Animals of the Krasnodar Territory. Descriptions, names and species of animals of the Krasnodar Territory. Animals of the steppes of the Kuban
Animals are inhabitants natural areas.
Security organic world Krasnodar Territory
1. Define the meaning of the terms.
population- a long-existing set of individuals of the same species.
area- this is the area on the surface of the earth or water, which is occupied by a particular species of plants, animals, fish.
Relic- a thing, phenomenon or organism, preserved as a relic from ancient times.
2. Using the "fishbow" technique, draw a diagram " Animal world natural complexes Krasnodar Territory.
3. Solve the chainword, which encodes the names of animals living in the Krasnodar Territory and the Black Sea, and write down which of them are listed in the Red Book.
The bottlenose dolphin, mink, newt are listed in the Red Book
4. Mark with a + sign the correct statements.
– The species diversity of the fauna of the steppe zone does not depend on human activity
- Waterfowl live in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov: hamster, weasel, hedgehog, hare, badger
+ The Trans-Kuban Plain is inhabited by both steppe and forest representatives of the animal world.
- Among the predators in our region, the largest is the bison
+ The smallest predator living in the region is the weasel.
5. Make a list of the biggest environmental organizations operating on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. Use the information posted on the website of the Ministry natural resources Krasnodar Territory (mprkk.ru). Find out if there are protected areas in your area. natural areas, including botanical monuments of nature. Prepare a short post about one of them.
- World Wildlife Fund. Separate subdivision Department of the Russian Caucasus
— Rosprirodnadzor Department of the Federal Service for Supervision of Environmental Management in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea
– Azov-Chernomorsk Basin Administration for Fisheries and Water Conservation biological resources
— Regional Information and Analytical Center for Environmental Monitoring
— Kuban ecological company
— Kuban State Agrarian University Research Institute of Applied and Experimental Ecology
— Kuban environmental center
- Center legal protection and ecology
Monuments of nature
Plane trees two trees 150 years old - a botanical monument of nature in Krasnodar, Oak Velikan - a natural monument since 1978 in Krasnodar, Gorky Park - is an active natural and historical monument of culture. In the park named after Zhukov there are 100 botanical cultural monuments - summer maple-leaved plane trees "Handsome".
6. Reflect on the statement of the Russian writer Mikhail Prishvin: "In nature, everything is connected with each other, and there is nothing random in it. And if a random phenomenon comes out, look for a human hand in it." Write a short essay. reflect in it natural features Krasnodar Territory and the role of man in the transformation of the environment.
In nature, everything has been perfected not for years or even millennia, but for millions of years. Everything is harmonious in it. Not only Prishvin wrote about this. Einstein argued that there is nothing random in nature, and if something seems random to us, then this is only the result of our incomplete knowledge. Unfortunately, man often plays a destructive role in nature, because of his activities, environmental problems arise. First of all, it is water pollution and depletion water resources. In reservoirs, there is a decrease in the species and number of fish. IN Krasnodar Territory the Kuban River flows, the waters of which do not meet safety standards. It is forbidden to swim in the reservoir, so the local beaches have been eliminated.
Another problem is soil erosion and a decrease in their fertility, especially in coastal areas. Some natural monuments are also being destroyed, such as National parks. Disappear in the region rare species flora and fauna.
One of the significant environmental issues Krasnodar Territory is pollution with oil and oil products. Due to some accidents, the situation has reached a disastrous level. The largest leaks were seen in such settlements: Tuapse; Yeysk; Tikhoretsk.
Oil depots are leaking kerosene and gasoline. Lenses appeared underground in these places, where oil products were concentrated. They pollute the soil and groundwater.
It is high time to realize that it is necessary to take care of nature and protect it for the sake of continuing our own life on earth.
In the northeastern part of the region, on the Kuban-Azov lowland, steppe animals are common. live here field mice, ground squirrels, jerboas, moles, hamsters. All of them are harmful agriculture. They live in burrows, feed on grain, leaves. From predators there are foxes, weasels, ferrets. Of the birds - larks, quail, gray partridges, crows, magpies. There are also predatory ones - kites, owls, owls, steppe harrier.
In gardens and parks you can see finches, tits, buntings, starlings.
In the Kuban delta, in floodplains and estuaries are found wild boars, foxes, waterfowl: pelicans, gulls, ducks, lapwings, waders, geese, herons, sometimes swans arrive. The muskrat lives in the estuaries. In the floodplains of the Kalininsky district there is the largest multi-species colony of storks in the region.
forest fauna
In the mountains and foothills there is an abundance of forest fruits and succulent meadow grasses. This creates favorable conditions for the habitat of animals and birds. Wild pigs graze in small herds in oak and beech forests. Unlike domestic pigs, wild pigs are somewhat shorter and taller on the legs. Old boars reach 100-150 kilograms of weight. They are covered with thick, coarse bristles of a dark brown, and sometimes almost black color. The male has fangs.
In wide deciduous forests go small, as tall as a domestic goat, roe deer, in their own way appearance deer-like. Only males have horns. The bear, wolf, jackal, raccoon dog, badger, fox, marten hunt. On the banks of the rivers - mink and otter. They dive and swim well, feed on fish and frogs.
Of the reptiles, there are: snakes - ordinary and water, vipers - steppe and Koznakov's viper (found high in the mountains), legless lizard spindle and yellow-bellied.
In the morning, the forest and valleys of the foothills are filled with the singing and chirping of various birds.
Predators of the Krasnodar Territory
Magpies chirp, thrushes whistle, cuckoos call, jays call to each other, wagtails bustle along the streams, shaking their tails; along the banks of the rivers, the melodic melody of the yellow-lemon oriole is heard, the red-footed falcons quickly rush for prey, the healers of the forests - woodpeckers methodically tap on the bark of the trunks. Agile shrikes hunt for insects. The nimble golden bee-eater chases bees, bumblebees, grabbing them on the fly with its long thin beak. Owls, eagle owls, starlings, grosbeaks, goldfinches, kingfishers, tits fly here, and high in the mountains - Caucasian black grouse, mountain turkeys. Blue rollers, field sparrows and sand martins settle along the steep banks of the rivers.
Birds are of great use national economy, destroying harmful insects and rodents. For example, one swallow catches more than a thousand plant pests per day. Hundreds of trees are saved by woodpeckers, eating beetle larvae hidden under the bark. An owl kills a thousand mice over the summer, and each mouse eats 1 kilogram of grain a year. It turns out that only one owl saves us a ton of bread a year.
Not all birds live with us all year round. Many live only in summer, hatch chicks, and fly away to warmer climes in autumn. There are about 320 species of birds in the Kuban.
Soil and air pollution led to a sharp reduction in the number of insectivorous birds: starlings, swallows, sparrows. But the number of crows and pigeons has increased. City dumps serve as an excellent food base for them.
The fauna of the Black Sea is diverse, but concentrated mainly in the upper layer. Of the fish, beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, anchovy, sprats, bream, mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, flounder are of commercial importance. There are dolphins. The Sea of Azov is inhabited by fish: ram, herring, sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon), sprat, shemaya, horse mackerel.
In rivers and estuaries live: bream, silver bream, asp, carp, catfish and other fish.
The Krasnodar Territory is located in the south of our country, so it is much warmer here than, for example, in the Moscow region. On the Kuban-Azov lowland, in the foothills and mountains, on the Black Sea coast and the Taman Peninsula, at the same time of the year, one can observe different weather. Each season has its own weather. These annually recurring features of the weather make up the climate of the area. It depends on geographical location, proximity to the seas, terrain and prevailing winds. The climate of most of our region is temperate continental, on the Black Sea coast (south of Tuapse) - subtropical - humid.
The territory of the Kuban Plain is open from the north, that is, accessible to the action of the Arctic air masses.
Weather formation is influenced by cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones (air masses with reduced atmospheric pressure) usually bring rainy, unsettled weather. Anticyclones (air currents with high atmospheric pressure) contribute to the establishment of stable weather, warm in summer and cold winter.
With east and northeast winds, summer is dry and hot weather. In winter, these winds bring cold. A particularly sharp decrease in temperature is observed during a breakthrough in the Ciscaucasia of the Arctic air masses. The air temperature drops to minus 20-25°.
Winds from southwestern directions bring coolness and rain in summer, thaws and precipitation in the form of snow and rain in winter.
Local winds also influence the climate. These include breezes and hair dryers.
Hair dryers- warm, dry winds blowing from the mountains, often in October - December. Cases are known when in December, with such a wind, the air temperature in Krasnodar reached 15-20°C. Foehns are observed on the Black Sea coast, in the mountainous and foothill parts and (weakened) on the Kuban-Azov lowland, lasting up to 1-2 days.
breezes, or coastal winds, blow on the Black and Seas of Azov, during the day from sea to land, at night - from land to sea.
The Black Sea in summer cools the coast with breezes, in winter, on the contrary, it warms, giving off the heat accumulated on hot days. High Caucasian mountains block cold air currents coming from the north.
The cold northeast (northeast) wind blowing from the mountains with hurricane force is called bora. Strong northeasts prevail in winter, when there is a large difference in barometric pressure on land (high) and at sea (low).
The highest wind speed was recorded in the northwest of the Chernomosky coast near Novorossiysk. At the same time, the air temperature drops to 15-18 ° below zero.
There are usually about 50 days with bora per year (more often in November and March). The wind speed reaches 45-50 meters per second (with gusts up to 100 m/s). Bora often leads to icing of ships in the bay, causing great damage to the urban economy.
On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, vegetation is distributed by zones. Latitudinal and vertical zonality is clearly expressed here. The steppe zone occupies the entire Kuban-Azov lowland. In the recent past, it was a forb-fescue-feather grass steppe. At present, almost all of it has been plowed up and turned into boundless collective farm and peasant-farm fields, where wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower, barley, vegetable and melon crops are cultivated. In total, there are more than 3 thousand plant species in the region.
Along the roads, along the slopes of the beams and on the tops of the mounds, you can find wild herbaceous plants: creeping couch grass, wild buttercup, yellow sweet clover, bitter wormwood, plantain, coltsfoot, quinoa, field sow thistle, St. John's wort, immortelle. In forest belts - oak, walnut, acacia and other tree species.
On the right bank of the Kuban, not far from the village of Ivanovskaya, there is an array of the Red Forest (5200 ha). This is the remnant of the forests that used to border the shores of the Kuban to its lower reaches. Narrow strips of forest have been preserved in the middle reaches of the river. In the Red Forest grow oak, willow, maple, ash, apple, hawthorn, wild rose; deer, roe deer, wild boars, hares live. Depending on the height above sea level and related changes in climatic, soil and other conditions, not only general character vegetation, but also the appearance of plants.
As the relief increases, the steppe passes into the forest-steppe, and the latter into forest zone. The forest-steppe stretches in a relatively narrow strip on the left bank of the Kuban, covering the Zakuban sloping plain and the low (mainly up to 600 m) part of the foothills. About 50% of the area is shrubs and partly broad-leaved forests (oak, hornbeam, maple, hazel, dogwood).
The forests of the Kuban occupy 1.7 million hectares and are characterized exclusively valuable breeds. About 30% of oak forests, over 80% of beech and about 90% of chestnut plantations in Russia are concentrated in the region. Most of the forests are in the foothills, mountainous areas and the Black Sea coast.
Vegetation in the mountains forms three belts: forest, subalpine and alpine.
The forest zone is divided into two belts: broad-leaved and coniferous forests. Up to 700 meters above sea level, predominantly oak forests grow with an admixture of hornbeam, ash, elm, as well as fruit trees(pear, apple, dogwood). Oak forests give way to beech forests. At an altitude of 1200 meters, Caucasian fir joins them. From 1300 to 1800 meters, coniferous forests consisting of Caucasian fir and oriental spruce predominate. Fir needles are softer and slightly wider than spruce needles.
At an altitude of 1800-2200 meters above sea level, there is a belt of subalpine vegetation. There are subalpine meadows and crooked forests with shrubby beech and mountain maple. Subalpine meadows are rich pastures. IN summer time here contain a large cattle and flocks of sheep.
Above the subalpine meadows, starting from an altitude of 2300-2500 and up to 2800-3000 meters above sea level, there is a belt of alpine meadows of the North-Western Caucasus (in other parts of the Caucasus it is much higher). The harsh nature here. Only in August the glades are freed from snow.
What a striking change! In the subalpine zone, everything is large and magnificent, and in the alpine zone the same plants, but from 4 to 15 centimeters tall, creeping form. The brightness of the color, the diversity of flowers on rocky glades, surrounded by rocks and snow, is striking. Around grow red mytniki, bright blue gentian, golden-yellow buttercups and dandelions, pink-red carnations, blue forget-me-nots.
From 3000 meters and above there are eternal snows and glaciers and impregnable rocks, almost devoid of any vegetation.
Diverse vegetation Black Sea coast . From Anapa to Novorossiysk, the slopes of the mountains are covered with hornbeam and oak, hornbeam and hornbeam. On the spurs of the Markotkh Ridge from Novorossiysk to Gelendzhik, twisted and low-growing elm, hornbeam, and among them dogwood and hawthorn grow. In the Gelendzhik region there are elm, maple, ash, dogwood, Walnut, cherry plum, apple tree, pear; along the coast - Pitsunda pine.
The resort village of Dzhankhot is located 12 kilometers south of Gelendzhik. Here, on the high coast of the sea, an island of ancient flora has been preserved - a grove of Pitsunda pine. It is surrounded by hornbeam, maple and other trees.
Behind the Mikhailovsky Pass, oak is distributed along the slopes of the mountains and rises to a height of 500-600 meters, then giving way to beech. Alder, viburnum, elder, dogwood, pear grow in floodplains and on the banks of rivers.
Cypresses, Pitsunda pine, magnolias, palm trees grow on the coast from Lazarevsky to Adler. They stay green all year round.
Parks and squares are decorated with noble laurel, bamboo, yucca, various palm trees. There is no such month in the year that some plants do not bloom. Apricots, peaches and other fruits ripen in the orchards.
The forests of the Black Sea coast conserve supplies of drinking water and mineral waters, protect soils from water and wind erosion, landslides, rockfalls and landslides, soften the climate. They provide a constant water level in the rivers, protect them from silting and shallowing, and thus create conditions for the reproduction of fish resources. From the slopes of the mountains, not protected by forest, the rains take down 100 cubic meters of land from one hectare per year. In such places, ravines quickly form.
The forest has a certain influence on the climate and the rivers that feed the fertile plains of the Kuban with their waters, protects water bodies from drying out, fields from drought, cleans the air from harmful carbon dioxide, dust and other tiny particles. The land cover of the earth is called lungs of the planet". One hectare of forest purifies 18 million cubic meters of air smoky and saturated with carbon dioxide per year.
The forest is a health factor and an excellent object for hiking, excursions, walks. The forest air is clean, it contains a lot of ozone and phytoncides - substances that inhibit the development of pathogenic microbes.
Wood is also a building material. The woodworking industry is developed in the Kuban. There are furniture factories and associations in Krasnodar, Armavir, Kropotkin, Apsheronsk, Novorossiysk. They make wardrobes, bookcases, chairs, tables, sofas…
It is very diverse, which only representatives of the fauna you will not meet here ... This abundance can be explained by the mild, favorable climate and the rich flora.
The distribution of animals in the area mainly depends on natural conditions. Lakes, rivers and seas, forests and steppes are inhabited by a variety of animals. Here you can meet both formidable predators and harmless small rodents.
One of the most dangerous animals of the region can be called a brown bear. Its mass can reach 300 kg, and the body length is 2 m. In addition to this predatory animal, lynxes successfully live in the forests of the Kuban, reaching a length of 110 cm. These beauties are found in the Abinsk, Mostovsky, Seversky and Goryacheklyuchevsky regions.
From small predators affection is very common. The most valuable animals, which are famous for their wonderful fur, are raccoons. And the rarest animal found in the Kuban is the leopard. This truly graceful animal has almost disappeared from these places. But in wild areas remote from civilization, leopards still live.
And the most useful representative of the fauna, by right, is the sika deer.
Nature, plants and animals of the Krasnodar Territory
Why is it useful? Yes, because, from his horns, medical medicines are obtained that save people from many diseases.
Apart from these animals fauna of the Krasnodar Territory rich in wolves, hares, roe deer, wild boars, Caucasian moles.
In the Kuban, in the northeastern part, steppe inhabitants are more common: foxes, jerboas, mouse-like rodents, common voles, ground squirrels. The common mink lives in the river valleys. If we talk about birds, then these are larks, gray partridges, quail, harriers. This steppe zone is well mastered by man, which is why the fauna has decreased significantly. But still, some animals have adapted to the new conditions. Tourists can find only a few primeval areas of the steppes, where the animal world is in full abundance.
Many waterfowl live in the floodplains and estuaries of the lowlands: pelicans, gulls, ducks, geese. And from North America muskrat was brought to the estuaries.
Concerning highlands and foothills, roe deer, chamois, mountain goats, badgers, forest cats, as well as two types of martens. Forest (zheltodushka) and stone (belodushka). Jackals and raccoon dogs have taken root well.
If we talk about invertebrates, then near the talus of rocks, along the roadsides, there are vipers, snakes, snakes, newts.
Of the representatives of reptiles, there is a marsh and Greek turtle, a legless lizard, a small yellowbell.
All animal splendor, of course, is complemented by birds. During the day, birds chirp and chirp in the forests and valleys. Magpies, orioles, thrushes, and cuckoos take part in this musical concert. Jays sing along with them, wagtails bustle along the streams. But this is not all the inhabitants of the forest, we must not forget about owls, starlings, goldfinches, Caucasian black grouse and mountain turkeys.
Finally, you can add that fauna of the Krasnodar Territory worthy of the attention of tourists, as well as careful attitude.
Presentation. Living world of Kuban
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Living world of Kuban Prepared by students of 10 "A" class Briskman Tatiana and Prokhorov Vladislav |
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Vegetation |
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Kuban has always been famous for the richness of nature. And the beauty of the landscape. |
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About three thousand species of wild plants grow in the Kuban, belonging to 6 divisions and more than 150 families. |
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Bryophytes - more than 250 species. Ferns - more than 40. Angiosperms - more than 2800 species. |
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Gymnosperms |
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As well as a lot of Algae Lichens |
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The number of mushroom species has not been precisely established, but quite rare specimens are often found among them. Truffle summer Caesar mushroom |
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Our Krasnodar Territory is famous for the presence of tea plantations. Dagomys is the only place in Russia that is favorable for tea growth. |
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And also near Krasnodar, next to the village. Belozerny, right next to the highway grow amazing flowers - lotuses. |
Presentation – Fauna of the Krasnodar Territory
Slides and text of this presentation
slide 1
Animal world
Krasnodar Territory
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According to the Department of Natural Resources and State Environmental Control of the Krasnodar Territory, there are more than 580 species of animals in the region. Of them:
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The floodplain part of the region (Eastern Sea of Azov) is deservedly considered a bird kingdom. A significant number of waterfowl nest here - geese and ducks (17 species), sandpipers (20 species).
Krasnodar Territory according to the most characteristic features flora and fauna can be divided into floodplain, steppe and mountain-forest parts
During the spring and autumn migration in the flood zone, millions of waterfowl nesting in the north of Eurasia stop.
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The most numerous of the animals in the steppe zone are the hare, fox, pheasant, quail.
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The mountain-forest zone is the least developed by man, and here the main habitats of such animals as wild boar, deer, roe deer, chamois, aurochs, bison.
Of the predators, a bear, a wolf, a jackal, a forest cat, a fox, a badger, a marten and others live here.
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The Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory includes 353 species of animals
Some of them:
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Animals of the Krasnodar Territory Prepared by Nazarenko N.A. teacher MOU sosh№2stanitsa Staroshcherbinovskaya
In the Black Sea region, you can find dark-colored blacktails and browntails. They live on trees, overcoming the distance between them of 4 m horizontally and up to 10 m from top to bottom. Flexible body 20-25 cm long, long strong limbs, fluffy long tail, large, erect ears with tassels at the tips. They feed on tree seeds, fruits, berries, nuts, mushrooms and many others Squirrel (veksha)
Hare-hareClass: MammalsOrder: LagomorphsFamily: HaresDistribution: In the Black Sea region, it is more common in the lower mountains, but they were also seen at an altitude of 2600 m above sea level (Chugush), and in the North Ossetian Reserve their habitat was noted up to an altitude of 3000 m above sea level Description: The color is yellow-yellow with large ripples, it does not turn white in winter, body length is about 60 cm, weight is up to 5 kg. Nocturnal animal. The whole body is adapted for running, the front pair of legs serves as a support for the hind legs. Feeds on various herbs in summer and bark in winter. deciduous trees, shoots of winter crops.
MartenClass: Mammals Order: CarnivoresFamily: MustelidsDistribution: Two species of martens are found in the Krasnodar Territory in the foothill and mountain zones. large form. The length of the body is up to 58 cm. The fur of the "yellow dog" is brown-brown with a fawn tint. The color of the spot on the throat is from light to dark red. the "white lady" has a pure white throat patch in the shape of a horseshoe. It is slightly smaller in size than the forest one.
Otter (piston) Class: MammalsOrder: CarnivoresFamily: Mustelidae Distribution: Lives in the Krasnodar Territory along the left-bank tributaries of the river. Kuban, in some rivers of the Black Sea region (Psou, Mzymta, Khosta, Sochi, Dagomy, etc.) It rises up to 2000 m above sea level in the mountains. Description: Long flexible body, muscular long tail, short limbs with swimming membranes between fingers, dense fur, undeveloped auricles, nostrils and external auditory canals, which close when immersed in water. Adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle.
Order: ArtiodactylsFamily: Swine Distribution: The Caucasian subspecies lives in the western Black Sea region from the sea coast to alpine meadows. In winter they descend into coastal forests. Sedentary groups live in the Khosta yew-boxwood grove and on the slopes of Akhun. The body is covered with hard bristles. The fangs of the upper jaw are directed with their ends to the side or upwards. The lower jaw of males is equipped with large 10-12 cm fangs protruding above the lips. In females, fangs are much less developed and covered with lips. In the Western Caucasus, the weight of males reaches 250 kg, females - 150 kg
Dormouse-shelfClass: Mammals Order: RodentsDistribution: Lives in mixed and deciduous forests of the Krasnodar Territory. In the Black Sea region, it is distributed from the sea coast to a height of 200 m above sea level. Description: Outwardly, it is somewhat similar to a squirrel. Body length 16-20 cm. Lives in hollows, rock crevices and nests. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle. The main food is beech fruits, various nuts, seeds, pears, apples, sometimes chicks and small insects.
Animals of the Kuban
Caucasian chamoisClass: MammalsOrder: ArtiodactylsFamily: BovidsDistribution: From heights of 260 m above sea level. the sea at the river Shahe and 180 m a.s.l. the sea at the river Mzymta (Akhtsu tract), to the highlands - 3200 m above sea level. seas for y.g. Chugush, Agepsta. Description: The most characteristic groups of 6-15 individuals. The average weight of adult males is 34 kg (highest - 42 kg), females - 28 kg. 210 species of herbaceous, woody and shrubby vegetation, mosses, lichens, mushrooms are used for food (Duben, 1976, 1977.1985). Hunting for chamois is prohibited, but every year several dozen of these animals are destroyed by poachers. natural enemies chamois are lynx, wolf, large raptors (golden eagle, bearded vulture
Caucasian bison (bison)Class: MammalsOrder: ArtiodactylsFamily: BovidsDistribution: In the forest, subalpine and alpine zones of the Caucasian Reserve at an altitude of 900-2100m above sea levelDescription: Caucasian mountain bison is a form of a wild animal, genetically 95% is a bison and only 5 % - bison. Most large mammal Russian animal. Bison weight up to 1200 kg, height from front hooves to withers - 2 m, from head to tail - 3.5 m. By 1982 - 85. there were more than 1200 individuals, now a little more than 300 heads. IN Caucasian reserve purebred mountain bison live.
Bottlenose dolphinClass: MammalsOrder: CetaceansFamily: DolphinidaeDistribution: Black SeaDescription: They lead an aquatic lifestyle, feed mainly on fish, usually keep in small groups from several heads to 50-60 individuals, give birth to cubs under water, live up to 20-30 years. The bottlenose dolphin as a rare subspecies, endemic to the Black Sea, is listed in the international Red Book. The number of bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea is about 36 thousand (Mikhalev, Savusin, Zelenaya, 1978) and there is a tendency to decrease
LynxClass: MammalsOrder: CarnivoresFamily: CatsDistribution: common in all foothill and mountainous regions from the waist deciduous forests to the Alpine highlands. Description: Lynx is the most large view kind of cats. The Black Sea region of Russia is inhabited by the Caucasian subspecies of the beast. The body length of the Caucasian lynx is 66 - 104 cm, tail - 21 cm, carried - 12.2-24.15 kg. Leads a secretive lifestyle, a typical carnivore. The basis of nutrition is ungulates - chamois, tour, wild boar (usually piglets and gilts), roe deer, deer (usually young), rodents, birds, hares
The prairie dog is the gopher's closest relative and is very similar to it.
My young friends! We have borrowed all the riches of nature from future generations. We must protect and preserve all natural values, because future inhabitants of the Earth should also use all this.
In the northeastern part of the region, on the Kuban-Azov lowland, steppe animals are common. Field mice, ground squirrels, jerboas, moles, hamsters live here. All of them harm agriculture. They live in burrows, feed on grain, leaves. From predators there are foxes, weasels, ferrets. Of the birds - larks, quail, gray partridges, crows, magpies. There are also predatory ones - kites, owls, owls, steppe harrier.
In gardens and parks you can see finches, tits, buntings, starlings.
In the Kuban Delta, in floodplains and estuaries, there are wild boars, foxes, waterfowl: pelicans, gulls, ducks, lapwings, waders, geese, herons, sometimes swans arrive. The muskrat lives in the estuaries. In the floodplains of the Kalininsky district there is the largest multi-species colony of storks in the region.
forest fauna
In the mountains and foothills there is an abundance of forest fruits and succulent meadow grasses. This creates favorable conditions for the habitat of animals and birds. Wild pigs graze in small herds in oak and beech forests. Unlike domestic pigs, wild pigs are somewhat shorter and taller on the legs. Old boars reach 100-150 kilograms of weight. They are covered with thick, coarse bristles of a dark brown, and sometimes almost black color. The male has fangs.
In deciduous forests, small roe deer grow as tall as a domestic goat, resembling a deer in their appearance. Only males have horns. The bear, wolf, jackal, raccoon dog, badger, fox, marten hunt. On the banks of the rivers - mink and otter. They dive and swim well, feed on fish and frogs.
Of the reptiles, there are: snakes - ordinary and water, vipers - steppe and Koznakov's viper (found high in the mountains), legless lizard spindle and yellow-bellied.
In the morning, the forest and valleys of the foothills are filled with the singing and chirping of various birds. Magpies chirp, thrushes whistle, cuckoos call, jays call to each other, wagtails bustle along the streams, shaking their tails; along the banks of the rivers, the melodic melody of the yellow-lemon oriole is heard, the red-footed falcons quickly rush for prey, the healers of the forests - woodpeckers methodically tap on the bark of the trunks. Agile shrikes hunt for insects. The nimble golden bee-eater chases bees, bumblebees, grabbing them on the fly with its long thin beak. Owls, eagle owls, starlings, grosbeaks, goldfinches, kingfishers, tits fly here, and high in the mountains - Caucasian black grouse, mountain turkeys. Blue rollers, field sparrows and sand martins settle along the steep banks of the rivers.
Birds are of great benefit to the national economy, destroying harmful insects and rodents. For example, one swallow catches more than a thousand plant pests per day. Hundreds of trees are saved by woodpeckers, eating beetle larvae hidden under the bark. An owl kills a thousand mice over the summer, and each mouse eats 1 kilogram of grain a year. It turns out that only one owl saves us a ton of bread a year.
Not all birds live with us all year round. Many live only in summer, hatch chicks, and fly away to warmer climes in autumn. There are about 320 species of birds in the Kuban.
Soil and air pollution led to a sharp reduction in the number of insectivorous birds: starlings, swallows, sparrows. But the number of crows and pigeons has increased. City dumps serve as an excellent food base for them.
The fauna of the Black Sea is diverse, but concentrated mainly in the upper layer. Of the fish, beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, anchovy, sprats, bream, mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, flounder are of commercial importance. There are dolphins. The Sea of Azov is inhabited by fish: ram, herring, sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon), sprat, shemaya, horse mackerel.
In rivers and estuaries live: bream, silver bream, asp, carp, catfish and other fish.
The Krasnodar Territory is located in the south of our country, so it is much warmer here than, for example, in the Moscow region. On the Kuban-Azov lowland, in the foothills and mountains, on the Black Sea coast and the Taman Peninsula, you can observe different weather at the same time of the year. Each season has its own weather. These annually recurring features of the weather make up the climate of the area. It depends on the geographical location, the proximity of the seas, the terrain and the prevailing winds. The climate of most of our region is temperate continental, on the Black Sea coast (south of Tuapse) - subtropical - humid.
The territory of the Kuban Plain is open from the north, that is, it is accessible to the action of Arctic air masses.
Weather formation is influenced by cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones (air masses with low atmospheric pressure) usually bring rainy, unsettled weather. Anticyclones (air currents with high atmospheric pressure) contribute to the establishment of stable weather, warm summers and cold winters.
With east and northeast winds, summer is dry and hot. In winter, these winds bring cold. A particularly sharp decrease in temperature is observed during a breakthrough in the Ciscaucasia of the Arctic air masses. The air temperature drops to minus 20-25°.
Winds from southwestern directions bring coolness and rain in summer, thaws and precipitation in the form of snow and rain in winter.
Local winds also influence the climate. These include breezes and hair dryers.
Hair dryers- warm, dry winds blowing from the mountains, often in October - December. Cases are known when in December, with such a wind, the air temperature in Krasnodar reached 15-20°C. Foehns are observed on the Black Sea coast, in the mountainous and foothill parts and (weakened) on the Kuban-Azov lowland, lasting up to 1-2 days.
breezes, or coastal winds, blow on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas, during the day from the sea to land, at night - from land to sea.
The Black Sea in summer cools the coast with breezes, in winter, on the contrary, it warms, giving off the heat accumulated on hot days. The high Caucasus Mountains hold back cold air currents coming from the north.
The cold northeast (northeast) wind blowing from the mountains with hurricane force is called bora. Strong northeasts prevail in winter, when there is a large difference in barometric pressure between land (high) and sea (low).
The highest wind speed was recorded in the northwest of the Chernomosky coast near Novorossiysk. At the same time, the air temperature drops to 15-18 ° below zero.
There are usually about 50 days with bora per year (more often in November and March). The wind speed reaches 45-50 meters per second (with gusts up to 100 m/s). Bora often leads to icing of ships in the bay, causing great damage to the urban economy.
On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, vegetation is distributed by zones. Latitudinal and vertical zonality is clearly expressed here. The steppe zone occupies the entire Kuban-Azov lowland. In the recent past, it was a forb-fescue-feather grass steppe. At present, almost all of it has been plowed up and turned into boundless collective farm and peasant-farm fields, where wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower, barley, vegetable and melon crops are cultivated. In total, there are more than 3 thousand plant species in the region.
Along the roads, along the slopes of the beams and on the tops of the mounds, you can find wild herbaceous plants: creeping wheatgrass, wild buttercup, yellow sweet clover, bitter wormwood, plantain, coltsfoot, quinoa, field sow thistle, St. John's wort, immortelle. In forest belts - oak, walnut, acacia and other tree species.
On the right bank of the Kuban, not far from the village of Ivanovskaya, there is an array of the Red Forest (5200 ha). This is the remnant of the forests that used to border the shores of the Kuban to its lower reaches. Narrow strips of forest have been preserved in the middle reaches of the river. In the Red Forest grow oak, willow, maple, ash, apple, hawthorn, wild rose; deer, roe deer, wild boars, hares live. Depending on the height above sea level and the associated changes in climatic, soil and other conditions, not only the general nature of vegetation, but also the appearance of plants changes dramatically.
As the relief increases, the steppe passes into the forest-steppe, and the latter into the forest zone. The forest-steppe stretches in a relatively narrow strip on the left bank of the Kuban, covering the Zakuban sloping plain and the low (mainly up to 600 m) part of the foothills. About 50% of the area is shrubs and partly broad-leaved forests (oak, hornbeam, maple, hazel, dogwood).
The forests of the Kuban occupy 1.7 million hectares and are characterized by exceptionally valuable species. About 30% of oak forests, over 80% of beech and about 90% of chestnut plantations in Russia are concentrated in the region. The main part of the forests falls on the foothills, mountainous regions and the Black Sea coast.
Vegetation in the mountains forms three belts: forest, subalpine and alpine.
The forest zone is subdivided into two belts: deciduous and coniferous forests. Up to 700 meters above sea level, mainly oak forests grow with an admixture of hornbeam, ash, elm, as well as fruit trees (pear, apple, dogwood). Oak forests give way to beech forests. At an altitude of 1200 meters, Caucasian fir joins them. From 1300 to 1800 meters, coniferous forests consisting of Caucasian fir and oriental spruce predominate. Fir needles are softer and slightly wider than spruce needles.
At an altitude of 1800-2200 meters above sea level, there is a belt of subalpine vegetation. There are subalpine meadows and crooked forests with shrubby beech and mountain maple. Subalpine meadows are rich pastures. In the summer, cattle and flocks of sheep are kept here.
Above the subalpine meadows, starting from an altitude of 2300-2500 and up to 2800-3000 meters above sea level, there is a belt of alpine meadows of the North-Western Caucasus (in other parts of the Caucasus it is much higher). The harsh nature here. Only in August the glades are freed from snow.
What a striking change! In the subalpine zone, everything is large and magnificent, and in the alpine zone the same plants, but from 4 to 15 centimeters tall, creeping form. The brightness of the color, the diversity of flowers on rocky glades, surrounded by rocks and snow, is striking. Around grow red mytniki, bright blue gentian, golden-yellow buttercups and dandelions, pink-red carnations, blue forget-me-nots.
From 3000 meters and above there are eternal snows and glaciers and impregnable rocks, almost devoid of any vegetation.
Diverse vegetation of the Black Sea coast. From Anapa to Novorossiysk, the slopes of the mountains are covered with hornbeam and oak, hornbeam and hornbeam. On the spurs of the Markotkh Ridge from Novorossiysk to Gelendzhik, twisted and low-growing elm, hornbeam, and among them dogwood and hawthorn grow. In the Gelendzhik region there are elm, maple, ash, dogwood, walnut, cherry plum, apple tree, pear; along the coast - Pitsunda pine.
The resort village of Dzhankhot is located 12 kilometers south of Gelendzhik. Here, on the high coast of the sea, an island of ancient flora has been preserved - a grove of Pitsunda pine. It is surrounded by hornbeam, maple and other trees.
Behind the Mikhailovsky Pass, oak is distributed along the slopes of the mountains and rises to a height of 500-600 meters, then giving way to beech. Alder, viburnum, elder, dogwood, pear grow in floodplains and on the banks of rivers.
Cypresses, Pitsunda pine, magnolias, palm trees grow on the coast from Lazarevsky to Adler. They stay green all year round.
Parks and squares are decorated with noble laurel, bamboo, yucca, various palm trees. There is no such month in the year that some plants do not bloom. Apricots, peaches and other fruits ripen in the orchards.
The forests of the Black Sea coast preserve drinking and mineral water reserves, protect soils from water and wind erosion, landslides, rockfalls and landslides, and soften the climate. They provide a constant water level in the rivers, protect them from silting and shallowing, and thus create conditions for the reproduction of fish resources. From the slopes of the mountains, not protected by forest, the rains take down 100 cubic meters of land from one hectare per year. In such places, ravines quickly form.
The forest has a certain influence on the climate and the rivers that feed the fertile plains of the Kuban with their waters, protects water bodies from drying out, fields from drought, cleans the air from harmful carbon dioxide, dust and other tiny particles. The vegetation cover of the Earth is called the "lungs of the planet." One hectare of forest purifies 18 million cubic meters of air smoky and saturated with carbon dioxide per year.
The forest is a health factor and an excellent object for hiking, excursions, walks. The forest air is clean, it contains a lot of ozone and phytoncides - substances that inhibit the development of pathogenic microbes.
Wood is also a building material. The woodworking industry is developed in the Kuban. There are furniture factories and associations in Krasnodar, Armavir, Kropotkin, Apsheronsk, Novorossiysk. They make wardrobes, bookcases, chairs, tables, sofas...
The Krasnodar Territory is located in the southwestern part of Russia.
Entity formed on September 13, 1937 Russian Federation, borders on many regions, territories and republics: with Rostov region, Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Adygea and Abkhazia.
Flora of the Krasnodar Territory
The Krasnodar Territory is famous mainly for the steppe vegetation from Rostov to the Kuban. Previously, feather grass, couch grass, vetch, timothy grass grew in these territories, and now wheat fields have taken their place.
Before the Krasnodar Territory became popular among tourists, hazel, wild almonds, and the ubiquitous blackthorn grew along the rivers. But now on the floodplains you can find willow, willow, poplar, alder. Also in these places grow: oaks, elders, thorns, wild roses and other plants.
The steppe vegetation is represented by sage, wormwood, as well as licorice, alfalfa and timothy.
Well-moistened areas of the Krasnodar Territory are overcrowded aquatic vegetation. On the estuaries you can see a white flower, nymphaeum, steam walnut, duckweed and ferns. Along the estuaries, on the shore, reeds, cattails and kuga grow. On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory there are places where lotuses grow.
Shallow estuaries and dry swamps are suitable for growing rice, so these places are often used by the population.
If we talk about the Black Sea coast and its vegetation, then it is worth noting the diversity of mountain nature.
The forests of these places are full of mosses, lianas and heat-loving plants. They are distinguished by their versatility. Due to the warm climate, fallen leaves create ground litter in autumn, so there is always young vegetation in the mountain forests. In such forests you can find oaks, beeches, chestnuts, lindens, maples. Also often there are such types of trees: birch, apple and pear, sweet cherry, cherry plum and dogwood.
The highland zone is suitable for the growth of firs.
Under tree trunks growing blueberries and mountain ash and rhododes.
Behind the forests is subalpine. Umbrella and leguminous plants, ranunculus and Compositae grow here. One of the representatives of these plants is cow parsnip, belous, rosette, primrose and cuffs.
Fauna of the Krasnodar Territory
The fauna of the Krasnodar Territory is quite wide and varied. Many animals living in these territories are listed in the Red Book.
Representatives of rare and protected animals are: polecat, Caucasian otter, golden eagle, bustard, serpent eagle, gravedigger, steppe eagle, osprey, pelicans and many other animals.
The forest zone is perfect for the habitat and life of many animals. For example, foxes, pheasants, quails, hedgehogs, moles, jerboas and hares.
The most valuable and rare species of animals are found in the mountains. Here you can meet wild boars, Caucasian deer, jackals, roe deer, mountain goats and bison. Predatory representatives are also brown bears, wolves, foxes, lynxes, badgers and others.
Otters and minks live near the rivers, and raccoon dogs are also found near them.
Rare species in the Krasnodar Territory are mountain goats, mountain bison, chamois, Caucasian snowcocks and Caucasian black grouse.
There are a lot of fish in the rivers, you can even meet sturgeon species.
Among the birds and galliformes, you can find many geese and ducks, sandpipers.
Representatives of reptiles are: marsh and Greek turtles, water and common snakes, steppe vipers and legless lizards.
Found in the forests great amount feathered. Trills and flapping wings of magpies, orioles, thrushes, cuckoo jays and owls are heard in the valley. The sound of woodpeckers is heard everywhere. Harriers, falcons and hawks live on the flat territories.
Bitterns, black grouse, quails, mountain turkeys, cormorants, gulls, and owls are also found in the Krasnodar Territory. In cities and villages there are also a considerable number of birds: swallows, sparrows, pigeons, tits, starlings and others.
Climate in the Krasnodar Territory
Spring comes in early March. Characterized by temperature variability and strong winds. average temperature in April it is +10 degrees.
Summer in the Krasnodar Territory lasts almost 5 months. The average temperature is 25-30 degrees, sometimes even higher. The Krasnodar summer is characterized by frequent rains followed by sunshine.
Autumn comes in October. The temperature during this period does not rise above 15 degrees, and closer to December it drops lower and lower. Precipitation is frequent this month. heavy rains. The first snow falls in November, but lasts no more than 2 days.
Winter in the Krasnodar Territory is quite mild. The average winter temperature is between 0 and 2 degrees. There is almost no snow cover, only on mountain peaks.
Favorable climate, a riot of colors and a variety of plants always determine the diversity of animals. Especially small rodents, burrowing animals, herbivores, birds. They actively breed, eat heartily, lead their usual way of life and do not suffer so much in winter. However, human exposure affects wild world nature, bringing inconsistency into the established cycle. The steppes of the Kuban also did not stand aside.
Steppe Kuban
Humans have been living alongside animals for hundreds of years, and humans are generally considered one of the most highly adaptable species on the planet. He is able to live among eternal ice Arctic, and high in the mountains of the Alps, and feels great in the steppes. However, thinking about his comfort, a person irreversibly intervenes in the life around and not all animals are able to adapt to new conditions. Someone is simply exterminated clean, someone is removed from their usual food, and someone is deprived of watering places and habitats.
Most of the problems for animals are caused by human agricultural activities. Now in the steppes of the Kuban one can meet: voles, small ground squirrels, blind mouse, common vole, among predators, a fox hunts for them, and in some places there are hares.
In the forests you can hear the birds that lead an active life.
The forest steppes of the Kuban region are not so affected by humans, so here you can meet bears, badgers, ferrets, even roe deer or wild boars, forest dormouse. Kuban flora offers a rich vegetarian diet for all herbivores, warm climate helps to grow strong offspring and live comfortably for adults.
Invertebrates
In the forests you can find old snags, stumps, hollow dying trees, large moss-covered stones, under which snakes, vipers and lizards are conveniently located. different types. Amphibians of the Kuban are represented by newts, tree frogs and Caucasian trits,
What animals are most commonly seen? Lots of invertebrates different snakes, some snakes, several species of newts and a dozen varieties of lizards, ground squirrels, wild boars and foxes could be interesting for hunters. They have adapted well to living in the local forests, where without a person they live quite freely.
Take care of nature
Equilibrium in wild nature a thing well-established for centuries, but extremely fragile. The predator-prey cycle can break up and then the whole chain will fly, dozens of species will die. It is enough to hit one of the weak links - to cut down a forest or destroy some types of plants that herbivores fed on. Keeping this in mind, many people call to protect the nature of the Kuban, when dozens of tourists come here every year, attracted beautiful scenery And mild climate. After all, the famous Black Sea still flows here, on which a dozen rest houses and various boarding houses have been built. They promise guests complete unity with nature, they say, from the window you can see the mountains and the forest is within easy reach. But running away from noisy cities here, to the fertile and picturesque Kuban, you need to remember about local residents who cannot speak and defend themselves. Man can destroy nature, but it is in his power to save it.
Georgievskaya Tatiana
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Georgievskaya Tatiana
On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, vegetation is distributed by zones. Latitudinal and vertical zonality is clearly expressed here. The steppe zone occupies the entire Azov-Kuban plain. In the recent past, it was a forb-fescue-feather grass steppe. At present, almost all of it has been plowed up and turned into boundless collective farm and peasant farm fields, where wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower , barley, vegetables and gourds. In total, there are more than 3 thousand plant species in the region.
Along the roads, along the slopes of the beams and on the tops of the mounds, you can find wild herbaceous plants: creeping wheatgrass, buttercup wild, yellow clover, wormwood, plantain, coltsfoot, quinoa , field sow thistle, St. John's wort, immortelle. In forest belts - oak, walnut, acacia and other tree species.
In the northeastern part of the region, on the Kuban-Azov lowland, steppe animals are common. Fields live here mice, gophers, moles, mole rats , hamsters. All of them harm agriculture. They live in burrows, feed on grain, leaves. From predators meet foxes, weasels, ferrets. From birds - larks, quail , gray partridges, crows, magpies . There are also predatory kites, owls, owls, steppe harrier.
In the Kuban delta, in floodplains and estuaries are common sedge, cattail, reeds, yellow water lilies , water lilies, water chestnut. Wild boars, foxes, waterfowl are found here: pelicans, gulls, ducks, lapwings, waders, geese, herons sometimes they fly swans . The muskrat lives in the estuaries. In the floodplains of the Kalininsky district there is the largest abounding colony of storks in the region.
On the right bank of the Kuban, not far from the village of Ivanovskaya, there is an array Red Forest (5200 ha). This is the remnant of the forests that used to border the shores of the Kuban to its lower reaches. Narrow strips of forest have been preserved in the middle reaches of the river. In the Red Forest grow oak, willow, maple, ash, apple, hawthorn, wild rose; deer, roe deer, wild boars, hares live.
Depending on the height above sea level and the associated changes in climatic, soil and other conditions, not only the general nature of vegetation, but also the appearance of plants changes dramatically.
As the relief increases, the steppe passes into the forest-steppe, and the latter into the forest zone. The forest-steppe stretches in a relatively narrow strip on the left bank of the Kuban, covering the Zakuban sloping plain and the low (mainly up to 600 m) part of the foothills. About 50% of the area is shrubs and partly broad-leaved forests (oak, hornbeam, maple, hazel, dogwood).
The forests of the Kuban occupy 1.7 million hectares and are characterized by exceptionally valuable species. About 30% of oak forests, over 80% of beech and about 90% of chestnut plantations in Russia are concentrated in the region. The main part of the forests falls on the foothills, mountainous regions and the Black Sea coast.
Vegetation in the mountains forms three belts: forest, subalpine and alpine.
The forest zone is subdivided into two belts: deciduous and coniferous forests. Up to 700 meters above sea level, mainly oak forests grow with an admixture of hornbeam, ash, elm, as well as fruit trees (pear, apple, dogwood). Oak forests give way to beech forests. At an altitude of 1200 meters, Caucasian fir joins them. From 1300 to 1800 meters, coniferous forests consisting of Caucasian fir and oriental spruce predominate. Fir needles are softer and slightly wider than spruce needles.
In the mountains and foothills there is an abundance of forest fruits and succulent meadow grasses. This creates favorable conditions for the habitat of animals and birds. Wild pigs graze in small herds in oak and beech forests. Unlike domestic pigs, wild pigs are somewhat shorter and taller on the legs. Old boars reach 100-150 kg of weight. They are covered with dense, coarse bristles of dark brown, and sometimes almost black color. The male has fangs.
In deciduous forests, small roe deer grow as tall as a domestic goat, resembling a deer in their appearance. Only males have horns. The bear, wolf, jackal, raccoon dog, badger, fox, marten hunt. On the banks of the rivers - mink and otter. They dive and swim well, feed on fish and frogs.
Of the reptiles, there are: snakes - ordinary and water, vipers - steppe and Koznakov's viper (found high in the mountains), legless lizard spindle and yellow-bellied.
In the morning, the forest and valleys of the foothills are filled with the singing and chirping of various birds. Magpies chirp, whistle thrushes, cuckoos call, jays call to each other , hustle by the streams wagtails , shaking his tail; along the banks of the rivers, the melodic tune of the yellow-lemon oriole is heard, they quickly rush for prey falcons , healers of forests methodically tap on the bark of trunks - woodpeckers. Agile Shrikes hunt for insects. The nimble golden bee-eater chases bees, bumblebees, grabbing them on the fly with its long thin beak. Owls, eagle owls, starlings, grosbeaks, goldfinches, kingfishers, tits fly here, and high in the mountains - Caucasian black grouse, mountain turkeys - snowcocks.
On the steep banks of the rivers settleblue rollers, field sparrows and sand martins.
Birds are of great benefit to the national economy, destroying harmful insects and rodents. For example, one swallow catches more than a thousand plant pests per day. Hundreds of trees are saved by woodpeckers, eating beetle larvae hidden under the bark. An owl kills a thousand mice over the summer, and each mouse eats 1 kg of grain a year. It turns out that only one owl saves us a ton of bread a year.
Not all birds live with us all year round. Many live only in summer, hatch chicks, and fly away to warmer climes in autumn. There are about 320 species of birds in the Kuban.
Soil and air pollution led to a sharp reduction in the number of insectivorous birds: starlings, swallows, sparrows. But the number of crows and pigeons has increased. City dumps serve as an excellent food base for them.
At an altitude of 1800 - 2200 meters above sea level there is a belt of subalpine vegetation. Extendsubalpine meadowsand crooked forests with shrubby beech and mountain maple. Subalpine meadows are rich pastures. In the summer, cattle and flocks of sheep are kept here.
Above the subalpine meadows, starting from altitudes of 2300-2500 and up to 2800-3000 meters above sea level, there is a belt of alpine meadows of the North-Western Caucasus (in other parts of the Caucasus it is much higher). The harsh nature here. Only in August the glades are freed from snow.
What a striking change! In the subalpine zone, everything is large and magnificent, and in the alpine zone the same plants, but from 4 to 15 centimeters tall, creeping form. The brightness of the color, the diversity of flowers on rocky glades, surrounded by rocks and snow, is striking. Red grows all around mytniki, bright blue gentians , golden yellow buttercups and dandelions, rose red carnations, blue forget-me-nots.
From 3000 meters and above there are eternal snows and glaciers and impregnable rocks, almost devoid of any vegetation.
The vegetation of the Black Sea coast is diverse. From Anapa to Novorossiysk, the slopes of the mountains are covered with hornbeam and oak, hornbeam and hornbeam. On the spurs of the Markotkhsky ridge from Novorossiysk to Gelendzhik, twisted and undersized elm, hornbeam and among them dogwood and hawthorn . In the Gelendzhik region there are elm, maple, ash, dogwood, walnut, cherry plum, apple tree, pear; along the coast - Pitsunda pine.
The resort village of Dzhankhot is located 12 kilometers south of Gelendzhik. Here, on the high coast of the sea, an island of ancient flora has been preserved - a grove of Pitsunda pine. It is surrounded by hornbeam, maple and other trees.
Behind the Mikhailovsky Pass, oak is distributed along the slopes of the mountains and rises to a height of 500 - 600 meters, then giving way to beech. Alder, viburnum, elder, dogwood, pear grow in floodplains and on the banks of rivers.
On the coast from Lazarevsky to Adler grow cypresses, Pitsunda pine, magnolias, palm trees . They remain green all year round.
Parks and squares are decorated with noble laurel, bamboo, yucca, various palm trees. There is no such month in the year that some plants do not bloom. Apricots, peaches and other fruits ripen in the orchards.
The fauna of the Black Sea is diverse, but concentrated mainly in the upper layer. Of the fish of commercial importance are: beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring , anchovy, sprats, bream, mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, flounder. There are dolphins.
Fish live in the Sea of Azov: ram, shemaya , herring, sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon), tyulka, horse mackerel.
Live in rivers and estuaries: bream, silver bream, asp, carp, catfish and other fish. The champion here is carp, it is found everywhere. He has a good appetite, so he grows quickly. In general, the carp grows throughout its life and sometimes reaches 1.5 meters in length, and its weight reaches 35 kg.
To the most valuable fish include rybets and shemaya. Whiskers catfish live in a den under a snag, its main food is frogs. The catfish has strong jaws and teeth, like those of a shark, are bent back. You can't get out of this hole.
high in mountain rivers there is another fish - trout.She only needs pure water. And if you see this fish in a mountain river, you can safely drink water there, it is clean. Trout is a predator. It feeds on both worms and small fish, sometimes catching insects. Overcoming rapids, trout can jump out of the water by 1-1.5 meters.
The forests of the Black Sea coast preserve drinking and mineral water reserves, protect soils from water and wind erosion, landslides, rockfalls and landslides, and soften the climate. They provide a constant water level in the rivers, protect them from silting and shallowing, and thus create conditions for the reproduction of fish resources. From the slopes of the mountains, not protected by forest, the rains take down 100 cubic meters of land from one hectare per year. In such places, ravines quickly form.
The forest has a certain influence on the climate and the rivers that feed the fertile plains of the Kuban with their waters, protects water bodies from drying out, fields from drought, cleans the air from harmful carbon dioxide, dust and other tiny particles. The vegetation cover of the Earth is called the "lungs of the planet." One hectare of forest purifies 18 million cubic meters of air smoky and saturated with carbon dioxide per year.
The forest is a health factor and an excellent object for hiking, excursions, walks. The forest air is clean, it contains a lot of ozone and phytoncides - substances that inhibit the development of pathogenic microbes.
Wood is also a building material. The woodworking industry is developed in the Kuban. There are furniture factories and associations in Krasnodar, Armavir, Kropotkin, Apsheronsk, Novorossiysk. They make wardrobes, bookcases, chairs, tables, sofas…
The unreasonable predatory extermination of any kind of animals, birds, causes great harm nature. Interspecies ties are destroyed, the natural balance is disturbed. Destroying the environment, people destroy themselves.
Our rivers, lakes and ponds are often polluted with sewage, especially waste water from factories and plants. Such water is harmful. The fish are dying in it. Therefore, it is necessary to protect animals, birds and fish from their unreasonable extermination.
In our region there are nature reserves and reserves. These are areas of the area where nature is preserved in its untouched form. It is forbidden to cut trees, hunt birds and animals in the reserve.
Schoolchildren should remember the words of the writer M.M. Prishvin, who wrote: “We are the masters of our nature, and for us it is the pantry of the sun with the great treasures of life. Not only that, in order to protect these treasures, they must be opened and shown.
Fish need clean water - we will protect our reservoirs. There are various valuable animals in the forests, steppes, mountains - we will protect our forests, steppes, mountains. Fish - water, bird - air, beast - forest, steppe, mountains. And a man needs a homeland. And to protect nature means to protect the Motherland!
Literature:
- Grin L. Nature of the native land.-Krasnodar, 2005.
- Lotyshev I.P. Traveling around the native land. - Krasnodar, 1999.
- Paskevich N. Ya. Favorite corner of the earth. - Kranodar, 2005.
- Red Book of Kuban.
- Internet resources.
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