Explores the environmental problems of his native land. Research work: "Ecology of the native village." Photos about the state of the village

V.I. Litvinova MDOU Kindergarten of a general developmental type No. 11, Tomsk
The word "ecology" has firmly entered our lives. We observe the greening of all spheres of life, it includes various aspects - philosophical, economic, geographical, social, ethical, etc. Hence ecology appeared native land, regions, cities, houses, souls, "ecological passport", "environmentally friendly products", etc. Let's remember what ecology is. "Eco" is what is outside, around us. There is a translation from Greek: "oikos" - house, dwelling, residence and "logia" - I study. Ecology is the science of the relationship of organisms and the communities they form with each other and with the environment. Simply put, ecology studies the environment that surrounds any living being, including humans, and the term itself has a broader meaning.
IN Lately many publications appeared on the environmental theme, including those about the Tomsk region. This material can be used to work with children in ecology classes, because Tomsk is our habitat, which means that we are affected by the state of nature in the Tomsk region. Tomsk environmentalists offer many ways to protect nature. For example, one of the measures to improve the environment is the improvement and landscaping of populated areas - the creation of parks, squares, gardens, boulevards, street and intra-quarter landscaping, protective green areas around industrial enterprises. Species diversity of plantings is also necessary. This is taken care of by Gorzelenkhoz, "Botanical Garden", flower growers. The city is becoming more beautiful every year. How to protect the work of people from vandalism? One way out is to educate people with beauty.
The balance in nature is easily disturbed, the life of living beings is very fragile. We see this in our lives too: people get sick because of air and water pollution. Natural resources are depleted. How to save what little is left? How to rationally use? How to maintain and improve your habitat? Knowledge about this should be given to children accessible to their sensual, emotional and mental development. A basic minimum needs to be set environmental knowledge for subsequent environmental education at school.
For several years I have been developing the topic: "Ecology of the native land." The Tomsk region has many natural areas, minerals, a diverse world of plants and animals. You can find many topics for environmental research in the classroom with children. For example, in the Tomsk region there are many deposits of clay, sand, gravel. Properties of these objects inanimate nature you can explore to your heart's content - and sculpt from clay, and play with water by the fountain, and "catch" air in soap bubbles, and try to grind stones, imitating a tidal wave, and you can make "cakes" from sand all year round- there is a special sandbox table for this. For all these experiments there is a lot of space in the Winter Garden, not every teacher wants to arrange "such" in a group room. In my work, I use the programs of S.N. Nikolaeva, N.A. Ryzhova,
N. Kondratyeva (program "We"), other environmental manuals adapted for work in the Winter Garden. Some of the best, in my opinion, are Ecology for Children, Ecolobok, Murzilka by L.N. Erdakova. His habitat publications are very helpful in my work. The topics presented in his manuals can be developed endlessly, there are no indifferent children in the classroom. Classes are held in the Winter Garden, on the sites of the preschool educational institution. The territory of the preschool educational institution is very interesting: there are small fragments of "wild" nature, there are several pine trees, under which oil plants grow every year, there is a plot with birch trees and a small lawn where either boletus, then whites, then russula or pigs grow. These topics, of course, are also used in the classroom. The Winter Garden presents different types indoor plants, there is a "Living Corner" where a hedgehog, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, turtles, parrots, fish, snails and other living creatures live. Situations with animals are played out in the classroom: you can’t bring hedgehogs from the forest, because we won’t be able to find many insects for them to eat, hedgehogs sleep in winter, and it’s hot and noisy in the Winter Garden - you won’t fall asleep. We are trying to force the children to behave quietly, because the Winter Garden is a small forest, all the animals and insects (spiders, snails, etc.) will hide from the noise, and they will not see anyone. Children are proud of the Winter Garden, it can be seen when they bring their parents and show them their favorite animal.
The entire program "Ecology of the Native Land" is divided into blocks:
"Inanimate nature". This includes topics: "Water", "Air", "Soil", "Stones and minerals", "Cosmic bodies", "Sun", "Moon", "Constellations and moon calendar"Space travel".
II. " Live nature and its relationship with the inanimate". Here we get acquainted with biological objects Tomsk region, city, Winter Garden, their life cycles; freshwater ecosystems, swamps, taiga, and other forests. During the school year
a lot of practical work in the Winter Garden in caring for animals and plants, planting plants for yourself, for kindergarten, landscaping the territory of the preschool educational institution. This includes the theme "Man as a Living Being".
"The Ecology of Our Environment". Here we carry out environmental studies of the city, kindergarten, at home, work with the "Ecological Passport", the "Red Book", we talk about nature protection.
"Our planet is in danger." Here we are talking about pollution of water, air, soil; about human behavior in nature, on the street, at home; we organize environmental events, holidays and entertainment.
Children in the classroom learn about the ecosystems of the Tomsk region, other regions of Siberia and the globe, because it's no secret to anyone that no matter where we live, we still influence the nature of the whole world. Recently, scientists and advanced people of our time have been writing about this more and more often. The aggravation of environmental problems in our country and abroad endangers the existence of people all over the world. Already not only the nature of the Earth requires protection, but also humanity - as a part of this nature. Intensive educational work is needed to form an ecological culture of nature management among the population. In the education system, the foundations of ecological consciousness and culture are laid in preschool childhood. But the existing programs are mainly familiarization with the outside world. Teachers form in children a humane attitude towards living beings, this is, of course, a positive attitude towards nature, but already insufficient. We need an urgent change in people's consciousness and attitude to nature.
A few years ago, the "Red Book of the Tomsk Region" came out of print. This is an official reference book compiled by Tomsk ecologists. It turns out that 180 rare and endangered species of animals, plants, fungi need protection on the territory of the Tomsk region due to the reduction in their numbers as a result of human activities, and some species may disappear. Despite the various activities for the conservation of the nature of the Tomsk region, carried out by the employees of "Oblkompriroda", environmental organizations and the "Society for the Protection of Nature", the culture of the population is low. There are many examples of this, we will not dwell on them now.
Preschool childhood is the beginning of the formation of a person's personality, his attitude to himself and to the world around him. How small man will learn to relate to the world around him, so in adult life he will apply the acquired knowledge. Children are instinctively drawn to nature, to living beings. During this period of their development, they learn everything with their sense organs, they try to realize what is. Therefore, it is important to form in children a consciously correct attitude towards natural objects and phenomena that surround it. It's hard to love something you don't know. The more children learn about the natural objects of our city, region, the more carefully they will treat them, the better they will begin to understand their needs for a clean and healthy environment and food. The role of the teacher is important here - how he will present this knowledge, this knowledge will remain so, if not in the memory of the child, then somewhere in the subconscious. Our children now have a beneficial time to become aware of themselves in the world around them, when they grow up, they will have responsibilities, schooling, work, hobbies. Classes are held different ways: this is both a conversation and practical lessons, and observation, and communication with living objects. Children discuss in the classroom what house they would like to live in, what kind of yard should be near the house, what apartment, etc. During such a conversation, it is not the teacher who teaches the children how and where to live, but the children express their inner desire, the need for an environmentally friendly, aesthetic and harmonious life with nature. Children learn not to thoughtlessly relate to the things of nature and everyday life around them, but to find the expediency of their use, for example: to plant trees in the city for clean air; old things that are still fit to wear can be given to others; plastic dishes can be reused, etc. Children acquire practical skills and abilities. For example, plant seeds are sown. First they learn that a small plant is "sleeping" inside; then - how to "wake up" and grow it - warm it with your hands, plant it in the ground, water it, put it in the light warm place, and if you do it wrong, then the seed will not wake up. Children in the classroom get acquainted with life natural objects, for example, with the life of trees. How they grow, grow old, what happens to them when they grow old and fall to the ground. You can touch the trees, they are warm even in winter. The tree can help difficult moments life: poplar will take away sadness, birch will give joy, heal. The child learns to find help from plants. "Look at the flower, be surprised, rejoice" - these words can help us too. Thus, a harmonious relationship is established between the child and nature. There is education through natural objects: what a beautiful moss, a bump under our feet - we won’t take it, let them stay here, they are beautiful here, here they are in place, this is someone’s home, someone’s food. Everything in nature is expedient, if you remove one link in the food chain, then an ecological catastrophe can occur. In the process of communicating with living beings, it is restored peace of mind, child health. It is especially interesting for children to get acquainted with natural areas Tomsk region - their eyes light up. If you are attentive, you can see a lot and learn about what is not somewhere in Africa, but not far away, in a neighboring forest, for example, you can see a ferret, a hare. Children begin to fantasize, including themselves in various situations. This is a kind of training of correct ecological behavior.
Or work with the "Environmental Passport" - it shows all the trees and shrubs growing on the plots of the preschool educational institution, the icons of birds, insects, plants and other living creatures that live or sometimes appear on the territory of the kindergarten. Children suggest which bird or bug still needs to be marked on the "Environmental Passport".
Parents help to introduce children to the unique places of the city, the region - these are wildlife sanctuaries, specially protected areas, natural monuments (lakes, springs, etc.), the Siberian Botanical Garden, the university grove, then they talk about their trips. Together we discuss how to have a good rest in nature and not harm it. These are traditional resting places for Tomsk residents, gathering wild plants. No police, no environmental inspections will be enough to protect these places. We need the good will of people, ecological culture
tour and ecological outlook. How we coped with this task will be shown in the near future.
As a result of four years of ecological upbringing and education, children must distinguish living nature from non-living; know about the life and needs of living organisms, about the ecosystems of the Tomsk region; learn to humanely treat the animals of the corner of nature, take care of the plants of the Winter Garden; have an elementary ecological culture: do not throw garbage, do not break trees, etc.

Living nature is the main asset of our Earth; human society has developed in its bowels and exists at its expense. It satisfies our nutritional needs and provides the main conditions for the life of people on the planet - composition air environment, protection from cosmic radiation, water purity, soil fertility, climate mitigation.

For a person vegetable world acts as a plant resource. These resources, especially forests, are significant in Bashkortostan. Forests occupy about 39% of the region's territory. In neighboring Tatarstan, the area of forests is only 17% of the territory. Timber reserves allow the development of forestry, wood-chemical and other industries.

The water protection role of forests is very important. They accumulate more snow, which feeds the rivers. Especially important for us are mountain forests that feed rivers and protect mountain slopes from erosion. If the forests are depleted, then irreparable damage can be done not only to Bashkortostan, but also to neighboring regions, since the rivers flowing to the plains will dry up.

Forests are the source of life for numerous herbivorous animals, in close connection with which there are also predatory animals.

Of the negative qualities that somewhat reduce the value of the republic's forest resources, we note their uneven distribution. About 70% of the forest area falls on Gorny Bashkortostan, where the forest cover reaches more than 80%. As a result of intensive deforestation, the forest area of Bashkortostan has halved over the past century. The steppe vegetation was damaged due to plowing. The steppe areas also suffer from excessive grazing.

Various animals inhabiting the territory of the republic represent animal resources for us. Like vegetation, animal world severely debilitated. Wild horses, saigas, beavers, and red deer have long since disappeared. The number of bear, otter, mink has decreased. It is sometimes believed that predatory animals bring harm.

Consider the opposite - the positive impact of man on the flora and fauna. This impact is expressed in the protection, rational use and replenishment of plants and animals. Much has been and is being done in this direction.

1. Three reserves have been created - Bashkir State reserve, Shulgantash and South Ural. These reserves are protected rare species animals and plants.

2. Organized 15 state hunting reserves and 12 reserves for the protection of medicinal plants. 148 natural sites have been declared natural monuments.

3. Protection and restoration of forests are being decided - field-protective forest plantations are being created, forest plantations are being carried out, work is underway to prevent forest fires, school forestries and green patrols are being created.

4. Much has been done to protect and replenish animals: valuable animals have been settled - American mink, red deer, muskrat, muskrat, river beaver. The elk population is growing.

5. Many animals are taken under protection, for example Brown bear, deer, roe deer, etc.

6. Stocking of lakes, reservoirs and ponds is carried out.

7. There is a fight against poachers who violate the terms and places of hunting, as well as fishing.

There is much more to be done. It is necessary to abandon the consumer attitude to forest resources. In this case, one should note the principle "as much as you need" on the other - "as much as possible". forest resources are called renewable and exhaustible. We can harvest wood only within the limits of the annual growth of forests, and not as much as you need. "Cut down a tree, plant two," foresters say, but, unfortunately, so far an average of 20,000 hectares are planted in the republic, and 27,000 hectares are cut down.

All our activities will help the wildlife of the region well only if each of us is firmly aware of the importance of caring for the forest, meadows, birds, and animals. Communicating with nature, convince yourself: "This is our common, and therefore my forest, my river, lake. I must protect all this. Who will save this world if not me."

Life practice itself suggests: the ecology of nature without the ecology of the soul is unthinkable. We are terribly destroying the vegetation cover of the earth, proud and independent animals, all the beauty that only holds life.

Nature appears before us in all its beauty and grandeur. We admire her, she disinterestedly gives us joy.

But why, then, are there guys who destroy bird nests, clog springs or rivers, break trees? And then they brutally deal with a cat or a dog ...

How should we educate the current rising generation, the generation of the 21st century? How to develop ecological awareness, respect for nature? This difficult task. Not so something to work out in a man environmental habits. After all, we do not understand the behavior of those who pluck a flower and do not think about the fact that this flower is dying. What needs to be done so that forests, fields, rivers, our smaller brothers, animals and birds, do not suffer from the cruel hands of poachers? How to stop from ill-conceived actions? In the end, the human being, a part of nature, will suffer.

What ways, forms and methods are used to educate a person who is not indifferent, who will be a real watchman and master of the natural riches of our planet?

Those who forgive should receive answers to questions: why you can’t throw garbage wherever you can light a fire in the forest, why you need to plant flowers and why you can’t break tree branches, and others.

Dear children and guests! Our conference is dedicated to one of the most pressing issues of our time - the relationship between man and nature. (tell 1 sheet and abstract).

Your attention is invited to speak on the following topics: Ecological state of the oil industry in our region, Protection and rational use of flora and fauna, Environmental problems of our region, Protection of the ecological environment is everyone's business.

Literature

1. V.N. Kuznetsov. "Ecology of Russia" Reader. JSC "MDS"

Page 4-5.

2. Khismatov M.F., Sukhov V.P. "Geography of Bashkortostan". Textbook for 9th grade. - Ufa: Kitap. Page 41-43.

FIRST STEPS INTO SCIENCE

ECOLOGY OF THE HOME TOWN

Section "ECOLOGY"

ZhitkevichLolita Viktorovna

9-A class

Supervisor

Municipal institution "Medium comprehensive school No. 15"

Alchevsk, Luhansk region Ukraine

A full-fledged life of society is impossible without taking into account the environmental component in any field of activity. Every person, regardless of their age and position in society, is aware of their dependence on a healthy and safe environment. I live in the city of Alchevsk, for which ecology is one of the most problematic issues.And not only because of man-made disaster on heat supply networks in 2006, after which Alchevsk was talked about all over the world, when students were evacuated to other cities of Ukraine for a month so that we would not freeze at school and at home. It's all in the past anyway. And I'm worried about the present and, to an even greater extent, the future of the city. I live in it, my future children will live in it, and I want them to live for a long time. And it’s bitter to hear when visitors joke about us: “Alchevsk is a city of the young” - that is, they don’t live to old age here, or “When Zhilovka laughs, Liman cries and vice versa” - that is, different parts of the city suffocate in smoke from factory chimneys, depending from the direction of the wind. But this is true. Therefore, environmental issues are of concern to all residents of the city and we can say for sure that this is the most pressing issue of our life. However, I will not discover anything new, it is difficult to find novelty in the work, although understanding the situation and trying to find some solutions to it, I believe, is already the beginning of a change in consciousness. And if this happens to all residents of the city, then the situation will definitely change for the better.

But first, a little about our region, the Luhansk region. Luhansk region is one of the most unfavorable regions of Ukraine in terms of environmental conditions. On the territory of the region out of 1500 enterprises and organizations of the coal, metallurgical, chemical and petrochemical industries and energy there are 106 enterprises of the coal industry alone. During the year, emissions from one enterprise average about 2 thousand tons per year. Such high rates are formed mainly due to methane emissions and waste dumps, which are prone to burning. After all, there are 537 rock dumps in the region, of which 66 are active and inactive, which are on fire. The issue of the consequences of the closure of mines is also acute - out of 109 mines liquidated throughout Ukraine, 40 mines were closed only in the Lugansk region, and this causes significant environmental degradation. The main source of air pollution remains the coal industry, whose emissions average up to 200 thousand tons annually, or up to 40% of the region's gross emissions. The second place is occupied by the energy industry - 156 thousand tons, or 30% of the regional volume. As for the emissions from the metallurgical industry, they amounted to 87 thousand tons, or 17%, and the production of coke and refined products - 23 thousand tons, or 5% of all emissions in the region. 123 enterprises use in technological process about forty thousand tons of various potent substances. About 500 thousand tons of polluted substances of three hundred names are emitted into the atmosphere annually, more than three-quarters of them are not purified. High specific gravity industry in the economic complex of the region, insufficient equipment of enterprises with dust and gas trapping devices led to a decrease in the oxygen content in the air basin and an increase in the amount toxic substances, the air is supersaturated with sulfuric acid gases, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, phenol, ammonia, coke oven gas, etc. Dust and gas cleaning equipment at factories is worn out or outdated, and poisonous gases go straight into the sky.

It's no secret that there are 7 environmentally hazardous facilities of national importance in the Luhansk region. In just 9 months of last year, almost 400,000 tons of pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere. Industrial enterprises located within the city have a significant impact on atmospheric pollution. The largest load on the air basin is exerted by the enterprises of Lugansk - up to 30% of all stationary emissions, Krasnodon coal district - 22%, Alchevsk - 21%, which is associated with metallurgical production, and Lisichansk - 7%, due to the production of petroleum products.

The fact that the city is engaged in solving environmental problems is said and written in newspapers very often. Like, everything is under control. But it is worth looking, for example, at our snow, and everything becomes clear without any numbers.

Instead of snow-white snowdrifts, the streets are covered with snow mixed with soot, and it turns gray and then black on the second or third day after falling. Sometimes red dust falls from the sky, from which it is extremely difficult to wash off. The snow is covered with soot not only in the immediate vicinity of the production, but also on playgrounds, near schools, hospitals and railway station. My household duties include daily wiping the dust from the windowsills, where it collects in a black layer - with the windows closed, and many housewives wipe it in the morning and in the evening.

Perhaps the reason for this is that 25% of the industrial output of the Luhansk region is d is located on the territory of Alchevsk. However, the ecological situation in Alchevsk is catastrophic. What we breathe - for those who have not experienced it for themselves, it's hard to even imagine. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) are exceeded for many ingredients; emissions into the atmosphere per year are more than 1 ton per inhabitant and over 2 thousand tons per 1 sq. m. km. Options for reducing the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by two city-forming enterprises - metallurgical and coking plants are considered not only by plant managers, but also by environmentalists at all levels. After all, four schools and one medical institution were in the sanitary protection zone. But the corporation "Industrial Union of Donbass" (a strategic investor of the steel plant) organized an additional "industrial zone" - launched an oxygen-converter shop with steel production of 8-10 million tons in addition to the production volume of the existing plant. In total, this is more than 15 million tons, which will be at least 40% of all steel currently produced in Ukraine. At the same time, wages at local enterprises are among the lowest in the industry; it, for example, is seven times lower than at plants in Poland and Hungary, which Alchevsk provides with metal.

Almost throughout the region, the living environment for a person is assessed as critical. The region has the lowest life expectancy in Ukraine, 85% of children are born with various pathologies and abnormalities, in our city the most common disease, especially in children, is bronchitis and other respiratory diseases. Therefore, the Luhansk region must be recognized as a zone of extreme environmental disaster.

I'm not talking about the water we drink. About 5 million tons of mineral salts and over 230 tons of amino and nitro compounds have accumulated in the underground aquifer. High degree pollution of the natural environment during high density population (500 people per 1 sq. km.) leads to high level morbidity. H The frequency of cases of oncological diseases and tuberculosis in the city is twice the regional average. From an environmental point of view, the situation water resources even worse than the state of the air basin. Of the 284 wastewater treatment plants that are available in the region, 172 do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, so the discharge of polluted wastewater in Alchevsk has increased 5 times.

Of course, it is difficult to combine the desire to develop the industry - and our factories are the salary of city residents, their main source of income - and reduce emissions into the atmosphere during metal production, but something needs to be done! And although the mayor of the city says: “Last year, AMK PJSC reduced emissions per ton of products from 28 kg to 25,” the air pollution in the city is still colossal, and the situation does not change significantly.

My supervisor and I obtained data from the city sanitary-epidemiological station and the laboratory of the hydrometeorological service on the degree of air pollution. To assess the quality of atmospheric air, the ratios of the annual average concentrations of impurities to their average daily maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), as well as the air pollution index - API are used. API is the total air pollution index, which is calculated for the five most common harmful substances (dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde or phenol).

The state of the atmospheric air in the city of Alchevsk was analyzed by 4 indicators (suspended matter, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen dioxide NO 2 and sulfur dioxide SO 2 ) for the period from 1996 to 2011. Changes in the maximum one-time and average daily concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere of Alchevsk for the period from 1996 to 2011 are presented graphically in Figures 1 and 2.

font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;color:#0D0D0D">Years

Figure 1 - Maximum one-time concentrations of pollutants

font-size:14.0pt; line-height:150%;color:#0D0D0D">Figure 2 - Average Daily Pollutant Concentrations

Based on the analyzed data, it can be concluded that the MPC norms are exceeded for all four indicators with a growth trend, and the maximum one-time indicators give the greatest excess of the MPC norms for suspended solids, and the average daily ones for sulfur dioxide.

To calculate the API in the city of Alchevsk, we used the data of the city sanitary and epidemiological station and the laboratory of the hydrometeorological service. The API was calculated using five indicators (suspended matter, carbon monoxide CO, sulfur dioxide SO 2 , nitrogen dioxide NO 2 and phenol) for the period from 2006 to 2011.

Alchevsk recorded the highest amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere in the Luhansk region. It exceeds the norm per person by 4 times.

Figure 3 shows the values of the air pollution index IZA of the city of Alchevsk for the period from 2006 to 2011 according to the city sanitary and epidemiological station and the laboratory of the hydrometeorological service.

letter-spacing:-.2pt">Figure 3 - Values IZA of the city of Alchevsk for the period from 2006 to 2011

According to the data of the hydrometeorological service, the state of the atmospheric air in Alchevsk belongs to the category "Increased air pollution", and according to the city SES - to the categories "High" and "Very high air pollution".This discrepancy in the data can be explained by the following reasons.

Firstly, the city SES and the hydrometeorological service have posts located at different points (Figure 4). The posts of the hydrometeorological service (marked with blue drops on the map) cover almost the entire territory of the city on both sides of the industrial sites of AMK PJSC and Alchevskkoks PJSC. And the posts of the city SES (marked with red crosses on the map) are located almost on the same straight line and do not cover the entire territory of the city. In addition, it should be taken into account that the location of the city SES posts in the southeast direction from the source of emissions is the most polluted, therefore the API values according to the city SES data are higher than according to the hydrometeorological service.

Secondly, the hydrometeorological service regularly monitors atmospheric air by the number of samples at each post, and the observations of the city SES by the number of samples can only be classified as episodic.

Figure 4 - Location of the posts of the hydrometeorological service and city SES for monitoring the state of atmospheric air

I believe that in order to improve the ecological situation in the city and the region, it is necessary:

to revise MPC, focusing on European standards;

prevent the placement of new metal production enterprises in the city;

bring to justice and punish to the fullest extent of the law the managers and owners of enterprises that pollute the atmosphere, and fines for failure to fulfill their obligations should increase for each overdue year.

References

1. , Yatsyuk ecology and protection of the necessary natural environment. - Lviv: Afisha, 20s.

2. Brovdy V. Light, in which we want to live / V. Brovdiy, O. Gatsa, N. Kuruts // Space, Earth, Nature, Ecology, People / V. Brovdiy, O. Gatsa, N. Kuruts. - K., 1997. - S. 29-37.

3. B. Ecology. Nature-Man-Technology.: A textbook for students of tech. direction and spec. universities /, .- Under the general. ed. ; M.: UNITY-DANA, 2006.

– 43 p.

4. Report of the Alchevsk City Center for Environmental Monitoring "Development of recommendations for organizing and conducting environmental monitoring in Alchevsk" - Alchevsk, 2012. - 98 p.

5. DonSTU report « Research and analysis of the impact of anthropogenic factors on the environment natural environment and development of recommendations for the creation of an environmental monitoring system for the city of Alchevsk" - Alchevsk, 2012. - 82 p.

6. , Batman and self-organization: Mining towns of Donbass during the period of restructuring of the coal industry: social and environmental dimensions. - Lugansk: Alma Mater, 2001.

7. Belov. According to publications from city newspapers (pages of history). Donetsk: "Donechchina", 2008.

8. Official website of the Alchevsk City Council. http://www. al. /en/

This is a photo of snow from two days ago and streams flowing after the snow melted in the area of the plant.

Ecology and us

Protection and rational use of flora and fauna.

Done: student

9th grade MOUOO

schools in Yusupovo

Tagirova Fluza

leader: teacher

Russian language MOUOO

Schools in Yusupovo

Nigamaeva E.A.

Plan

1. Wildlife is the main asset of the Earth.

2. Flora and plant resources.

3. Relationship between flora and fauna.

4. Take care of nature!

Living nature is the main asset of our Earth; human society has developed in its bowels and exists at its expense. It satisfies our nutritional needs and provides the main conditions for the life of people on the planet - the composition of the air environment, protection from cosmic radiation, the purity of water, soil fertility, and climate mitigation.

For humans, the plant world acts as plant resources. These resources, especially forests, are significant in Bashkortostan. Forests occupy about 39% of the region's territory. In neighboring Tatarstan, the area of forests is only 17% of the territory. Timber reserves allow the development of forestry, wood-chemical and other industries.

Forests are the source of life for numerous herbivorous animals, in close connection with which there are also predatory animals.

Various animals inhabiting the territory of the republic represent animal resources for us. Like vegetation, the animal world is significantly depleted by man. Wild horses, saigas, beavers, and red deer have long since disappeared. The number of bear, otter, mink has decreased. It is sometimes believed that predatory animals bring harm.

1. Three reserves have been created - the Bashkir State Reserve, Shulgantash and Yuzhno-Uralsky. Rare species of animals and plants are protected on the territory of these reserves.

2. Organized 15 state hunting reserves and 12 reserves for the protection of medicinal plants. 148 natural sites have been declared natural monuments.

4. Much has been done to protect and replenish animals: valuable animals have been settled - American mink, red deer, muskrat, muskrat, river beaver. The elk population is growing.

5. Many animals are taken under protection, for example, brown bear, maral, roe deer, etc.

6. Stocking of lakes, reservoirs and ponds is carried out.

7. There is a fight against poachers who violate the terms and places of hunting, as well as fishing.

There is much more to be done. It is necessary to abandon the consumer attitude to forest resources. In this case, one should note the principle "as much as you need" on the other - "as much as possible". Forest resources are called renewable and exhaustible. We can harvest wood only within the limits of the annual growth of forests, and not as much as you need. "Cut down a tree, plant two," foresters say, but, unfortunately, so far an average of 20,000 hectares are planted in the republic, and 27,000 hectares are cut down.

Nature appears before us in all its beauty and grandeur. We admire her, she disinterestedly gives us joy.

But why, then, are there guys who destroy bird nests, clog springs or rivers, break trees? And then they brutally deal with a cat or a dog ...

How should we educate the current rising generation, the generation of the 21st century? How to develop ecological awareness, respect for nature? This is a difficult task. It is not so to develop ecological habits in a person. After all, we do not understand the behavior of those who pluck a flower and do not think about the fact that this flower is dying. What needs to be done so that forests, fields, rivers, our smaller brothers, animals and birds, do not suffer from the cruel hands of poachers? How to stop from ill-conceived actions? In the end, the human being, a part of nature, will suffer.

What ways, forms and methods are used to educate a person who is not indifferent, who will be a real watchman and master of the natural riches of our planet?

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Social project "Ecology of the native land" Completed by a student of the 6th grade of the MBOU "Zaboryevskaya secondary school" Khromov Daniil Head Kulikova Irina Nikolaevna

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The existence of civilization on our planet is inextricably linked with natural conditions. Human activities are having an increasing impact on environment which led to the formation and deepening of numerous environmental problems. In order to attract public attention to environmental development issues Russian Federation, save biodiversity and ensure environmental safety By decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, 2017 was declared the Year of Ecology and Specially Protected Natural Areas in Russia.

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What is Ecology? The term "ecology" first appeared in the scientific community in 1866. Then this word was proposed to be called the branch of science that studies the existence of various communities of living beings interacting with each other and with their natural environment. In 1990 on International congress Ecologists have given a definition: Ecology is a science that studies the interaction of animate and inanimate nature.

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Ecological problems Forests enrich the atmosphere with oxygen, which is so necessary for life, and absorb carbon dioxide. They play a major role in the water cycle. Trees raise groundwater, enriching soils and keeping them from desertification and erosion - it is not for nothing that rivers instantly become shallow during deforestation. According to the reports of the Food and agriculture The UN, annually loses 13 million hectares of forest, while only 6 hectares grow. Deforestation

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Depletion of the Ozone Layer Ozone is a form of oxygen found in the stratosphere, approximately 12 to 50 kilometers from Earth. For many centuries, people did not suspect the existence of ozone, but their activity adversely affected the state of the atmosphere. At the moment, scientists are talking about such a problem as ozone holes. The depletion of oxygen modification occurs for a variety of reasons: launching rockets and satellites into space; operation of air transport at an altitude of 12-16 kilometers; freon emissions into the air.

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According to experts, 10-15 thousand species of organisms disappear annually. The depletion of the species composition of flora and fauna significantly reduces the stability of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole, which also poses a serious danger to humanity. The process of biodiversity reduction is characterized by an avalanche-like acceleration. As of 2000, 415 species of animals are listed in the Red Book of Russia. This list of animals last years increased by half and continues to grow. Humanity as a species with huge numbers and habitat does not leave suitable habitat for other species Decreasing biodiversity

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Water pollution Humans have used every river as a sewer for centuries. The greatest danger to the hydrosphere arose in the 20th century with the emergence of large cities and the development of industry. Despite treatment facilities that are able to prevent the transformation of a river or lake into a fetid slurry, they are not able to return the water to its former natural purity: the growing volumes of industrial effluents and solid waste that dissolve in water are stronger than the most powerful treatment units. About half of the people in developing countries do not have access to sources pure water, is forced to drink contaminated with pathogenic microbes and is therefore doomed to premature death from epidemic diseases.

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Today, oil, as an energy resource, is one of the main factors in the development of the economy. But oil production, its transportation and processing are invariably accompanied by its losses, emissions and discharges of harmful substances, the consequence of which is environmental pollution. In terms of scale and degree of toxicity, oil pollution is a planetary danger. Oil and oil products cause poisoning, death of organisms and soil degradation. Natural self-purification of natural objects from oil pollution is a long process, especially at low temperatures. The enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are the largest source of environmental pollutants in the industry. oil pollution

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The soil is the custodian of fertility and life on Earth. It takes 100 years to form its layer 1 cm thick. But it can be lost in just one season of man's thoughtless exploitation of the earth. One of the modern environmental problems of the planet is land degradation. Under this concept are collected all the processes that change the state of the soil, worsen its functions, which leads to the loss of fertility. There are several types of degradation at the moment: desertification; salinity; erosion; pollution waterlogging; depletion of the land as a result of its long-term use. land degradation

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Currently, the problem of waste, due to its scale, is particularly relevant. When producing a product, we should take into account not only its consumer benefits, but also its environmental impact during production and disposal. Today, humanity has accumulated so much waste that it is seriously faced with the problem of their disposal. Wastes are substances or wastes that have lost their consumer properties and cannot be used. For the safe handling of waste, a waste classification has been developed. Most substances can be used, the limitation of unsuitability is economic feasibility and the lack of advanced technology. The garbage we throw away can be a valuable resource if we understand how cheap it is to recycle it. Waste

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The earth cannot bear great amount of people. According to scientists, 500 thousand is the maximum allowable number of people for our planet. Today, this limit figure has been exceeded 12 times, and according to scientists' forecasts, by 2100 it may almost double. But the growth in the number of people is also an increase in the use of natural resources, the growth of areas for agricultural and industrial needs, the growth in the amount of harmful emissions, the growth in the number household waste and areas for their storage, an increase in the intensity of human expansion into nature and an increase in the intensity of the destruction of natural biodiversity. Mankind today is simply obliged to restrain its growth rates, rethink its role in the ecological system of the Planet, and take up the construction of human civilization on the basis of a harmless and meaningful existence, and not on the basis of animal instincts of absorption. overpopulation

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Ecological problems Ryazan region. The Ryazan region is located in the center of the West European Plain, on the ancient Russian platform, has a flat relief. In the north - the Meshcherskaya lowland, in the west - the spurs of the Central Russian Upland (height up to 236 m). Its territory is well watered and populated. The Oka River divides it into two parts: northern - forest and southern, including zones deciduous forests forest-steppe.

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Ecological problems of the Ryazan region. The region is an old industrial region with a diversified complex. In the industry structure industrial production a large share accounts for mechanical engineering and metalworking, significant shares are oil refining, electric power, production of building materials and the food industry. The most important industries are oil refining and electric power industry. The production of building materials is developed (Mikhailovsky cement factory Eurocement group, Skopinsky glass factory), leather production and processing (OAO Safyan), non-ferrous (Kasimov, Ryazan and Skopin) and powder metallurgy, production of chemical fibers. Developed industry creates environmental hazard in area.

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Ecological problems of the Ryazan region. Let's take a look at the hottest ecological problems Ryazan region. Atmospheric air pollution. Emissions from industrial enterprises, transport emissions, cinders from forest and peat fires in summer period pollute the atmosphere. The ecology of the region suffers from forest fires, which are caused by rich peat deposits in the region. About 14% of the territory of the Ryazan region was affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This part of the region has an increased radioactive background. Rich reserves in the area drinking water, but, unfortunately, the water in them is of poor drinking quality. Due to unauthorized cutting down of waterproof forests, the water level in the Oka River has dropped significantly. For this reason, some sections of the river became impossible to use for the passage of ships. The problem of waste disposal. There is a system of specially protected territories on the territory of the region. The structure of which includes: the Oksky Reserve, the Meshchersky Park, the Ryazansky Reserve and other natural objects.

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At first glance, this is a quiet and unwise land under a dim sky. But the more you get to know it, the more, almost to the point of pain in your heart, you begin to love this ordinary land. And if I have to defend my country, then somewhere in the depths of my heart I will know that I am also defending this piece of land, which taught me to see and understand the beautiful, no matter how ordinary-looking it may be - this forest pensive land, love for which will not be forgotten, just as the first love is never forgotten Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892-1968) Meshchera region

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Paustovsky trail In November 2016, students of our school took part in the start of the regional social project"Path of K.G. Paustovsky", aimed at introducing young people to the literary and artistic heritage of the Ryazan region.

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Ecological problems of our native land We were lucky to be born and live in this land of forest lakes and swamps, quiet and unhurried rivers, endless forests with their mushrooms and berries.

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Ecological problems of the native land Unfortunately, our wonderful land has not escaped environmental problems. A large number of household waste today is taken out to unorganized landfills, to forests. It comes from an elemental lack required amount approved waste disposal sites and low level population coverage organized systems garbage collection. In recent years, the number of identified unorganized garbage dumps has increased.

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Ecological problems of the native land Picturesque corners of nature have become a favorite vacation spot. The problem of forest conservation is especially acute in places of mass suburban recreation (lakes near the village of Laskovo). Changes natural complexes arise from trampling undergrowth, soil compaction and destruction of flowering and medicinal plants, pollution of forest lands, which is also a fairly common problem in the Ryazan region.

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Ecological problems of the native land Huge damage to the ecology of the Ryazan region was caused by fires in the summer of 2010. Was Became

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Ecological problems of the native land Not only forests suffered in a terrible ecological disaster, several villages of the Ryazan region burned down, namely the village of Peredeltsy, Laskovsky village, and also a small part of the village of Kriusha.

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Ecological problems of the native land. The negative consequences of a fire are enormous. It destroys trees, grass cover, animals and birds. A forest damaged by fire loses water protection, field protection and other functions. It creates favorable conditions for the mass reproduction of harmful insects and the spread of fungal diseases. On forest fires, a different type of vegetation is formed, which leads to a change in the animal population. Big loss bears the hunting and commercial fauna, perishes by-products of the forest (mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants).

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Ecological problems of the native land. First of all, we need to start fighting not with the consequences, but with the causes of the environmental problem. This requires more attention environmental education especially in teenagers. Our students are actively involved in various environmental actions organized by the Ryazan region. So, during the fire hazard period, the volunteer detachment participates in patrolling recreation areas on the territory of the Urzhinskoye, Segdenskoye and Laskovskoye lakes. During the work, volunteers hand out leaflets and talk to vacationers about compliance with safety rules in forest areas.