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Introduction

Waste-free production is a production in which all raw materials are eventually converted into a particular product and which is simultaneously optimized according to technological, economic and socio-ecological criteria.

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The term "wasteless technology" was first proposed by Russian scientists N.N. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov in 1972. In a number of countries Western Europe instead of "small and wasteless technology", the term "pure or more pure technology" ("pureormorepuretechnology") is used. Wasteless technology - a technology that implies the most rational use of natural resources and energy in production, providing protection environment. Waste-free technology is a principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. A closed cycle means a chain of primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials.

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The definition of waste-free technology does not only mean the production process. This concept also affects the final product, which should be characterized by: long term product service life, reusability, ease of repair, ease of return to the production cycle or conversion to an environmentally friendly form after failure.

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Basic principles of creating non-waste production

System approach Cyclicity of material flows In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system - all industrial production in the region (TPK) and at a higher level as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, including, in addition to material production and other economic activities of man, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, bio-geocenoses, landscapes), as well as man and his environment. Formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the transformations of energy associated with it. Limitation of environmental impact This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, land surface, recreational resources, and public health.

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System approach Cyclicity of material flows

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Rational organization Comprehensive use of resources The requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction of energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely associated with reducing the negative impact on the environment and damaging it Complex use of raw materials. Production waste is an unused or underused part of the raw material for one reason or another. Therefore, the problem of the integrated use of raw materials is of great importance both from the point of view of ecology and from the point of view of the economy.

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Comprehensive use of resources Rational organization

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Requirements for non-waste production

Implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since waste is generated at each of them and raw materials are lost; Creation of energy technological processes the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy; increase (to the optimum) of unit capacity intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;

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MAIN DIRECTIONS OF WASTE-FREE AND LOW-WASTE TECHNOLOGY.

The main available directions and developments of non-waste and low-waste technology in certain industries: Energy. Mining. Metallurgy: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy Powder metallurgy

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Energy

Use new methods of fuel combustion, such as fluidized bed combustion, which helps to reduce the content of pollutants in exhaust gases, the introduction of developments for the purification of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from gas emissions; to achieve the operation of dust-cleaning equipment with the highest possible efficiency, while the resulting ash is effectively used as a raw material in the production of building materials and in other industries. A waste-free technology for producing rutile has been developed (can be used in quantum light generators)

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Mining

In the mining industry, it is necessary to: introduce developed technologies for the complete disposal of waste, both in open pit and underground mining; to apply more widely geotechnological methods for the development of mineral deposits, while striving to extract only target components to the earth's surface; use non-waste methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the place of its extraction; more widely apply hydrometallurgical methods of processing ores.

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Metallurgy

In the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, when creating new enterprises and reconstructing existing industries, it is necessary to introduce waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure the economical, rational use of ore raw materials: involving gaseous, liquid and solid production wastes in the processing, reducing emissions and discharges harmful substances with exhaust gases and sewage; processing in full of all blast-furnace and ferroalloy slags, as well as a significant increase in the scale of processing of steel-smelting slags and non-ferrous metallurgy slags; a sharp reduction in fresh water consumption and a decrease in waste water through further development and implementation without

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In non-ferrous metallurgy, the degree of non-waste is judged by the coefficient of the complexity of the use of raw materials (in many cases it exceeds 80%). In the ferrous industry, an enterprise is considered waste-free (low-waste) if this coefficient does not exceed 75%.

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Examples

Zn (zinc) and Fe (iron) Zero Waste Production Flowchart Zero Waste Production: Turning Carbon Dioxide into Fuel state university, found a potential solution by resorting to using sunlight and titanium oxide nanotubes. These two elements are capable of converting carbon dioxide into methane. And already methane can be exploited as a source of energy. Here is a double benefit for you. On the one hand, the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is decreasing, and on the other hand, humanity will not be so dependent on fossil fuels.

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The creation of non-waste production is especially effective on the basis of fundamentally new technological processes.

A coke-free, domain-free method for producing steel, in which the stages that have the greatest impact on environmental pollution are excluded from the technological scheme: blast furnace conversion, production of coke and sinter. This technology provides a significant reduction in emissions of SO2, dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere, allows three times to reduce water consumption and almost completely utilize all solid waste. Examples

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The processes that occur during the production of sponge iron in a shaft furnace largely coincide with the processes occurring in a blast furnace shaft at temperatures up to 1000 ° C. Lump iron ore materials (pellets, lump ore) are used in shaft furnaces, however, unlike a the charge of the shaft furnace does not contain coke. The reduction of iron oxides is carried out by hydrogen and carbon monoxide blown into the furnace heated to 1000-1100 ° C, and the reducing gas is simultaneously a heat carrier that provides all the heat costs of the process.

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Conclusion

The creation of even the most advanced treatment facilities cannot solve the problem of environmental protection. The true struggle for a clean environment is not a struggle for sewage treatment plants, it is a struggle against the need for such facilities. It is quite obvious that the problem cannot be solved by extensive methods. An intensive way of solving the global environmental problem is a reduction in resource-intensive production and a transition to low-waste technologies. The possibility of stabilizing and improving the quality of the environment through a more rational use of the entire range of natural resources in the context of accelerating socio-economic development is associated with the creation and development of non-waste production.

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In accordance with the legislation in force in Russia, enterprises that violate sanitary and environmental standards do not have the right to exist and must be reconstructed or closed, that is, all modern enterprises must be low-waste and waste-free. In this regard, in a number of industries in Russia there are already quantitative indicators for assessing wastelessness.

Zero-waste technology is an ideal production model, which in most cases is currently not fully implemented, but only partially (hence the term "low-waste technology" becomes clear). However, there are already examples of completely waste-free production. Thus, for many years, the Volkhov and Pikalevsky alumina refineries have been processing nepheline into alumina, soda, potash and cement with virtually no waste. technological schemes. Moreover, the operating costs for the production of alumina, soda, potash and cement, obtained from nepheline raw materials, are 10-15% lower than the costs for obtaining these products by other industrial methods. When creating non-waste production, a number of complex organizational, technical, technological, economic, psychological and other tasks have to be solved. For the development and implementation of non-waste industries, a number of interrelated principles can be distinguished.

The main one is the principle of consistency. In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system. Total industrial production in the region (TPK) and at a higher level as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, including, in addition to material production and other economic and economic activities of man, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), and as well as man and his environment. Thus, the principle of consistency underlying the creation of non-waste industries should take into account the existing and growing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

Another important principle of creating non-waste production is the complexity of the use of resources. This principle requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex, and on average, more than a third of their number are related elements that can be extracted only through its complex processing. Thus, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinoids, as well as more than 20% of gold, are already obtained as a by-product during the processing of complex ores.

The principle of complex economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank state task and is clearly articulated in a number of government decrees. Specific forms of its implementation will primarily depend on the level of organization of non-waste production at the stage of the process, individual production, production complex and ecological and economic system. One of the general principles of creating waste-free production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclic material flows include closed water and gas circulation cycles. Ultimately, the consistent application of this principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the energy transformations associated with it. As effective ways the formation of cyclical material flows and the rational use of energy, one can point to the combination and cooperation of industries, the creation of TPK, as well as the development and production of new types of products, taking into account the requirements of its reuse.

No less important principles for creating waste-free production include the requirement to limit the impact of production on the natural and social environment, taking into account the systematic and purposeful growth of its volumes and environmental perfection. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, the surface of the earth, recreational resources, public health. It should be emphasized that the implementation of this principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level nature management.

The general principle of creating non-waste production is also the rationality of its organization. The decisive factors here are the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction of energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely associated with reducing the negative impact on the environment and causing damage to it, including related industries. National economy. The ultimate goal in this case should be considered the optimization of production simultaneously in terms of energy technology, economic and environmental parameters. The main way to achieve this goal is the development of new and improvement of existing technological processes and industries. One example of such an approach to the organization of waste-free production is the disposal of pyrite cinders - a waste product of sulfuric acid production. Currently, pyrite cinders are completely used in the production of cement. However, the most valuable components of pyrite cinders - copper, silver, gold, not to mention iron, are not used. At the same time, an economically viable technology for processing pyrite cinders (for example, chloride) with the production of copper, precious metals and the subsequent use of iron has already been proposed.

In the entire set of works related to environmental protection and the rational development of natural resources, it is necessary to single out the main directions for creating low- and non-waste industries. These include complex use raw materials and energy resources; improvement of existing and development of fundamentally new technological processes and industries and related equipment; introduction of water and gas circulation cycles (based on efficient gas and water treatment methods); cooperation of production using the wastes of some industries as raw materials for others and the creation of waste-free TPK. On the way to improve new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements:

  • - implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since waste is generated at each of them, and raw materials are lost;
  • - the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy;
  • - increase (to the optimum) unit capacity of the units;
  • - intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;
  • - creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy with technology makes it possible to make fuller use of the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units. An example of such production is the large-scale production of ammonia according to the energy technological scheme.

With the current level of development of science and technology, it is practically impossible to do without losses. As the technology of selective separation and interconversion of various substances improves, the losses will constantly decrease.

Industrial production without material, uselessly accumulated losses and waste already exists in entire industries, but its share is still small. What new technologies can we talk about if since 1985 - the beginning of perestroika and up to the present time, economic development in the transition to the market is groping; the share of depreciation of fixed production assets is increasing more and more, in some industries it is 80--85%. The technical re-equipment of production facilities has been suspended. At the same time, we are obliged to deal with the problem of non-waste and low-waste production. With the increasing pace of waste accumulation, the population may be littered with industrial and domestic waste dumps and be left without drinking water, enough clean air and fertile land. The fuel and industrial complexes of Norilsk, Severonickel, Nizhny Tagil and many other cities can expand further and turn Russia into a territory poorly adapted to life.

Still, modern technology is sufficiently developed to stop the growth of waste in a number of industries and industries. And in this process, the state must assume the role of leader and, in a planned manner, develop and implement a comprehensive state program for the introduction of waste-free production and processing of waste accumulated in the Russian Federation.

Let us name the main available directions and developments of waste-free and low-waste technology in individual industries.

  • 1. Energy. In the energy sector, it is necessary to make wider use of new methods of fuel combustion, such as fluidized-bed combustion, which helps to reduce the content of pollutants in exhaust gases, the introduction of developments for the purification of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from gas emissions; to achieve the operation of dust-cleaning equipment with the highest possible efficiency, while the resulting ash is effectively used as a raw material in the production of building materials and in other industries. waste-free production raw materials industry
  • 2. Mining. In the mining industry, it is necessary: ​​to introduce the developed technologies for the complete disposal of waste. Both open-pit and underground mining; more widely apply geotechnological methods for the development of mineral deposits, while striving to extract only target components to the earth's surface; use non-waste methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the place of its extraction; more widely apply hydrometallurgical methods of processing ores.

Metallurgy. In the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, when creating new enterprises and reconstructing existing industries, it is necessary to introduce waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure the economical, rational use of ore raw materials:

  • - involvement in the processing of gaseous, liquid and solid production wastes, reduction of emissions and discharges of harmful substances with exhaust gases and wastewater;
  • - in the extraction and processing of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals - the widespread introduction of the use of large-tonnage dump solid waste from mining and processing production as building materials, backfilling of the mined-out space of mines, pavement, wall blocks, etc. instead of specially mined mineral resources;
  • - processing in full of all blast-furnace and ferroalloy slags, as well as a significant increase in the scale of processing of steel-smelting slags and non-ferrous metallurgy slags;
  • - a sharp reduction in fresh water consumption and a decrease in wastewater through the further development and implementation of anhydrous technological processes and drainageless water supply systems;
  • - improving the efficiency of existing and newly created processes for capturing side components from waste gases and wastewater;
  • - the widespread introduction of dry methods of gas purification from dust for all types of metallurgical industries and the search for more advanced methods for cleaning exhaust gases;
  • - utilization of weak (less than 3.5% sulfur) sulfur-containing gases of variable composition through the introduction at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises effective way-- oxidation of sulfur dioxide in non-stationary mode of double contacting;
  • - at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, accelerating the introduction of resource-saving autogenous processes, including melting in a liquid bath, which will not only intensify the process of processing raw materials, reduce energy consumption, but also significantly improve the air basin in the area of ​​operation of enterprises due to a sharp reduction in the volume of exhaust gases and obtain highly concentrated sulfur-containing gases used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur;
  • - development and widespread introduction at metallurgical enterprises of highly efficient cleaning equipment, as well as devices for monitoring various parameters of environmental pollution;
  • - the fastest development and implementation of new progressive low-waste and waste-free processes, meaning blast-furnace and coke-free steel production processes, powder metallurgy, autogenous processes in non-ferrous metallurgy and other promising technological processes aimed at reducing emissions into the environment;
  • - expanding the use of microelectronics, automated control systems, automated process control systems in metallurgy in order to save energy and materials, as well as control and reduce waste generation.

Chemical and oil refining industry. In the chemical and oil refining industries on a larger scale, it is necessary to use in technological processes: oxidation and reduction using oxygen, nitrogen and air; electrochemical methods, membrane technology for the separation of gas and liquid mixtures; biotechnology, including the production of biogas from the remains of organic products, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

  • 5. Mechanical engineering. In mechanical engineering in the field of galvanic production, research and development activities should be directed to water treatment, to switch to closed water recycling processes and the extraction of metals from wastewater; in the field of metal processing, to introduce more widely the production of parts from press powders.
  • 6. Paper industry. In the paper industry, first of all, it is necessary to introduce developments to reduce the consumption of fresh water per unit of production, giving preference to the creation of closed and drainless industrial water supply systems; maximum use of extracting compounds: contained in wood raw materials to obtain target products; improve pulp bleaching processes with the help of oxygen and ozone; improve the processing of logging waste by biotechnological methods into target products; ensure the creation of facilities for the processing of paper waste, including waste paper.

The term "wasteless technology" was first formulated by our chemists N.N. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov in 1956. It was widely used not only in our country, but also abroad. Below is the official definition this term, fixed in 1984 in Tashkent by the decision of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Waste-free technology is such a method of production (process, enterprise, territorial production complex), in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: primary raw materials-production-consumption-secondary resources, and any impact on the natural environment do not interfere with its normal operation.

An example of a natural “non-waste production” is natural ecosystems - stable combinations of cohabiting organisms and their conditions of existence, closely related to each other. In these systems, a complete cycle of substances is carried out. Of course, ecosystems are not eternal and develop over time, but they are usually so stable that they are able to overcome even some changes in external conditions.

The definition of non-waste production takes into account the stage of consumption, which imposes restrictions on the properties of manufactured consumer products and affects their quality. The main requirements are reliability, durability, the possibility of returning to the cycle for processing or turning into an environmentally friendly form.

Wasteless technology includes the following processes:

  • Ø complex processing of raw materials using all its components and obtaining products with the absence or the least amount of waste;
  • Ш creation and release of new products, taking into account its reuse;
  • Ø processing of emissions, effluents, production wastes to obtain useful products;
  • Ш drainless technological systems and closed systems of gas and water supply using advanced methods of cleaning polluted air and wastewater;
  • Ø Creation of territorial-industrial complexes (TPC) with a closed technology of material flows of raw materials and waste within the complex.

Low-waste technology is an intermediate step in the creation of waste-free production, when a small part of raw materials and materials goes to waste, and the harmful impact on nature does not exceed sanitary standards.

However, the transfer of existing technologies to low-waste and non-waste production requires the solution of a large complex of very complex technological, design and organizational tasks based on the use of the latest scientific and technological achievements. In doing so, the following principles must be followed.

The principle of system. In accordance with it, processes or productions are elements of the industrial production system in the region (TPC) and further - elements of the entire ecological and economic system, which includes, in addition to material production and other human activities, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses ), as well as humans and their environment. Therefore, when creating non-waste industries, it is necessary to take into account the existing and growing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

The complexity of the use of resources. This principle of creating waste-free production requires the maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex in composition. On average, more than a third of its amount is made up of related elements that can only be extracted with complex processing raw materials. Thus, the complex processing of polymetallic ores makes it possible to obtain about 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and their compounds. At present, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, are obtained as a by-product during the complex processing of polymetallic ores.

Specific forms of implementation of this principle will primarily depend on the level of organization of non-waste production at the stages of a separate process, production, production complex and ecological and economic system.

Cyclicity of material flows. This is the general principle of creating waste-free production. Examples of cyclic material flows are closed water and gas circulation cycles. The consistent application of this principle should ultimately lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of an organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and the energy transformations associated with it.

wasteless production technology

Successful development of B. of t. is connected with development tehnol. methods for extracting components from solid and liquid mixtures at their low concentrations, methods for recycling waste by bringing them to a commercial standard, as well as optimizing industrial schemes. B. t., taking into account the requirements of ecology. An integral part of B. t. is a drainless technology that does not have liquid waste (drainage). Main directions of creation of drainless technology: introduction of anhydrous technol. processes and processes with min. water consumption, choice of production. complex with successive multiple use of water, max. development of water circulation systems, local wastewater treatment with the utilization of valuable components, improvement of existing and development of new (mainly reagentless) methods of wastewater treatment, replacement of water cooling with air, removal of waste from technol. process preim. in the form of a solid phase or highly concentrated. solutions for the purpose of their subsequent disposal or disposal. B. t., at which solid waste is not formed, called. dumpless (associated with the processing of solid waste for building materials - cement, glass, etc.). The problem of B. t. is reflected in a number of international. agreements on environmental issues.

Wasteless technology, which implies the most rational use of natural resources and energy in production, ensuring the protection of the environment. Waste-free technology is a principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. A closed cycle means a chain of primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials. The USSR was the initiator of the idea of ​​waste-free production and the term "waste-free technology" was first proposed by the Commission for the Protection of natural waters THE USSR.

Principles of non-waste technology Systematic approach Integrated use of resources Cyclical nature of material flows Limitation of environmental impact Rational organization

Requirements for non-waste production. Implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since waste is generated at each of them and raw materials are lost; increase (to the optimum) unit capacity of the units; intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation; creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy with technology makes it possible to make fuller use of the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units. An example of such production is the large-scale production of ammonia according to the energy technological scheme.

Waste-free technology in the energy sector Solid and liquid fuels are not fully used during combustion, and they also form harmful products. There is a technique for burning fuel in a fluidized bed, which is more efficient and environmentally friendly. Gas emissions it is necessary to remove sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and the ash resulting from filtration should be used in the production of building materials.

Waste-free technology in metallurgy It is necessary to widely use solid, liquid and gaseous wastes from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, along with a simultaneous reduction in emissions and discharges of harmful substances. In non-ferrous metallurgy, it is promising to use the method of melting in a liquid bath, which requires less energy and causes less emissions. The resulting sulfur-containing gases can be used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur.

Mining. In the mining industry, it is necessary to: introduce the developed technologies for the complete disposal of waste, both in open and underground mining; more widely apply geotechnological methods for the development of mineral deposits, while striving to extract only target components to the earth's surface; use non-waste methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the place of its extraction; more widely apply hydrometallurgical methods of processing ores.

Chemical and oil refining industry. In the chemical and oil refining industries on a larger scale, it is necessary to use in technological processes: oxidation and reduction using oxygen, nitrogen and air; electrochemical methods, membrane technology for the separation of gas and liquid mixtures; biotechnology, including the production of biogas from the remains of organic products, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

Engineering. In mechanical engineering in the field of galvanic production, research and development activities should be directed to water treatment, to switch to closed water recycling processes and the extraction of metals from wastewater; in the field of metal processing, to introduce more widely the production of parts from press powders.

Paper industry. In the paper industry, first of all, it is necessary to introduce developments to reduce the consumption of fresh water per unit of production, giving preference to the creation of closed and drainless industrial water supply systems; maximum use of extracting compounds: contained in wood raw materials to obtain target products; improve pulp bleaching processes with the help of oxygen and ozone; improve the processing of logging waste by biotechnological methods into target products; ensure the creation of facilities for the processing of paper waste, including waste paper.

RECYCLING AND USE OF WASTE. Production waste is the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, chemical compounds formed during the production of products or the performance of works (services) and have lost their original consumer properties in whole or in part. Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or obsolescence. Production and consumption wastes are secondary material resources (SMR), which can currently be reused in the national economy. Waste is toxic and hazardous. Toxic and hazardous waste - containing or contaminated with materials of such a nature, in such quantities or in such concentrations that they represent a potential hazard to human health or the environment. In the Russian Federation, about 7 billion tons of waste are generated annually, while only 2 billion tons, i.e. about 28%, are recycled. About 80% of the total volume of used waste - overburden and enrichment waste - is sent for backfilling the worked-out area of ​​mines and quarries; 2% are used as fuel and mineral fertilizers, and only 18% (360 million tons) are used as secondary raw materials, of which 200 million tons are used in the construction industry. On the territory of the country, about 80 billion tons of solid waste have been accumulated in dumps and storage facilities, while hundreds of thousands of hectares of land are withdrawn from economic circulation; wastes concentrated in dumps, tailings and landfills are sources of pollution of surface and ground waters, atmospheric air, soils and plants.

STATE PROGRAM "WASTE" . In order to implement the norms and provisions of the Law “On Environmental Protection natural environment» The Russian State Waste Program is being developed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources. The main goal of this program is to ensure one of the conditions for the country's environmentally safe development: stabilization, and further reduction of environmental pollution with waste and saving natural resources through the maximum possible secondary involvement of waste in economic circulation.

The program provides for the solution of the following tasks: reducing the volume of waste generation through the introduction of low-waste and waste-free technologies; reduction through the use of new technological solutions of the types and volumes of toxic and hazardous waste; increasing the level of waste management; efficient use of raw materials and energy potential of secondary material resources; environmentally sound disposal of waste; purposeful distribution of financial and other resources for waste disposal and their involvement in economic circulation.

Scientific and technical support. Currently in the Russian Federation Scientific research and developments in the field of waste disposal are carried out in almost all sectors of the national economy, at the regional level, at individual enterprises, in last years associations, etc. However, the projects they develop concern, as a rule, only those types of waste, the processing of which justifies itself from an economic point of view. Problematic scientific and technical developments are of great importance for enterprises in various regions and sectors of the economy, however, their implementation is associated with a certain economic risk, and such developments require the involvement of highly qualified specialists. Based on this, such developments should be financed from centralized sources. Such developments include the processing and neutralization of hard-to-recycle and multi-component wastes, wastes of an intersectoral nature, especially toxic, etc.

Improving the waste management system. Under the conditions of radical economic reform in Russia, the issues of waste management have essentially fallen out of the sphere of centralized state administration. The development of the Waste Program required the formation of a structure and the definition of management functions and coordination of activities in the field of waste generation, use and disposal. This, in turn, necessitated the creation in the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia or under it special unit(management) that would carry out public policy in the field of waste. A similar task is facing the territorial committees on ecology and natural resources. Since the problem of waste is large-scale, others should also be involved in solving it. government bodies departments: the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, sectoral ministries, the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia and its territorial departments, as well as sanitary services, the State Statistics Committee of Russia with local divisions and the State Standard of Russia. An important role in solving the set tasks should be played by the legislative and executive authorities of the republics within the Russian Federation, territories, regions, autonomous formations, cities.

CONCLUSION. Contemporary ecological state territory of Russia can be defined as critical. Intensive environmental pollution continues. The decline in production did not lead to a similar reduction in pollution, because in the economic crisis, enterprises began to save on environmental costs. The environmental state and regional programs developed since the beginning of perestroika and partially implemented do not contribute to improving the overall environmental situation, and every year more and more regions, cities and towns in Russia become dangerous for the population. In the Russian Federation over the past few decades, in the context of accelerated industrialization and chemicalization of production, environmentally dirty technologies have sometimes been introduced. At the same time, not enough attention was paid to the conditions in which a person will live, that is, what kind of air he will breathe, what water he will drink, what he will eat, what land he will live on. However, this problem worries not only Russians, it is also relevant for the population of other countries of the world. This paper discusses the principles of introducing low-waste and waste-free technologies, as the most promising directions careful nature management and preservation of the environment.

Bibliography. 1. the federal law Russian Federation "On production and consumption waste". 2. Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Environment". 3. Vinogradova N. F., "Nature Management". - M., 1994. 4. Kikava O. Sh. et al. "Building materials from production waste" - "Ecology and industry of Russia", 12, 1997. 5. Protasov V. F., Molchanov A. V. "Ecology , health and environmental management in Russia "- M., "Finance and statistics", 1995. 6. "Ecology". Tutorial, ed. S. A. Bogolyubova - M., "Knowledge", 1997.

Mankind, as a result of its activities, has come to understand that it is necessary to introduce technological processes that give minimal emissions, in which the self-cleaning ability of nature will sufficiently prevent the occurrence of irreversible environmental changes. The specialists proposed the definition of waste-free technology, which is accepted as the main one for further use:

Wasteless technology is practical use knowledge, methods and means to ensure, within the framework of human needs, the rational use of natural resources, energy and environmental protection.

Wasteless technology means ideal production model , which in most cases cannot be fully realized, but with the development of technical progress, it is getting closer and closer to the ideal. More specifically, a non-waste technological system (WPS) should be understood as such production, as a result of which there are no emissions into the environment. Waste-free production is a set of organizational and technical measures, technological processes, equipment, materials that ensure the maximum and integrated use of raw materials and minimize the negative impact of waste on the environment.

Waste-free production can be characterized in every possible way by the utilization of waste generated in direct technological processes. Low Waste Technology is an intermediate stage of waste-free and differs from it in that it provides a finished product with incompletely recyclable waste.

The tasks for the implementation of waste-free technology follow from the following:

ü most of the environmental pollution is the result of insufficient development of industrial technology;

ü unused production waste is a loss of natural resources;

ü the receipt and use of secondary raw materials (waste) with an increase in the need for natural materials can become an important source of increasing the productivity of social labor;

ü a prerequisite for the rationalization of industrial technology is the development of technical and economic solutions for "closed" technologies (circulation of materials);

ü A single and economical way to solve the main problems in the field of metabolism between man and nature should be carried out on a national scale.

An analysis of domestic and foreign materials shows that wasteless technology can develop in four main directions:

1) creation of various types of drainless technological systems on the basis of existing, implemented and promising cleaning methods. In this case, a sharp decrease in water consumption is achieved, but, as a rule, secondary pollution is formed in the form of solid precipitates or saturated solutions;

2) development and implementation of production and consumption waste processing systems, which should be considered not as an environmental burden, but as a BMP. Please note that when using modern systems water and gas cleaning produces solid waste, which is a complex concentrated mixture of pollutants;

3) organization of fundamentally new processes obtaining traditional types of products that allow eliminating or reducing the stages of processing or technological stages at which the main amount of waste is generated;

4) development and creation of territorial-industrial complexes (TPK) with a closed structure of material flows of raw materials and wastes inside the TIC, with a minimum of emissions.

The separation of toxic components from exhaust gases and wastewater was carried out mainly to convert these components into a harmless form and was rarely combined with their reuse. In many cases, attempts have been made to reduce the concentration of toxic wastes when they are released into the biosphere. Measures to reduce waste and waste heat in the production of products, as well as to recycling of these wastes were mainly disposed of in order to save materials and energy and were not considered as measures to protect the environment.

The constant increase in the use of natural resources, increased environmental pollution require the implementation of a waste-free technology strategy. The basis of this technology lies in the fact that unused production wastes are both underutilized natural resources and a source of environmental pollution. Reducing the amount of waste used in relation to the amount of manufactured products will allow more products to be produced from the same amount of raw materials and, at the same time, will be an effective measure for protecting the environment.

The biosphere provides natural resources from which products are made in the field of production, while waste is generated. In many cases, after appropriate processing, they can be used as secondary raw materials or as secondary energy carriers. If for technical or technological reasons this is impossible or economically unprofitable, then they must be released into the biosphere in such a way that, if possible, they do not harm the natural environment.

Suggested general equation balance by spheres of production and consumption:

R = A(1 - Sm) + S, .

where R is the consumption of natural resources, kg/s; A is the amount of waste generated in the spheres of production and consumption, kg/s; S m – average coefficient of waste utilization, kg/kg; S is the amount of substances accumulating in the areas of production, kg/s.

Reducing the specific unused amount of production waste A (1 - S m) and thus the specific consumption of natural resources is possible by reducing the generated specific quantity(A) production waste or by increasing the waste utilization ratio (S m). The choice of one of the paths depends on both technological possibilities and economic conditions. The primary goal of waste-free technology is to reduce the amount of unused waste output into the biosphere per unit time so that the natural balance of the biosphere is preserved and the availability of basic natural resources is ensured.

The final achievement of waste-free production is determined by the presence of n the number of stages of processing waste of all types. The system becomes waste-free when nth stage such amount of waste is emitted that does not have a noticeable negative impact on the environment. If the waste at some stages is sent back for processing, in initial stage it turns out BTS Closed or partially closed type .

· raw materials, semi-finished products, energy, cooling means : maximize the use of waste and waste heat; minimize the use of raw materials, semi-finished products and labor energy during the extraction and manufacture of which are formed relatively large quantities EW and waste heat or which are only available to a limited extent (eg electricity or cooling water); as far as possible, avoid the use of raw materials containing a high proportion of useless impurities;

· Technical equipment : use technical devices with a long service life and low weight, manufactured in accordance with the requirements of waste-free technology; use technical devices with an optimal operating principle, for example, with a high degree separation or with a high coefficient of heat and mass transfer, with minimal pressure loss and low heat loss;

· basic processes : use non-energy-intensive processes with high selectivity; apply highly efficient catalytic processes;

· technology system : apply the principle of countercurrent or circulation; avoid the principle of co-current and mixing;

· process parameters : choose optimal reaction temperatures; choose small driving forces; exclude limiting technological parameters, for example, temperatures and pressures;

· products : to lay in the design (composition) of the product a low specific gravity, to provide for a long service life, as well as the minimum generation of waste and waste heat during its use; ensure the suitability of the worn out (used) product as a secondary raw material (secondary energy carrier);

· waste, waste heat : receive waste in a recyclable form.

Since these requirements partly contradict each other, and partly are not feasible due to the lack of opportunities, it is necessary to look for the optimum for each technological process, taking into account labor productivity and economy.

One of the promising, profitable and developing areas of using software included in the system of non-waste technologies is their exchange both between enterprises within countries and between states in order to use them in suitable technological processes.


Thus, the export and import of polymer waste is widely developed in the EEC countries, as well as in Austria, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries. Waste polymers are in particular demand: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and cellulose acetate. The leading position in the European waste exchange is occupied by Italy (annual import is over 90 thousand tons of polymer waste), Germany (export 65 thousand tons) and France (export 50 thousand tons). Japan, China and other countries meet most of their metal demand by importing scrap metal from other countries. China imports garbage from the US to make paper.

Currently, there are two types of intermediary exchanges in Western Europe and the USA: exchanges that provide information on the amount of waste, their qualitative composition and processing methods, and exchanges that directly exchange waste by finding the appropriate consumer.

The successful functioning of such systems, which close the cycle of non-waste technologies in their own way, is possible on the basis of automated means of communication and control that carry out their operations on an interstate scale or within an industrial region. Thus, since the mid-1970s, in Germany and France, through the mediation of exchanges between enterprises, waste wood, paper, cardboard, metals, and other software have been sold. Despite the relatively small so far contacts between the supplier and the consumer, such exchanges are economically beneficial for the state. This is also evidenced by the experience of the United States and Japan, where there is a wide network of intermediary exchanges that promote the introduction of advanced technological processes for the neutralization and processing of industrial waste and the exchange of waste between enterprises.

For the rational management of an integrated system for the collection, transportation, neutralization and disposal of waste and pollution on the scale of an industrial region, a separate country or a group of countries, it is necessary to have up-to-date information on the location of waste, their quantity, composition and properties, and the possibilities of recycling or neutralization. Information retrieval systems make it possible to identify and establish links between "waste - raw materials", "supplier - consumer". Focal Points for Mutual Exchange industrial waste for the purpose of their further disposal, for example, are successfully operating in Japan.

The reserves of non-waste technologies are huge. It is estimated that, per capita, up to 20 tons of various natural raw materials are processed in our country per year, while finished products only 5 ... 10% passes, everything else is waste, an unused part of the raw material. During the operation of industrial products, as they wear out or become obsolete, they also go into the category of consumer waste. Thus, almost the entire volume of materials taken from nature is returned to it, but with new properties that lead to a violation of the ecological balance.

An analysis of the results of research work carried out by a number of institutes of the country shows that almost all types of production and consumption waste can be used in the national economy as a secondary raw material for the production of many types of technical and consumer goods. The reality and technical feasibility of using waste has been proven, for example, by the practice of many domestic and foreign enterprises in various industries.

Everything is currently greater value for the use of waste and waste heat, they acquire territorial connections and combinations of various technological processes with areas of communal consumption. Thus, in many cases it is possible to use water first for domestic purposes, and then, after purification, which requires relatively low costs, to use it for production purposes.

Drainless system for industrial use water is special kind BTS, in which at least 90% of it is in the water cycle and no more than 10% is accounted for by fresh water. At the same time, it is necessary that the amount of blowdown water discharged from the system into a reservoir or treatment plant does not exceed 5% of those in the water circulation.

Drainless systems, in turn, are subdivided into systems with complete recycling of components or without disposal , i.e. with storage in special tanks, reservoirs or with injection into underground horizons. An example of a non-drainage system for the industrial use of water can be the Kristall water treatment plants developed by MosvodokanalNIIproekt and implemented in many car fleets of the country, which operate in a closed cycle and save hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of valuable drinking water.

Economic evaluation of BTS efficiency is to determine the economic effect of waste disposal and recycling at all stages, including other industries, as well as to calculate the prevented damage to the environment based on a comparison of BTS and enterprises with traditional technology.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the further development of the economy in the environmental aspect is closely related to solving the problems of a more complete use of natural resources and the creation of recirculating material and energy flows.

From a technological point of view, the introduction of waste-free and low-waste industries will certainly require the creation of new materials and substances, for example, new membrane materials, ion-exchange resins, synthetic flocculants, chemical reagents, as well as apparatus and instruments that will improve or intensify various processes of media separation, neutralization and waste disposal. To expand the scale of introduction of non-waste technological processes, it is necessary to further improve the ways of using waste, as well as methods of economic incentives in order to increase the interest of workers in various industries in the preparation of waste for subsequent processing and disposal. An important stimulus is also the planned reduction in the consumption of natural raw materials by the enterprise and the transition to the use of secondary material resources.

For the organization of low-waste and non-waste industrial production, cooperation between enterprises of various industries is of exceptional importance. The most favorable opportunities for cooperating industries are formed in the conditions of a territorial production complex, where a set of interconnected and interdependent proportionally developing objects of various sectors of the national economy is being planned. These facilities were created to jointly solve one or more specific economic problems, they are distinguished by the size of production and a clear specialization on the scale of the country and their economic region. They are concentrated on a limited, necessarily compact territory, which has the necessary set and amount of resources sufficient to solve the corresponding tasks.

In addition, they effectively (from the standpoint of the national economy) use local and external resources, ensure environmental protection, and have a unified production and social infrastructure.

The economic advantages with the correct and optimal development of industrial production allow for the profitable and expedient transportation of waste over relatively short distances within the TIC, which facilitates the solution of many issues related to the territorial location of enterprises.

The integrated development of the TPK proceeds through the gradual organization bound friend with other industries, in which the products of one enterprise become raw materials or semi-finished products for another. At the same time, individual industries are being improved in order to reduce the consumption of energy and water, as well as to increase labor productivity and increase the complexity of processing primary raw materials.

The creation of low-waste and waste-free TPK is important direction the development of the national economy, the rational use of natural resources and the preservation of ecological balance.