To begin with, you always need to refer to the criteria for evaluating the task that we are analyzing. Download it and keep reading:

Download the demo version of the exam in social studies 201 7

Highlighting a problem

So, let's take a look at the very last pages of the document that you have uploaded and take a look at points K1-K3, trying to extract from this the formula for a good essay that will be judged by experts

First, you need to directly understand the statement: highlight the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparing

What are the problems in the exam? From my own experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try on your aphorism:

  • Essence problem...
  • The problem of inconsistency...
  • Role problem...
  • Relationship problem...
  • Relationship problem...
  • Unity problem...

What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that essays should be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact, from literary to scientific language, based on the block in which you write your work. You can end everything with a “reason for increasing the score”: look at the problem from different angles. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.

Theoretical reasoning

Now let's move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant who is preparing on his own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the field that you are studying

Also, you must clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is a very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to cite various principles and approaches as an example, prove your position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events referred to in the formulation of the assignment.

Factual Argumentation

As a fact, you must prove the theoretical material mentioned above with the help of media reports, materials subjects(usually humanitarian), facts from social experience and their own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to give 2 ARGUMENTS of a factual nature, and both of them cannot be from media reports, or stories, political life… It is important to understand this, otherwise the expert will lower your score

Well, in the end, you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it down in other words, with a “tinge” of completeness. That's all you need to know from theory on how to write social studies task 29

Speech by T. Liskova - Features of the solution of the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017

The video of her performance is attached below.

Finished essays

Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 very first works of my students on politics. I suggest you look through them, select constituent elements, find errors, if any, and unsubscribe about them in the comments

First essay

“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)

In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of a person who possesses it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: more human empowered, the more often he begins to go beyond what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of the ruler led the country to ruin.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the ability and ability to influence the behavior of people regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more unlimited power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.

Examples for disclosure K3

The ruler, endowed with great power, ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced the oprichnina in the camp, which consisted in mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the discontented boyars, but also any opposition. So, on suspicion of treason, many innocent people were executed, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the ruin of cities and the death of a huge number of people.

My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother's family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with the same repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing the strata of the population, but the number of dispossessed kulaks during the years of his rule significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.

Thus, one can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much good as ruin and a fall in the standard of living of the population. In modern society, absolute power no longer dominates in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.

Second essay

“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not work” (Saadi)

I see the meaning of Saadi's statement in the fact that legality is the basis for building democratic state, while tyranny opposes the public good and is aimed only at achieving its own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

Tyranny is often inherent in states with the unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with a totalitarian regime. Its main difference from democracy is political regime, which is characterized by the equality of all people before the law and the belonging of power to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret the laws in his own favor, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not meet the principle of legality. It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of Saadi, and history knows many confirmations of this.

Examples for disclosure K3

Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini can serve as an example of tyranny. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime and applied political repressions. As head of seven ministries and as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.

A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. The work shows the life of a former soldier who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.

Having considered these examples, we can conclude that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights do not have any weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinion, as they are constantly in fear for their lives.

Third essay

In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem of the characteristic features and peculiarities of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: the positive and negative influence of power on society.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

P. Syr's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who obey them. That is why I fully share the author's point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm the relevance of this, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

It’s worth starting with the simplest: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their will. Usually this happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an essential attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot form. As the main sources of power, one can single out both the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.

Examples for disclosure K3

To confirm the relevance of P. Syr's statement, we can give an example from history. As an ill-considered action, the conduct of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich monetary reform which replaced silver money with copper money. Due to the lack of coins from the latter material in the treasury, it was the silversmiths who collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of the coppers. The reform, which did not suggest such a scenario, did not allow to correct the situation, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.

As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, one can cite events from recent history. It's about about politics Russian Federation carried out since the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its positions in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that involves not sudden and thoughtless changes, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.

Summing up, we can say that the problem of the peculiarities of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues, on the solution of which the destinies of states depend and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can affect not individual countries, but all powers together.

Fourth essay

“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, or justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)

In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude to the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is the state apparatus that plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating the basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the country's borders and maintaining the safety of its population. This issue can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the first influences the second.

The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of the chronological period, the state has always played a key role in people's lives. That is why I fully share the author's point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

What is the state itself? As we know from the course of political science, the state can be called any organization of political power, which has a mechanism for managing society, ensuring the normal activity of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one sphere of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and the establishment of international cooperation.

Examples for disclosure K3

In order to give the first example, let us turn to ancient history. The states of all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case, we will consider this process and its consequences using the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state was the need for protection from an external enemy - the Khazar Khaganate. The scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads became only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates the operation of one of the most important functions of the state - defensive.

The following example, illustrating the impact of the state on society, can be taken from new history. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out peasant reform which resulted in the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon has big influence on the life of Russian people, because most of the population Russian Empire at that time were none other than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state greatly expanded the rights and obligations of the liberated peasants. The abolition of serfdom resulted in the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of the reform carried out by the state, which affected the entire population of the country.

Summing up, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the need for the functions it performs have been tested by time. Without an impact, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it carries out can be perceived differently by citizens

I hope the article helped you deal with a rather problematic exam question. Help spread the word about this article: click on the buttons social networks and subscribe to blog updates to receive new articles on your blog in a timely manner email. Bye everyone

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Examples of essays on social studies for the exam

Essay Samples

“A child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

It is necessary to understand what meaning A. Pieron put into the concept of man. At the time of birth, the child is already a person. He is a representative of a special biological species Homo Sapiens, possessing the inherent specific features of this biological species: a large brain, upright posture, tenacious hands, etc. At the moment of birth, a child can be called an individual - a specific representative of the human race. From birth, he is endowed with individual traits and properties inherent only to him: eye color, shape and structure of the body, the pattern of his palm. Now this can be defined as individuality. Why, then, does the author of the statement call the child only a candidate for a person? Apparently, the author had in mind the concept of "personality". After all, man is a biosocial being. If biological traits are given to a person from birth, then he acquires social traits only in a society of his own kind. And this happens in the process of socialization, when the child learns with the help of education and self-education the values ​​of a particular society. Gradually, he turns into a person, i.e. becomes the subject of conscious activity and has a set of socially significant features that are in demand and useful in society. It was then that he can be fully called a man. How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809 in Sorochintsy in the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, a son was born, baptized with the name Nikolai. It was one of the sons of the landowners born on that day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by signs characteristic only for him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he had features associated with growing up, an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, from the age of 5 he wrote poetry, studied diligently at the gymnasium, became a writer, whose work was followed by all of Russia. A bright individuality appeared in him, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is exactly the meaning that A. Pieron put into his statement, and I completely agree with him. Being born, a person must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants proudly say: “Yes, this person can be called great: our people are proud of him.”

"The idea of ​​freedom is connected with the true essence of man" (K. Jaspers)

What is freedom? Independence from the mighty of the world this, which money and fame can give? Absence of a lattice or whip of an overseer? Freedom to think, write, create without regard to the generally accepted canons and tastes of the public? This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Each culture, each epoch, each philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of being, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but also a certain life position, a completely practical attitude to the world. And yet. From all the diverse, contradictory ideas about a person, one general conclusion follows: a person is not free. It depends on anything: on the will of God or the gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on oneself. But the meaning of Jaspers' expression, in my opinion, lies in the fact that a person does not conceive of freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable "I". He does not want to "become everything", but "wants to be himself in defiance of the universe", as the author of the famous "Mowgli" R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly indestructible in a person is the desire to create the world and himself, to discover a new one, still unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of own life. Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum tension of all spiritual forces, deep reflections about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude to what is happening around and to oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggles and conflicts with others. This is precisely where the free will of a person manifests itself, since from a variety of life circumstances, options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, how to act in this or that case. And the harder the world, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position, to make this or that choice. So, K. Jaspers turned out to be right, considering the idea of ​​freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom - necessary condition his activities. Freedom cannot be "gifted", because unsuffering freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of the affirmation of goodness, light, truth and beauty can make every person free.

“Science is ruthless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual delusions ”(N.V. Karlov)

It is quite possible to agree with this statement. After all, the main goal of scientific knowledge is the desire for objectivity, i.e. to the study of the world as it is outside and independently of man. The result obtained in this case should not depend on private opinions, predilections, authorities. On the way to the search for objective truth, a person goes through relative truths and delusions. There are many examples of this. Once people were absolutely sure that the Earth has the shape of a disk. But centuries passed, and the journey of Fernando Magellan disproved this delusion. People learned that the Earth is spherical. The geocentric system, which existed for millennia, was also a delusion. The discovery of Copernicus debunked this myth. The heliocentric system he created explained to people that all the planets of our system revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church for more than two hundred years forbade the recognition of this truth, but in this case, science, indeed, turned out to be ruthless to the delusions of people. Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the advent of new opportunities for a person in the study of a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously treated knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.

“Progress indicates only the direction of movement, and it does not care what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil” (J. Huizinga).

It is known that progress is the movement of the development of society from simple to complex, from lower to higher. But the long history of mankind proves that moving forward in one area leads to a rollback in another. For example, the replacement of an arrow with a firearm, a flintlock gun with a machine gun testifies to the development of technology and related knowledge and science. The ability to kill a lot of people at once with a deadly nuclear weapons is also an unconditional evidence of the development of science and technology the highest level. But can all this be called progress? And therefore, everything that has manifested itself in history as something positive can always be opposed as something negative, and a lot of things that are positive in one aspect can be said to be negative in another. So what is the point of the story? What is the direction of its movement? What is progress? Answering these questions is far from easy. The very abstract concept of progress, when trying to apply it to the assessment of certain events concretely - historically, will certainly contain an insoluble contradiction. This contradiction is the drama of history. Is it inevitable? And the point is that the main actor In this historical drama, the person himself appears. Evil is, as it were, inevitable, because a person sometimes receives as a result something that he did not aspire to at all, that was not his goal. And the thing objectively lies in the fact that practice is always richer, always exceeds the level of knowledge achieved, which gives rise to the ability of a person in other conditions to use what has been achieved in a different way. Evil, therefore, like a shadow, pursues good. Apparently, this is what the author of this statement had in mind. But I would like to continue the discussion and encourage people, especially scientists, to think about their future discoveries. After all, for the definition of truly progressive there is a concept developed by the entire history of mankind. Expressed by the word "humanism", it denotes both the specific properties of human nature and the evaluation of these properties as higher beginning public life. Progressive is what is combined with humanism, and not just combined, but contributes to its exaltation.

“Revolution is the transition from untruth to truth, from lies to truth, from oppression to justice, from deceit and suffering to straightforward honesty and happiness”

(Robert Owen)

The revolution is often called a social explosion, which is why, in my opinion, the revolution does not completely solve the problems that have arisen in life.

In the historical past of Russia, the revolution in October 1917 was the most significant. Its most important result was the beginning of the construction of communism, which meant a radical change in the life of the whole country. And if this is the very truth, justice and honesty that Owen is talking about, then why is Russia now trying with all its might to join the Western model of development and is doing everything to become a capitalist country in the full sense of the word? And this despite the fact that in Soviet time Russia has achieved a lot: it became a superpower, was the first to carry out a manned flight into space, and won World War II. It turns out that the revolution did not lead our country to the truth. Moreover, by the end of 1991, Russia was on the brink of economic disaster and famine.

Is it necessary to talk about social revolutions, even if in the course of the scientific and technological revolution in modern world many questions arise. Among them and ecological problems, and rising unemployment, and terrorism.

On the one hand, in the course of the scientific and technological revolution, health care is being improved, the most hopeless patients are saved from death by the efforts of doctors, and on the other hand, weapons are being produced. mass destruction including bacteriological. The mass media daily cover millions of events taking place in all corners of the planet, informing and educating people, but at the same time, the media act as a manipulator of human consciousness, will, and reason.

Many more examples of revolutions can be cited, but the conclusion remains unambiguous: a revolution is a multifaceted and contradictory process, during which the problems being solved are replaced by others, often even more complex and intricate.

Religion is rationally justified wisdom

I fully agree with this statement and want to prove the truth of this saying on the example of well-known BOOKS that contain such wisdom that humanity will always turn to.

New Testament. He is already 2 thousand years old. By his birth, he produced an unprecedented, unprecedented excitement of hearts and minds, which has not calmed down to this day. And all this is because it contains wisdom that teaches humanity kindness, humanism, morality. This book, written simply and without embellishment, captures the greatest secret is the secret of human salvation. People can only fulfill these Great Wisdoms: do not kill, do not steal, do not offend your neighbor, honor your parents. Is this bad wisdom? And when people forget to fulfill these wisdoms, misfortunes await them. In our country, during the years of Soviet power, the people were excommunicated from this book. All this led to the destruction of the spirituality of society, and hence to lack of will. And even the communists, drawing up their law - the Moral Code of the communist, took as a basis the moral principles contained in the Bible. They just put them in a different form. This proves that the wisdom of this book is eternal.

Koran. This main book Muslims. What is she calling for? Special attention given to nobility, which, in turn, presupposes respect for parents. The Qur'an teaches Muslims to be firm in word, obligatory in deeds and deeds. It condemns such low qualities of a person as lies, hypocrisy, cruelty, pride. Is this bad wisdom? They are reasonable.

The given examples prove the correctness of the given statement. All world religions contain such wisdom that instruct people only on good deeds. Show people the way at the end of the tunnel.

Science shortens the experiences of a fast-flowing life for us.

One cannot but agree with this statement. Indeed, with the advent of science, the progress of mankind began to accelerate, and the pace of life of human society is accelerating every day. All this happens thanks to science. Before its appearance, humanity was moving rather slowly along the path of progress. Millions of years ago, the wheel appeared, but only thanks to the scientists who invented the engines, this wheel could be driven with more high speed. Human life has accelerated dramatically.

Mankind has had to search for answers to many seemingly unsolvable questions for thousands of years. This was done by science: the discovery of new types of energy, the treatment of complex diseases, the conquest of outer space ... With the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s of the XX century, the development of science became the main condition for the existence of human society. Time requires a quick decision from a person global problems on which the survival of life on Earth will depend.

Science has now come to each of our homes. It serves people by really reducing the experience of a fast-paced life: instead of hand washing, automatic washing machine, instead of a floor cloth - a washing vacuum cleaner, instead of a typewriter - a computer. And what can we say about the means of communication that made our Earth so small: in one minute you can receive a message from places located on different parts of the world. The plane delivers us in a few hours to the most remote corners of our planet. But some hundred years ago, it took many days and even months. This is the meaning of this statement.

A political fortress is strong if and only if it is based on moral strength.

Of course, the statement is correct. Indeed, a politician must act on the basis of the laws of morality. But for some reason, the word "power" is associated with the opposite opinion for many. There are many examples of this in history, ranging from ancient Roman tyrants (for example, Nero) to Hitler and Stalin. Yes, and modern rulers do not shine with examples of morality.

What's the matter? Why are deeply moral norms, such as honesty, conscience, commitment, truthfulness, in no way fit into political power?

Apparently, much is connected with the nature of power itself. When a person seeks power, he promises people to improve their lives, restore order, and establish fair laws. But as soon as he is at the helm of power, the situation changes dramatically. Gradually, many promises are forgotten. And the politician himself becomes different. He lives by other standards, he has new views. Those to whom he promised are increasingly moving away from him. And others appear nearby, who are always ready to be at the right moment: to advise, to suggest. But they no longer act in the interests of society, but in their own selfish interests. As people say, power corrupts a person. Perhaps this is so. Or maybe there are other reasons? Coming to power, a politician understands that he is unable to cope with the burden of problems that the state faces: corruption, shadow economy, organized crime. In such difficult conditions, there is a retreat from moral principles. You have to act tough. It seems to me that it is better to rephrase this statement as follows: "A political fortress is strong if and only if it is based on the force of law." For politics, this is the most reasonable. But the laws must also be moral….

Hello! In this article, you will see a series of written essays on maximum score according to all the criteria of the exam this year. If you want to learn how to write an essay on society, I wrote an article for you that reveals all aspects of doing this work.

Political science essay

"Silent citizens are ideal subjects for an authoritarian ruler and a disaster for a democracy" (Roald Dahl)

In his statement, Roald Dahl touches upon the problem of the dependence of the level of political participation of citizens on the regime in force in the state. Undoubtedly, this statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because the activity with which people take part in the life of the country is directly related to its basic foundations and laws. Moreover, this issue can be considered starting from both the realities of a democratic society and an authoritarian one.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Dahl's words is that the lack of a developed civic consciousness plays into the hands of rulers under an authoritarian regime, but it negatively affects the state, where the main power is concentrated in the hands of society. I fully share the point of view of the author of the statement, because we can always find examples of this both in the past and at the present time. And in order to prove the significance of Dahl's statement, it is worth first considering it from the point of view of theory.

In itself, political participation is nothing more than a set of actions taken by ordinary members of the political system in relation to its "top" in order to influence the latter. These actions can be expressed as in the usual reactions of citizens to any changes, in the speeches of people on various channels, websites, radio stations and other media, the creation of various social movements and participation in the upcoming elections and referendums. In addition, political participation can be classified according to the number of people involved in it (individual and collective), compliance with laws (legitimate and illegitimate), activity of participants (active and passive), etc.

Civil society receives the greatest freedom within the framework of a democratic regime, the main characteristic of which is the concentration of all power in the hands of the people. The freedoms of citizens are largely limited in the realities of an authoritarian society due to the constant government surveillance of citizens. Completely civil society is controlled by the state within the framework of totalitarianism.

A well-known historical fact can be cited as the first example confirming Dahl's point of view. During the so-called "Thaw" Soviet Union under the direction of N.S. Khrushchev moved from Stalin's totalitarian regime to an authoritarian one. Undoubtedly, the supremacy of one party continued to exist, but at the same time freedom of speech was significantly expanded, many repressed people were returned to their homeland. The state relied on the support of the population, partially increasing the range of its rights and opportunities. This directly illustrates the interaction civil society and the state apparatus in an authoritarian regime.

The next example, confirming Dahl's position, could be the event widely covered in the media two years ago - the annexation of Crimea to Russia. As you know, a referendum was held on the peninsula (the highest opportunity for the people to express their will within the framework of democracy), which showed the desire of the Crimeans to join the Russian Federation. The inhabitants of the peninsula expressed their opinion as representatives of civil society, thus influencing the further policy of a democratic state.

Summing up, I want to say that Roald Dahl incredibly accurately reflected the relationship between civil society and the state in his statement.

In addition, before reading this article, I further recommend that you familiarize yourself with the video tutorial, which reveals all aspects of the mistakes and difficulties of applicants in the second part of the exam

Essay on sociology

"A citizen who has a share of power should act not for personal gain, but for the common good." (B.N. Chicherin)
In his statement, B.N. Chicherin touches upon the problem of the essence of power and ways of its influence on society. Without a doubt, this issue does not lose its relevance to this day, because from time immemorial there have been relationships between those in power and ordinary people. This problem can be considered from two sides: influencing the authorities for their own personal benefit, or for the benefit of many people.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Chicherin's words is that people who have power should use it to solve the problems of society, and not to achieve some personal needs. Without a doubt, I fully share the author's point of view, since we can find many examples of it, both in the past and at the present time. However, before that, one should deal with the theoretical component of Chicherin's words.

What is power? This is the ability of one person or a group of people to impose their opinion on others, to force them to obey. Within the framework of the state, it is political power that is one of its main elements, capable of imposing certain opinions and laws on citizens through legal and political norms. One of key features power is the so-called "legality" - the legality of its existence and its actions.

What can be the source of power? Firstly, it is authority - the recognition of the ruler by the people, and secondly - charisma. Also, power can be based both on certain knowledge that its representatives have, and on their wealth. There are cases when people come to power using brute force. This often happens through the violent overthrow of the current government.

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

As the first example illustrating the point of view of Chicherin, one can cite the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" In this book, we can clearly observe how Emelyan Pugachev, despite his position, does not refuse to help all members of his army. The false Peter III frees all his supporters from serfdom, grants them freedom, thus using his power to support many people.

In order to give the following example, it is enough to turn to the history Russia XVIII century. Alexander Menshikov, an associate of Emperor Peter I, used his high position for personal enrichment. He used state money to achieve his personal needs, which had nothing to do with resolving the pressing problems of an ordinary resident of Russia at that time.

Thus, given example clearly illustrates the use of power by a person not to help society, but for the sake of own desires.
Summing up, I want to say that B.N. Chicherin incredibly accurately reflected in his statement two contradictory ways in which a person uses his power, the essence of the latter and its ways of influencing society.


Second work in political science

“Politics, in essence, is power: the ability to achieve the desired result by any means” (E. Haywood)
In his statement, E. Heywood touches upon the problem of the true essence of power within the framework of politics. Undoubtedly, the relevance of the author's words is not lost to this day, because one of the main features of power is its ability to use any means to achieve the goal. This statement can be considered both from the point of view of the cruel methods of implementing what was planned by the authorities, and from the side of more democratic methods.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Haywood's words is that political power has an unlimited range of possibilities with which it can impose its opinion on other people. I fully share the author's point of view, since you can find many different examples that serve as proof of his words. However, first it is worth understanding the theoretical component of Heywood's statement.
What is power? This is the ability to influence people, to impose their opinion on them. Political power, which is characteristic exclusively for the institution of the state, is able to exercise this influence with the help of legal and state methods. The so-called "legality", ie. legitimacy of power is one of its main criteria. There are three types of legitimacy: charismatic (people's trust in a certain person or group of people), traditional (people follow power based on traditions and customs) and democratic (based on the conformity of the elected state structure principles and foundations of democracy).
The main sources of power can be distinguished: charisma, authority, strength, wealth or knowledge that a ruler or a group of people in power has. That is why only the state, due to the concentration of political power, has a monopoly on the use of force. This contributes not only to the implementation of the fight against violators of the law, but also to the way of imposing a certain opinion on citizens.

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

As a first example illustrating the process of achieving political power their goals within the history of Russia, one can cite the period of the reign of I.V. Stalin. It was at this time that the USSR was characterized by mass repressions, the purpose of which was to strengthen the authority of the authorities and suppress anti-Soviet sentiments in society. In this case, the government used the most cruel methods to achieve what she needed. Thus, we see that the authorities did not skimp on the methods of achieving their goals.
The next example is the situation now widely covered in the world media. During the US presidential race, candidates try to win over voters without using force. They visit numerous TV programs, perform in public, conduct special campaigns. Thus, presidential candidates also use all the power available to them, trying to win over the US population to their side.
Summing up, I want to say that E. Heywood's statement incredibly accurately and clearly reflects the essence of power as such, revealing all its main aspects.

Essay on political science for the maximum score

"Government is like fire - a dangerous servant and a monstrous master." (D. Washington)
In his speech, George Washington touched upon the problem of the relationship between civil society and the state. Undoubtedly, his words are relevant to this day, because in any state there is a constant dialogue between its "top" and citizens. This issue can be considered both from the point of view of a positive dialogue between the government and the people, and from a negative point of view.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Washington's words lies in the fact that the state reacts completely differently to certain social unrest, in some cases trying to resolve them peacefully, and in other cases using force to do this. I fully share the point of view of the first president of the United States, since confirmation of his words can be found both by referring to history and looking at the current situation in the world. In order to prove the significance of Washington's words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.
What is civil society? This is a sphere of the state that is not directly controlled by it and consists of the inhabitants of the country. Elements of civil society can be found in many areas of society. For example, within the framework social sphere such elements will be the family, non-state media. IN political sphere the main element of civil society are political parties and movements that express the opinion of the people.
In the event that the inhabitants of the state, although they have an influence on the authorities, they try to influence it in one way or another. This process is called political participation. Within its framework, people can express their thoughts directly by contacting special state bodies, or indirectly by participating in rallies or public speeches. And it is precisely such manifestations of civic sentiment that force the state to respond.

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

The first example that can clearly illustrate the unwillingness of the state to listen to the population of the country is the era of I.V. Stalin in the Soviet Union. It was at this time that the authorities began to carry out mass repressions, designed to almost completely suppress any activity of civil society. All those who expressed disagreement with the current course of the country's development, or spoke unflatteringly about its "top" were repressed. Thus, the state represented by I.V. Stalin ignored the manifestations of the will of the people, establishing their total control over the latter.
As the following example, we can cite a situation characteristic of modern political science. We will talk, of course, about the accession of the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation. As you know, during the general referendum - the highest way expression of the will of the people in democratic countries - it was decided to return the peninsula to the Russian Federation. Thus, civil society influenced the further policy of the state, which, in turn, did not turn away from the people, but began to act on the basis of their decision.
Thus, I want to say that the words of D. Washington incredibly accurately and clearly reflect the essence of the relationship between the state and the actions of civil society.

Social Studies Essay 5 Points: Sociology

“In order to make people good citizens, they should be given the opportunity to exercise their rights as citizens and fulfill their duties as citizens.” (S. Smile)
In his statement, S. Smile touches upon the problem of the realization by people of their rights and obligations. Undoubtedly, his words do not lose their relevance to this day, because it is in a modern society within the framework of a democratic regime that people can fully exercise their rights and obligations. This statement can be considered both from the point of view of the level of freedoms of citizens within the framework of the rule of law, and within the framework of a totalitarian one.
The meaning of S. Smile's words is that the level of legal consciousness of citizens, just like the level of calmness of the situation in the country itself, directly depends on what rights and freedoms are granted to the people. I fully share the author's point of view, since for the successful development of the state, it really needs to rely on the support of the population. However, in order to confirm the relevance of Smiley's statement, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

Theoretical reasoning

So, what is the rule of law? This is a country in which the rights and freedoms of its inhabitants are the highest value. It is within the framework of such a state that civic consciousness is most strongly developed, and the attitude of citizens to power is mostly positive. But who are these citizens? These are individuals who are connected with the state by means of certain mutual rights and obligations, which both of them are obliged to fulfill to each other. The basic duties and rights of citizens, which they must observe, are written in the Constitution - the highest legal act which sets the foundations for the life of the whole country.
Within the framework of a democratic regime, the rights and freedoms of citizens are most strongly respected, since they are none other than the main source of power in countries with such a regime. This is a unique feature of democratic countries, the analogues of which cannot be found elsewhere. totalitarian regimes(where all power tightly controls the rest of the life of society), not in authoritarian ones (where power is concentrated in the hands of one person or party, despite even a certain presence of civil liberties and rights among people).

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

As a first example, which can clearly demonstrate the lack of desire on the part of the authorities to listen to the citizens of the country, may be known fact from world politics. Augusto Pinochet, Chilean political figure, came to power as a result of a military coup and established his totalitarian power in the state. Thus, he did not listen to the opinion of citizens, limiting their rights and freedoms by force. Soon, this policy bore fruit, bringing the country to a state of crisis. This clearly demonstrates the impact of the lack of political rights and freedoms of people on the effectiveness of their activities.

The next example that will clearly demonstrate the desire of the authorities to make contact with citizens and take into account their rights and obligations will be our country. As you know, the Russian Federation is a constitutional state, which is enshrined in the country's Constitution. Moreover, it is in the Constitution of the Russian Federation that all the fundamental rights and freedoms of a person are indicated, which under no circumstances are subject to restriction. Ideological pluralism, coupled with the positioning of human rights and freedoms as the highest values, perfectly illustrates a state that is ready to listen to the opinion of its citizens and respect them.
Summing up, I want to say that S. Smaile incredibly clearly reflected in his statement the essence of the relationship between the state and its citizens

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Indeed, not every applicant has literary talents and can fully demonstrate their Creative skills in a limited time in the right place - here and now! See our social studies essay example.

Recall that the USE exam in social science, according to, is given almost four hours. We take at least 0.5 hours to work with a clean copy of part 1, at least 1 hour to work with a draft, at least 1 hour to work with part 2. What remains? Only 1.5 hours for CREATIVITY. Therefore, having received a quote, you need to work accurately and clearly, fulfilling the CRITERIA of verification!

Only 1 hour to create!
Knowing the pattern and real examples is the key to success!Get ready today!

Those who know different approaches to essays win!

Criterion 1 (K1) - The meaning of the statement is revealed. The expert sees your understanding of the thought expressed by the author. If this criterion is not met, your essay is not checked!

Criterion 2 (K2) - The chosen topic is revealed based on the relevant concepts, theoretical provisions and conclusions. In your essay, you use

Criterion 3 (K3) - The quality of the argumentation of one's point of view. You have a point of view on the problem raised by the author, and justify it with the help of examples from your life, social facts, media information, knowledge from

We have already covered one of the essay writing templates in . Let's bring another one today. The more templates you have in stock, the greater your chances of successfully completing this USE task! Consider another example of an essay on social studies.

Here is the problematic statement being discussed today:

If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any “how” (F. Nietzsche)

We fulfill the criteria right away!

Criterion 1 (K1) - The meaning of the statement is revealed:

The great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in his statement expresses his attitude to the value of human life. He believes that the conditions of life are secondary, the main thing is the desire for the goal.

We show our INTELLIGENCE. This is one of those thinkers whose phrases are most often provided for discussion (along with Churchill, Aristotle, Voltaire, Franklin, Pushkin). It seems that you need to know some information about this figure.

The great German philosopher, composer of the 19th century, author of the works "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", "Human, Too Human", the theory of SUPERMAN.
One of the most controversial thinkers in history.

In the light of the conditions of Nietzsche's life, his influence on the philosophical and political thought of modernity, as well as historical events XIX century, this phrase seems very relevant to me.

We demonstrate our attention to history, the interest shown in the quote. Then, we go through the knowledge of the identity of the author:

Nietzsche entered the history of philosophy as the great Blind Man. All his life he suffered from a gradual loss of vision. He ended his life in terrible pain, completely blind. This did not prevent him from writing a number of outstanding philosophical works, for example, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

From the course of social science it is known that a person is a biosocial creature that has thinking and speech. Life is a form of activity of any being, manifested in man in activity. Human activity, unlike other animals, is purposeful, not instinctive. Therefore, asking the question of “why” a person should live, he means the purpose of his life.

We reveal the meaning of the quote using a historical example - the living conditions are terrible (pain, blindness), but the goal has been achieved! We show the knowledge of the basic social science terms necessary for reasoning on this quote - (go to criterion 2).

The key idea of ​​Nietzsche's writings is the idea of ​​the "superman". This is a political giant, a leader who challenges the base interests of the crowd. He puts high spiritual ideals before her, subjugates her, leads her after him. Many see the works of Nietzsche as a philosophical justification for the formation of totalitarian ideologies and states.XX century, fascism.

  • Frizzle Fraz 2

    The longer the sentence, the better, according to some candidates. However, this is far from the truth. Long phrases do not yet prove the correctness of the author, and short sentences often have a greater effect. It is best when in an essay long phrases alternate with short ones. Try reading the essay aloud. If you feel like you are out of breath, break the paragraph into smaller paragraphs.

  • Vlad

    Fabulous!!! Thank you, you are great!!!

  • Diana

    • Consider task number 29 - an essay or an essay.

    To execute it on maximum amount points (6), you must:

    • reveal the meaning of one of the 5 statements;
    • theoretically substantiate it;
    • give examples from real life;
    • correctly and logically conduct reasoning and bring concepts.

    We have collected for you the best essays shared with us by graduates.

    29.2 Economy

    “Private property is the main guarantee of freedom, both for those who own it and for those who do not own it”- F. Hayek.

    F. Hayek thinks in line with such a socially important science as economics.

    He argues that private property guarantees the freedom of the one who owns it. And at the same time, it guarantees the independence of other people who are not related to this property. This means that the presence of private property in the state is the main guarantor of an economically free society.

    I agree with the opinion of F. Hayek and believe that such freedom is guaranteed both by the presence of a private form and by the type of economic system of the state.

    It is important to note that property is the format of the property relationship of a person or a group of people to economic benefits, factors of production. Usually distinguished: private property (belonging physically and legal entities) and state (government bodies). Ownership can be individual (1 person owns) or collective (for a group of people). Accordingly, if the population can have something in their property, this means that people have rights and freedoms. And the indicator of these freedoms of the population is the type of economic system. This term means a set of methods and rules governing economic relations in the state. I will give a classification: traditional (communal property, the organization corresponds to accepted customs and traditions), planned (state form, directive planning of the production process), market (private form, what and how entrepreneurs decide to produce), mixed (both types of ownership, but state ownership prevails, producers and consumers are economically independent, the state produces public goods and finances the social sphere).

    We know from history that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had a planned economy. Entrepreneurial activity limited to production plans. Consumers were not free: there was practically no choice in stores, sometimes especially valuable goods were issued on a first-come, first-served basis, so there was not enough for everyone; sometimes the same thing happened with food. So, it cannot be argued that in that period, with such economic system the population, producers and consumers, was free. And not only in the economic sphere of society.

    Now, thanks to various economic TV programs, it is known that Russia has a mixed type of economy. Entrepreneurs themselves decide what to produce, they own the factors of production. And state-owned Natural resources, cultural monuments, social institutions. This gives rise to the freedom of consumers: the choice of a suitable manufacturer, the quantity of goods. It can be argued that in modern Russia society is economically free because of the variety of freedoms enjoyed by the population.

    Thus, the presence and predominance of private property, of course, is the guarantor of the independence of society. And this is reflected in the freedom of all who own it, and others who do not have it, but can. This is largely due to the type of economy - market.

    The second example of an essay on social studies that received a high score on the exam:

    29.3 Sociology, social psychology

    “Try to achieve fame and recognition, but not at the expense of the treasury, but at the cost of knowledge”- Anvari.

    Anvari talks about the specific role of knowledge in the fate of a person.

    In the pursuit of happiness, which for many is popularity and recognition, we do our best. However, the author is convinced that this should be achieved by using not Money but the knowledge we have.

    The knowledge that Anvari is talking about is a collection of information about the surrounding objects and the world. This knowledge is the result of cognition - the process of spiritual assimilation by man of the material world. It is endless, lasts until the death of a person. There are many types of knowledge, but the main ones are considered: ordinary (about everyday life), scientific (concerns various sciences), religious (associated with belief in a deity). Information can be obtained through a sensual or rational form of cognition. The first type includes the stages: sensation - a conscious reflection of the individual properties of the object that affect the human senses; perception - a reflection of an object, based on how it affects the senses, in the mind; representation - the emergence of a holistic image of an object in the mind, based on its impact on the senses. The rational form includes: concept - any statement about the subject; judgment - analysis of the given statement, conclusion - conclusion about the correctness or incorrectness of a fact with a number of evidence. There are also empirical (practical) or theoretical (conceptual) methods of cognition of the world. The process of cognition is in many ways difficult, which is why all the available knowledge is so valuable. A person who possesses them, who has passed this “path” and found the truth, must use them in order to achieve fame and recognition.

    As an example of the value of knowledge, I would like to cite the story of a famous chemist, D. I. Mendeleev. There is a version: the table of chemical elements was seen by him in a dream. It doesn't matter so much how the table was created, but that it was made. He was able to structure his scientific information in the field of chemistry and quantum physics, which took the form of rows and columns and is used all over the world. At the cost of his knowledge, Mendeleev discovered for mankind new way development of science, received worldwide recognition as one of the greatest chemists.

    In our world, there are many examples of people who have achieved fame and respect due to their intellect. For example, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, according to many experts, the results of voting and opinion polls, not only in Russia, but also abroad, is recognized as the most influential person, a respected person. This would not have come true if Vladimir Vladimirovich had not studied society, its needs, and the situation on the world stage. A successful social policy is being pursued in the state and the standard of living of the population is rising. Such fame is the result of a successful foreign and domestic policy.

    Thus, only through his knowledge a person achieves truly valuable fame and respect. He is singled out for having gone through a difficult process of learning and having knowledge that others do not have. Our knowledge is our strength.

    We hope you have carefully studied the presented mini-essays. Do not forget about the criteria for evaluating the essay and get a good result!