to the world by the ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus. The expression "Augean stables" we use today when we want to talk about extreme neglect.

slide 5

Achilles' heel
Any weak, vulnerable place of a person in his affections, character is called the Achilles' heel. Where did this expression come from? Achilles is the hero of ancient Greek myths, brave and invincible, who was not taken by any enemy arrows. The myth tells that the mother of Achilles Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped her son, at the time of infancy, into the waters of the sacred river Styx. When the mother dipped Achilles, she held him by the heel, and the heel was exposed. Achilles was killed in one of the competitions by an arrow from his opponent, which hit the heel.

slide 6

Scales of Themis
In ancient Greek mythology, Themis is the goddess of justice. She was always depicted holding a sword in one hand, and scales in the other, and always with a blindfold, symbolizing the impartiality with which she judges people accused of something. Themis, as it were, weighs on its scales all the arguments of the prosecution and defense and punishes the guilty with the sword. The expression "scales of Themis" has become synonymous with justice, justice.

Slide 7

Homeric laughter
Homer is a famous ancient Greek poet. He is considered the author of the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The heroes of these poems - the gods - are endowed with extraordinary qualities. They are strong, courageous, resourceful, have powerful voices, their laughter is like thunder. Homeric laughter is very loud, uncontrollable laughter.

Slide 8

Gordian knot
In one ancient Greek legend, it is said that the Phrygian king Gordius brought a chariot as a gift to Zeus, and tied oxen to its drawbar with such a complex knot that no craftsman could unravel it. An ancient oracle (foreteller) announced to everyone that whoever can untie this tricky knot will rule the whole world. The Greatest Commander of antiquity, Alexander the Great, who conquered Phrygia, also heard about it. He entered the temple where the chariot was placed, looked at the famous knot, and suddenly, drawing his golden sword, cut the knot with one blow. Since then, it has become customary: “to cut the Gordian knot” means quickly, very decisively, by force to resolve some complicated matter.

Slide 9

Sword of Damocles
It came to us from ancient Greek myth. The Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder had Damocles close. Damocles was very jealous of his master. Dionysius knew about this. One day he decided to teach Damocles a lesson. During the feast, he ordered his servants to raise their favorite to the throne and give him royal honors. Damocles was ready to jump for joy - it came true cherished desire. But then he looked up and froze: directly above his head, with its tip down, hung a heavy sword, suspended on a thin horsehair. Every minute the sword could fall right on the head of Damocles. - Here, Damocles, - said the tyrant, - you consider my high position enviable, but now look: am I calm on my throne? Since then, the expression "Sword of Damocles" means the highest danger that can fall at any moment.

Slide 10

Olympian calm
Olympus is a mountain in ancient Greece, where, as it was told in ancient Greek myths, the immortal gods lived. With the Olympic gods, we now compare people who, under any circumstances, maintain an imperturbable peace of mind ”we also call people arrogant and inaccessible. In our speech, expressions such as "literary Olympus" or "musical Olympus" arose - a group of recognized poets, writers and musicians. And Olympian calmness is calmness unperturbed by anything.

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Panic, panic horror
Panic is a word of Greek origin. It came to us from the ancient Greek myth about the god of fields, forests and herds, Pan, who was born overgrown with wool, with goat horns, hooves and a goatee. With his appearance, the newborn so frightened his mother that she left him in horror, but the father of his son Hermes took his son to Olympus and showed it to the gods. The child made the gods laugh and liked him very much, they took him into their number and gave the name Pan. Pan was very fond of music and often played the shepherd's pipe. However, anyone who approached his forest shelter, Pan put to flight, terrifying with his very appearance. According to legend, the fear that Pan inspired was so strong that it even took possession of the troops, who, having heard Pan's wild howls, turned to flight. From the mythological name Pan later came the word "panic", meaning unaccountable, uncontrollable fear, mostly of a mass nature, as well as the word "alarmist" - "a person easily amenable to confusion, spreading disturbing rumors."

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Procrustean bed
To find out the history of this expression, let's turn again to Greek mythology. The terrible robber Polypemon, nicknamed Procrustes, lived in Attica. He did not just kill travelers who entered his domain, but first laid his guest on a bed and looked at whether it exactly corresponded to the height of the unfortunate person or not. If the guest was longer, he chopped off his legs, and if shorter, he extended the joints to the required length. It also happens that someone, contrary to all sense, tries to fit some work of art or a discovery in science to one or another requirement, that is, to drive it into an artificial framework. In such cases, this expression is used.

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Cornucopia
The ancient Greek myth tells us that the cruel god Kronos did not want to have children, because he was afraid that his power would be taken away from him. The wife of Kronos therefore gave birth to the son of Zeus in secret, instructing the nymphs to care for the baby. Zeus was fed with the milk of the divine goat Amalthea. One day a goat caught on a tree and broke off its horn. The nymph filled it with fruits and gave it to Zeus. Zeus gave the horn to the nymphs who raised him, promising that whatever they wished would come out of it. So the expression "cornucopia" became a symbol of prosperity and wealth.

Slide 14

Lantern of Diogenes
The ancient Greek writer Diogenes Laertes in his book "The Life, Teachings and Opinions of Famous Philosophers" says that ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinop once lit a lantern during the day, and walking with him, he said: "I am looking for a man." The expression “to search with a lantern for Diogenes”, which arose from here, is used in the meaning of “stubbornly, but in vain, in vain, strive to find someone or something. Recently, a synonym for this expression has been more used in speech - “search by day with fire”.

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Pandora's Box
The ancient Greek myth about Pandora says that once people lived without any misfortunes, illnesses and old age, until Prometheus stole fire from the gods for them. For this, the angry Zeus sent a beautiful woman, Pandora, to earth. She received from Zeus a chest in which all human misfortunes were locked. Pandora, spurred on by curiosity, opened the chest and scattered all the misfortunes. The expression "Pandora's box" means a source of misfortune, great disasters.

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Sisyphean labor
Sisyphean labor - "hard, endless work." King Sisyphus of Corinth committed a lot of deceit and deceit in his life. He dared to deceive even the gods. The gods were angry with Sisyphus and awarded him a severe punishment in the afterlife. In the kingdom of Hades, he had to roll a stone up a high mountain. Each time a stone breaks out of the hands of Sisyphus, and he again takes up this hard work. This is how the expression "Sisyphean labor" arose.

Slide 17

Apple of discord
The expression comes from an ancient Greek myth. The wedding of Peleus and Thetis was attended by three beautiful Greek goddesses: Aphrodite, Athena and Hera. Wanting to quarrel them among themselves, the fourth goddess - the goddess of discord Eris - threw into the crowd a golden apple with the inscription "To the most beautiful." A dispute ensued between the goddesses. Each believed that the apple was intended for her, and would never cede it to another. The son of the Trojan king Priam Paris intervened in the dispute. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. Athena and Hera got angry and began to turn all the Greek peoples against the Trojans. So a bloody war broke out, as a result of which Troy died. Since then, we have called every cause of disagreement a bone of contention.

Slide 18

And further…
Barrel Danaid Pillars of Hercules Sink into oblivion Tantalum torments Promethean fire Sodom and Gomorrah Etc.