Terrorism is a global problem throughout the world. Terrorism is a global problem in the world. Sources of terrorist financing

In modern conditions, the problem of conflicts arising on the basis of interfaith rivalry requires special attention. What lies behind this: traditional geopolitical contradictions or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades inspired by fundamentalists of various persuasions? No matter how unexpected such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to take the necessary measures to prevent them.

To the number actual problems Security also includes the joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, drug trafficking.

There are two main approaches to understanding the methods of combating international terrorism at the present stage.

First approach is to strengthen the powers of law enforcement agencies in the field of public security, the restriction of civil liberties and democracy in the name of the stable development of human civilization. It is claimed that only strong state and the effective work of the special services can serve as a guarantee of a successful counter-terrorism struggle. However, it must be recognized that all attempts to fight terrorists by forceful, military methods alone have not ensured the containment or reduction of terrorist activity. US President Barack Obama deliberately abandoned the phrase "global war on terrorism", which was often used in the rhetoric of his predecessor George W. Bush, replacing it with "the fight against terrorism". Increasingly, the US President speaks about the fight against terrorist groups, emphasizing that these organizations do not represent all Arabs, all Muslims.

An approach to the problem of combating international terrorism based entirely on military measures can lead to a weakening of the potential for collective action against terrorism. A significant reduction in the rights and freedoms of man and citizen will lead, if not to the decline, then to the stagnation of modern democratic states, the discontent of the general population and, thus, will contribute to the achievement of the goals of terrorists.

essence second approach consists in recognizing non-force methods of combating international terrorism as the main ones, which does not negate the importance and necessity of conducting pinpoint military counter-terrorist operations. The events of recent years have shown the inability of the power structures alone to counter the threats of modern international terrorism. Being the President of Russia, D.A. Medvedev named as necessary conditions for a successful fight against terrorism, improving the economic well-being of the population of the country and the social sphere, as well as strengthening the moral and spiritual components.

At the moment, the need for a transition to a well-thought-out and purposeful system of the widest range of measures, primarily political ones, at the international level is beginning to be realized. Military and other means of force in the field of countering the international terrorist threat should be considered as complementary to political methods of struggle.

The development of political aspects of the fight against international terrorism is one of the fundamental factors in the non-violent counteraction to international terrorism. Next will be considered political aspects of the fight against international terrorism, which include:

• 1) the activities of international intergovernmental organizations and political institutions in the field of combating terrorism, which have made the greatest contribution to countering the terrorist threat (such structures as the UN, European political institutions, the G8);
• 2) countering terrorism by civil society within the framework of those international non-governmental organizations that have studied the possibilities of combating the terrorist threat to the greatest extent;
• 3) protection of Islam from extremist influence (opposition to Islamism by the Muslim community, represented by religious international non-governmental organizations, and dissemination of the image of Islam as a religion of peace, goodness and tolerance).

International cooperation in combating terrorism on an ongoing basis is the foundation for building an effective counter-terrorism system. The greatest contribution to the strengthening of international cooperation in the field of combating terrorism was made by the UN, various European political institutions and the G8, so further we will consider the process of forming a broad front in the fight against international terrorism within these structures.

For a long time, UN experts have been working seriously to build an effective counter-terrorism mechanism. However, the real impetus for the active development of measures aimed at combating international terrorism was the tragic events of September 11, 2001. Kofi Annan, who held the post of UN Secretary-General during the September 11 terrorist attacks, after the terrorist attacks said that “terrorists who attacked The United States on 9/11 targeted one country but wounded the whole world... In fact, it was an attack on all of humanity, and all of humanity has a vested interest in defeating the forces behind these forces... No one should doubt the determination that exists throughout the world fight this evil for as long as it may be necessary."

To date, an international legal regime for combating terrorism has been basically formed, the foundation for which are various kinds of UN documents, such as conventions, declarations, resolutions, etc.

An analysis of international UN documents on countering the threat under consideration allows us to conclude that most of them contain the following main principles of combating terrorism

• resolute condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, regardless of the goals set by the terrorists. Terrorism is a crime that must always be punished;
• renunciation of any kind of assistance to terrorists, complicity in terrorist crimes, incitement to terrorism, propaganda of terrorist ideas;
• elimination of the practice of double standards. The use of double standards has the most negative consequences for countering international terrorism. We must not allow terrorists for one state to be perceived by another state as freedom fighters. The elimination of the practice of double standards is possible only with the joint efforts of the world community;
• development of close cooperation in the field of combating international terrorism on the world stage;
• compliance international law in the fight against terrorism. It is necessary to refrain from the use of force in any way that is inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the UN, to seek the settlement of disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the principles of justice and international law;
• refusal to violate the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen in order to ensure public safety;
• protection of world religions (primarily Islam) from extremist influence, resolute refusal to identify any religion, culture or nationality with terrorism and violence.

At the same time, it should be noted that international cooperation on combating terrorism is focused on the following directions.

• 1) regular exchange of information on the prevention of terrorism and the fight against it;
• 2) the effective implementation of conventions and the conclusion of agreements on mutual legal assistance and the extradition of criminals on a bilateral, regional and multilateral basis;
• 3) holding various practical events for the exchange of experience in the field of counter-terrorism counteraction at the international level;
• 4) carrying out scientific and analytical work to develop more effective programs to combat international terrorism, studying the causes of its origin;
• 5) deep learning experience various states on the prevention and elimination of terrorism in order to obtain a more complete understanding of the methods of combating the terrorist threat, expanding international cooperation;
• 6) analysis of the most effective national legislation in order to possible application in other countries;
• 7) exchange of experience in the field of combating terrorism by means of political and ideological influence.

The above principles of combating terrorism are recognized by the world community, but despite this, not all UN member countries observe them in practice. For example, Great Britain, which is formally a member of the anti-terrorist coalition, has repeatedly violated the principle of refusing the policy of double standards. The UK regularly provides asylum to people who are recognized as terrorists by court decisions in other countries. Thus, by a decision of a London court, the Russian Prosecutor General's Office was denied the extradition of one of the leaders of the Chechen separatists, Akhmed Zakayev, who was accused in Russia of involvement in the terrorist attack on Dubrovka and the activities of illegal armed groups, of kidnappings and massacres in Chechnya, as well as of inciting hatred against persons of Russian nationality. In November 2003, it became known that A. Zakayev had been granted political asylum in Great Britain. The Russian authorities arrested A. Zakaev in absentia in October 2010, but never succeeded in extraditing him.

There is an acute problem of combating the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism. The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999) addresses in general the phenomenon of terrorism and such an important component as providing a financial basis. The importance of the considered direction of international cooperation in the fight against terrorism is evidenced by Resolution 1373 (2001), adopted by the UN Security Council on September 28, 2001, which, among the main measures to counter terrorism, designated concerted actions of the world community to curb its financial flows. According to Art. 8 of the Convention each state in accordance with the principles national law take the necessary steps to identify, locate, freeze bank accounts or seize any funds used or disbursed for the commission of offenses (within the scope of the Convention) for the purposes of possible confiscation.

Of particular importance among the documents under consideration is the report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, entitled A Safer World: Our Shared Responsibility. It presents a new comprehensive vision of the concept of collective security in the 21st century. One of the key messages of the report is that as a result of globalization, an era of mutual vulnerability has come. No country can face the world's threats alone, and none of the threats can be effectively eliminated until other threats are eliminated. The need for a broader, comprehensive concept of collective security, which will consider new and old threats of an interdependent nature, is stated.

The report strongly recommends the development of a comprehensive convention on terrorism, including a clear definition of terrorism. The High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change noted the need to bring the diverse counter-terrorism activities of the UN system on a single footing and to develop a comprehensive, universal counter-terrorism strategy. A comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy must take into account the factors that contribute to the spread of terrorism, strengthen the ability of countries to counter the threat, and be based on the rule of law and the protection of human rights and freedoms. The group requested the UN to play a leading role in advancing such a comprehensive strategy, which was subsequently implemented.

Kofi Annan, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, followed up on the recommendations of the High-Level Panel, expressing his vision of a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy. The strategy he proposed was based on five main elements: persuading terrorist groups not to resort to violence; limiting terrorists' means to carry out attacks; minimizing support for terrorist groups by other countries; assisting in developing the capacity of countries to prevent terrorism; protection of human rights during the fight against international terrorism. At the September 2005 summit, world leaders endorsed the elements of the strategy proposed by the Secretary General. They also asked the General Assembly to develop in more detail the main points of the strategy. Kofi Annan made improvements to the counter-terrorism strategy plan by presenting the report "Unity in the fight against terrorism: recommendations for a global counter-terrorism strategy" to the plenary session of the General Assembly. The UN Member States adopted the proposed recommendations as a basis for discussion.

As a result, on September 8, 2006, the UN General Assembly adopted the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the form of a resolution and the Plan of Action set out in its annex 1 . This document is a unique tool for creating a united front against terrorism at the national, regional and international levels. On September 19, 2006, it was put into effect during the General Assembly. For the first time, most countries of the world have agreed on a common approach in the field of combating terrorism, which is why the Strategy is so important.

The document is based on the consistent, unequivocal and resolute condemnation by the UN member states of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes it is practiced. The Strategy contains concrete measures to eliminate the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, to prevent and combat terrorism, to strengthen the capacity of states to prevent and combat this threat and to strengthen the role of the UN system in this area, to ensure universal respect for human rights and uphold the rule of law. Member States are required to cooperate with the UN to implement the provisions of the Action Plan, while UN entities are required to provide support for the actions of Member States.

The document says that terrorism cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization or ethnic group. A special role in the Strategy is assigned to new important initiatives. It is envisaged that the potential for bioterrorism will be minimized through the creation of a single, comprehensive database of biological incidents, provided that special attention is paid to improving the health systems of states. It is proposed to involve civil society, regional and subregional organizations in the fight against international terrorism, as well as to develop partnerships with the private sector. Plans are underway to modernize border and customs control systems and improve the security of travel documents to prevent the movement of terrorists and the movement of illegal materials.

July 7, 2008 General Secretary UN Ban Ki-moon delivered a report containing an in-depth analysis of the activities of the UN system in implementing the Strategy. Ban Ki-moon identified two ways to implement the Strategy by the UN system. Firstly, departments, specialized agencies, funds carry out activities in accordance with their plans of work, both on an individual basis and in partnerships. Secondly, the 24 entities of the UN system and INTERPOL cooperate through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF).

The report presents the results of the implementation of the four main areas of activity in the field of combating terrorism specified in the Strategy, namely, measures to eliminate the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, to prevent and combat terrorism, to strengthen the capacity of states to prevent and combat terrorism and strengthening the role of the UN system in this area, to ensure universal respect for human rights and the rule of law as the basis for the fight against terrorism.

The Strategy states that Member States are determined to eliminate the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism by strengthening existing programs in areas such as conflict prevention, reconciliation and peacekeeping, mediation, negotiations. In addition, they intend to pay increased attention to the implementation of initiatives aimed at promoting tolerance between religions and cultures, reducing the marginalization of vulnerable segments of the population and promoting social inclusion. The Strategy notes the links between elements of the traditional development agenda such as poverty reduction, social development and the rule of law and the fight against terrorism. In this section of the Strategy, Member States point out the need to meet the needs of victims through the establishment of national and regional systems of assistance.

In the field of measures taken to eliminate the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, the Secretary-General made the following conclusions.

In the UN system, the work outlined in the first line of action is supported by the Department of Political Affairs, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, as well as the three working groups of the Task Force: the Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution, the Group on Support and Raising Public Awareness of Victims of Terrorism, and the Group on Combating Radicalization and Extremism that Give rise to Terrorism.

The Department of Political Affairs performs a range of tasks to reduce the number of violent conflicts in all parts of the world. After the adoption of the Strategy, he created the UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia. The center started working in June 2008; it assists the governments of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to better respond to cross-border issues and threats such as terrorism, drug trafficking and organized crime.

As called for in the Strategy, the Department of Political Affairs also strives to “promote a culture of peace, justice and human development, ethnic, national and religious tolerance and respect for all religions, religious values ​​and beliefs or cultures” 1 .

In October 2007, UNESCO adopted a medium-term strategy for 2008-2013, in which the promotion of cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace was identified as one of the main themes.

The lack of the rule of law and good governance are also noted in the Strategy as conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. Since the adoption of the Strategy, UNDP and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations have increased their involvement in activities in these areas. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations seeks to reduce the ability of terrorists to support and sustain their activities with ill-gotten gains in politically volatile environments. The Department is addressing this challenge through a range of programs designed to ensure effective, fair and accountable criminal justice systems, public safety and the rule of law 1 .

The Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution has produced an initial counter-terrorism guide for envoys of the Secretary-General, special representatives and other peacekeepers. In this guide:

• considers the importance of the problem of terrorism and measures to combat it for the work of UN peacekeepers in conflict situations;
• for the information of UN peacekeepers, the existing international legal and strategic guidelines on combating terrorism are outlined;
• specifies factors related to terrorism that UN peacekeepers may take into account when conducting peace negotiations or concluding peace agreements;
• attention is drawn to the consequences of terrorist activities in terms of the security of UN missions.

The Task Force, through its Working Group on Support and Public Visibility for Victims of Terrorism, intends to identify measures to be taken to ensure solidarity with and support for victims.

The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism stressed the importance of long-term efforts to ensure universal respect for human rights and justice for victims of terrorism as an important element in building societies without terrorism.

The Strategy recognizes that terrorists need funds to carry out their attacks, so the Strategy calls on Member States to use various measures to deny terrorists access to resources. It also proposes that action be taken to protect particularly vulnerable targets.

Regarding the measures taken to prevent and combat terrorism, Ban Ki-moon summed up the following. Once the Strategy is adopted, the UN system supports the work of Member States in three main ways:

• by providing assistance in the development of legal instruments and guidelines that set standards for measures to prevent terrorism;
• through the establishment of registries and databases that can centrally collect information on available resources necessary to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks;
• through an assessment of the existing capacity of Member States in the field of combating terrorism.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is also making efforts to strengthen the international legal regime in the field of combating terrorism. Following the recommendations of the Strategy, the ICAO Legal Committee developed two draft conventions on compensation for damage caused by aircraft to third parties resulting from acts of unlawful interference or general risks. ICAO has also prepared two treaties aimed at updating existing aviation security conventions by addressing new and emerging threats such as the use of civil aircraft as weapons and the use of biological, chemical and nuclear materials to carry out attacks. ICAO has approved additional security controls for baggage screening.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is working to develop international legal instruments and adopt standards to ensure the protection of international traffic from terrorist attacks, and also takes mandatory measures to improve maritime security.

The World Bank is helping to strengthen legal regimes by working on three fronts: assessing the country's level of implementation of the 40 recommendations on combating money laundering and the nine special recommendations on combating the financing of terrorism adopted by the Financial Task Force; providing countries with appropriate technical assistance; providing policy development in this area.

Since July 2007, the Office for Disarmament Affairs has been consulting with government experts and representatives of a number of international organizations on the scope and feasibility of developing a single comprehensive database of biological incidents, as proposed in the Strategy. In April 2008 , the Office began developing a biological incident database software platform to provide a secure , web - based tool for entering biological incident data .

The IAEA's program to maintain a database of illegal traffic began before the adoption of the Strategy, but this initiative has become one of the important factors contributing to its implementation. Based on the information contained in the IAEA trafficking database, the Geiger project developed by INTERPOL collects and analyzes data on the theft of radiological materials in order to identify relevant methods and trends and assess the vulnerability of materials to be stolen by terrorists for the manufacture of so-called "dirty bombs", which are conventional explosive devices filled with radiological materials.

The assessment of the capacity of interested Member States represents the third category of support provided by the UN system. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate play a key role in this area. The Executive Directorate monitors, on behalf of the Committee, the implementation by Member States of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) and assists in its implementation.

Both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are fighting money laundering and terrorist financing.

The Strategy calls on the international community, and in particular the UN system, to provide technical assistance to identify gaps or deficiencies, to provide opportunities for information sharing and networking that can promote interstate cooperation and dissemination of “best practices”, and to improve public awareness of the dangers of terrorism.

The Report states that all members of the Task Force contributed to the implementation of the measures envisaged in this part of the Strategy.

In the Strategy, Member States committed to take measures to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as a basis for combating terrorism. They also decided to take action to combat human rights violations and ensure that any decisions taken to combat terrorism are consistent with their human rights obligations.

The provisions of the Strategy state that the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's technical support activities in legal and related capacity building should be based on a criminal justice system consistent with the principles of the rule of law and human rights.

In conclusion, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon made recommendations for further work. He indicated that Member States had shown an interest in further systematization in order to be able to provide guidance to the Task Force on its work, as well as a better exchange of information between the Task Force and its members. The Secretary-General noted that the United Nations system is not fully utilizing the potential of global, regional, subregional organizations and civil society. According to Ban Ki-moon, this situation needs to be corrected.

In addition to developing a legal framework for combating international terrorism, a network of organizations operates within the UN, which includes various committees, departments, and specialized agencies to combat the terrorist threat.

Counterterrorism Committee(CTC) and its Executive Directorate govern the counter-terrorism activities of the UN. The Counter-Terrorism Committee includes all 15 members of the Security Council. These bodies are entrusted with monitoring the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005), as well as the provision of technical assistance to countries that need it. The Counter-Terrorism Committee receives reports from the member countries on the work done and the activities carried out. After analyzing the situation, this body prepares recommendations for member countries and reports to the UN Security Council, taking into account the specifics of the development of each state. The authors of the report "A Safer World: Our Shared Responsibility" believe that the Executive Directorate should become the focal point for the provision of interstate military, police and border assistance to strengthen national counter-terrorism capabilities.

Departments, programmes, funds and agencies of the United Nations work both individually and jointly within the framework of Task Force for the Implementation of the Counter-Terrorism Strategy(TSGOKS). The work of the Task Force, established in 2005 by the Secretary General, is aimed at ensuring the coordination of the activities of the various entities of the UN system involved in the fight against terrorism. The Task Force has drawn up a program of work and established working groups to implement the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. They include the following aspects of the fight against international terrorism:

• 1) assistance to the UN member states in the integrated application of the Strategy;
• 2) transferring counter-terrorism activities to the sphere of conflict prevention;
• 3) providing a forum to address the causes of political and economic exclusion, especially among young people;
• 4) improving the evaluation of technical assistance, procurement and follow-up;
• 5) improving the coordination of the UN system in planning a response to a terrorist attack using nuclear, chemical, biological or radioactive materials;
• 6) consolidation of stakeholders and partners in discussing the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes and identifying advanced means of combating this phenomenon;
• 7) finding ways to match international standards in the fight against the financing of terrorism;
• 8) determining the most effective ways to protect vulnerable targets, including UN personnel in the field, and creating a mechanism for the exchange of experience in this matter;
• 9) assistance to countries in strengthening domestic legislation for the protection of human rights in accordance with international standards;
• 10) identifying the needs of victims around the world and the possibilities of assistance from governments.

The Task Force is developing cooperation with a number of regional, subregional and international non-governmental organizations, including the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Committee established by resolution 1540 (2004 )*, exercises control over the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Its experts are working to identify deficiencies and propose possible measures to prevent non-state actors from gaining access to weapons of mass destruction and their components.

Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism works within the framework of the Human Rights Council and ensures the identification, exchange and implementation of the most effective ways to deal with the threat, which do not conflict with human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Special Rapporteur also considers allegations of human rights violations that may have been made in the fight against terrorism.

In addition to the UN units directly working in the field of terrorism prevention, there are many structures operating under the auspices of the United Nations and closely related to this area.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime assisted more than 125 countries in joining and applying instruments related to preventing and combating acts of terrorism. The Office has provided legal advice in the field of counter-terrorism legislation to more than 80 countries around the world. The organization has developed more than a dozen technical means assistance, including legislative databases and model legislation, to assist countries in strengthening their legal regimes against terrorism.

Activity International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) aims to support Member States. It includes more than 100 assessment missions to help Member States determine their own overall nuclear safety requirements, as well as arrange for the disposal, deployment and/or storage of approximately 100 highly radioactive and neutron sources. The organization assists member states in the training of customs and border officials, maintains a round-the-clock contact network

to ensure cooperation between Member States during nuclear disasters or radiological emergencies. The Agency also provides assistance to Member States in fulfilling current and future obligations under documents related to strengthening the international platform in the field of nuclear safety.

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol assisted the UN Security Council in implementing the sanctions regime against al-Qaeda and the Taliban by bringing information to law enforcement agencies around the world. Interpol collects, stores, analyzes information on the activities of suspected individuals and groups, and exchanges it; it coordinates the dissemination of terrorist alerts and warnings and also issued to the global law enforcement community practical guides to assist in the submission of reports on terrorist activities.

World Health Organization (WHO) concerned about the readiness of health institutions to adequately respond to all emergencies international character within International Health Regulations. WHO has developed standards and is building biosafety and biosecurity for laboratories to encourage the safe use and storage of biological materials, minimizing the risk of misuse.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights supports the promotion and protection of all human rights and the implementation of effective counter-terrorism measures as complementary and mutually reinforcing objectives. As requested by Member States, the Office provides assistance and advice on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, including the development of anti-terrorism legislation and policies that are consistent with human rights.

It is necessary to note the constant cooperation of the UN in the fight against international terrorism with such organizations and intergovernmental institutions as the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

(OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Association of States South-East Asia(ASEAN), the Organization of American States (OAS), with specialized structures such as Europol, the Offshore Group of Banking Supervisors (OGBS), the Financial Task Force (FATF) and many others, as well as with various international non-governmental organizations (for example, with the International the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Pugwash Movement of Scientists, etc.).

In addition to developing a legal framework for countering terrorism, creating specialized structures and development of cooperation with various organizations in this field, the UN Security Council on the basis of Chapter VII The charter of the organization can take enforcement measures to maintain or restore international law and order, peace and security. One of these means of influence is international legal sanctions directed against individuals, organizations and states that support terrorism. By international legal sanctions, we mean collective or unilateral coercive non-military measures applied by states or international organizations to violators of international law, as a rule, to states.

The UN Security Council resorts to mandatory sanctions as a means of coercion when peace is threatened and when diplomatic efforts fail. Such sanctions were imposed in 18 cases, and some of them were aimed at countering the terrorist threat.

The arsenal of sanctions includes comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or more specific measures such as arms embargoes, entry or travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions. The application of mandatory sanctions is intended to put pressure on a state or entity to achieve the goals set by the Security Council without the use of force. Thus, sanctions are an important tool by which the Security Council enforces its decisions.

However, sanctions as a way of putting pressure on a violator of international law have their opponents. A large number of States and humanitarian organizations express concern about the possible adverse impact of sanctions on the most vulnerable segments of the population, as well as about the negative impact that sanctions may have on the economies of third countries. It is increasingly recognized that the planning, application and implementation of sanctions imposed by the Security Council needs to be improved. The negative effects of sanctions can be mitigated either by including elaborate humanitarian exceptions directly in General Assembly resolutions, or by more targeted application of such sanctions.

As an example, consider the imposition of a sanctions regime against Libya as a country that supports terrorism. Libya was accused of organizing the bombing passenger aircraft Pan American over the Scottish town of Lockerbie in December 1988, resulting in the death of 270 people ("The Lockerbie Case").

In resolution 748 (1992) of March 31, 1992, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo and an air embargo, and also demanded a reduction in the number of Libyan diplomatic personnel working abroad. He also established the Security Council Committee on Sanctions. Resolution 883 (1993) of 11 November 1993 tightened the sanctions regime against Libya. In this resolution, the Security Council approved the freezing of Libyan funds and financial resources in other countries and imposed a ban on the supply of oil processing and transportation equipment to Libya.

In general, a series of sanctions imposed by the Security Council on the Jamahiriya in the period 1992-1994 provided for a ban on any form of military-technical cooperation with the Libyan government, prohibited international air traffic with Libya, lowered the level of diplomatic representation of foreign states in the country, blocked Libyan holdings in foreign banks, banned the sale of certain types of oil equipment. At the same time, Libya was not banned from exporting oil, thanks to which it annually received revenues of up to $ 9 billion. And yet, the long-term sanctions regime caused significant damage to Libya, its economy and finances. In monetary terms, for the period from 1992 to 1999, it is estimated by local experts at $29 billion.

The Libyan sanctions regime was terminated by resolution 1506 (2003), adopted on September 12, 2003. The Security Council also suspended the mandate of the Libyan Sanctions Committee. 13 members voted in favor of the resolution, the United States of America and France abstained, and there were no votes against.

The adoption of this decision became possible after Tripoli officially complied with all the requirements of the relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council: it allowed the extradition of two Libyans suspected of organizing a terrorist attack, who were brought to trial; refused to support terrorism; promised to pay compensation to the families of the victims of the disaster and took responsibility for the actions of his citizens in the Lockerbie case. At the same time, the Libyan leadership recognized only civil liability for the crime committed, which implies that the attack was committed with the participation of Libyan government officials. At the same time, Tripoli refused to take criminal responsibility for the criminal act committed. The lifting of sanctions has opened the way for the payment of compensation to the families of the passengers of the blown up plane . In 2001, Libya condemned the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, and the head of the country, M. Gaddafi, described the US actions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan as a "legitimate act of protection." The country's authorities handed over to Western intelligence agencies information about the Libyans - members of the international terrorist organization Al-Qaeda.

Thus, if the country's authorities assist terrorists, the state bears full responsibility for this. Another case, quite common in the modern world, is much more complicated. The governments of many countries cannot ensure sovereignty throughout the state, and then an enclave is formed on the uncontrolled territory, which is controlled by international criminal structures and terrorists (for example, Somalia, Indonesia - the north of Sumatra and the Moluccas, part of the Philippines). The world community has yet to find an answer to the question of how to eliminate terrorist enclaves while maintaining respect for the sovereignty of the countries in which they originated.

The UN instituted a sanctions regime against individuals, groups, entities and entities associated with al-Qaeda through the creation of the Al-Qaeda Sanctions List and the establishment of the Security Council Committee on Al-Qaeda and Associated Individuals and Entities. The Al-Qaeda Sanctions List consists of two sections:

• individuals those associated with al-Qaeda (253 individuals);
• legal entities and other groups and enterprises associated with Al-Qaeda (91 legal entities).

All names, titles and identifying information contained in the Al-Qaeda Sanctions List were provided to the Committee by UN Member States and international organizations. The Al-Qaeda Sanctions List is regularly updated, removing all previous versions list.

The sanctions regime was originally established by resolution 1267 (1999) and has since been modified and strengthened by subsequent resolutions , with the result that sanctions now cover individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida, wherever located. Individuals and entities subject to sanctions are included in the Al-Qaida Sanctions List.

The above resolutions require all States to take the following measures against any individuals or entities identified by the Committee associated with Al-Qaeda:

• immediately freeze the funds and other financial assets or economic resources of the said persons and organizations (assets freeze);
• prevented the entry into or transit through their territory of designated persons (travel ban);
• prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to these persons and organizations - from their territory, or by their citizens located outside their territory, or using ships or aircraft under their flag - of weapons and related materiel of all types, spare units, as well as providing technical advice, assistance or training related to military activities (arms embargo) .

In the current situation, UN sanctions are an important non-forceful method of combating manifestations of international terrorism, having become an integral part of the established system of countering the terrorist threat under the auspices of the UN.

The countries that are part of the European Union are one of the main targets for all kinds of terrorist communities. This fact is due to a number of reasons. First, this region has a dangerous potential for the clash of various kinds of conflicts, which are fertile ground for terrorism. Secondly, the liberal foundations of European democracies cannot successfully counter the terrorist threat. Thirdly, European integration, which led to the transparency of state borders, the free movement of people, goods, technologies, financial flows, as a result, indirectly contributed to the intensification of terrorist activities.

The EU member states have always been concerned about the problem of countering international terrorism, but the process of developing a common counter-terrorism policy within the European Union began especially intensively after the terrorist attacks in March 2004 in Madrid and in July 2005 in London.

One of the most important results of work in this direction is the new counter-terrorism strategy, approved by the Council of Ministers of Justice of the EU in December 2005. The main goal of the document is to explain to the general public the EU policy in the field of combating terrorism. The strategy is based on four key elements: prevent, protect, prosecute and respond. It also talks about the need for close cooperation among EU member states for a successful counter-terrorism policy.

Let us consider the most important measures taken in the field of combating international terrorism within the framework of European political institutions.

On May 31 - June 1, 2007, the Political Conference of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) took place in Vienna on the topic "Partnership between states, civil society and the business community in the fight against terrorism." The political conference was of great importance, becoming unprecedented in terms of the level and composition of participants, continuing the line of the UN Global Strategy to Combat Terrorism and the Strategy for the Development of an Anti-Terrorist Partnership between Business and Government, adopted in November 2006 at the Global Forum on Partnership between States and Business in Countering Terrorism in Moscow .

During the first session, on the topic “Public-private partnership in the interests of maintaining economic stability and security and eliminating the social, political and economic conditions that feed terrorism”, the “Moscow initiative” was heard - a proposal to spread the “three Ps” (literally - private-public partnership , i.e. an alliance of government, business and civil society in the fight against terrorism) at the level of cities and local authorities. An integral part of the “Moscow initiative” was the raising of these issues in associations of cities, such as the World Organization of Cities and Local Authorities, the Association of Large Cities “Metropolis”, “cities against drugs”, etc. In addition, a proposal was made to hold international conference cities in Moscow in 2008, the main theme of which will be the issues of anti-terrorist partnership between government, business and civil society. Moscow’s proposal to develop the idea of ​​creating a single center for coordinating actions within the framework of the “three Ps” was also received with great interest in order to form single base data, the use of the most modern technologies and the exchange of experience. The "Moscow Initiative" was supported by the organizers of the conference - both a representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry and a representative of the US State Department - and was distributed as a working document in the official languages ​​of the conference.

The second session was devoted to public-private partnerships for tolerance, human rights, the rule of law, democracy, good governance and interfaith dialogue. Within the framework of this session, issues of public-private partnership with the media, including the Internet, and with educational institutions were considered.

The third session - "Public-private partnership in the protection of critical infrastructure, solving the problems of preparedness and mitigation" (transport, energy, ports, borders, aviation and cyber security) - dealt with, along with technical aspects, also issues of preparedness for management risks and their possible consequences.

The fourth session considered the problems of public-private partnership in countering terrorism. Within the framework of this session, representatives of banks and the head of the UN Global Program against Money Laundering R. McDonnell spoke.

At the final meeting, brief results of the working sessions were summed up, a statement was made by the chairman, which was adopted as the final document of the conference. It represents the coordinated position of the organizers, to which were added some initiatives and proposals made during the discussions. Concluding the conference, the representatives of Russia and the United States expressed satisfaction with its results and noted that it is an example of cooperation between the initiating countries, which have joined and joined in the work to promote the anti-terrorist partnership, civil society business and authorities not only by the OSCE member states, but also cooperation partners in Asia and the Mediterranean.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in his report “Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism” 1 reported that in 2009 and early 2010 the OSCE organized five regional conferences and seminars, as well as dozens of workshops and expert group meetings at the subregional and national levels, which were devoted to the following issues:

• assistance in the creation of international legal framework for the fight against terrorism;
• enhancing the effectiveness of international cooperation in the field of criminal law relating to terrorism;
• ensuring the security of travel documents;
• suppression of financing of terrorism;
• promoting the security of containers containing radioactive materials;
• countering the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes, the application of comprehensive measures to ensure security in cyberspace;
• improving the efficiency of protection of vital energy infrastructure facilities;
• promoting partnerships between the public and private sectors in the fight against terrorism, including engagement with the media;
• combating extremism and radicalism leading to terrorism;
• protection of human rights in the context of the fight against terrorism.

Undoubtedly, the measures taken contributed to the strengthening of the counter-terrorism system of the countries that are members of the OSCE.

The member states of the European Union have managed to significantly strengthen and qualitatively improve cooperation in the field of ensuring internal security. A new, improved procedure for the exchange of information between EU member states has been established. All information in any way connected with the activities of terrorists is subject to mandatory exchange. This kind of information is transmitted to Europol (European Police Office) and Eurojust (European Office for Enhancement of Judicial Cooperation). A special anti-terrorism department was formed in Europol, which included representatives of all EU member states. The LEN (Legal Enforcement Network) program was developed, the purpose of which is to create a law enforcement network that greatly facilitates the exchange of information between police structures.

The SitCen organization collects information from experts from external and internal intelligence agencies to monitor and analyze terrorist threats and coordinate strategies used. It should be noted that the exchange of this kind of information requires the non-disclosure of sources and the information itself, as well as the detailed development of universal exchange standards, a closed system for accessing the database, and a clear procedure for using the system.

Particular attention is paid to strengthening security on the borders of the European Union. The Schengen Information System (SIS) stores all information on the territory

EU on migration, authorized structures use it in real time, tracking potentially dangerous individuals and groups of people. Biometric data has been included in passports and visas since 2005. The second generation SIS II system includes biometric data.

The tasks of the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of EU Member States (FRONTEX) include: systematic risk assessment at EU borders, training of border guards, coordination of activities border services. The European Police College has developed special training programs for the police of the EU member states in the field of countering terrorism. The programs cover such a range of problems as the fight against illegal migration, organized crime, drug trafficking, the protection of interstate borders, work to prevent the spread of terrorist ideas, and the expansion of the social base of terrorist organizations.

Increased attention is being paid to improving systems for preventing and repelling possible terrorist attacks. Of great importance is the international partnership in the development of programs of action in emergency situations, especially with regard to the possibilities of implementing agreed preventive measures. One of the points of the Program is a warning system in the event that terrorists use radioactive, chemical, nuclear, biological materials and means of influence. The Program adopted by the European Council provides for both the prevention of a terrorist attack and ways to minimize its consequences. In addition, the European Program for the Protection of Life Support Infrastructure in the Crisis Alert System (ARGUS) has been developed.

European political institutions are fighting against the socio-economic prerequisites for international terrorism, against the problems that contribute to its spread. Thus, the Council of Europe 1 adopted in 2004 the Strategy for Social

The volume of sales of goods belonging to the Fair trade group is constantly increasing. Thus, in 2007, sales amounted to 2.3 billion euros; growth - 47% compared to the previous year. The program plays an important role in overcoming poverty and underdevelopment of third world countries.

The socially responsible sector of the economy also includes various programs aimed at obtaining social and environmental benefits for the state and society. For example, funding educational projects for the poor, renewable energy development systems, providing microcredit to the disadvantaged, etc.

The European Union is taking comprehensive measures to combat the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism. At the European level, the first steps towards combating money laundering were taken in the early 1990s, when the first directive was adopted, the purpose of which was to “effectively combat money laundering, and therefore organized crime, which is, as follows from the directive, the main threat to the societies of the member countries of the European Union” (91/308/EC of June 10, 1991).

Later, two additional directives were adopted (2001/97/EC of December 4, 2001 and 2005/60/EC of October 26, 2005) . These directives contain the following measures to overcome the problem in question.

• 1. The need to expand the range of violations related to the legalization of proceeds from crime is recognized. The first directive called on the members of the European Union to assume certain obligations in the financial sphere, and also referred to the activities of money laundering the legalization of proceeds from the drug trade. The second and third directives qualified corruption and financing of terrorism as serious crimes related to these activities.
• 2. The circle of persons whose duty is to report cases of money laundering that became known to them in connection with their professional activities is expanding. In accordance with these directives, representatives of credit and financial institutions, as well as legal professions when they participate in the operations specified by the directives. The third directive, which took into account the recommendations of the international financial control organization Financial Action Task Force (FATF), further strengthened the anti-money laundering system.

Within the European Union, Full time job to prevent the recruitment of youth by terrorist groups and the spread of extremist ideas. It is studied how to keep young people from the influence of the ideology of terrorism through education, programs aimed at developing intercultural understanding and religious tolerance. In December 2005, a document devoted to this problem was approved 1 .

To increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism, one of the fundamental principles of the judicial process has been revised - the right to confidential communication between a lawyer and a client. Judges in Germany are legally allowed to read correspondence between jailed terrorists and their lawyers. The law excludes the possibility of preliminary contacts between arrested terrorists and their defenders, if this will contribute to the possible release of the prisoner.

The European Arrest Warrant, introduced in all EU member states, replaced the extradition procedure, which greatly accelerated the process.

From the above analysis, it is clear that the countries of the European Union have made significant efforts to counter international terrorism. In order to successfully work in the field of preventing terrorism within the EU, member countries need to overcome a number of contradictions, long-standing problems and disagreements. These include:

• weak cooperation and lack of system in the exchange of information between EU member states and specialized European structures, between special services and law enforcement agencies;
• large differences in the quality of the work of law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies of the EU member states, as well as in the financing of these structures;
• linguistic differences that can cause significant difficulties, for example, in the analysis of information, intelligence data;
• big difference in the legal systems of the EU member states.

However the main problem lies in the fact that the formation of the European Union as a single space with free movement of people, goods and services has led to the creation of favorable conditions for terrorist activities. To defeat international terrorism, it is necessary to strengthen control over border crossings and financial flows, which undermines the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating the European Union.

The "Group of Eight" is an international informal forum that provides an opportunity for the exchange of views of the first persons of the leading democratic, economically developed states of the world. The creation of the Group was based on the idea of ​​simplifying the interaction between the G8 member countries and international organizations, agreeing on a common vision for the future development path and developing recommendations for other participants in international life. Despite the fact that the G8 is an informal association, it is not based on an international treaty, and its decisions are not binding, the annual meetings of the G8 are an important event in international life. The significance of the G8 summits lies in the fact that the heads of state have a unique opportunity for easy communication, achieving mutual trust and understanding.

For the G8, the problems of ensuring security and combating organized crime are of particular importance. Under her leadership, there are a number of working, expert and task forces in the field of security: the Rome / Lyon Group, the High-Level Group on the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, the Counter-Terrorism Action Group, the Working Group on Nuclear and Security Security, the Group of Experts on Non-Proliferation.

Despite close attention to security issues, until 2006 the issue of combating international terrorism was not considered comprehensively; work in this area was somewhat fragmented and declarative. Thus, at the summit in Tokyo in 1986, the question of ways to combat international terrorism was considered; in 2002, in Kananaskis, attention was focused on measures to strengthen the capacity to combat terrorism in the G8 member countries. In 2003, in Evian, emphasis was placed on the degree of protection of other countries from the terrorist threat and the ability to counter it, as well as on the areas most vulnerable to a terrorist attack.

The 2006 summit was held for the first time under the chairmanship of Russia in St. Petersburg. Beginning with this moment it can be said that cooperation in counter-terrorism issues within the framework of the G8 has moved to a qualitatively new level. Despite the fact that the problem of combating terrorism was not included in the list of the main topics of the summit, the work carried out in this direction indicates a higher level of anti-terrorist cooperation.

The G8 Summit Declaration on Combating Terrorism, adopted in St. Petersburg on July 16, 2006, not only strongly condemns terrorist acts, but also recognizes the need for a global response to the terrorist threat, as well as building a comprehensive strategy. The Declaration identifies priority areas in the field of combating international terrorism at the global level.

Firstly, the central role of the United Nations in the fight against terrorism is recognized, it is argued that it is under its auspices that a universal agreement is being developed between states on issues of condemning terrorism.

Secondly, cooperation in the field of countering the commission of terrorist acts at key energy infrastructure facilities is expanding. An action plan has been adopted to protect the world's critical energy infrastructure, including identifying and classifying the vulnerabilities of these key facilities, assessing emerging and potential risks of terrorist attacks, and developing best practices for effective security in all energy sectors.

Third, it recognizes the importance of working together with businesses and businesses to counter terrorism and strengthen the ability to protect citizens and businesses during working and leisure hours.

Attached to the Declaration is the G8 Statement on Strengthening the UN Program to Combat Terrorism. It recognizes the leading role of the UN in the global fight against terrorism. The countries - members of the "Big Eight" committed themselves to strengthening the efforts of the UN and increase their effectiveness. It is stated that the UN is the only organization whose position and breadth of activities make it possible to achieve global unity in the condemnation of terrorism. A comprehensive response to the threat of terrorism should be one of the top priorities of the UN. Counter-terrorism, state building and development are interdependent and complementary tasks. Efforts to combat terrorism must be undertaken within the UN system in a consistent and coordinated manner. Since 2001, the number of UN counter-terrorism programs has grown substantially, with duplication of monitoring and capacity-building efforts. The Statement also states that much remains to be done to link the disparate programs together. The G8 countries are committed to working with the UN to ensure that each of these programs is results-oriented and designed to maximize its impact by streamlining the work of the supporting agencies and their staffing and ensuring that they interact with each other. with a friend and with other relevant international institutions in the framework of enhanced cooperation and systemic coherence. The UN is invited to develop reporting standards on the basis of which it would be possible to evaluate the efforts of each state in the aspect of ensuring the fulfillment of international anti-terrorism obligations.

The G8 supported the joint statement of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and President of the United States of America George W. Bush on the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. The Global Initiative reflects the desire to take the necessary steps to prevent the acquisition, transportation, use by terrorists of nuclear materials and radioactive substances, improvised explosive devices with such materials, as well as hostile actions against nuclear facilities. The purpose of the document is to create a systematic basis for work on the prevention, suppression and elimination of acts of nuclear terrorism.

The G8 is actively establishing cooperation with the business community in countering international terrorism. An example of such cooperation is the work of the Global Forum on Government-Business Partnership, which resulted in the adoption of the Strategy for Partnership between Governments and Business in Countering Terrorism . The document argues that the successful suppression of terrorist activities requires the joint efforts of governments, businesses and civil society as a whole. The main areas of cooperation between states and business to counter the terrorist threat and measures for their implementation are identified.

IN financial sector it is proposed to improve the quality of control and improve the mechanisms for the exchange of financial information between the government and business.

In the field of telecommunications and information security, it is necessary to reduce the vulnerability of critical information systems from electronic terrorist attacks. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to improve security mechanisms and methods of collecting information.

In the area of ​​Internet service delivery, close partnerships should be established with Internet service providers at the national and international levels to prevent the use of the Internet for terrorist propaganda and incitement.

To protect the tourism sector, it is necessary to share information on potential terrorist threats for specific regions and tourist destinations in a timely manner.

To ensure the safety and protection of critical infrastructure (energy, communications, chemical industry, water supply, food processing, educational and medical institutions), it is important to establish effective interaction between governments and business. This can be achieved through the adoption of certain regulatory measures, but the best result can be achieved through voluntary cooperation.

For the security of maritime, rail and other land transport, it is expected to deepen and expand the established partnership.

In order to ensure the safety of the movement of goods within international trade it is necessary to promote the development of a comprehensive partnership between the public sector and business.

In conclusion, they spoke about promoting the creation of informal international working groups on the establishment of an anti-terrorist partnership in key areas.

In June 2010, the G8 summit took place in Huntsville, one of the main topics of which was the joint struggle of the world community against international terrorism. As a result of the summit, the Statement of the leaders of the G8 countries on countering terrorism was adopted. The significance of the document is great, as it recognizes that terrorism cannot be defeated by force alone. The conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism must be removed, making it essential that governments take steps to uphold the rule of law, protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, promote democratic values, establish good governance systems, promote tolerance and avoid marginalization of certain groups population. At the same time, it is noted that it is required to offer a real alternative to those who could potentially become the object of recruitment by terrorists or be involved in extremist activities associated with violence.

The G8 member states are committed to helping countries meet basic development needs and help realize the legitimate aspirations of their citizens. The counter-terrorism strategy must be based on full respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. The central role of the United Nations in the fight against terrorism is reaffirmed. Terrorism must be seen as a global threat that needs to be addressed. No country or group of countries alone can count on defeating terrorism; the future lies in the development of cooperation by strengthening existing partnerships and forging new ones - with governments, various organizations, the private sector and, in particular, with civil society, which plays a critical role in the fight against terrorism. The G8 declares that it will seek to expand, deepen and refine the global, multilateral counterterrorism regime. Particular attention should be paid to weakening the influence of extremist elements, debunking the ideas they preach, isolating them from those they serve, and preventing them from using the Internet for their unseemly purposes. Efforts will be directed towards identifying the causes of extremism and related violence and preventing those most at risk of recruitment and radicalization from becoming terrorists 1 .

Despite the fact that the problem of countering international terrorism was not voiced as one of the main topics of the 2011 summit held in the French city of Deauville, it was discussed at the talks. As a result, the presidents of Russia and the United States adopted a joint Statement on Cooperation in the Fight against Terrorism and called for continued cooperation in the elimination of Al-Qaeda's infrastructure and the fight against this terrorist organization. An agreement was reached to focus on pooling the efforts of law enforcement agencies, ensuring transport security, exchanging information between special services, countering the financing of terrorism, and using counter-terrorism technologies. The main goal of joint efforts is the protection of people during trips. The parties intend to strengthen cooperation by introducing enhanced security measures at airports. It is planned to use the latest methods of detection of explosives and mechanisms of interaction within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Statement states that terrorist activities cannot be justified and no terrorist should feel protected from international efforts for holding accountable.

important event The G-8 summit in 2011 was the recognition by the American side of Doku Umarov, the organizer of numerous terrorist attacks on Russian territory, as a terrorist and the appointment of a reward of $ 5 million for information about him.

Today, the work of the G8 in combating international terrorism has moved to a qualitatively new level, becoming systemic, deeply meaningful, more consistent and structured. The G8 draws attention to the most pressing issues related to the terrorist threat. There is no doubt that the efforts of the G8 to solve intractable problems are an important factor in achieving success in the fight against international terrorism.

Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path of advancing:

• towards collective security of a universal type, embracing all members of the world community;
• to security of an integrated type, covering, along with military, other factors of strategic instability;
• to security of a long-term type that meets the needs of a democratic global system as a whole.

Modern realities in the face of common challenges and threats are pushing states to act jointly, together, using their leadership potential. The need for just such an approach to solving problems of international security is also illustrated by the latest major political events taking place on the world stage.

In November 2010, the NATO summit was held in Lisbon. At it, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen stressed that the priority task is to protect its own territories, but NATO is also interested in security beyond its borders. This is explained by the fact that the Cold War has been replaced by a qualitatively new type of challenges and threats, which requires joint confrontation. This refers to the threat of missile strikes, international terrorism, cyber attacks, etc. Iran and about 30 other states that have access to missile weapons are of particular concern in this regard among NATO member countries.

The idea of ​​cooperation in the field of planetary security and the joint development of a missile defense system is gaining ground. However, everything is not as clear-cut as it might seem at first glance. For a long time, the world was dominated by the concept of nuclear deterrence, and the emergence of a new missile defense system can shake this well-established balance, which, in turn, can cause tension both in Europe and in the world as a whole. A new missile defense system is capable of bringing both constructive and destructive changes to the course of the global political process, which is why it is so important to approach this issue with caution and take into account all factors that may affect nuclear capabilities. The guarantee that teamwork will be effective and directed in the right direction, such principles as equality, responsibility and transparency, as well as the priority of international environmental stability over the national interests of individual states, should become.

The situation in Afghanistan also causes concern. A serious problem is the active distribution of drugs. In this regard, Russia expressed its initiative: to combat this problem, it will expand the training of drug police. The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Alliance expressed the hope that by 2014 the country itself would be able to provide adequate security within its borders, otherwise NATO's combat mission would continue.

Thus, international actors are showing increasing interest in the formation of a new strategic concept for solving problems related to security.

Particular attention at the NATO Summit was given to the so-called reset of relations between Russia and the alliance. “Despite disagreements on individual issues, we are convinced that the security of NATO and Russia is closely intertwined and that a strong and constructive partnership based on mutual trust, transparency and predictability can best serve our security.” The strategic partnership is cooperation in the field of missile defense systems, in the fight against drugs, piracy and terrorism, as well as strengthening international security. “Good relations between NATO countries and Russia serve to strengthen the security of all of us. We can stop wasting our resources worrying about each other and start using them to cooperate to secure ourselves from the real threats we face,” said NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen.

In his third address to the Federal Assembly ex-president In Russia, Dmitry Medvedev repeatedly touched upon the topic of international relations, paying special attention to security issues, and these problems were viewed mainly through the prism of ecology. Russia has taken a rather active position in the program to counter missile proliferation and is taking part in the development of international cooperation on this issue. “Recently, at the Russia-NATO summit in Lisbon, I shared my thoughts on the formation of a possible European missile defense architecture, which combines the potentials of Russia and the North Atlantic Alliance and ensures the protection of all European countries from missile strikes,” the President of the Russian Federation said. The development of this mechanism has already been launched, which, of course, is a positive change in the course of the global political process.

It is noteworthy that in the event of inconsistency in actions and the absence of a constructive discussion on this issue, an arms race may begin again, which, in turn, will provoke tension in international relations. It is obvious that the power potential of the leading countries, combined with the environmental imperative, corresponds to modern conditions and can become optimal way global governance making international cooperation mutually beneficial. Instead of the fierce competition that took place in the past, states are increasingly striving for partnerships based on the principles of predictability, mutual trust and common global security. According to these principles, world leadership cannot be considered in isolation from international security. It is indivisible, and each state, especially if it has sufficient leadership potential, is responsible for it and contributes to its development.

In connection with the increasing frequency of emergencies, vivid examples of which are natural and man-made disasters in Japan, the Gulf of Mexico, etc., the heads of various states are expressing ideas for jointly combating them. In particular, Russia, having unique experience in this matter, powerful technical and human resources, can take the lead in the formation of a global and trans-European system for the prevention of emergency situations.

Mutually beneficial cooperation of states in the environmental context is well illustrated by the fact that it subsequently pushes political actors to partnership in other equally important areas. An agreement has been developed between Russia and the EU, called "Cooperation for Modernization", which should develop in three directions: "Firstly, this is the mutual exchange of technology, the harmonization of technical norms and regulations, practical assistance to the European Union, and the European Union should help us in this. .. Secondly, this is the simplification of the visa regime with the near prospect of its complete abolition... Thirdly, this is a significant expansion of professional and academic exchanges,” Dmitry Medvedev said.

IN Lately Cooperation between Russia and the United States of America is actively developing in the economic sphere, which is also an integral part of the leadership potential of the state. Russia has already formed a so-called modernization partnership with France and Germany, and in the future it is planned to work together on this issue with China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, India, Brazil, Italy, Canada and many other countries.

“Humanity is beginning to look for new forms of relationship with nature that would fit into the framework of sustainable development. However, the achievement of this type of development is impossible through the efforts of only a few states - it requires the joint actions of all countries of the world.

Thus, given the current realities and events taking place in the world political arena, we can conclude that today's leadership is primarily a responsibility. The advanced countries are responsible for maintaining ecological stability and security in the world. By mutually beneficial cooperation, they can carry out fairly effective work in this direction, while at the same time satisfying their own needs. national interest. It seems that it is this realistic approach to understanding international relations, combined with the principles of sustainable development, that is the most relevant today.

• Obama has abandoned the notion of a "global war on terrorism". 02/08/2009 //http://www.islamnews.ru/news-17208.html
• Gribanov A. Medvedev: five conditions in the fight against terrorism. 04/01/2010 //http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/04/01/5907493.html
• Kofi L. Unite against terrorism // http://www.un.org/russian/basic/sg/terr.html
• See: International Convention on Crimes and Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, September 14, 1963 // Combating International Terrorism: Sat. doc. / Nauch. ed. V.V. Ustinov. M.: TK Velby: Prospekt, 2005.S. 15-21; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft of December 16, 1970 // Ibid. pp. 22-25; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages of 12/17/1979 // Ibid. pp. 45-50; Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Resolution 49/60 of the UN General Assembly of December 9, 1994) // Ibid. pp. 318-321; Declaration supplementing the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Resolution 51/210 of the UN General Assembly of December 17, 1996) // Ibid.S. 323-328; International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings of December 15, 1997 // Ibid. pp. 73-80; International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of December 9, 1999 // Ibid. pp. 86-96; The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy contained in the UN General Assembly Resolution A/Res/ 60/288 of September 20, 2006 // www.un.org/russian/documen/.../gakey/etc.
• Sanctions list...
• Resolution 1267 (1999), United Nations Security Council...
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• Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) on Al-Qaeda and Associated Individuals and Entities //http://www.un.org/russian/sc/committees/1267/
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• The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest regional security organization. The OSCE is made up of 56 countries located in Europe, North America and Central Asia. The OSCE participating States have equal status and take decisions by consensus. Although the decisions of the organization are not legally binding, they are of great political significance.
Vystorobets E.L. environmental law- Motivation in international cooperation. M.: Nauka, 2006.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world in all its manifestations has become one of the most urgent topics for the world community. It entails mass casualties among the innocent civilian population. As a result of the actions of bandits, cultural and material values ​​are destroyed, which are very difficult to restore within a few years. Terror attacks breed hatred and mistrust between national groups. They forced the authorities of many countries to think about the international struggle against them.

For many people and organizations, terrorism has become a way of national and religious problems. Terror attacks are among those types of crimes, the victims of which are mostly innocent citizens, children and the elderly. They have nothing to do with the emerging international conflicts. The scale and cruelty of the manifestations of modern terrorism make us raise the issue of new legal methods of combating it.

What it is?

To reveal the essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world, it is necessary to find out what it means this term. The word "terrorism" means one of the variants of political struggle associated with ideologically motivated violence. Its essence is violence to intimidate the population. As a rule, terrorist attacks are prepared individuals or organizations. Their goal is power in the face of individual officials or society in the face of the civilian population. Also, terrorists can strike at private or public property, important infrastructures and life support systems. The goal of criminals is to achieve the development of events they desire, as a rule, the situation in the country, inciting a revolution, declaring war, gaining independence of a certain territory, obtaining concessions from the current government, and more.

Although terrorism is a global problem of the modern world, legislators in different countries have not come to a consensus on its definition. In most states, acts that are dangerous to society are considered terrorism. At the same time, they were committed with the aim of intimidating the population or its social groups. The purpose of the terrorist is to draw as much attention to the crime as possible. At the same time, he wants to influence any decision previously made by the authorities of the country. Terrorism is closely linked to more general concept- terror, which is one of the ways to control popular opinion through intimidation. This method of influence is resorted to by both states and various organizations that are trying to solve political issues in this way.

Appearance conditions

Many people ask themselves: what is the characteristic feature of the problem of terrorism in the modern world? An important feature of world terrorism is that a prerequisite for the commission of a criminal act is to attract the maximum attention of the world community to this act. A wide resonance, the dissemination of as much information about the crime as possible only play into the hands of the bandits. A little-known or secret act of violence loses all meaning.

The widest possible dissemination of information about the committed act of terrorism is necessary for criminals to change the mood in society, because massacres affect mass psychology. Organizations that carry out inhuman crimes demonstrate their strength and capabilities, declaring that they are ready to go all the way to achieve their goal. Bandits sacrifice not only their own lives, but also the lives of innocent people. They declare to everyone that there is a force in society that under no circumstances will reconcile itself to the existing order of things and will continue to fight.

What do terrorists want?

In order to find out what problems of terrorism exist in the modern world, it is briefly necessary to describe the goals of criminals that they pursue when committing an act of violence. They are as follows:

1. Demonstration of powerlessness. In the place where the crime took place, the power has lost its power. In this place, laws and morality were violated, an alternative to the current administration was established.
2. Propaganda by action. The resulting act of violence causes some members of society to sympathize with the terrorists, as well as join their ranks.
3. The emergence of anti-government sentiments, the intensification of the work of opposition forces, since the terrorist attack is interpreted as a sign of the weakness of the state system. All these actions push the authorities to concessions.
4. The crime negatively affects the economy of the country where the incident occurred. The image of the city is deteriorating, the flow of tourists is decreasing.
5. Terrorists are pushing the country to change its political course. Often the goal of bandits is to transfer power to an authoritarian form of government.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist act is the most dangerous form of destabilization of society. Other methods, such as unleashing a civil war, strikes, uprisings, military destabilization, riots, require more effort and resources. Also, the implementation of plans will require the support of other anti-government forces. To organize enough support for terrorists by a narrow stratum of society. Also, criminals do not require large technical resources.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that any act of terrorism is one of the ways to weaken the power, to destroy the political system. Lawyers classify terrorists as criminals who go against constitutional foundations countries. They threaten the security of the entire state as a whole.

Society and terrorists

The main problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist act requires nationwide, and even better, worldwide publicity, therefore, for its existence, it needs an information society. It first appeared in the 19th century in Europe. It is there that an enlightened society reads newspapers daily. Over time, the media become a more powerful force. The greater the role of journalists, the wider the wave of terrorism can be.

Another global problem of terrorism in the modern world is the development of technologies that allow you to instantly disseminate information about a committed terrorist attack around the globe. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the industrial environment becomes more and more vulnerable. In the world of modern technology, humanity is faced with disasters that occur without the intervention of criminals. Also, the problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that the ability of the state to control the activities of each person or group of persons is extremely limited.

Also, the emergence of terrorism is influenced by the change in society, which strives for liberal values. Citizens are getting closer to the idea of ​​a social contract, where the safety and life of a person must be guaranteed by the state. Terrorists, by their actions, are trying to prove to the whole world that officials and law enforcement agencies are not able to guarantee a calm and peaceful existence for their citizens. Therefore, the government should be held accountable for the crimes of criminals. If society, on the contrary, tries to rally against a common misfortune, while supporting power with all its might, then terrorist acts lose their power.

In prosperous countries, there are such manifestations of terrorism, when mentally unbalanced people commit acts of violence. However, such phenomena are observed quite rarely. Most often, the grounds for committing mass murder of citizens are liberation movements, as well as religious and national conflicts.

The problem of international terrorism in the modern world is that these bandits can exist only on the condition that a certain part of the citizens will sympathize with them. Unlike trained military saboteurs who can work alone, terrorists need the moral and physical support of citizens. In this they are in many ways similar to the partisans. If support fades, then the terrorist organization will not be able to exist for a long time.

The essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world is that its appearance is an indicator of the crisis in the country. This is a mechanism of communication between society and power, between a separate cell of society and the entire population of the state. Such crimes testify to the trouble in the social space. At the same time, it is unlikely that it will be possible to solve the problem that has arisen only by force. The suppression and localization of bandit organizations are only part of the solution. Other methods of struggle should be political and cultural transformations, which will remove the need for a radical solution of the problem on the part of society.

Varieties

The division of terrorism into types and classes is a difficult task, given its diversity. Nevertheless, experts divide the problem of terrorism in the modern world into areas depending on the type of activity of criminals:

1. An individual criminal who commits a crime alone. In today's world, terrorists rarely operate without the support of an organization. Therefore, an attack on the official Vera Zasulich in 1878 can be cited as an example of the manifestation of such criminal activity.
2. Collective terrorist activity is planned and carried out by a large organization. Today, it is organized terrorism that is most common.

Terrorists also pursue different goals. Depending on this, the following types are distinguished:

1. Religious. It is associated with the struggle of adherents of one religion with adherents of another. Sometimes terrorists want to change government from secular to religious.
2. National. The bandits in this case pursue separatist goals.
3. A social and ideological view that requires a change in the political and economic policy of the country. Sometimes this type of protest is called revolutionary. Examples include the Social Revolutionaries, anarchists and fascists.

Terrorist methods

Terrorists have several methods at their disposal to draw attention to themselves. Let's consider them in more detail:

1. Explosions of important government or military buildings, transport hubs, residential buildings, theaters, restaurants.
2. Kidnapping of statesmen, journalists, high-ranking military men. The main purpose of kidnapping is blackmail in order to exchange for accomplices.
3. Political assassinations of officials, police officers, military.
4. Capturing buildings containing a large number of of people. After such a step, terrorists usually want to negotiate with the authorities. Hostages are either killed or released. This manifestation of terrorism is gaining popularity in our time.
5. Capture of transport planes, ships, buses with hostages. Most often, this form of terrorism manifested itself in the 80s of the last century.
6. Robbery of banks, shops, private houses, kidnapping for ransom. This is a minor form of terrorism, but it brings profit to the bandits.
7. Beatings and abuse of people. Terrorism in this manifestation is an act of psychological pressure on a person.
8. Terrorism using biological weapons. An example is the distribution of letters containing a poisonous substance.
9. Poisoning victims with radioactive elements.

The arsenal of terrorists is constantly expanding. Recently, computer terrorism has been gaining popularity. The authorities need to be prepared for the fact that any technically complex facilities and storage facilities can become a target for radical organizations.

Modern terrorists

Often people want to understand the causes of the problem of terrorism in the modern world. We will briefly try to describe them below. Terrorism was activated with renewed vigor at the dawn of the 20th century. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, for example, the economic crisis, the sale of weapons and explosives on the black market, the weakening of state institutions, the growth of criminal structures, uncontrolled migration, and local conflicts.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world lies in the fact that some terrorist attacks are carried out by radical groups, for example, the explosion of the monument to Tsar Nicholas II in 1998 near Moscow, as well as the mining of the monument to Peter I in the Russian capital. Both listed actions ended without casualties among the population. However, such crimes can shake the credibility of the authorities, because such acts were committed in the very center of Russia.

A much more serious problem of combating terrorism in the modern world arose when attacks were carried out related to the war in Chechnya. Bandits blew up houses, markets, took hostages in several Russian cities. Most often, crimes occurred in Moscow, Dagestan and Volgodonsk. Chechen terrorists are very organized and have a stable source of income.

Among the most high-profile crimes is the seizure by criminals led by Basayev of a maternity hospital in Budennovsk at the end of the 20th century. It ended with the return of the terrorists to the territory not controlled by Russia. Another high-profile hostage-taking took place in Moscow, on Dubrovka, during the musical Nord-Ost, in 2002. As a result of the crime, several dozen hostages died, all the terrorists were eliminated during the assault.

The new kind

The problem of combating terrorism in the modern world has now become aggravated with renewed vigor, because at the moment the world is threatened by nuclear terrorism. Also, kidnapping for the purpose of blackmail or ransom is becoming more and more common. The reason for the problem of terrorism in the modern world lies in the attitude of ordinary people towards terrorists in the country. It depends on the attitude of society to the current political system, as well as on the goals that criminals dream of achieving. Also, the condemnation or support of terrorists by the civilian population depends on the liberal values ​​of a particular state, the price of human life, the level of enlightenment and legal awareness of citizens.

If terrorism has arisen because of social, political or cultural problems, then a small part of society, especially suffering from the resulting crisis in the country, will support the terrorists in various ways. Thanks to a positive attitude towards yourself, the bandits who kill civilians and organize terrorist attacks will have a chance to recruit more people. The resolution of painful problems relieves tension in society, eliminates the split between warring organizations, and deprives terrorist groups of support from the population.

Citizens who are faced with a terrorist threat, as a rule, change their attitude towards this phenomenon. The shock associated with the attack of bandits on civilians splits society. Some reject terrorists, condemning their actions. Others justify the action of the bandits, recognizing that in certain situations it is impossible to do without drastic measures. If terrorist groups become active in the country, committing more and more crimes, almost the entire civilian population condemns their actions, seeing how innocent people suffer. A group that once supported terrorism is changing its mind. Popular support for criminals is waning.

The influence of evolution on attitudes towards terrorism

The attitude of people towards terrorist acts is influenced by the historical evolution of the assessment of such a phenomenon. Society treated these crimes differently at different stages of its historical development. So, during the appearance of the first terrorist organizations, their members were considered fighters for freedom, equality and independence.

In the early 1920s, organizations organizing acts of violence in warring countries existed quite legally in their homeland. They were supported in every possible way by their native state. As liberal sentiment developed in the countries of Western Europe, terrorists found themselves outside the law. After the Second World War, criminals were sponsored exclusively by aggressor countries that sought political and ideological expansion.

Early 1960 the developed countries gradually began to recognize terrorism as a source of unconditional citizens and political system. Nowadays, the phenomenon is strongly condemned in the media. The acquittal and glorification of terrorists are severely punished in some countries, up to and including imprisonment. Now the center of terrorism has shifted from the countries of Western Europe to the Arab countries. The inhabitants of these states have yet to go through an evolutionary stage from the recognition and support of criminal acts to condemnation.

International terrorism

To justify the problems of terrorism in the modern world, one should know that criminals often resort to massacres, since they will not be able to achieve their delusional goals in open battle. Violent actions against the civilian population have long crossed the national boundaries, turning into a global threat to all the peoples of the globe. Terrorism has become an effective tool for intimidating society during military and political conflicts. The eternal disputes between the two different worlds, which differ significantly from each other in their understanding of life, moral standards and culture, lead to significant casualties among the innocent population.

Terrorism today is the most powerful weapon, tool,

used not only in the struggle against the Power, but very often - by the Power itself to achieve its goals.

Modern terrorism takes the form of: international terrorism (terrorist acts of an international scale);

Domestic political terrorism (terrorist actions directed against the government, any political groups within countries, or aimed at destabilizing the internal situation);

criminal terrorism, pursuing purely selfish goals.

Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, primarily a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political,

social, national, religious - for which the legitimacy of the existing government becomes doubtful

People in most countries are unaccustomed to political violence and fear it.

Therefore, today the most popular and effective methods of terror are violence not against government officials, but against peaceful, defenseless and, what is extremely important, people not related to the "addressee" of terror, with the obligatory demonstration of the catastrophic results of terror as it was, and to America during the explosion buildings of the shopping center in September 2001 Or the terrorist attack in Budenovsk. The object of the attack is a hospital, a maternity hospital. Or the events that took place in Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, as well as the explosion in Moscow, etc.

The task of terrorism is to involve a large mass of people for whom either the goals of terror are so lofty that they justify any means, or they are so indiscriminate in means that they are ready to realize any abomination.

Through "lofty motives" they usually involve young people, who, due to mental and moral immaturity, easily "bite" on radical national, social or religious ideas. It is involved most often through totalitarian (ie, completely suppressing the will of people and subordinating them only to the will of the "leader", "teacher"), religious or ideological sects. The most famous example is the Aum Shinrikyo sect.

The main method of financing is criminal activity. Which includes "usual" organized and unorganized

crime, taking control of key areas of the criminal business.

Today, the main source of financing for terrorism is the control of the drug business, racketeering, prostitution, arms trafficking, smuggling, gambling, and so on. For example, the main source of financing for the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso movement, the Afghan Taliban movement, the Lebanese Hezbollah is the drug business, and the Ceylon Tigers of Tamil Islam Liberation are drugs and deals "weapons - precious stones." Such an "economically formed" terrorism is already capable of to serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of "their" country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for "laundering" money - in the form of controlled banks, firms, manufacturing enterprises. "

"Laundering" is most often carried out in crisis zones of the world, where state control is weakened. For this reason, Russia is now among the largest "laundries".

The capture of the "black" and "gray" economies with their multibillion-dollar turnovers and armies of organized crime turns the leaders of terror into the masters of a powerful economic, political and military force. This "sphere of terrorist services" cannot remain unclaimed, including by "legal players" - states. Many states use terrorism for their own purposes - an example is the American "irangate", where the CIA financed the terror of the "contras" in Nicaragua with the proceeds from the sale of weapons to the "enemy" - Iran. The 8,000-15,000 terrorist fighters left after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan have now become one of the pillars of the development of terrorism in North Africa, Bosnia, the Middle East, Chechnya, Tajikistan and... the United States itself.

What happened and is happening in Bosnia, in turn, shows that the United States is systematically creating an Islamic terrorist environment in Europe in order to prevent the latter from becoming too independent.

The cooperation of special services with terrorism creates a qualitatively new phenomenon - special terrorism. Most famous example- Colombia, where only emergency international measures managed to wrest the state from the almost complete control of the drug mafia.

And Turkish terrorists - "gray wolves" - both inside Turkey and outside it, including in Azerbaijan, operate not only under the control, but also with the active participation of Turkish special services.

Terrorism as a mass and politically significant phenomenon is the result of an endemic "de-ideologization", when certain groups in society easily question the legitimacy and rights of the state, and thus self-justify their transition to terror in order to achieve their own goals. Covert operations, unfortunately, have become a necessary and widely used instrument of interstate

fight. Russia, too, cannot abandon them unilaterally. But playing it irresponsibly is extremely dangerous, as the United States learned from the example of Afghanistan when it tried to oppose bin Laden and his al-Qaeda movement.

The main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism subject to the following:

Recreating a sustainable block world;

lead; blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;

Prevention of the ideological justification of terror under the banner of "defending the rights of the nation", "defending the faith", etc.; the debunking of terrorism by all the forces of the media;

Transfer of all management of anti-terrorist activities to the most reliable special services, with no interference in their work by any other control bodies;

The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action against

complete destruction of terrorists;

No concessions to terrorists, not a single act of terrorism with impunity, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people - because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.

Terrorism has become part of everyday life. For some, terrorists are noble rebels. For others, they are rebels and troublemakers. For the third - the conductors of the influence of any ideology.

In the modern world, a terrorist can be not only an individual, but also an entire state. For example, the United States highlights the axis of "evil": North Korea, Iran, Syria. This axis may additionally include countries such as China. In general, all those countries in which the state system is not really “democratic”.

Since the sixties of the last century, the world community has been forced to intensify anti-terrorist measures, because it was during this period that terrorist acts began to be used more often as a way to influence political processes. And if earlier terrorist attacks were rare exceptions, since the end of the twentieth century they have become ubiquitous in a number of countries. Since the middle of the 20th century, in some countries, anti-terrorist units began to gradually appear among the armed forces.

Terrorist activity expanded geographically, and as a result, states began to actively develop anti-terrorist organizations and cooperate with each other.

Attacks as part of everyday life

The purpose of any terrorist act is to disrupt unity in the world community, to incite hatred of different nationalities towards each other. The most his specific feature- Difficulty in forecasting. Often the subjects of terrorism are mentally ill, unbalanced people, as well as overly active politicians.

Since the tragedy of September 11, 2001, terrorism can no longer be viewed simply as a tactical threat. Terrorist acts have global consequences. In the modern world, it is increasingly possible to notice that there is an ever wider internationalization of terrorism. This is due to the globalization of international relations.

Today, terrorism is steadily moving towards becoming an independent element of world politics.

The system of international counteraction to terrorism in our time is being actively formed. It includes cooperation between states both at the regional and global levels. The global scale of the fight against terrorism shows that problems in the environment of international relations and security have been around for a long time, and now the world community is obliged to take a completely new look at solving the issues of the modern world order.

Attacks are many and varied. Also, the defense must be flexible and resourceful. To confidently counter terrorism, you need highest level coordination of the efforts of each state, networks of international organizations should be created, legal bases and general international legal concepts should be worked out, interactions between federal bodies should be strengthened.

Terrorists in the service of intelligence agencies

Western society positions itself as tolerant, civilized and progressive in comparison with the East. Of course, this is not entirely true.

I propose to be honest with each other: terrorism is an excellent means of conveying the necessary information to a "partner" in the international arena.

Through terrorism, states interfere in the affairs of their opponents, destabilize the situation within countries, and form public opinion.

Konstantin EGOROV

international terrorism as a global threat

Achieving the necessary level of security for any society and state requires "seeing" all threats (real and potential) to its vital interests simultaneously and in a complex. In the total set of global threats, one can distinguish natural, anthropogenic and civilizational (social) threats. The latter also includes the threat of international terrorism.

Today, international terrorism is officially recognized by the entire world community as one of the most important global threats of our time, along with the threat nuclear war and ecological disaster. What characterizes international terrorism today as a global problem of our time?

First, the ever-expanding scope and geography of the activities of terrorist organizations in the world. Today, international terrorism makes itself felt in almost all corners of the globe. But it is most pronounced in the so-called "arc of instability", which stretches from Indonesia to Kosovo through Central Asia, the Hindustan subcontinent and the Caucasus. A network of 28 training camps for militants from the North Caucasus, Central Asian states, China, mercenaries from the countries of the Middle East, North Africa and even the United States has been deployed on the territory of Afghanistan alone by the combined efforts of international terrorists. For the period since the mid-1990s. and up to 2001, according to various sources, from 20,000 to 1,000,000 militants were trained on Al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan, Yemen, Sudan, and other countries alone, who in one way or another maintain ties with individual nodes of the global terrorist network1. Al-Qaeda branches are now, according to some sources, located in more than 60 countries around the world2. Terrorist organizations are scattered all over the world. But if, within the framework of the model of a centralized and hierarchical terrorist organization in the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. it was possible to talk about the functioning of the terrorist underground and a more moderate (less radical) wing, designed to present articulated ideas to their government entities (Irish Republican Army, Basque separatists, etc.), today the scope of their activities has expanded significantly: the same Irish terrorists are all bombings are more often carried out not in the conflict-ridden Belfast, but in the center of London (2005), Basque terrorists are increasingly threatening France, Islamic separatists are operating not only in Palestine, but also in New York, and Chechen fighters are bombing far beyond the North Caucasus .

It should be emphasized that the network of militant Islamic terrorist groups and organizations is also scattered across the territory of many Western states, as evidenced by specific facts. For example, in 1994, in Belgium, the authorities discovered a large secret weapons cache,

Konstantin

Yurevich -

Moscow

state

regional

university

1 Solovyov E.G. Transformation of terrorist organizations in the context of globalization.M. : LENAND, 2006, pp. 25-26

2 Ayman Al-Zawahiri. Knights Under the Profet's Banner. Quoted from: Foreign Affairs. 2005. Vol. 84. No. 1. P. 150

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appointed, apparently, for the Front for the Salvation of Islam (FSI), whose task is to overthrow the government in Algeria. Germany also became one of the epicenters of militant Muslim activity in Europe. On its territory there are not only organizations associated with terrorist groups of Iranian Shiites and Sunni Mujahideen, but also those that serve as a base for the third wing of the terrorist movement of militant Islam - fanatical Turkish Islamism, which has a foothold among the two million Turkish community in Germany. And in Turkey itself, terrorist acts committed by Islamists have recently become more frequent, not to mention Turkey's protracted struggle with the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), sponsored by Syria. Of exceptional influence is the Association for a New Worldview in Europe (AMGT), which is the European offshoot of the Turkish Party for the Improvement of Social Conditions (TAP), which advocates for the spread of Islamic rule throughout the world. AMGT has 400 chapters in Europe and has 30,000 members.

According to the author, an important feature of the expansion of the geography of terrorism is the increase in the number of so-called "non-canonical Muslims", that is, people from among Europeans and Americans who converted to Islam and took the path of fighting the West. They drink alcohol and eat pork, but Al-Qaeda accepts them because they converted to Islam in secret, adopted the philosophy of Al-Qaeda and are ready to use weapons. According to various estimates, converts make up from 3 to 8% of the number of international terrorist organizations. According to international experts, approximately 80% of the "new Muslims" who joined terrorist structures were previously arrested for committing various crimes or had criminal experience. The absolute part of them was not satisfied with the state of modern society and sought to find a way to change it after changing their religion. In Islam they saw an environment ready to receive them in order to start new life. It must be borne in mind here that the leaders of Islamic fundamentalism, including Ben

Laden, see in the neophytes of Islam a particularly powerful weapon, since the new adherents of all religions, as a rule, are characterized by increased intolerance towards other views, they are more radical and sacrificial. "New Muslims" who embarked on the path of terror have already been arrested in the USA, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, and India. Most foreign experts are inclined to believe that the “new Muslims” will increasingly become involved in terrorist acts1.

Secondly, international terrorism as a global problem of our time is characterized by ever-increasing political and religious extremism. Political extremism involves the development and dissemination of views and concepts that justify the use of violence to achieve various political goals, the formation of politicized structures for the implementation of violent acts and the very practice of using them to solve certain problems of political struggle. The activities of terrorist organizations, as a rule, have as their goal not just the aggravation and destabilization of the situation in a particular area in the name of solving some local problems, but ultimately the seizure or redistribution of power, territorial redistribution, violent change in the constitutional order and state structure. in certain countries according to their own ideas and on their own terms. The objects of international terrorism as a form of manifestation of political extremism are often foreign states and their organizations, foreign citizens, international law and order and security. The most striking example of this is the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States.

The modern practice of international terrorism as political extremism is characterized by the widespread use of its particularly sharp violent criminally punishable forms and methods (destruction and intimidation of political opponents, destruction of their political structures and material objects

1 Ivanov V. New Muslims enter the struggle with the West. "Independent Military Review". 2006.

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etc.), which is observed in almost all regions of the world and has become distinctive feature political situation in the CIS countries

Religious extremism is closely related to political extremism.

Adherence in religion to extreme views and actions. Modern religious extremism (Islamic in the form of Wahhabism) has set a goal - the creation of a state that does not recognize borders between Muslim countries, which directly means its close connection with politics and nationalism; therefore, the term “religious-political extremism” is often used in scientific literature.

The peculiarity of religious extremism lies in the fact that, calling for a return to the tradition of the dominance of religion in the life of society, it is modern project building a "new world order" based on the rejection of the principles of humanism and democracy and the establishment of a totalitarian religious ideology using the technical means of modern civilization. Supporters of religious-political extremism are distinguished by extreme intolerance towards everyone who does not share their political views, including coreligionists. For them, there are no "rules of the political game", the boundaries of what is permitted and what is not permitted. confrontation with government institutions- the norm and style of their behavior. The principles of the "golden mean" and the requirements "do not act towards others as you would not like them to act towards you", which are fundamental to world religions, are rejected by them. Violence, extreme cruelty and aggressiveness, combined with demagogy, are the main ones in their arsenal.

Thirdly, when characterizing international terrorism as a global threat, one should not forget about its expanding connection with international, local, national and ethnic conflicts.

The expansion of the scale of terrorism is largely due to the growth in the world of inter-civilizational and socio-economic contradictions, the confrontation between the developed North and the south that is lagging behind in development, and the strengthening of marginal extremism.

The recently bipolar world has entered a period of extreme instability, uncertainty and reduced security. The mechanisms of state, regional and international control are increasingly failing. It is no coincidence that at the current stage the diversity of terrorist activities is increasing, which is increasingly linked with interethnic and interfaith conflicts, separatist and so-called liberation movements. Terrorism usually finds ground for itself where geopolitical voids, hot spots appear, where power is weakened, where state and international mechanisms of political and legal regulation of the development of society and the resolution of contradictions and conflicts arising from this weaken or disappear altogether. States engaged in resolving internal conflicts and fighting terrorism become vulnerable from the external environment - they are always external forces who want to use an extremely difficult internal situation solely for their own purposes. Hot spots, according to experts,

The most favorable conditions for the activities of terrorists. In many respects, their activity is associated with an attempt to export radical Islam, in particular, Wahhabism, precisely to those regions where there is favorable ground for this: the central government is weakened, poverty, unemployment, and economic decline reign.

In recent history, there are many examples of how even the leading states of the world did not shun contacts with terrorist groups and extremist organizations, using their activities for their own purposes. None of their statements in defense of human rights (really - terrorists and murderers), calls for the resolution of conflict situations political means, no efforts by well-known international organizations such as PACE or the OSCE aimed at depriving states fighting terrorism and extremism of the right to ensure national security cannot hide the fact that there is a double standard here.

This can be seen in the events of the last 20 years in Afghanistan and the development of the situation in the Russian

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North Caucasus. Large-scale support provided by the West through Pakistan and some radical Islamic regimes to anti-government extremist groups of the Afghan opposition in the 80s. last century, cost the Soviet Union dearly. However, the short-sightedness of Western strategists, who saw only the immediate goal of their policy in Afghanistan, eventually led to the fact that today the United States and its closest allies do not always know how to eliminate the dangerous source of terrorism and drug trafficking, which was actually created by their own hands on Afghan territory. Often they do not want his final elimination in the expectation that he may still be needed in the geopolitical game that continues south of the Russian borders.

Fourth, international terrorism as a global problem of our time is characterized by another

The most heinous manifestation: the desire to make a business on human trafficking in order to use slave labor and sexual slavery.

The US Department of State's annual human trafficking reports indicate that of the approximately 600,000-800,000 people who fall victim to international human traffickers each year, 80% are women and girls and up to 50% are minors. Most of these victims end up in commercial sexual exploitation (these figures do not include the millions of people around the world who are trafficked within their countries of residence). The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that 12.3 million people are victims of forced labour, debt labour, forced child labor and sexual exploitation at any given time; according to other estimates, there are from 4 million to 27 million. These figures do not include kidnappings for the purpose of subsequent blackmail of relatives or official bodies and obtaining a significant ransom.

Russia is a source, transit and destination country for men, women and children trafficked for various purposes. She remains a significant source of women trafficked to more than 50 countries for commercial purposes.

Czech sexual exploitation. in Russian Far East men and women are trafficked to China, Japan and South Korea both for forced labor and for sexual exploitation. Russia is also a transit and destination country for men and women trafficked from Central Asia, of Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, from North Korea to Central and Western Europe and the Middle East for forced labor and sexual exploitation. The violence (physical and psychological) and intimidation that characterize indentured working conditions often leads victims to refuse to identify themselves as victims. Victims are usually told to be wary of law enforcement and non-governmental organizations.

Profits from human trafficking fuel other types of criminal activity. It is closely linked to money laundering, drug trafficking, document forgery and people smuggling. In particular, only in the Chechen Republic in 2007, according to the republican prosecutor's office, 274 people were listed as abducted. Over the entire period of the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya, the prosecution authorities initiated and investigated 2018 criminal cases on the abductions of 2,816 people (of which only 542 were found or returned home)1.

Thus, the ongoing escalation of terrorist activity in recent decades, the expansion of its geography, forms and methods of manifestation and struggle, the increase in the number and sophistication of terrorist acts more and more indicate that international terrorism is becoming international and acquiring a global character. Neither the highly developed nor the economically and economically lagging behind are immune from outbreaks of terrorism. social development countries with different political regimes and state structure. The ongoing processes of globalization that are changing the nature of the modern world order, the emergence of new global means and systems of communication and information reduce the importance of state borders and other traditional means of protection against terrorism.

1 In Chechnya, most kidnappings are carried out for ransom. http://www. skavkaz. g£n. gi