Youth informal groups in Russia. Informal youth organizations Informal youth groups message

Large social groups include formal (official) and informal

1 DemidovaA. Running line of memory. -M., 2000.-S. 175.

nye (informal) youth associations. Young people are girls and boys of adolescence and youth (from about 14 to 25 years).

Official (formal) groups are groups recognized by society associated with some state or public organizations. For example, a school and, accordingly, school classes are official (formal) groups that are specially created by the state in order to educate children. The Ministry of Education decides at what age children should be taught, how many years to teach, how many students should be in one class, what exactly they should do, etc. Formal groups can also include the country's youth hockey team, children's or youth choir at the music school and many others.

The official youth associations included pioneer and Komsomol organizations. Pioneer was a children's communication

nistic organization, whose members were pioneers - children 9-13 years old. The Komsomol is the vanguard of the young builders of communism. Members of this organization could be teenagers and young people from 14 to 28 years old.

These organizations had (and still have) a clear ideological focus and exist under the leadership of the Communist Party.

Now there are few such organizations, but quite recently they were an obligatory component of any educational institution: schools, colleges, universities. Komsomol organizations were created at all enterprises, in all areas of the country's cultural, social, economic and other life.

Belonging to a Komsomol organization was considered prestigious in Soviet society, in addition, it contributed to the advancement of Komsomol members up the ladder of education, career, and power.

Informal (informal)

no one specially organizes and controls groups of young people, they arise and exist as if on their own. Why do they arise?

Adolescence and youthful age is a special period in a person’s life, when you need to independently (and not from the words of parents or teachers) understand who you are, what you are, where and where you are going in life, why you live at all, etc. etc. It is very difficult to answer all questions, and it is the group that can help to do this. It’s hard to understand what you are personally, but in a group it’s easy to understand what “we” are like: we dress like this, we joke like this, we love this, but we fight with this, we don’t look like these. Such is the "we", and therefore such is the "I" - this is the logic of finding a way to understand yourself in an informal way.

group. Since the teenager chooses an informal group himself, he perceives all these ideas not as imposed by someone, but as his own. Sometimes a teenager, a young man tries himself, searches for himself, joining one or another informal group of peers, trying himself in one or another role. Psychologists call this role-playing, seeing the process as an important way to "find yourself".

In a group of peers, adolescents, as a rule, easily master patterns of behavior that correspond to the ethnic, religious, regional, social, and professional affiliation of group members.

Youth is a huge part of the people of any society. She not only differs from both adults and children, but also emphasizes this in every possible way. It is very important for her to be original, difficult, such that people pay attention to her.

So, in the summer of 1968, thousands of young people took to the streets of Paris, who behaved violently and terribly frightened not only other residents of the French capital, but all of Europe, the entire Western world, especially since a wave of such youth actions swept through many cities in different cities. countries. The essence of the slogans, statements, declarations that the demonstrators came out with was a statement that there are such special people - young people who are not satisfied with the orders invented and preached by adults, who want to live differently and intend to rebuild the world in their own way.

Young people declared themselves as representatives of a special culture - youth. Such a culture is called a youth subculture (a special culture within the existing traditional culture of a particular country). The youth subculture presented to the world its ideas about what is important and not important in life, new rules of behavior and communication for everyone.

ideas, new musical tastes, new fashion, new ideals, a new lifestyle in general. \y

Young people are united in various informal groups. No one knows how many of them are informal youth groups. They are all very different. Some of them exist for a short time, others for a very long time. There are groups that either disappear or reappear. No one can describe them all to one. And even if I could do it today, then at the hour when you pick up this textbook, such information will already be completely outdated, because by this time, completely new groups not known today will probably appear. But nevertheless, we will describe some of the most numerous informal youth groups at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Let us consider them as examples in the development of youth associations.

You must have heard about such bands as hippies, punks, rockers, mods, skins, lubers, etc. etc. and know something about them. What are these groups? Where do they come from and why are they so popular? In the next paragraph, we will try to answer these questions.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the difference between formal and informal youth associations?

2. Ask your parents, grandparents about what they know from their experience about the life of the pioneer and Komsomol detachments.

3. Why do youth informal associations belong to large social groups?

4. What do you know about Scouts? What type of group - formal or informal - do they belong to?

3.1. Youth lifestyle groups

In the 1950s, young people appeared who were called “dudes” in our country.

Word“dude” was formed from the French word “style”, which has long entered the Russian language, meaning: the writer’s style, method, technique, manner, taste, etc. The word “stylish” also originates from here - sustained in a certain style.

Tight trousers, bright shoes with thick soles, colorful shirts and scarves around the neck instead of ties, a special walk, dancing to completely different music ... In our country, dudes were disfavored, they were often expelled from institutes, they were drawn caricatures in satirical magazines , ridiculed and condemned. The satirist writer D. G. Belyaev, in his feuilleton from the series “Types of the Past,” shared with readers his impressions of meeting such a “dude” in one of the student clubs.

“... A young man appeared at the door of the hall - he had an amazingly ridiculous appearance: the back of the jacket was bright orange, and the sleeves and floors were green; I had never seen such wide canary-pea-colored trousers even in the years of the famous flare; his shoes were an ingenious combination of black lacquer and red suede... Stilyagi call themselves such types, in their bird language. They developed their own special style - in clothes, conversations, manners. The main thing in their "style" is not to look like ordinary people. And, as you can see, in such a striving they reach the point of absurdity, the point of absurdity. The dandy is familiar with the fashions of all countries and times, but does not know ... Griboyedov. He studied in detail all foxes, tangos, rumbas, lindas, but Michurin confuses astronomy with gastronomy with Mendeleev. Stilyagi, as it were, flutter over the surface of life ”(“ Crocodile ”, No. 7, 1949).

At the end of the 60s. of the last century, hippies have become a symbol of youth subculture.

Hippies - young people with long uncut hair in jeans and canvas shirts - did not just reject the cultural norms and values in society, for example, money as a measure of well-being and success in life. They preached and practiced other ways of growing up: play, not work; nomadic, not

Hippie group.

rich life, life, and not a cozy home nest; life in a group of like-minded people, not marriage; peace, not war.

Vasily Aksenov in his work “Non-Stop Round the Clock” describes his meeting with one of the hippies in this way.

“The first hippies sailed from California, unkempt, shaggy, in bells, beads, bracelets. Then they were talked about at all corners and in all houses.

A slender, smart guy with huge, curled hair in small ringlets ..., so be it, agreed to talk with a Russian prose writer ....

Our movement is cutting ties with society, - the big-headed Ronnie (we will call him that) told me. - We are leaving all public institutions. We are free.

We leave society not to despise it aside, but to improve it! We want to change society in our generation! How to change? Well, at least make it more tolerant of unfamiliar faces, objects, phenomena. We want to tell society - you are not pigs, but flowers... The eternal scourge of humanity is intolerance towards strangers, towards an unaccepted combination of colors, towards unaccepted words, manners, ideas. “Children of flowers”, appearing on the streets of your cities, will already say with their very appearance: be tolerant of us, just as we are tolerant of you. Do not shy away from someone else's skin color or shirt, someone else's singing, someone else's "isms". Listen to what they tell you, speak for yourself - they will listen to you ... Love is freedom! All people are flowers! .. "

Hippie groups were formed mainly among student youth. Hippies believed (and still believe) that every person is creative, that he is fundamentally free and must get rid of the prejudices of philistinism, a mercantile attitude to life. The essence of their activity is in intensive communication, in helping each other in difficult psychological situations. Real hippies strive to live in "communes" (in which they try to achieve a high level of spiritual interaction, emancipation. One way or another, hippies want to develop humanistic values from their members (kindness, love for one's neighbor, equality, freedom, etc.).

It was among the hippies that the movement to protect animals, for the equal rights of women and men, the rescue of animals, the struggle for the environment and the Greenpeace movement itself, whose goal is to fight for the conservation of nature, animals and flora Earth (Greenpeace translated from English - the green world).

10. Order No. 3480.

Greenpeace action.

Later, many other youth associations arose: punks, mods, rockers, etc., etc. It is interesting that once they have arisen, these groups, as a rule, have not disappeared. Those young people who entered them at the beginning grew up, acquired a profession, got married and, thus, became ordinary adults, and others, young ones, came in their place. Sometimes, however, people remain for a long time in the power of some youth group, or rather its subcultures, and then you can see on the street an "elderly hippie" - a cheerful grandfather in jeans and long gray hair.

Perhaps the most picturesque are the representatives of the group punks. The main distinguishing feature of a real punk, of course, is the hairstyle: most often dyed hair, a partially shaved head, and the remaining hair looks like a dinosaur comb or a parrot crest.

Punks are trying to change the relationship between people through a variety of theatrical, ridiculing outdated, in their opinion, norms of behavior and communication. Street performances and shows are typical for them. Relations in the punk community are built on a rather rigid principle: there are recognized leaders and members of the group who obey them. Punks are rude and cynical towards girls and dismissive of the law and the criminal code. They don't even value their own lives.

The name of the community with k and n about in - or skinheads comes from English word skinheads, which in translation means skinheads. A shaved head is a bright external distinguishing feature of the representatives of this youth association. Skins wear heavy work boots and jeans with suspenders.

This group originated in the UK in the second half of the 60s of the XX century. Groups of skinheads gathered on a territorial basis, showing extreme aggressiveness towards those whom they considered the sources of their troubles. Most often, their aggression was directed against immigrants and blacks. Skins often attacked and beat them. The love of skins for football is famous. In this fanatical love and in the constant fights and battles that they arranged and arrange after football matches, they show, as it seems to them, their “strong masculine spirit”.

Fight of English fans after a football match.

Russian skins are outwardly similar to foreign ones: the same shaved heads and deliberately rough

cloth. They are also quite aggressive, especially towards those whom they consider to be non-natives, visitors whose skin color they do not like.

In many ways, the so-called Lubers resemble skins. The name of this domestic group comes from the name of the village of Lyubertsy near Moscow, where this association first arose.

The basis of groups of amateurs are usually students of the eighth-ninth grades, and the leaders are young people aged 20-25. Sometimes there are adults in the groups of amateurs. There are few of them in such groups, but their authority is very high.

Lubers build their activities on the tactics of "aggressive" intervention in current events. For example, if something seems to them harmful to society - say, “Western influence”, manifested in the image of a hippie or punk, then their own active action (“action”) is taken: threats, beatings, haircuts, etc. At the dawn of their life as an informal group, the Lubers instilled fear in Moscow schoolchildren by coming to Moscow and arranging grandiose fights.

Extreme expression of aggressive w anti-humanist positions are distinguished by youth associations, the basis of which is the ideology of nationalism and fascism. These groups bring together young people and adolescents who are not satisfied with the situation in our society, their place in it. They are dissatisfied with the growth of peaceful moods of people and liberalism. For informals of this kind, the main thing is the physical impact on those who are objectionable to them, in other words, beating.

A group of young neo-fascists.

The structure of groups close in their ideology to fascist ones is complex. They are characterized by a clear hierarchy (leaders, members of the group close to the leaders, executors of small assignments, etc.). Usually there are clear rituals of greeting, initiation into the group. It is not uncommon for group members to wear the same paramilitary uniform with their own insignia.

This category of youth gives a great increase in crime, terrorizes other teenagers, youth. Membership in fascist youth organizations testifies to the complete moral underdevelopment of the young people who go there. These organizations are especially cynical and immoral in our country, where virtually every family suffered from fascism during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

Hippies, skins, punks and some other bands are called lifestyle groups because

the whole life of the members of these groups is determined by their belonging to one or another association. But there are also such youth groups in which teenagers and young men are united only by some common interests.

3.2. Groups by interests and hobbies

A typical example of such groups are fans of musical rock ensembles. Widely known, say, supporters of Heavy metal rock, the so-called metalheads. Generally speaking, they cannot be called an association, since they lack any structure, common centers, and generally recognized leaders. Metalheads gather in small teams, uniting in large crowds only at concerts. They are not aggressive unless provoked. Their appearance is often defiant: leather clothes, richly decorated

Rock concert.

metal fittings - bulky rivets on the arms, chains, etc. Among the metalworkers, fans stand out different directions and different orientations of hard rock.

Or another example. You probably know the musical group "The Beatles" - the idols of the youth of the 60s. But even today there are quite numerous groups of Beatles worshiping this wonderful four.

The Beatles: Paul McCartney, John Harrison, Ringo Star, John Lennon.

There is a large youth community of fans of Viktor Tsoi and his Kino group. Viktor Tsoi was very respectful and reverent towards the people who came to hear and see him. He wrote: “It is impossible to get a complete picture of the band only from its records. And since we don’t have the opportunity to shoot videos, we can only show ourselves at concerts, and this is very important.”

Quite different interests unite young people in a group of rockers. They ride motorcycles

decorated with various paraphernalia and sometimes are very aggressive and dangerous to others.

Rocker clothes - leather jacket, worn jeans, rough big shoes, long hair combed back, sometimes tattoos. The jacket, as a rule, is decorated with badges and inscriptions. The motorcycle is also decorated with inscriptions, symbols and images. A motorcycle is a symbol of freedom, power and intimidation, the main source of strong sensations. At the same time, technical knowledge and driving skills are highly valued among rockers. When driving, special techniques are widely used

Rockers on motorcycles.

we control a motorcycle - riding on the rear wheel or without hands, group races are often arranged at high speed. The main form of association of rockers is motorcycle clubs.

Rockers are fond of rock music, listening to records is one of the main activities of rockers. They make extensive use of nicknames instead of real names. “Physical” methods of communication are popular with them, that is, all kinds of brawls, pushes, blows, attacks of an aggressive type. This is a necessary component of the rocker style, allowing them to demonstrate and prove their "masculinity".

Interest groups can meet young people with a variety of political and worldview orientations.

Such interests can be connected not only with music or sports. There are youth associations that focus on certain socio-political goals, tasks, and actions. For example, the struggle for peace.

Socio-political groups are not too numerous and widespread, as a rule, in large cities. Members of these groups aim to promote certain political and sometimes religious views. The socio-political groups of adolescents and young men are seriously influenced by the corresponding informal organizations of adults. In other words, these groups turn out to be, as it were, a youth branch of some parties or movements of adults. Often, the guys do not even know where they came from certain materials, information, opinions, but they are willing to pick them up, following the fashion.

In many such groups, adults may generally predominate, and high school students perform auxiliary work as secretaries, couriers, and distributors of campaign materials.

Let us also name ecological-ethical groups. Such groups are common in large cities, often in environmentally disadvantaged areas. Ecological and ethical associations are of different ages, but most of them have many schoolchildren; There are also groups for teenagers. Here are the "green patrols", consisting of adult leaders, and groups of the ecology of culture and human community, and groups that have arisen on any specific occasion (struggle against the construction of a "harmful" enterprise, saving a historical monument).

The ecological and ethical movement has developed a certain ideology, although not the same for all associations, but nevertheless focused on achieving harmony between man and the environment.

common environment, understood extremely broadly: not only nature, but also urban environment and human communication.

Participation in a variety of peer groups is usually perceived by the teenager himself, a boy or a girl, as simply a very interesting and enjoyable pastime.

However, an informal group really teaches a lot - not always, however, only good things. It is in the group that a teenager, as a rule, is enlightened about fashionable musical trends, finds a style of clothing suitable for him and improves it, learns to behave in a certain way with members of the opposite sex, hones youth slang, learns a lot of things that you cannot talk about with your parents and teachers.

Thus, an informal group of peers sets not only the external style of behavior, but also largely influences the development of the personality of a young person in adolescence and youth.

Therefore, the role of informal youth groups in the life of a young person can be different: from very beneficial, useful to destructive. Given the power of group influence on a teenager, adults sometimes use youth informal associations (and, accordingly, those who are members of them) to achieve their own - sometimes truly terrible - goals. These are drug dealers who create a market for drug consumption, and leaders of religious sects who hunt for human souls, political "fuhrers". The latter at all times included carriers of nationalist

ski, fascist ideologies. IN last years their "material" is primarily skinheads and other similar groups professing racial hatred, up to the idea of physical destruction of those who do not like the color of the skin, the shape of the nose, etc.

It is important not to let yourself be fooled, not to become a blind tool, material in the wrong hands, a means to achieve other people's goals.

Think about which group you are or might be in.

Questions and tasks

2. Think about the pros and cons of communicating in an informal group?

3. Why do you think youth associations arise?

4. If you want, tell us about any youth association that you are interested in. It would be nice to illustrate your message with pictures, photographs, audio and video materials, etc.

4. TV VIEWERS AND RADIO LISTENERS AS A LARGE SOCIAL GROUP

4.1. Communication through the media

Television, radio, newspapers, magazines - mass media (media for short). Their main task is to give people quick, up-to-date information about everything that happens in the world.

They are also called the means of mass communication, that is, mass communication. This refers to such communication, which is carried out with the help of technical means - complex television and radio equipment, printing presses, etc.

Thanks to modern means mass communication, information can be transmitted over any distance, collect huge audiences in different countries and continents, neither borders nor distances are important for these means. The most operational are, of course, radio, television and the Internet.

The media audience is a short-term, spontaneous group.

However, this group is special.

First of all, it exists only within the limits of watching or listening to a certain program, reading this or that newspaper, this or that magazine. It can include both those who consciously prefer this particular channel of mass communication, this program, this particular magazine, as well as those who turned to them by accident.

Spontaneity, disorder - the most important characteristic this group. A person can enter this group at any time by turning on the radio or TV, selecting a specific radio station, channel or program. He can immediately switch to another, simply by switching the channel, turning off the TV, putting aside the newspaper.

Another important feature of such a large group is the combination of individual perception of a program, newspaper or magazine article and, at the same time, manifestations of typical, often even stereo-

typical characteristics of perception characteristic of one or another stable large group.

Therefore, for a better understanding of the needs, needs, characteristics of the perception of the audience, special psychological and sociological studies are carried out.

Psychological and sociological research is aimed at clarifying the needs of the audience as a whole and its members of certain large social groups (for example, the perception of television news by the entire audience, young men and women, workers, pensioners, etc.).

Modern researchers identify a number of basic needs of radio listeners and TV viewers as a large social group:

1) the need for orientation in the world around and involvement in what is happening in it;

2) the need to belong to a certain social group, identifying oneself with it, confirming one's own values, views, ideas. The impact of this need is especially noticeable during various election campaigns. However, in other cases, the impact of this need can be very significant. For example, a survey of MTV viewers showed that many of them, including this channel, feel they belong to today's youth, "to advanced" peers;

3) the need to communicate with a famous person, interesting interlocutor, the desire to know his opinion, agree or argue with him.

V. Vysotsky wrote with some irony that the TV screen allows you to meet at home with world famous people:

There is a TV

My house is not an apartment,

I mourn the world with all sorrow.

I breathe with my chest

With all the air of the world

I see Nixon with his mistress.

Here you go - a foreign chapter

Straight eye to eye, head to head.

Slightly moved the stool with his foot

And turned out to be face to face.

How to convince me stubborn Nastya -

Nastya wants to go to the cinema like Saturday.

Nastya insists that I was imbued with passion

To the stupid idiot box.

Well, yes, I got into

I'll go to the apartment

Look at the houses of Nixon and Georges Pompidou 2 .

4) the need to know other people and oneself, in comparison with others. Television, radio, newspapers, magazines tell us a lot about the world, about people. By getting to know others, we get to know ourselves better. Many viewers watch intellectual television games, testing their erudition, their ingenuity. Often teenagers, watching youth series, programs about peers, seem to be looking into a mirror that reflects who they are, how they behave in a given situation, etc.;

5) the need for rest, distraction from everyday affairs, entertainment, emotional release, relaxation;

6) in some cases, the need of lonely people for communication.

1 Nixon Richard - 37th President of the United States in 1968-1974.

2 Georges Pompidou - President of France from 1969-1974.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the difference between communication through mass media and interpersonal communication?

2. What are the characteristics of TV viewers and radio listeners as a large group?

3. Remember 2-3 programs that you usually watch. Why do you think you like them? Explain this based on the description of the basic needs of the viewers, which were discussed in the paragraph. If you have a different opinion, justify it.

4.2. How does the media affect the audience?

Television, radio influence their audience not only by what they say, but also by how they do it. A famous saying says that there are 50 ways to say "yes" and only one way to write it. Therefore, the impact of radio, television on a person is very strong.

By transmitting directly from the scene, radio and television create for millions of their listeners the "effect of personal presence" in this place and make them, as it were, accomplices in the events. Therefore, they have a very big impact on people. One of the most famous examples The impact of the media on large groups of people is associated with the fantastic story of H. Wells "The War of the Worlds" (about the attempt of the Martians to conquer the Earth). On October 30, 1938, the American director Orson Welles staged a radio play based on this book. And although everyone was warned in advance that this performance would be on the program (US national radio broadcasting), the listeners were very scared, many of them ran out into the streets, began to leave the city - they believed in the invasion of the Martians. More than 1 million 700 people believed in the reality of this invasion.

11. Order No. 3480.

a thousand listeners, and 1 million 200 thousand turned out to be very frightened.

The thing is that the transfer was made so believable that it created a complete impression of reality. For this purpose, for example, the broadcast of the concert of the famous conductor, who was actually on tour in New York at that time, was interrupted at that time. When the announcer interrupted this concert with urgent reports about what was happening on the scene, people were sure of the reality of what was happening.

Later, the listeners explained their behavior by the fact that they were used to trusting the radio, its messages from the scene, and therefore believed in what was happening. Here is how they described their feelings:

High school student: “I asked everyone what should we do? What can we do at all? And what difference does it make now, to do something or not to do it, if we are already going to die so soon? I was in complete hysterics... Both my girlfriends and me- we all wept bitterly, everything seemed meaningless to us in the face of death. It was terrible to realize that we would die in such young age... I was sure that the end of the world had come.”

Mother of a small child: “I was constantly shaking with fear. I took out my suitcases, put them back, started packing again, but didn't know what to take. I found children's things, began to dress the child, wrapped him up. All the neighbors had already run out of the house, except for the upstairs tenant. Then I rushed to him, pounded on his door. He wrapped his children in blankets, I picked up his third child, my husband took ours, and together we ran outside. I don't

I know why, but I wanted to take bread with me, because you won’t eat money, but you need bread ... ”

The student recalls how he heard the message that the Martians released poisonous gas and that it is spreading throughout the state. “I only thought about how not to suffocate from the gas and not burn alive ... I realized that all of our people died, but what shocked me most of all was that, apparently, all human race will be swept away- this thought seemed to me especially important, even more important than the fact that we, too, were about to die. It seemed terrible that everything created by the hard work of people should disappear forever. The announcer continued his reports, and everything seemed quite real..

The panic that gripped radio listeners turned out to be akin to that which occurs in the crowd.

Special studies have shown that people who succumbed to it most had one or more of the following psychological characteristics:

Increased sense of danger, anxiety, fear;

Diffidence;

conformism;

Fatalism (from lat. fatum- fate, fate) - faith in fate, the idea of the inevitable predestination of events;

Faith in the end of the world.

However, not everyone panicked. Many understood that we are talking about a radio play. Such people watched the radio program in the newspaper, tuned the receiver to other stations, etc.

Studies have shown that these were mainly educated people capable of critically

1 Cited. By: Kentril X. Instillation of fear // Fear: Reader. - M., 1998. -S. 167-168.

access the information received, do not take it for granted, check it.

The impact of the media is enhanced by the fact that the information provided is specially organized. A lot of specialists work on each message, who take care to make it the most interesting, effective, intelligible, so that a variety of people perceive it as important for themselves.

The work of these specialists is very difficult. Indeed, in communication through the media there is no direct feedback, that is, the response of the audience - viewers, listeners. Recall that Feedback is a very important aspect of communication. It allows you to understand and feel how what you say, do is perceived and what, if necessary, needs to be strengthened or changed.

Communication through mass media is one-way. Nowadays, techniques are often used interactive television and radio - communication with viewers and listeners in live, polls carried out during the transmission. But all the same, the feedback is limited and cannot give a complete picture of how different listeners and viewers perceive what they see, hear, what they think, feel.

The impact of radio and television is enhanced by the special perception of any message. It is perceived as addressed both to you personally and to a large mass of people. Indeed, we listen to the radio, watch TV and perceive messages as addressed to us personally. It is not for nothing that well-known announcers and journalists are perceived as well-known people, because they

they come to our house all the time. This feature is called the “personal communication effect”. Communication through radio, television is a special form of interpersonal communication, communication between well-known people with whom we have certain relationships (we can trust or not trust a journalist or announcer, he can cause us sympathy or antipathy).

On the other hand, we watch television or listen to the radio alone or in small groups (family, with friends), but we know that it is addressed to a large mass of people, and any message is perceived as an appeal to a large group. It is known that programs about some events are listened to, watched simultaneously by more than a billion people around the world. It is thanks to this that a person feels his involvement in what is happening in the world, often very far from his home. Therefore, communication through the media is considered as a kind of communication in a large group.

This combination of face-to-face and large group communication creates a special impression, further enhancing the impact of the media.

Questions and tasks

1. What determines the influence of the media on listeners and viewers? Give your own examples of such influence.

2. Suggest your own ways that can allow radio and television workers to better know the opinion of the audience of a particular radio or television show. Prove the effectiveness of these methods.

3. Some modern singers and singers perform, naming only their first name, without naming their surname (Anastasia, Yuli-

an, Valeria and others). Why do you think they do it? What features of the perception of the image by TV viewers and radio listeners do they use?

There are a number of youth public organizations positive direction. All of them have great educational opportunities, but in Lately the number of informal children's and youth associations of various orientations (political, economic, ideological, cultural) has sharply increased; among them there are many structures with a pronounced anti-social orientation.

In recent years, our speech has flown in and is now rooted in it. familiar word"informals". Perhaps, it is in it that the vast majority of so-called youth problems are now accumulating.

Informals are those who get out of the formalized structures of our life. They do not fit into the usual rules of conduct. They strive to live in accordance with their own interests, and not those of others, imposed from outside.

feature informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a steady interest in a specific goal, idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in some way. This leads to the fact that within the youth groups are heterogeneous, consisting of a large number of micro-groups, uniting on the basis of likes and dislikes.

They are very different - after all, those interests and needs are diverse, for the sake of satisfying which they are drawn to each other, forming groups, currents, directions. Each such group has its own goals and objectives, sometimes even programs, peculiar “membership rules” and moral codes.

There are some classifications of youth organizations in the areas of their activities, worldview.

Musical informal youth organizations.

The main goal of such youth organizations is listening, learning and spreading your favorite music.

Among the "musical" non-formals, such an organization of young people as metalworkers is most famous. These are groups united by a common interest in listening to rock music (also called "Heavy Metal"). The most common groups playing rock music are Kiss, Metallica, Scorpions, and domestic ones - Aria, etc. In heavy metal rock there are: the hard rhythm of percussion instruments, the colossal power of amplifiers and the solo improvisations of the performers that stand out against this background.

Another well-known youth organization is trying to combine music with dance. This direction is called breakers (from the English break-dance- special kind dance, which includes a variety of sports and acrobatic elements that constantly replace each other, interrupting the movement that had begun). There is another interpretation - in one of the meanings, break means “a broken dance” or “a dance on the pavement”.

The informals of this trend are united by a selfless passion for dancing, the desire to promote and demonstrate it in literally any situation.

These guys are practically not interested in politics, their reasoning about social problems is superficial. They try to maintain a good athletic shape, adhere to very strict rules: do not drink alcohol, drugs, have a negative attitude towards smoking.

The Beatles fans fall into the same section - a trend in whose ranks many of the parents and teachers of today's teenagers once flocked. They are united by their love for the Beatles, its songs and its most famous members - Paul McCartney and John Lennon.

Informal organizations in sports.

The leading representatives of this trend are famous football fans. Having shown themselves as a mass organized movement, the Spartak fans of 1977 became the founders of the informal movement, which is now widespread around other football teams and around other sports. Today, on the whole, these are fairly well-organized groupings, distinguished by serious internal discipline. The teenagers included in them, as a rule, are well versed in sports, in the history of football, in many of its intricacies. Their leaders strongly condemn illegal behavior, oppose drunkenness, drugs and other negative phenomena, although such things occur among fans. There are also cases of group hooliganism on the part of fans, and hidden vandalism. These informals are armed rather belligerently: wooden sticks, metal rods, rubber clubs, metal chains, etc.

Outwardly, the fans are easy to distinguish. Sports caps in the colors of your favorite teams, jeans or tracksuits, T-shirts with the emblems of “their” clubs, sneakers, long scarves, badges, homemade posters with the wishes of success to those they support. They are easily distinguished from each other by these accessories, gathering in front of the stadium, where they exchange information, news about sports, determine the signals by which they will chant slogans in support of their team, and develop plans for other actions.

Close to sports informals in a number of ways are those who call themselves "night riders". They are called rockers. Rockers are united by a love of technology and antisocial behavior. Their obligatory attributes are a motorcycle without a silencer and specific equipment: painted helmets, leather jackets, glasses, metal rivets, zippers. Rockers often became the cause of traffic accidents, during which there were victims. The attitude of public opinion towards them is almost unambiguously negative.

Philosophical informal organizations.

Interest in philosophy is one of the most widespread in the informal environment. This is probably natural: it is the desire to understand, comprehend oneself and one's place in the world around him that takes him beyond the framework of established ideas, and pushes him to something different, sometimes alternative to the dominant philosophical scheme.

Hippies stand out among them. Outwardly, they are recognized by sloppy clothes, long uncombed hair, certain paraphernalia: obligatory blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains, sometimes crosses. Hippie symbol on long years became the Beatles ensemble and especially his song Strawberry Fields Forever. Hippie views are that a person should be free, first of all, internally, even in situations of external restriction and enslavement. To be liberated in the soul is the quintessence of their views. They believe that a person should strive for peace and free love. Hippies consider themselves romantics, living a natural life and despising the conventions of the "respectable life of the burghers."

Striving for complete freedom, they are prone to a kind of escape from life, avoiding many social duties. Hippies use meditation, mysticism, drugs as a means to achieve "discovery of oneself."

The new generation of those who share the philosophical quest of hippies often refer to themselves as "the system" (system guys, people, people). “System” is an informal organization that does not have a clear structure, which includes people who share the goals of “renewal of human relations” through kindness, tolerance, and love for one's neighbor.

Hippies are divided into "old wave" and "pioneers". If the old hippies (they are also called old hippies) mainly preached the ideas of social passivity and non-interference in public affairs, then the new generation tends to be quite active. social activities. Outwardly, they try to have a “Christian” appearance, to resemble Christ: they walk the streets barefoot, wear very long hair, are not at home for a long time, and spend the night in the open. The main principles of the hippie ideology became the freedom of man.

Freedom can be achieved only by changing the inner structure of the soul; the liberation of the soul is facilitated by drugs; the actions of an internally uninhibited person are determined by the desire to protect their freedom as the greatest treasure. Beauty and freedom are identical, their realization is a purely spiritual problem; all who share what has been said form a spiritual community; a spiritual community is an ideal form of hostel. In addition to Christian ideas. Among the "philosophizing" non-formals, Buddhist, Taoist and other ancient Eastern religious and philosophical teachings are also common.

Political informal organizations.

This group of informal youth organizations includes associations of people who have an active political position and speak at various rallies, participate and campaign.

Among the politically active youth groups, pacifists, Nazis (or skinheads), punks and others stand out.

Pacifists: approve of the struggle for peace; against the threat of war require the creation of a special relationship between the authorities and the youth.

Punks - belong to a fairly extremist trend among non-formal people who have a well-defined political coloring. By age, punks are mostly older teenagers. The boys take the lead. The desire of a punk to attract the attention of people around him in any way, as a rule, leads him to outrageous, pretentious and scandalous behavior. They use shocking objects as decorations. It can be chains, pins, a razor blade.

Punks are divided into "left" and "right" and promote the goals of "protest against existing mercantile relations in society."

Neo-fascists (skinheads).

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, something appeared in Germany that killed millions of people, something that makes the current inhabitants shudder

Germany and apologize for the sins of their ancestors to entire nations. The name of this monster is fascism, called the "brown plague" by history. What happened in the 1930s and 1940s is so monstrous and tragic that sometimes it is even difficult for some of the young people to believe what those who lived in those years tell them.

More than 50 years have passed, and history has made its new turn, and it is time to repeat it. In many countries of the world there are youth organizations of a fascist wing, or so-called neo-fascists.

"Skinheads" were born in the mid-60s as a reaction of a certain part of the British working class to hippies and motorcycle rockers.

Then they liked the traditional work clothes, which were difficult to tear in a fight: black felt jackets and jeans. They cut their hair short so as not to interfere in fights. By 1972, the fashion for "skinheads" began to wane, but unexpectedly revived 4 years later. A new round of development of this movement was indicated by already shaved heads, army boots and Nazi symbols. English "skinheads" began to fight more often with the police, fans of football clubs, the same "skinheads", students, homosexuals, immigrants. In 1980, the National Front infiltrated their ranks, introducing neo-Nazi theory, ideology, anti-Semitism, racism, and so on into their movement. Crowds of "skinheads" with tattooed swastikas on their faces appeared on the streets, chanting "Sig, heil!" Since the 1970s, the uniform of the “skins” has remained unchanged: black and green jackets, nationalist T-shirts, jeans with suspenders, an army belt with an iron buckle, heavy army boots (such as “GRINDERS” or “Dr. MARTENS”).

In almost all countries of the world, "skins" prefer abandoned places. There "skinheads" meet, accept new sympathizers into the ranks of their organization, imbued with nationalist ideas, listen to music. The inscriptions, quite common in their habitats, also speak of the foundations of the teachings of the "skins":

Russia is for russians! Moscow is for Muscovites!

Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf.

Skins have a clear hierarchy. There is a "lower" echelon and a "higher" - advanced "skins" with excellent education. "Non-advanced skins" are mostly teenagers 16-19 years old. Any passer-by can be beaten half to death by them. You don't need a reason to fight.

The situation is somewhat different with the "advanced skinheads", who are also called "rightists". First of all, this is not just unbridled youth who have nothing to do. This is a kind of "skinhead" elite - people are well-read, educated and adults. Average age"right skins" from 22 to 30 years. In their circles, thoughts about the purity of the Russian nation are constantly exaggerated. In the thirties, Goebbels moved the same ideas from the rostrum, but only it was about the Aryans.

Functions of youth organizations.

A conversation about the informal movement of youth will not be complete if we do not touch on the question of what functions amateur associations perform in the development of society.

First of all, the very layer of "informality" as unregulated social activity will never disappear from the horizons of the development of the human community. The social organism needs a kind of life-giving nourishment, which does not allow the social fabric to dry out and becomes an impenetrable, immobilizing case for a person.

It is correct to assess the state of the informal youth movement as a kind of social symptomatology that helps to diagnose the entire social organism. Then the real picture of the modern, as well as the bygone public life will be determined not only by the percentage of completion of production tasks, but also because how many children are abandoned by their parents, how many are in the hospital, commit offenses.

It is in the space of informal communication that the primary, independent choice by a teenager of his social environment and partner is possible. And instilling a culture of this choice is possible only in the conditions of tolerance of adults. Intolerance, a tendency to expose and moralizing primitivize the youth environment, provoke teenagers to protest reactions, often with unpredictable consequences.

The most important function of the youth movement is to stimulate the germination of the social fabric on the outskirts of the social organism.

Youth initiatives become a conductor of social energy between local, regional, generational, etc. zones of public life and its center - the main socio-economic and political structures.

The influence of youth groups on the personality of a teenager.

Many of the informals are very extraordinary and talented people. They spend days and nights on the street without knowing why. No one organizes these young people, no one forces them to come here. They flock themselves - all very different, and at the same time subtly similar in some way. Many of them, young and full of strength, often want to howl at night from longing and loneliness. Many of them are devoid of faith, whatever it may be, and therefore they are tormented by their own uselessness. And, trying to understand themselves, they go in search of the meaning of life and adventures in informal youth associations.

Why did they become informal? ј - because. activities of official organizations in the field of leisure are uninteresting. official institutions do not help in their interests. 7% - because their hobbies are not approved by society.

It is generally accepted that the main thing for adolescents in informal groups is the opportunity to relax and spend their free time. From a sociological point of view, this is wrong: "nonsense" is one of the last places in the list of what attracts young people to informal associations - only a little more than 7% say this. About 15% find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the conditions for the development of their abilities that arise in informal groupings.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Youth subculture

2. Moral beliefs, ideals and self-consciousness

3. Types and types of informal youth groups

Conclusion

Bibliography

INconducting

youth subculture metalworker punk hippie

I would like to say about the relevance of research related to the problems of youth. Research in this field of sociology and psychology is necessary to resolve the crisis that Russia is experiencing today. And the connection between such aspects of youth problems as youth subculture and youth aggressiveness is obvious. Only rigorous and systematic development research social work with young people can help to understand the causes of generational conflict in our society. It is necessary to understand the essence of youth quests, to renounce the unconditional condemnation of what youth culture brings with it, to approach the phenomena of the life of modern youth in a differentiated way.

Youth is a socio-demographic group experiencing a period of social maturity, adaptation to the world of adults and future changes.

Young people have movable boundaries of their age, they depend on the socio-economic development of society, the level of culture, living conditions.

The object of research is cultural studies.

The subject of the research is the youth subculture.

The purpose of the study is to consider and characterize youth subcultures.

The practical significance of this course work is the expansion of knowledge and horizons of the studied material.

1. Youth subculture

The system of norms and values that distinguish a group from most societies is called a subculture. It is formed under the influence of factors such as age, ethnicity, religion, social group or place of residence. The values of the subculture do not mean a rejection of the national culture accepted by the majority, they reveal only some deviations from it. However, the majority, as a rule, refers to the subculture with disapproval or distrust.

Sometimes a group actively develops norms or values that are clearly contrary to the dominant culture, its content and forms. On the basis of such norms and values, a counterculture is formed. Elements of both subculture and counterculture are found in the culture of modern youth in Russia.

Under the youth subculture is understood the culture of a certain young generation, which has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values and stereotypes. Its defining characteristic in Russia is the phenomenon of subjective "vagueness", uncertainty, alienation from basic normative values (the values of the majority). So, a considerable number of young people do not have a clearly expressed personal self-identification, behavioral stereotypes are strong, which cause depersonalization of attitudes. The position of alienation in its existential refraction is seen both in relation to society and in intergenerational communication, in the countercultural orientation of youth leisure.

There is an opinion that the apathy of young people is a natural result of the excessive ideologization of education in the past, and active politicization borders on sociology. It is hardly possible to agree with such a position: if in a stable society the priorities privacy are regular and natural, then in a situation of a systemic crisis, the social indifference of the young is fraught with irreversible consequences for the future of the country. Equally disturbing is the fact that the politicization individual groups youth acquires the features of political and national extremism.

Contrasting the image of "we" and "they" is traditional. However, today, among the younger generation, it often results in a complete denial of all "daddy's" values, including the history of their own state. This position is especially vulnerable if one bears in mind the apathy of young people, their aversion to participating in solving social problems for society, and not just for themselves. This opposition is especially clear at the level of cultural (in the narrow sense) stereotypes of young people: there is “our” fashion, “our” music, “our” communication, and there is “daddy’s”, which is offered by institutional means of humanitarian socialization. And here the third aspect of the alienation of the youth subculture is revealed - this is cultural alienation.

It is at this level that the subculture of the younger generation acquires noticeable countercultural elements: leisure, especially by youth, is perceived as the main sphere of life, and the general satisfaction with the life of a young person depends on satisfaction with it. General education for a schoolchild and professional for a student, as it were, recede to a different plane before the realization of economic ("earn money") and leisure ("it is interesting to spend free time") needs.

Along with the communicative (communication with friends), leisure mainly performs a recreational function (about one-third of high school students note that their favorite leisure activity is “doing nothing”), while cognitive, creative and heuristic functions are not implemented at all or are not implemented enough .

The values of national culture, both classical and folk, are supplanted by schematized stereotypes mass culture value-oriented" American image life" in its primitive and lightweight reproduction. The individual behavior of young people is manifested in such features social behavior, as pragmatism, cruelty, the desire for material well-being to the detriment of professional self-realization. Consumerism manifests itself both in socio-cultural and heuristic aspects. These trends are present in the cultural self-realization of young students, which is indirectly due to the very flow of the prevailing cultural information (the values of mass culture), which contributes to background perception and superficial consolidation of it in the mind.

The choice of one or the other cultural property most often associated with group stereotypes of a rather rigid nature (those who disagree with them easily fall into the category of "outcasts"), as well as with a prestigious hierarchy of values in an informal communication group.

Group stereotypes and a prestigious hierarchy of values are determined by the gender, level of education, place of residence and nationality of the recipient. Cultural conformism within an informal group ranges from milder among student youth to more aggressive among high school students. The extreme direction of this trend of the youth subculture is the so-called "teams" with strict regulation of the roles and statuses of their members. Research data show that leisure self-realization of young people is carried out outside cultural institutions.

Folk culture (traditions, customs, folklore, etc.) is perceived by most young people as an anachronism. Attempts to introduce ethno-cultural content into the process of socialization in most cases are limited to initiation to Orthodoxy, while folk traditions are certainly not limited to religious values alone. In addition, ethnocultural self-identification consists primarily in the formation of positive feelings in relation to the history, traditions of one's people, that is, what is commonly called "love for the Fatherland." The emergence of such, and not another, with the indicated features of the youth subculture is due to a number of reasons, among which the most significant are the following.

1. Young people live in a common social and cultural space, so the crisis of society and its main institutions could not but affect the content and direction of the youth subculture. What kind of society - such is the youth, therefore, the youth subculture.

2. The crisis of the institution of the family and family education, the suppression of the individuality and initiative of the child, adolescent, young person, both on the part of parents and teachers, all representatives of the "adult" world. Aggressive parenting style breeds aggressive youth.

3. The commercialization of the media forms a certain "image" of the subculture no less than the main agents of socialization - the family and the education system. After all, watching TV along with communication is the most common type of leisure self-realization. In many of its features, the youth subculture simply repeats the television subculture.

The youth subculture is a distorted mirror of the adult world of things, relationships and values. One cannot count on the effective cultural self-realization of the younger generation in a sick society, especially since the cultural level of other age and socio-demographic groups of the Russian population is also constantly declining.

There is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization in the content of art, which is manifested primarily in the humiliation, deformation and destruction of the image of a person. In particular, this is fixed in the growth of scenes and episodes of violence and sex, in the intensification of their cruelty, naturalism (cinema, theater, rock music, literature, art), which is contrary to folk morality and has a negative impact on the youth audience. The negative impact on the audience of the escalation of scenes of violence and sex in film, television and video is proven by numerous studies.

Conclusion: Under the youth subculture is understood the culture of a certain young generation, which has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values and stereotypes.

2. Moral beliefs, ideals and self-consciousness

The characteristic features of youth are the desire for everything new, unusual, interest in technology, the desire to be “on an even footing” with adults, the desire for vigorous activity. It is in adolescence that a breakdown of much of what was familiar, already established in a teenager, occurs. This applies to almost all aspects of his life and work. Particularly noticeable changes are undergoing in the nature learning activities, - in adolescence, the systematic assimilation of the basics of science begins. This requires a change in the usual forms of work and a restructuring of thinking, new organization attention, memorization techniques. The attitude to the environment is also changing: a teenager is no longer a child and requires a different attitude towards himself.

Adolescence, especially from the age of 13-15, is the age of the formation of moral convictions, the principles by which a teenager begins to be guided in his behavior. At this age, there is an interest in worldview issues, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, the meaning of life. The moral beliefs of a teenager are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They can be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This takes place in those cases when they are formed under the influence of random circumstances, the bad influence of the street, unseemly deeds.

In close connection with the formation of the moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. In this they differ significantly from junior schoolchildren. Studies have shown that ideals in adolescents manifest themselves in two main forms. Teenager younger age the ideal is the image of a particular person, in which he sees the embodiment of qualities highly valued by him. With age, a young person has a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even very loved and respected by them, are for the most part the most ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but are not the ideal embodiment human personality. Therefore, at the age of 13-14, the search for an ideal outside of close family relationships acquires special development.

In the development of youth cognition of the surrounding reality, there comes a moment when the object of cognition becomes a person, his inner world. It is in adolescence that there is a focus on the knowledge and assessment of the moral and psychological qualities of others. Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need for awareness and evaluation of their personal qualities.

The formation of self-awareness is one of highlights in adolescent personality development. The fact of the formation and growth of self-consciousness leaves an imprint on the entire mental life of a teenager, on the nature of his educational and labor activity, on the formation of his attitude to reality. The need for self-consciousness arises from the needs of life and activity. Under the influence of growing demands from others, a teenager has a need to evaluate his capabilities, to realize what features of his personality help them, on the contrary, prevent them from being up to the mark of the requirements placed on him.

The judgments of others play an important role in the development of a young person's self-awareness. The complication of the requirements that are imposed on the adolescent in the process of his activity, the development of his self-consciousness, the general growth of a conscious attitude to reality leads to a qualitatively new stage in his development. In a teenager, the desire for self-education appears and acquires a rather noticeable meaning - the desire to consciously influence oneself, to form such personality traits that he considers positive, and to overcome his negative traits, to fight his shortcomings.

In adolescence, character traits begin to take shape and are fixed. One of the most characteristic features adolescent, associated with the growth of his self-awareness, is the desire to show his "adulthood". The young man defends his views and judgments, ensuring that adults take into account his opinion. He considers himself old enough, wants to have the same rights with them.

Overestimating the possibility of their age-related abilities, adolescents come to the conclusion that they are no different from adults. Hence their desire for independence and a certain “independence”, hence their morbid pride and resentment, a sharp reaction to the attempts of adults who underestimate their rights and interests. It should be noted that adolescence is characterized by increased excitability, some dissatisfaction of character, relatively frequent, quick and abrupt mood swings.

Strong-willed character traits acquire significant development in adolescence. Under the influence of the increased demands placed on the adolescent, he develops the ability to pursue consciously set goals for a long time, to be able to overcome obstacles and difficulties along the way.

Conclusion: In close connection with the formation of moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. The formation of self-awareness is one of the most important moments in the development of a teenager's personality.

3. Types and types of informal youth groups

There are a number of youth public organizations of a positive orientation. All of them have great educational opportunities, but recently the number of informal children's and youth associations of the most diverse orientations (political, economic, ideological, cultural) has sharply increased; among them there are many structures with a pronounced anti-social orientation.

In recent years, the now familiar word “informals” has flown into our speech and taken root in it. Perhaps, it is in it that the vast majority of so-called youth problems are now accumulating.

A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a steady interest in a specific goal, idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in some way. This leads to the fact that within the youth groups are heterogeneous, consisting of a large number of micro-groups, uniting on the basis of likes and dislikes.

There are some classifications of youth organizations in the areas of their activities, worldview.

Musical informal youth organizations .

The main goal of such youth organizations is listening, learning and spreading your favorite music.

Among the "musical" informals, the most famous is such an organization of young people as metalworkers. These are groups united by a common interest in listening to rock music (also called "Heavy Metal"). In heavy metal rock there are: the hard rhythm of percussion instruments, the colossal power of amplifiers and the solo improvisations of the performers that stand out against this background.

Another well-known youth organization is trying to combine music with dance. This direction is called breakers(from the English break-dance - a special type of dance, including a variety of sports and acrobatic elements that constantly replace each other, interrupting the movement that had begun). The informals of this trend are united by a selfless passion for dancing, the desire to promote and demonstrate it in literally any situation.

The same section includes beatlemans- a movement in whose ranks many of the parents and teachers of today's teenagers once flocked. They are united by their love for the Beatles, its songs and its most famous members - Paul McCartney and John Lennon.

informal organizations V sports.

The leading representatives of this trend are famous footballfans. Having shown themselves as a mass organized movement, the Spartak fans of 1977 became the founders of the informal movement, which is now widespread around other football teams and around other sports. Today, on the whole, these are fairly well-organized groupings, distinguished by serious internal discipline. The teenagers included in them, as a rule, are well versed in sports, in the history of football, in many of its intricacies. Their leaders strongly condemn illegal behavior, oppose drunkenness, drugs and other negative phenomena, although such things occur among fans. There are also cases of group hooliganism on the part of fans, and hidden vandalism.

Outwardly, the fans are easy to distinguish. Sports hats in the colors of your favorite teams, jeans or tracksuits, T-shirts with the emblems of "their" clubs, sneakers, long scarves, badges, home-made posters with the wishes of success to those they support. They are easily distinguished from each other by these accessories, gathering in front of the stadium, where they exchange information, news about sports, determine the signals by which they will chant slogans in support of their team, and develop plans for other actions.

Close to sports informals in a number of ways are those who call themselves "night riders". They are called rockers. Rockers are united by a love of technology and antisocial behavior. Their obligatory attributes are a motorcycle without a silencer and specific equipment: painted helmets, leather jackets, glasses, metal rivets, zippers. Rockers often became the cause of traffic accidents, during which there were victims. The attitude of public opinion towards them is almost unambiguously negative.

philosophizing informal organizations.

Stand out among them hippie. Outwardly, they are recognized by sloppy clothes, long uncombed hair, certain paraphernalia: obligatory blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains, sometimes crosses. The Beatles ensemble and especially its song "Strawberry Fields Forever" became a hippie symbol for many years. Hippie views are that a person should be free, first of all, internally. To be liberated in the soul is the quintessence of their views. They believe that a person should strive for peace and free love. Hippies consider themselves romantics, living a natural life and despising the conventions of the "respectable life of the burghers." Striving for complete freedom, they are prone to a kind of escape from life, avoiding many social duties. Hippies use meditation, mysticism, drugs as a means to achieve "discovery of oneself."

Hippies are divided into "old wave" and "pioneers". If the old hippies (they are also called old hippies) mainly preached the ideas of social passivity and non-interference in public affairs, then the new generation is inclined to fairly active social activity. Outwardly, they try to have a “Christian” appearance, to resemble Christ: they walk the streets barefoot, wear very long hair, are not at home for a long time, and spend the night in the open.

In addition to Christian ideas. Among the "philosophizing" non-formals, Buddhist, Taoist and other ancient Eastern religious and philosophical teachings are also common.

Political informal organizations.

This group of informal youth organizations includes associations of people who have an active political position and speak at various rallies, participate and campaign.

Among the politically active youth groups, pacifists, Nazis (or skinheads), punks and others stand out.

Pacifists: approve the struggle for peace; against the threat of war require the creation of a special relationship between the authorities and the youth.

Punks- belong to a fairly extremist trend among non-formals who have a well-defined political coloring. By age, punks are predominantly older teenagers. The boys take the lead. The desire of a punk to attract the attention of people around him in any way, as a rule, leads him to outrageous, pretentious and scandalous behavior. They use shocking objects as decorations. It can be chains, pins, a razor blade.

neo-fascists(skinheads).

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, something appeared in Germany that killed millions of people, something that makes the current inhabitants of Germany shudder and apologize for the sins of their ancestors to entire nations. The name of this monster is fascism, called the "brown plague" by history. What happened in the 1930s and 1940s is so monstrous and tragic that sometimes it is even difficult for some of the young people to believe what those who lived in those years tell them.

"Skinheads" were born in the mid-60s as a reaction of a certain part of the British working class to hippies and motorcycle rockers. Then they liked the traditional work clothes, which were difficult to tear in a fight: black felt jackets and jeans. They cut their hair short so as not to interfere in fights.

By 1972, the fashion for "skinheads" began to wane, but unexpectedly revived 4 years later. A new round of development of this movement was indicated by already shaved heads, army boots and Nazi symbols. English "skinheads" began to fight more often with the police, fans of football clubs, the same "skinheads", students, immigrants. In 1980, the National Front infiltrated their ranks, introducing neo-Nazi theory, ideology, anti-Semitism, racism, and so on into their movement. Crowds of "skinheads" with tattooed swastikas on their faces appeared on the streets, chanting "Sig, heil!"

Since the 70s, the uniform of the "skins" has remained unchanged: black and green jackets, nationalist T-shirts, jeans with suspenders, an army belt with an iron buckle, heavy army boots (such as "GRINDERS" or "Dr. MARTENS").

Russia is for russians! Moscow is for Muscovites!

Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf.

The situation is somewhat different with the "advanced skinheads", who are also called "rightists". First of all, this is not just unbridled youth who have nothing to do. This is a kind of "skinhead" elite - people are well-read, educated and adults. The average age of the "right skins" is from 22 to 30 years. In their circles, thoughts about the purity of the Russian nation are constantly exaggerated. In the thirties, Goebbels moved the same ideas from the rostrum, but only it was about the Aryans.

Conclusion: There are a number of youth public organizations with a positive orientation. All of them have great educational opportunities.

Conclusion

A country that does not take care of children and youth has no future. And if there are no significant changes in the near future, we are doomed to extinction.

In crisis conditions, young people are most susceptible to the collapse of ideals, exacerbation of nihilism, and apathy. the value system is mobile, the worldview is not well-established, which leads to the loss of the moral and spiritual health of the nation.

In order to help young people, knowledge of the main trends in the development of youth culture, psychological characteristics, etc. is needed. The sociology of youth studies youth as a social community, features of its socialization, upbringing, the process of social continuity and inheritance of knowledge and experience of older generations by young people, features of lifestyle, the formation of life plans, value orientations, implementation social roles. This knowledge is necessary for social workers in order to effectively build work.

It is also necessary to understand that a young person needs to determine the boundaries of his real possibilities, to find out what he is capable of, to establish himself in society.

This is confirmed by the following quote from Erickson: “A young man, like an acrobat on a trapeze, must, with one powerful movement, lower the crossbar of childhood, jump over and grab onto the next crossbar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those whom he must bring down and those who will receive him on the opposite side.

Listliterature

1. "Youth extremism" ed. A. A. Kozlova. Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 1996.

2. "According to the unwritten laws of the street ..." - M: Yuridlit, 1991

3. "Sociology of Youth", ed. V. T. Lisovsky Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 1996

4. Levikova S. I. Youth subculture: Proc. allowance. M., 2004

5. Kon I.S. "Sociology of Youth" In the book: " Concise Dictionary in sociology "- M., 1988.

6. Plaksiy S. I. Youth movements and subcultures of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 1999

7. Omelchenko E. Youth cultures and subcultures. M., 2000

8. Levicheva V.F. "Youth Babylon" - M., 1989

9. Sorokin P. “Man. Civilization. Society "- M., 1992.

10. http://www.subcult.ru/

11. http://subculture.narod.ru/

12. http://www.sub-culture.ru/

Featured on Allbest.r

Similar Documents

Peculiarities deviant behavior. Youth trends: hippies, punks, skinheads. Pacifism as the spiritual basis of hippies. Anarchy as a philosophy. Clothes and hobbies. The formation of modern skinheads, their worldview and lifestyle, as well as clothing style.

abstract, added 06/11/2014

The concept of youth subculture and characteristics of its main directions: emo and rap subculture, gothic subculture and punks, metalheads and hip-hop subculture; their differences, style and attributes. results sociological survey among college students.

term paper, added 02/07/2010

The concept of "culture" and "youth subculture", their influence on the development of the individual and society. Typology of youth subcultures (hippies, punks, rastamans, grunge, rave). The problem of youth drug addiction in modern society. Factors of youth addiction.

term paper, added 01/22/2012

Features of deviant (deviant) behavior. Informal movements modern youth. Hippies are youth groups that reject established moral principles. Punk culture" garage rock". Anarchy as a philosophy. Skinheads or "working youth".

abstract, added 05/19/2011

Reasons for joining informal groups. Characteristics of the main subcultures: rappers, rockers, metalheads, rastamans, hackers, features of their beliefs and views. The development of emo style. The study of the motives for youth entry into this subculture.

term paper, added 11/17/2012

Youth as a social group in society. Youth subculture and its influence on the general culture. Moral beliefs, ideals, self-awareness and a sense of adulthood as the main new formations of youth. Origins and historical development informal movement.

thesis, added 02/04/2012

Informal youth movements: beatniks, dudes, hippies, goths, emo, punks, skinheads. Origin, ideology, music of subcultures, their attributes, rituals, ethical and aesthetic norms. Escapism and the "non-participation ethic" of the hippies. Values and lifestyle of yuppies.

presentation, added 10/23/2016

Youth subculture as a way of self-expression and self-realization of youth. Research of modern youth, their orientation and main interests. Studying the history of the origin and characteristics of the subculture of Goths, punks, skinheads, hippies, emo, rappers.

term paper, added 04/08/2015

Socio-psychological features of youth subcultures. Groups that unite adherents of musical tastes and styles (metalheads, rollers, breakers, Beatles), apolitical, escapist nature (hippies, punks), criminogenic groups.

presentation, added 10/27/2015

The main reasons for youth joining informal groups. One of the most famous hippie slogans is their appearance. The language and symbols of the youth subculture "Punks". Their characteristic clothing, hairstyle. Subculture dudes and features of their way of life.

Types and structure of culture

As society breaks up into many groups - national, demographic, social, professional - gradually each of them forms its own culture, that is, a system of values and rules of behavior ...

The influence of the political situation in the country on the formation of youth subculture

living conditions in big city create the prerequisites for the unification of young people in various groups, movements that are a rallying factor, forming a collective consciousness in these groups ...

Hollywood is a dream factory

The myth of the “society of equal opportunities”, which Hollywood also works for, has turned it into a kind of “subculture”: the influence of Hollywood is becoming more and more felt by it, it even goes beyond the boundaries of American society ...

Image manifestations of youth subculture

A subculture is a culture of a group of people united by specific interests that determine their worldview. Subculture is understood as a system of values, attitudes, ways of behaving and life styles...

The study of "anime" as a socio-cultural phenomenon

Having considered the main cultural characteristics of the anime community, it is necessary to draw a difficult conclusion: is it a kind of subculture within the framework of modern postmodern culture? First of all...

Culturology as a product of modern culture

culturology subculture mass elite society Subculture from the point of view of culturology, subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the traditional values of culture, but complement it ...

Youth culture and subculture

In a broad sense, subculture is understood as a partial cultural subsystem of the "official" culture, which determines the lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality of its bearers. That is, a subculture is a subculture or a culture within a culture ...

youth subculture

Youth styles in the fashion of the 60s

In the 1960s specialized magazines for teenagers and young people began to appear: in Britain, "Petticoat" (subtitled "The New Young Woman") and "Honey" ...

Youth subcultures

Subculture - (lat. sub - under and cultura - culture) a system of norms and values that distinguish a group from the majority of society. Subculture (subculture) is a concept that characterizes the culture of a group or class ...

Youth subcultures and fashion

Let's start with the history of the term. In 1950 American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, developed the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values preferred by a minority ...

Subcultures

Subculture (lat. Sub - under and cultura - culture; subculture) - a part of society that differs from the prevailing culture in its own culture, as well as social groups that are carriers of this culture. G.V. Osipov. Sociology. M. 2008. With...

Subcultures: typology, signs, types

The very concept of "subculture" was formed as a result of the awareness of the heterogeneity of the cultural space, which became especially evident in an urbanized society. Previously, "culture" was understood as the dominant ethical, aesthetic ...

The phenomenon of Gothic in the history of culture: traditional and modern aspects

In modern society, there is no longer the same monotony that was observed 20 years ago. Now we are seeing everywhere young people whose style does not fit into the usual ideas about appearance modern young man...

The problem of informal youth movements and organizations deserves a separate discussion. The range of associations presented here is so wide that any attempts to typify them run into a number of objective difficulties. Firstly, this is the absence (full or partial) of formal organizational features, which seriously complicates the process of their localization in society. Secondly, a high degree of mobility and mobility of informal youth movements, the spontaneity of their activities. Thirdly, the blurring of the boundaries between various informal youth associations. Is it possible, on the basis of this, to conclude that there is no informal movement as a really existing and significant phenomenon? social life modern Russian society? In essence, such a statement would be unjustified. After all, most informal movements exist in the form of countercultural manifestations, and sociologists do not dispute the presence of these tendencies among the youth.

Youth informal movements are really extremely diverse, just as diverse are the problems, interests, needs that unite young people in various informal groups and directions, from music (metalheads, rockers) to youth yard and criminal gangs. Each of these groups or currents has external distinguishing features, its own goals and objectives, sometimes even programs, a kind of "membership rules" and moral codes.

Despite their apparent heterogeneity, informal youth movements have a number of common features:

emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication;

self-organization and independence from official structures;

obligatory for participants (different from typical) models of behavior aimed at the realization of needs unsatisfied in ordinary forms of life;

relative stability, a high level of inclusion of the individual in the functioning of the informal community;

attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.

In sociological science, there are several approaches to the typology of informal youth movements. The first type of classification involves the allocation of informal groups of youth, based on the areas of their activities. In this case, one speaks of movements whose activities are characterized in terms of content as political ; supporting social values (concern for historical and cultural heritage); aimed at helping people and social groups; subcultural and leisure ; countercultural ; aggressive hegemonic (establishment and maintenance of dominance in a certain territory).

The second type of classification involves the allocation of groups, associations, whose activities are oriented uniquely positively in terms of the goals and values of society; have wavering orientation; aimed at alternative Lifestyle; oriented negatively (antisocial).

Let us dwell in more detail on one of the few attempts at typology of youth informal movements, undertaken in the late 80s of the twentieth century by D.V. Olshansky. 1 Taking the leading activity of one group or another as a criterion for typology, D.V. Olshansky singled out the following types of informal youth movements.

Musical informals , the main purpose of which is to listen, study, distribute your favorite music. The most famous of them are metalheads, breakers, Beatles, wavy. All these currents are united by a negative attitude towards black marketers, speculators, and Nazis.

Sports informal youth organizations . Fans are in the lead here. At the moment they are a fairly organized group. Their behavior is varied: from helping the police to maintain order during football matches, to organizing a tough (often violent) rebuff to both other youth groups and security agencies. During riots, they can show fair cruelty, using both improvised means and amateur blanks (brass knuckles, metal chains, serpentines, lashes with lead tips).

In the early 1990s, "night riders" (an organization of night motorcycle racers) became widespread in large metropolitan areas. They were distinguished by their love for technology and antisocial behavior, the presence of formal requirements for possible candidates and "entrance examinations".

Informals - "law enforcement officers" . These include such youth groups as Lubera, foragers, kufaechniks, striguns. They were united by dislike for everything Western, extreme aggression towards persons of "non-Russian" nationality. In order to create and maintain an imaginary order, the struggle for purity and morality, they often resorted to anti-social and illegal actions.

Philosophizing informals distinguished by their interest in the study and comprehension of various areas of philosophical thought. This range of youth movements is extremely wide and is represented by various directions from young Marxists and Bukharinites to all kinds of religious associations. Aggressiveness of consciousness and unlawful (criminal) actions in this environment were quite rare. As well as the majority of representatives of this trend was characterized by pacifism in their views and actions.

"Political informals" . How social phenomenon appeared only in the late 1980s. The leading positions here were occupied by patriotic and extreme right-wing associations. The most famous were such movements as "Memory", "Motherland", "Rus".

Less well-known among all youth informal movements were ecological . They were of a local and unorganized nature, did not have catchy distinctive features that attracted attention and caused a stir.

A special place among youth informal movements is occupied by youth groups or, following the terminology of V.D. Olshansky - extremist groups . The term "gang" or "gang" first appeared in America to refer to groups of delinquent (criminal) youth. For many years, youth groups were considered a purely American phenomenon. Their study in Russian sociology began to be carried out only from the end of the 80s of the twentieth century. It should be noted that youth groups do not include such varieties of territorial teenage and youth communities as yard companies. A sign of the latter is the focus on joint leisure activities, while street gangs are characterized by delinquency and the violent nature of their actions.

Note that Russian youth groups are significantly different from American and European ones. First, they are easy to distinguish from other adolescent microcultures primarily by their territorial attachment and high delinquent activity. Secondly, youth groups in Russia are ethnically heterogeneous. Thirdly, we can talk about the connection between Russian youth groups and organized crime. Often, young people from street gangs become a reserve of organized criminal groups.

What is the reason for the unification of young people in informal groups? Why and for the sake of what did young people become informals? Here valuable material give research conducted in the informal youth environment in the early 1990s. Thus, a quarter of non-formals stated that they were not satisfied with the activities of state organizations in the field of leisure. Another fifth believe that official organizations do not help them in the realization of their hobbies. Another 7% of respondents are not satisfied that their interests are not approved by others. So, a significant part (more than half) of non-formals embark on this path because of dissatisfaction with the official system, which does not satisfy the interests of young people in the leisure sector. It turns out that we ourselves are the creators and organizers of this phenomenon.

Unfortunately, in modern domestic sociology little attention is paid to the empirical study of the informal youth environment. But those episodic studies that have been carried out by various groups of authors since the early 1990s to the present, make it possible to dispel a number of myths that have developed around informal youth associations in the past.

Myth one . For a long time it was considered that the main motive for the emergence of informal youth associations is the desire of the latter to relax and enjoy their free time. However, back in the early 1990s, studies conducted convincingly proved that this motive, among all others, is in last place - 2%. About 15% of young men find in an informal environment the opportunity to communicate with like-minded people. For 11%, the most important thing is the existence of conditions for the development of their abilities.

Myth two . Nor is the conventional wisdom that informal groups are inherently unstable. According to the results of studies, even youth street groups, characterized by extreme mobility, exist for at least a year. 1 A number of informal groups may exist for more than 3-5 years.

Myth three . The assumption that informals become under the influence of a strong leader was not confirmed either. The personality of the leader attaches only 2.6% of the respondents to the group. Rather, on the contrary: the crowd attracts, the mass of their own kind, in which you can get rid of the fear of loneliness.

Here, some common features are traced that make informal youth movements related to the crowd as a type of social community. And the similarities don't end there. Thus, the same mechanism operates in informal movements. infections And imitations , described back in the 19th century by Tarde and Lebon. Present herd instinct with an indispensable attribute of presence competitors, opponents, ill-wishers and even enemies and anyone can become one. The same applies here need to stand out And stand apart . Not less than important feature informal movements are inflated claims . However, all this does not give us the right to put an equal sign between the crowd and informals. The latter, among other things, is distinguished desire to be yourself . Personal qualities in an informal team not only do not dissolve in the mass, but even increase, becoming one of the ways to manifest individuality in both micro and macro society. Let's say you want to solve the problem of metalworkers once and for all? There is nothing simpler: let's declare all this favorite image of them as a compulsory school uniform - and they will be gone in an instant. Another thing is that the place of the old attributes will be occupied by new, equally outrageous symbolic elements. After all, it is not a matter of form, but of the socio-psychological mechanisms of informal behavior that lie behind the appearance.

Thus, the nature of youth informality consists of three components. First level constitutes the biology of a certain age, including the natural inclinations to a certain type of behavior. It is not enough to recognize the biosocial essence of a person - you just need to know the biology of young people and delve into the behavioral mechanisms. Second component - psychology, reflecting the conditions of social life and their refraction in the minds of young people. Finally, third layer - sociology of informality. It includes knowledge of informal public opinion, an opinion that unites young people, unites them, gives them the characteristics of a social movement.

However, the analysis of youth as a subject of public life will not be complete without determining its place and role in the political life of society.

Questions for self-control

What meaning do sociologists invest in the concept of socialization?

Most researchers recognize that socialization begins at birth? What other points of view on this issue do you know?

What stages of the process of socialization are usually distinguished in science?

Conventionally, the mechanisms of socialization are usually divided into socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical. What mechanisms belong to the first group?

Explain what factors influenced the formation of the modern youth movement?

How did the process of institutionalization of youth movements in the 1990s differ from that of the early 21st century?

What are the specific features of informal youth associations?

What approaches to the typology of informal youth movements exist in science?

Topics for abstracts and messages

Socialization: concept, essence, stages.

The role of youth organizations in the process of socialization of the younger generation.

Youth movements in the West in the second half of the twentieth century.

Problems of formation and development of youth movements in modern Russia.

Informal youth organizations and movements in Russia.

Literature

Andreenkova V.P. Problems of personality socialization // Social research. - M., 1970.

Volkov Yu.G., Dobrenkov V.I. and etc. Sociology of Youth: Textbook. - Rostov-n / D .: Phoenix, 2001. - 576 p.

Karpukhin O.I. Youth of Russia: features of socialization and self-determination // Sociological research, 2000. - No. 3.

Kovaleva A.I. The concept of youth socialization: norms, deviations, socialization trajectory // Sociological research, 2003. - No. 1.

Koptseva O.A. Children's public organizations and social creativity of students // Sociological research, 2005. - No. 2.

Merlin V.S. Formation of individuality and socialization of the individual // Personality problems. - M., 1970.

Youth movement in Russia. Documents of federal bodies of the Russian Federation and program documents of youth associations. - M., 1995.

Youth of Russia: trends and prospects / Ed. THEM. Ilyinsky. - M., 1993.

Mudrik A.V. Human socialization: Textbook. - M.: Academy, 2004. - 304 p.

Olshansky D.V. Informals: a group portrait in the interior. - M., 1990. - 192 p.

Salagaev A.L., Shashkin A.V. Youth groups - the experience of a pilot study // Sociological research, 2004. - No. 9.

Sergeychik S.I. Factors of civil socialization of student youth // Sociological research, 2002. - No. 7.

Sociology of youth: textbook / ed. V.N. Kuznetsova. - M., 2007. - 335 p.

Sociology of Youth: Textbook / Ed. T.V. Lisovsky. - St. Petersburg, 1996. - 460 p.